Science - 10/13/21 - Midtearms

Respiratory System
Lesson #1

Parts & Funtions

✽ Respiration
○ Involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between
an organism and its environment.

○ Divided into two stages: breathing and cellular respiration

✽ Parts of the Respiratory System

○ Respiratory System - Responsible for getting oxygen from the

atmosphere and bring it to our lungs.

○ Nasal Cavity - Initial or first passageway of air that we breathe.

-Function: to warm, moisturize and filter air entering the

body before it reaches the lungs.

○ Nostrils - serves as the opening to the respiratory tract.

○ Pharynx - connects mouth and nasal cavity to the esophagus.

Common passageway of both food and air.
○ Larynx - produces the sound. Vocal cords control the size of the
opening of the glottis.

○ Glottis - slit liike opening to the trachea. Responsible for the

production of sounds.

○ Epiglottis - flap of cartilage prevention to swallowed food to enter

the trachea.

○ Trachea - also known as windpipe, connects the larynx and

pharynx to the lungs. Rings of cartilage in its wall keep it open it is
lined with cilia.
○ Bronchi - two air passageway tubes branching out from the
trachea that directs air to the lungs. They branch out into smaller
tubes known as bronchioles.

○ Lungs - main organ for respiration where oxygen is taken into

and carbon dioxide is expelled out. Divided into 2 lobe.

○ Alveolus - endpoint of the respiratory system. Has very thin walls.

Site of respiration.

○ Alveoli - tiny sac-like structures present at the end of bronchioles.

○ Diaphragm - dome-shaped muscle at the bottom of the lungs

that expands or contracts when breathing.

○ Rib Cage - encloses and protects the heart and lungs.

Parts of the Circulatory System
- Circulatory System - fluid-filled network of tubes through which materials
move between the environment and the cells of a multicellular.
- Functions - *transportation of gases, nutrients, hormones, waste products.
*regulation of temperature, pressure, pH.
*protection - white blood cells, blood clotting.
1. Heart
- Continuosly circulates blood.
- Composed of strong cardiac muscle tissues that continuously contract and
relax.
- Plays a vital role in pumping blood throughout the whole body.
- It has four chambers - two atria and two ventricles. These chambers are
highly coordinate in pumping blood that must deliver O2 to the tissues and
take CO2 for disposal.

2. Blood Vessels
- Enclose the blood in a complex series of tubes that serve as the pathway for
blood flow.
- Three basic types of blood vessels: capillaries, arteries, and veins.
*capillaries - small blood vessels that connect arteries and veins. These can
penetrate the inner portion of different organs and facilitate the transfer of
oxygen, carbon dioxide, and dissolved substances in and out of your blood.
 *arteries - deliver oxygen-rich blood cells away from the heart. Deliver
oxygen-rich blood to the cells, away from the heart. As arteries penetrate the
organs, they decrease in diameter and become arterioles.
*veins - return the oxygen-poor blood from the cells back to the heart. Return
oxygen-poor blood from the cells back to the heart. As the veins go inward
the organs, they decrease in diameter and become venules.

3. Blood
- Fluid that fills the circulatory system.
- An average person has four to six litters of blood.
- Responsible for transporting materials and for immune defense.
- Major components: extracellular fluid and the formed elements.
- Hemoglobin - iron-containing protein in RBC.
*When hemoglobin is loaded with oxygen, it can be referred to as
oxyhemoglobin. It is characterized by a bright red color.
*Deoxyhemoglobin is the form of hemoglobin without oxygen that is purple to
bluish.
- Formed Elements:
~TYPES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS:
*Neutrophils - respond to bacterial and fungal infections.
*Basophils - aid in allergic reaction.
*Eosinophils - help in controlling parasitic infection and allergic reaction.
*Lymphocytes - viral infection and adaptive immunity.
*Monocytes - are for chronic infections and part of the innate immunity.
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Circulation System

4. Pulmonary Circulation
- Eliminates carbon dioxide and oxygenates blood (lung pathway).
- Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Arteries, Capillaries in lungs, Pulmonary Veins, Left
Atrium.
5. Systematic Circulation
- Delivers blood to all body cells and carries away waste.
- Left Ventricle, Aorta, Organs and Body Parts, Superior and Inferior Vena Cava,
Right Atrium.
 6. Blood Flow Inside the Heart

7. Blood Flow in the Body

- Deoxygenated Blood
1. The deoxygenated blood from the different parts of the body enters the heart
through two large veins, the inferior and superior vena cava.
2. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium of the heart.
3. The right atrium contracts and blood flows into the right ventricle through the
open tricuspid valves.
4. Once the right ventricle is fully filled with deoxygenated blood, the tricuspid
valves close to prevent backflow of blood to the right atrium during
contraction of the right ventricle.
5. As the right ventricle contracts, the blood leaves the heart through the
pulmonary arteries that lead to the lungs.
6. Inside the lungs, the deoxygenated blood is filled with oxygen and converted
to oxygenated blood.
- Oxygenated Blood
1. The oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the pulmonary veins and enter
the left atrium of the heart.
2. The left atrium contracts to push blood to the left ventricle through an open
mitral valve.
3. Once the left ventricle is fully filled with oxygenated blood, the mitral valve
closes to prevent backflow of blood into the left atrium as the ventricle
contracts.
4. During contraction of the left ventricle, the oxygenated blood leaves the heart
through the aorta.
8. Transport of Nutrients, Gases, and Other Molecules
- The blood exhibits special properties to allow transport of nutrients, gases and
other materials toward the different parts of the body.
*It transports dissolved substances around the body including hormones,
water, sugar, proteins, minerals and vitamins, and waste substances such as
carbon dioxide and urea.
*There are two means of transporting materials through the blood. It can be:
1. through the plasma; or
2. by binding to the red blood cells.
9. Transport of Materials via Blood Plasma
1. Blood transports nutrients and hormones by dissolving these materials in the
plasma.
2. The absorbed nutrients in the digestive system are directly dissolved in the
plasma for immediate transport.
3. Hormones are secreted by the hormonal organs into the blood and mix
directly to the plasma.
4. Waste materials like excess salts and urea are also transported by the blood
through incorporation to plasma.
10. Transport of Gases via Red Blood Cells
1. Gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide can be transported in the blood
plasma. However, only a small portion of what is needed by the body cells
can be transported in this manner. For this, oxygen and carbon dioxide
transport heavily rely on the red blood cells.
2. Red blood cells (RBC) are round and flat cells with an indention in the center
like doughnuts without a hole.
3. During development, RBC extrudes the cell nucleus.
4. With almost nothing inside, RBC transport materials at maturity.
5. Within the RBC, an oxygen-carrying protein, hemoglobin is highly abundant.
- Hemoglobin is the iron-containing protein present in the red blood cells. It
carries oxygen and carbon dioxide to the different parts of the body.

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 Respiration and Keeping the Respiratory System Healthy

● Breathing
-Part of a more complex process of respiration.
-Respiration that involves gas exchange in the respiratory system can be divided
two major steps:
1. Inhalation - As a person breathes in, the diaphragm contracts. Contraction of
the diaphragm increases the size of the chest and induces the decrease in air
pressure within the lungs. This difference in air pressure between the lungs
and the atmosphere causes air to rush into the lungs.
2. Exhalation - As a person breathes out, the diaphragm relaxes. The relaxation
of the diaphragm decreases the size of the chest leading to the increase in air
pressure in the lungs. The higher pressure in the lungs compared to the
atmosphere pushes air to rush out of the lungs.
-Movement of air into and out of the lungs.

● Gas Change
-Between air and blood in the lungs.
-The gas exchange between air and the blood specifically happens in the alveoli
within the lungs.
-The mechanism behind the exchange of gasses between the air and the blood in
the capillaries is diffusion.
-Diffusion is the movement of gases from a higher concentration to a lower
concentration.
 ● Taking Care of the Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
-Engage in physical activities or exercise.
*Exercise at least 30 minutes or more per day to improve heart condition.
*Doing constant physical activities help manage proper weight and reduce your risk
of developing high blood pressure and high cholesterol.

-Avoid smoking and tobacco use.

*Smoking and tobacco use are two of the causative agents of heart disease and
lung cancer.
*These products damage the heart and the lungs through the toxic chemical
compounds present in cigarettes and tobacco.

-Take proper diet.

*Food intake is highly essential in improving heart and lungs health.
*High intake of fruits and vegetables, fiber rich and low-fat products is highly
recommended.
*In addition, avoiding processed foods and alcohol consumption are highly
beneficial.

-Maintain proper body mass index.

*Maintaining a healthy weight is important for a healthy respiratory and circulatory
systems.
*Exceeding your recommended body mass index can increase risk of several
diseases such as high blood pressure, and high cholesterol that could lead to heart
attack.

-Regular consultation with doctors.

*Having a constant communication with your doctor is important in monitoring
respiratory and circulatory system health.
*Regular tests are recommended for prevention.
 Non-Mendelian Inheritance

Genes
-Segment of the DNA that serves as a unit of heredity.
-The expression of biological traits is influenced and controlled by a set of
genes that we refer to as the genotype.
-A phenotype is the observable traits expressed in an individual.
-A gene contains all the needed information that codes for a specific protein
needed in controlling the expression of different phenotypes in an organism.

Location of the Genes

-For prokaryotes, the genetic material is suspended in the cytoplasm due to
the absence of a real nuclear membrane.
-In eukaryotes, the genetic material is all stored within the nucleus bound to
the nuclear membrane.
Organizational Structure in the Genetic Materials within Organisms

Incomplete Dominance
-Pattern of inheritance characterized by the formation of a trait that is in
between the phenotypes of the parents.
-This is very common in the expression of flower color in most plants.
Codominance
-Non-Mendelian type of dominance where the alleles of a gene pair in a
heterozygote are fully expressed.
-It will result in an offspring with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor
recessive.
-Dogs that have spots and checkered chickens are some examples of
animals with traits under codominance.

Sex-Linked Traits
-In humans, sex determination is dependent on the presence or absence of
the Y chromosome.
-Females have the XX chromosome while males have the XY chromosome.
-The X and Y not only carry the genes that determine sex but also those for
some other characteristics as well.
-These genes that go along with either sex chromosome is said to be
sex-linked.
-An example of a recessive sex-linked trait in humans is hemophilia.
Multiple Alleles
-In some traits, a certain gene can have more than a pair alleles that controls
the expression of traits.
-This is evident in the patterns of inheritance in human blood type.
-The ABO blood type has three alleles (A, B and ) governing this
characteristic.