ICSE ROBOMATE MATH - Compressed-99-154

4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
 DEFINITION OF QUADRATIC EQUATION :

An equation with one variable, in which, the highest power of the variable
is two, is known as quadratic equation.
For example :
(i) 3x2 + 4x + 7 = 0 (iii) 2x2 – 50 = 0
(ii) 4x2 + 5x = 0 (iv) x2 = 4, etc.
 The standard form of a quadratic equation is ax2+bx+c = 0, where

a, b and c are real numbers and a  0.
eg: Equation 4x2 + 5x – 6 = 0, is a quadratic equation in standard form.
 ROOTS :
 Every quadratic equation gives two values of unknown variables on
solving.
 These values are called as roots of the equation.
I. Basic Sums
1. Without solving the quadratic equation 6x2 – x – 2 = 0 find whether
2
x= is a solution of this equation or not.
3
2
Soln. Substituting x = in the given equation 6x2 – x – 2 = 0
3
L.H.S. = 6x2 – x – 2
2
2 2
= 6  –   – 2
3 3
4 2
= 6 9 – 3 – 2
8 2 6
= – –
3 3 3
8–2–6
=
3
0
=
3
ICSE MATHEMATICS - X 99
Quadratic Equations Robomate+
=0
= R.H.S.
2
 x= , is a solution of the given equation
3
6x2 – x – 2 = 0.
2. Determine whether x = –1, is a root of the equation x2 – 3x + 2 = 0 or not.

Soln. Substituting x = – 1 in the given equation x2 – 3x + 2 = 0
L.H.S. = x2 – 3x + 2
= (– 1)2 – 3 (– 1) + 2
=1+3+2
=6
R.H.S. = 0
 L.H.S.  R.H.S.
 x = – 1, is not a solution of the given equation x2 – 3x + 2 = 0
2
3. If x = is a solution of the quadratic equation 7x2 + mx – 3 = 0,
3
find the value of m.
2
Soln. x = is a root of the equation 7x2 + mx – 3 = 0
3
2
2 2
 7  + m  3  – 3 = 0
3  
 4  2m
 7 + –3=0
9 3
28 2m
 + –3=0
9 3
2m 28
 =3–
3 9
3  27 – 28 
 m = 2 9 
 
–1
 m=
6
100 ICSE MATHEMATICS - X

Robomate+ Quadratic Equations
2
4. If x = – 3 and x = are the solutions of the quadratic equation
3
mx2 + 7x + n = 0, find the values of m and n.
Soln. x = – 3 is a solution of the equation mx2 + 7x + n = 0
 m(– 3)2 + 7 (– 3) + n = 0
 9m – 21 + n = 0
 9m + n = 21 ........................... (i)
2
x= is a solution of the equation mx2 + 7x + n = 0
3
2
2 2
 m  + 7  3  + n = 0
3  
 4  14
 m  + + n = 0
9 3
4m 14
 + +n=0
9 3
4m 42 9n
 + + =0
9 9 9
4m + 42 + 9n
 =0
9
 4m + 42 + 9n = 0
 4m + 9n = – 42 .......................... (ii)
On solving equation (i) and (ii) simultaneously, we get,
 m = 3, n = – 6.
 Factorisation Method :
Solving quadratic equations by factorisation :
Steps : (i) Clear all fractions and brackets, if necessary.
(ii) Transpose all the terms to the left hand side to get an
equation in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0.
(iii) Factorise the expression on the left hand side.
(iv) Put each factor equal to zero and solve.

 Zero product rule :

Whenever the product of two expressions is zero, atleast one of the
expressions is zero.
If (x + 3) (x – 2) = 0
then, x + 3 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
 x = – 3 or x = 2
II. Based on Factorisation
Solve equations, number 1 to 10, using factorisation method :
1. x2 – 16 = 0
Soln. x2 – 16 = 0
 x 2 – 42 = 0
 (x + 4) (x – 4) = 0
 x + 4 = 0 or x – 4 = 0
 x = – 4 or x = 4
1
2. 2x2 – x=0
2
1
Soln. 2x2 – x=0
2
4x 2 1x
 – =0
2 2
4x 2 – x
 0
2
 4x2 – x = 0
 x(4x – 1) = 0
 x = 0 or 4x – 1 = 0
 x = 0 or 4x = 1
1
 x = 0 or x =
4
3. x (x – 5) = 24
Soln. x (x – 5) = 24
 x (x – 5) – 24 = 0
 x2 – 5x – 24 = 0
 x2 – 8x + 3x – 24 = 0
 x (x – 8) + 3 (x – 8) = 0
 (x – 8) (x + 3) = 0
 x – 8 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
 x = 8 or x = – 3
1
4. x+ = 2.5
x
1
Soln. x + = 2.5
x
x 2 + 1 25
 =
x 10
2
x +1 5
 =
x 2
 2(x + 1) = 5x
2
 2x2 + 2 = 5x
 2x2 – 5x + 2 = 0
 2x2 – 4x – x + 2 = 0
 2x(x – 2) –1(x – 2) = 0
 (x – 2) (2x – 1) = 0
 x–2=0 or 2x – 1 = 0
 x=2 or 2x = 1
1
 x=2 or x=
2
5. (2x – 3)2 = 49
Soln. (2x – 3)2 = 49
 (2x)2 – 2 (2x) (3) + (3)2 = 49
 4x2 – 12x + 9 = 49
 4x2 – 12x + 9 – 49 = 0
 4x2 – 12x – 40 = 0
 x2 – 3x – 10 = 0
 x2 – 5x + 2x – 10 = 0
 x(x – 5) + 2(x – 5) = 0
 (x – 5)(x + 2) = 0
 x – 5 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
 x = 5 or x=–2
6. (x + 1) (2x + 8) = (x + 7) (x + 3)
Soln. (x + 1) (2x + 8) = (x + 7) (x + 3)
 2x2 + 8x + 2x + 8 = x2 + 3x + 7x + 21.
 2x2 – x2 + 8x + 2x – 3x – 7x + 8 – 21 = 0
 x2 + 10x – 10x – 13 = 0
 x2 – 13 = 0
 x2 = 13
 x= 13 or x = – 13

7. 4 (2x – 3)2 – (2x – 3) – 14 = 0

Soln. 4 (2x – 3)2 – (2x – 3) – 14 = 0
 4[(2x)2 – 2 (2x) (3) + (3)2] – (2x – 3) – 14 = 0
 4[4x2 – 12x + 9] – 2x + 3 – 14 = 0
 16x2 – 48x + 36 – 2x + 3 – 14 = 0
 16x2 – 50x + 25 = 0
 16x2 – 40x – 10x + 25 = 0
 8x (2x – 5) – 5 (2x – 5) = 0
 (2x – 5) (8x – 5) = 0
 2x – 5 = 0 or 8x – 5 = 0
 2x = 5 or 8x = 5
5 5
 x= or x=
2 8
1 5
 x = 2 or x =
2 8
3x – 2 3x – 8
8. =
2x – 3 x +4
3x – 2 3x – 8
Soln. =
2x – 3 x +4
 (3x – 2) (x + 4) = (3x – 8) (2x – 3)
 3x2 + 12x – 2x – 8 = 6x2 – 9x – 16x + 24
 3x2 – 6x2 + 10x + 25x – 8 – 24 = 0
 –3x2 + 35x – 32 = 0
 3x2 – 35x + 32 = 0
 3x2 – 3x – 32x + 32 = 0
 3x(x – 1) – 32 (x – 1) = 0
 (x – 1) (3x – 32) = 0
 (x – 1) = 0 or (3x – 32) = 0
 x–1 = 0 or 3x = 32
32
 x=1 or x =
3
2
 x=1 or x = 10
3
x–3 x +3 1
9. + 2
x +3 x–3 2
x –3 x +3 1
Soln. + =2
x +3 x –3 2
(x – 3) + (x + 3)2 5
2
 =
(x + 3)(x – 3) 2

x 2 – 6x + 9 + x 2 + 6x + 9 5
 =
x2 – 9 2
2x 2  18 5
 
x2 – 9 2
 2(2x + 18) = 5(x2 – 9)
2
 4x2 + 36 = 5x2 – 45
 4x2 – 5x2 + 36 + 45 = 0
 – x2 + 81 = 0
 x2 – 81 = 0
 x 2 – 92 = 0
 (x – 9) (x + 9) = 0
 x – 9 = 0 or x + 9 = 0
 x = 9 or x = – 9
 1  1  7
10. 1+  1 – =
x +1 x – 1 8
 1  1  7
Soln. 1+  1 – =
 x +1 x – 1 8
 x +1 + 1  x –1 –1 7
  × =
x +1   x – 1  8
(x + 2)(x – 2) 7
 =
(x + 1)(x – 1) 8
x 2 – 22 7
 =
x 2 – 12 8
x2 – 4 7
 =
x2 –1 8
 8(x2 – 4) = 7(x2 – 1)
 8x2 – 32 = 7x2 – 7
 8x2 – 7x² – 32 + 7 = 0
 x2 – 25 = 0
 x2 = 25
 x 2 – 52 = 0
 (x – 5) (x + 5) = 0
 x – 5 = 0 or x + 5 = 0
 x = 5 or x = –5
11. Find the value of x, if a + 7 = 0;

b + 10 = 0 and 12x2 = ax – b
Soln. a + 7 = 0
 a=–7 .... (i)

b + 10 = 0
 b = – 10 .... (ii)
Substitute (i) and (ii) in 12x2 = ax – b
 12x2 = (– 7)x – (– 10)
 12x2 = – 7x + 10
 12x2 + 7x – 10 = 0
 12x2 + 15x – 8x – 10 = 0
 3x (4x + 5) – 2 (4x + 5) = 0
 (4x + 5) (3x – 2) = 0
 4x + 5 = 0 or 3x – 2 = 0
 4x = –5 or 3x = 2
–5 2
 x= or x =
4 3
1 2
 x = –1 or x =
4 3
12. If quadratic equation x2 – (m + 1) x + 6 = 0, has one root as x = 3, find the

value of m and the other root of the equation.
Soln. x2 – (m + 1) x + 6 = 0
 x = 3 is one root of the equation
 (3)2 – (m + 1) 3 + 6 = 0
 9 – 3m – 3 + 6 = 0
 12 – 3m = 0
 –3m = –12
 m=4
Substituting value of m in the equation,
x2 – (4 + 1)x + 6 = 0
 x2 – 5x + 6 = 0
 x2 – 2x – 3x + 6 = 0
 x (x – 2) – 3 (x – 2) = 0
 (x – 2) (x – 3) = 0
 x – 2 = 0 or x – 3 = 0
 x = 2 or x=3
 The other root is 2

 FORMULA METHOD :
The roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a  0, can
be obtaind by using formula :
–b ± b2 – 4ac
x=
2a
Proof :
Given ax2 + bx + c = 0
 4a2x2 + 4abx + 4ac = 0 [Multiply throughout by 4a]
 (2ax) + 2 × 2ax × b + b – b2 + 4ac = 0
2 2
 (2ax + b)2 – b2 + 4ac = 0

 (2ax + b)2 = b2 – 4ac
 2ax + b = ± b 2 – 4ac
–b ± b 2 – 4ac
 2ax = – b ± b 2 – 4ac  x=
2a
III. Based on formula method

1. Solve each of the following equations using formula :
(i) x2 – 6x = 27
Soln. x2 – 6x = 27
 x2 – 6x – 27 = 0
On comparing with ax² + bx + c = 0 , a = 1, b = – 6, c = – 27
–b ± b 2 – 4ac
x =
2a
–(– 6)± (–6)2 – 4(1) (– 27)
=
2(1)
6 ± 36 + 108
=
2
6 ± 144
=
2
6 ±12
=
2
6 +12 6 – 12
 x = or x =
2 2
18 –6
 x = or x =
2 2
 x=9 or x = –3

(ii) x2 + 6x – 10 = 0
Soln. x2 + 6x – 10 = 0
Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get,
a = 1, b = 6, c = – 10
–b ± b 2 – 4ac
x =
2a
– 6 ± (6)2 – 4(1) (– 10)

=
2(1)
– 6± 36+ 40
=
2
– 6 ± 76
=
2
– 6 ± 19 × 4
=
2
– 6 ± 2 19
=
2
=

2 –3 ± 19 
2
= –3 ± 19
 x =–3+ 19 or x=–3– 19
(iii) x2 + 2x – 6 = 0
Soln. x2 + 2x – 6 = 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = – 6
–b ± b 2 – 4ac
x =
2a
– 2 ± (2)2 – 4(1) (– 6)
=
2(1)
– 2 ± 4 + 24
 x=
2
– 2 ± 28
=
2

– 2± 7 × 4
=
2
– 2± 2 7
=
2
=

2 – 1± 7 
2
x = – 1 7
 x = – 1+ 7 or x = – 1– 7
(iv) x2 – 6 = 2 2 x
Soln. x2 – 6 = 2 2 x
 x2 –2 2 x – 6 = 0
a = 1, b = – 2 2 , c = – 6
–b ± b 2 – 4ac
 x =
2a
=
 
– –2 2 ± (–2 2)2 – 4(1) (– 6)
2×1
2 2 ± 8 + 24
=
2
2 2± 32
=
2
2 2±4 2
=
2
=
2  2±2 2 
2
= 2 ±2 2
 x = 2 + 2 2 or x = 2 –2 2
 x = 3 2 or x = –1 2
 x = 3 2 or x=– 2

(v) 6 x2 – 4x – 2 6 = 0
Soln. 6 x2 – 4x – 2 6 = 0
a= 6 , b = – 4, c = – 2 6
–b ± b 2 – 4ac
x =
2a
–  – 4  ± (–4) 2 – 4( 6 ) (–2 6 )
=
2 6
4 ± 16 + (8× 6)
=
2 6
4 ± 16 + 48
=
2 6
4 ± 64
=
2 6
48
=
2 6
2(2  4)
=
2 6
2 4
=
6
2+ 4 2–4
 x = or x =
6 6
6 – 2
 x = 6
or x =
6
6 6 –2 6
 x = or x =
6× 6 6 6
6 6 –2 6
 x = or x =
6 6
6
 x = 6 or x = –
3
6
 x= 6 or x= –
3

x –1 x –3 1
(vi) + =3
x –2 x –4 3
x –1 x –3 1
Soln. + =3
x –2 x –4 3
(x –1) (x – 4) + (x – 3)( x – 2) 10
 =
(x – 2) (x – 4) 3
x 2 – 4x – x + 4 + x 2 – 2x – 3x + 6 10
 2
=
x – 4x – 2x + 8 3
2
2x –10x +10 10
 2
=
x – 6x + 8 3
 3(2x – 10x + 10) = 10(x2 – 6x + 8)
2
 6x2 – 30x + 30 = 10x2 – 60x + 80

 6x2 – 10x2 – 30x + 60x + 30 – 80 = 0
 – 4x2 + 30x – 50 = 0
 2x2 – 15x + 25 = 0
a = 2, b = – 15, c = 25
–b ± b 2 – 4ac
x =
2a
–  – 15  ± (– 15)2 – 4(2) (15)
 x = 2(2)
15 ± 225 – 200
=
4
15 ± 25
=
4
15 ± 5
 x =
4
15 +5 15 – 5
 x = or x =
4 4
20 10
 x = or x =
4 4
5
 x = 5 or x =
2
1
 x = 5 or x= 2
2
2. Solve the following equations for x, giving your answer correct to

2 decimal places.
(i) x2 – 8x + 5 = 0
Soln. x2 – 8x + 5 = 0

a =1, b = – 8, c = 5
–b ± b 2 – 4ac
x =
2a
–  – 8 ± (– 8) 2 – 4 (1) (5)
=
2 (1)
8 ± 64 – 20
=
2
8 ± 44
=
2
8 ± 2 11
=
2
=

2 4 ± 11 
2
= 4 ± 11
 x = 4  3.317
 x = 4 + 3.317 or x = 4 – 3.317
 x = 7.317 or x = 0.683
 x = 7.32 or x = 0.68 (Correct to 2 decimal places)
(ii) 4x2 + 6 + 13x = 0

Soln. 4x2 + 6 + 13x = 0
 4x2 + 13x + 6 = 0
a = 4, b = 13, c = 6
–b ± b 2 – 4ac
x =
2a
–13 ± (13)2 – 4 (4) (6)
=
2 (4)
–13 ± 169 – 96
=
8
–13 ± 73
=
8
–13 ±8.544
=
8

–13 +8.544 –13 – 8.544

 x = or x =
8 8
–4.456 –21.544
 x = or x =
8 8
 x = – 0.557 or x = – 2.693
 x = – 0.56 or x = – 2.69 (Correct to 2 decimal places)
(iii) 2x2 + 11x + 4 = 0

Soln. 2x2 + 11x + 4 = 0
a = 2, b = 11, c = 4
–b ± b 2 – 4ac
x =
2a
– 11± (11)2 – 4 (2) (4)
=
2 (2)
– 11± 121 – 32
=
4
– 11± 89
=
4
– 11  9.434
=
4
– 11  9.434 – 11 – 9.434
 x = or x =
4 4
–1.566 –20.434
 x = or x =
4 4
 x = –0.3915 or x = –5.1085
 x = – 0.39 or x = – 5.11 (Correct to 2 decimal places)
 DISCRIMINANT :
For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a 0, the expression b2 – 4ac is
called discriminant and is, in general denoted by the letter ‘D’.
Thus discriminant D = b2 – 4ac
 NATURE OF ROOTS :
Examining roots of a quadratic equation means to see the type of its roots
i.e, whether they are real or imaginary, equal or unequal.
The nature of the roots of a quadratic equation depends entirely on the
value of its discriminant b2 – 4ac.

Case I : If a, b and c are real numbers and a 0, then discriminant :

(i) b2 – 4ac = 0  roots are real and equal
(ii) b2 – 4ac > 0  roots are real and unequal
(iii) b2 – 4ac < 0  roots are imaginary (not real)
IV : Discriminant based sums
1. Without solving, comment upon the nature of roots of each of the

following equations :
(i) 25x2 – 10x + 1 = 0
Soln. 25x2 – 10x + 1 = 0
a = 25, b = – 10, c = 1
Discrimant = b2 – 4ac = (–10)2 – 4(25) (1)
= 100 – 100
= 0
 The roots are real and equal.
(ii) x2 – 2 3 x – 9 = 0
Soln. x 2 – 2 3x – 9 = 0
a = 1, b = – 2 3 , c = – 9
Discriminant = b2 – 4ac = (–2 3 )2 – 4 (1) (– 9)
= 12 + 36
= 48 > 0
 The roots are real and unequal.
(iii) x2 – ax – b2 = 0
Soln. x2 – ax – b2 = 0
Comparing with Ax2 + Bx + C = 0, we get,
A = 1, B = – a, C = –b2
Discriminant = B2 – 4AC = (–a)2 – 4 (1) (– b2)
= a2 + 4b2
 The roots are real and unequal
2. The equation 3x2 – 12 x + (n – 5) = 0, has equal roots.

Find the value of n.
Soln. 3x2 – 12x + (n – 5) = 0
For the given equation,
a = 3, b = – 12, c = n – 5.
Since the roots are equal,

b2 – 4ac = 0
 (– 12)2 – 4 (3) (n – 5) = 0
 144 – 12 (n – 5) = 0
 144 – 12n + 60 = 0
 204 – 12n = 0
 –12n = –204
–204
 n=
–12
 n = 17
3. Find the value of m, if the following equation has equal roots;

(m – 2)x2 – (5 + m) x + 16 = 0
Soln. (m – 2)x2 – (5 + m) x + 16 = 0
For the given equation,
a = (m – 2), b = – (5 + m), c = 16
Since the roots are equal,
b2 – 4ac = 0
 [ – (5 + m)]2 – 4 (m – 2) (16) = 0
 (5)2 + 2(5) (m) + (m)2 – 64 (m – 2) = 0
 25 + 10m + m2 – 64m + 128 = 0
 m2 – 54m + 153 = 0
 m2 – 51m – 3m + 153 = 0
 m(m – 51) – 3 (m – 51) = 0
 (m – 51) (m – 3) = 0
 m – 51 = 0 or m – 3 = 0
 m = 51 or m=3
Equations Reducible to Quadratic

An equation in the form ay2 + by + c = 0, where y is an algebraic expression,
is called equation in quadratic form.
Eg : (i) x4 – 3x2 + 2 = 0, here x2 = y
(ii) (x2 + 3x)2 – 5(x2 + 3x) – 24 = 0, here x2 + 3x = y
V : Substitution based sums
1. Solve : x4 – 10x2 + 9 = 0
Soln. Take x2 = y
 y2 – 10y + 9 = 0
 y2 – 9y – 1y + 9 = 0
 y (y – 9) – 1 (y – 9) = 0
 (y – 9) (y – 1) = 0
 y – 9 = 0 or y–1=0
 y=9 or y=1
Substitute y = x2
x2 = 9
 x=  3
 x2 = 1
 x=  1
 x =  1 or x =  3
2. Solve : (x2 – 5x)2 – 7 (x2 – 5x) + 6 = 0

Soln. Take x2 – 5x = y
 y2 – 7y + 6 = 0
 y2 – 6y – y + 6 = 0
 y(y – 6) – 1(y – 6) = 0
 (y – 6) (y – 1) = 0
 y=1 or y=6
 x – 5x = 1
2
or x2 – 5x = 6
 x 2
– 5x – 1 = 0 or x2 – 5x – 6 = 0
x – 5x – 1 = 0
2
a = 1, b = – 5, c = – 1
–b ± b 2 – 4ac
x =
2a
–(–5)± (–5) 2 – 4 (1) (–1)
=
2 (1)
5 ± 25 + 4
=
2
5 ± 29
 x=
2
or
x2 – 5x – 6 = 0,
a = 1, b = –5, c = – 6
–b ± b 2 – 4ac
x =
2a
–  – 5  ± (5)2 – 4 (1) (–6)

 x=
2 (1)
5 ± 25 + 24
 x=
2

5 ± 49
 x=
2
5± 7
 x=
2
5+ 7 5– 7
 x= or
2 2
12 –2
 x= or x =
2 2
 x = 6 or x = –1
5+ 29 5– 29
 The required solution is : and or 6 and –1.
2 2
3. Solve : (x2 – x)2 + 5 (x2 – x) + 4 = 0

Soln. Taking x2 – x = y
 y2 + 5y + 4 = 0
 y2 + 4y + y + 4 = 0
 y(y + 4) + 1 (y + 4) = 0
 (y + 4) (y + 1) = 0
 y=–4 or y=–1
when y = – 4
 x2 – x = – 4
 x2 – x + 4 = 0,
a = 1, b = – 1, c = 4
–b ± b2 – 4ac
x=
2a
– ( –1) ± (– 1)2 – 4(1) (4)

 x=
2 (1)
1± 1 –16
 x=
2
1 ± –15
 x= [ The value of discriminant is negative, no real
2
solution is possible.]
when y = – 1
x2 – x + 1 = 0
a = 1, b = – 1, c = 1
– ( –1) ± (– 1)2 – 4(1) (1)

 x=
2 (1)
1± 1– 4
 x=
2
1± –3
 x= [ The value of discriminant is negative, no real
2
solution is possible.]
No real solution.
x x –3 5
4. + =
x –3 x 2
x
Soln. Let = y
x –3
x –3 1
 =
x y
 The given equation reduces to :
1 5
y+ 
y 2
y2 +1 5
 =
y 2
 2 y + 2 = 5y
2
 2 y2 – 5y + 2 = 0
 2 y2 – 4y – y + 2 = 0
 2 y (y – 2) – 1 (y – 2) = 0
 (y – 2) (2y – 1) = 0
1
 y=2 or y=
2
when y = 2 ,
x
=2
x –3
x
 =4
x –3
 x = 4x – 12
 3x = 12
 x=4
1
and when y = ,
2
x 1
=
x –3 2
x 1
 =
x –3 4
 4x = x – 3
 3x = – 3
 x=–1
 x=4 or x=–1
 3x +1  x +1  5
5. Solve :   + =
x +1   3x +1 2
3x +1
Soln. Let = y,
x +1
x +1 1
 =
3x +1 y
 The given equation reduces to :
1 5
y+ =
y 2
2
y +1 5
 =
y 2
 2y + 2 = 5y
2
 2y2 – 5y + 2 = 0
 (y – 2) (2y – 1) = 0
1
 y = 2 or y=
2
when y = 2,
3x +1
=2
x +1
 3x + 1 = 2x + 2
 x=1
1
when y = ,
2
3x +1 1
=
x +1 2
 6x + 2 = x + 1
 5x = – 1
–1
 x=
5
–1
 x=1 or x=
5

 2 1  1
6. Solve : 9  x + 2  – 9  x +  – 52 = 0
x x
1
Soln. Let x + =y
x
1
 x2 + + 2 = y2 [Squaring both sides]
x2
1
 x2 + = y2 – 2
x2
 Given equation reduces to :
9(y2 – 2) – 9 y – 52 = 0
 9y2 – 18 – 9y – 52 = 0
 9y2 – 9y – 70 = 0
 9y2 – 30y + 21y – 70 = 0
 3y (3y – 10) + 7(3y – 10) = 0
 (3y – 10) (3y + 7) = 0
10 7
 y= or y=–
3 3
10
When y = ,
3
1 10
x+ =
x 3
1
By solving, we get x = 3 or x =
3
7
similarly when y = – ,
3
1 7
 x+ =–
,
x 3
 By solving we get, 3x² + 7x + 3 = 0
 a = 3, b = 7, c = 3
 b² – 4ac = 49 – 4 × 3 × 3
= 49 – 36
= 13
–b ± b 2 – 4ac
 Using formula x =
2a
– 7 ± 13
By solving, we get x =
6
1 – 7 ± 13
 The solution is 3, ,
3 6

 2 1  1
7. Solve :  x + 2  – 3  x –  – 2 = 0
x x
1
Soln. Let x – =y
x
1
 x2 + – 2 = y2
x2
1
 x2 + = y2 + 2
x2
 Given equation reduces to :
(y2 + 2) – 3y – 2 = 0
 y2 – 3y = 0
 y (y – 3) = 0
 y = 0 or y=3
when y = 0,
1
x– =0
x
x 2 –1
 =0
x
 x2 – 1 = 0
 x2 = 1
 x=  1
when y = 3,
1
x– =3
x
x 2 –1
 =3
x
 x2 – 3x – 1 = 0
–b ± b2 – 4ac
x =
2a
– (– 3)± (–3)2 – 4 (1) (–1)
 x=
2 (1)
3± 9 + 4
 x=
2
3 ± 13
 x =
2
3+ 13 3 – 13
 The solution is 1, – 1, ,
2 2

8. Solve : (3x2 – 5x + 2) (3x2 – 5x – 2) = 21

Soln. Let 3x2 – 5x = y
 (y + 2) (y – 2) = 21
 y2 – (2)2 = 21
 y2 – 4 = 21
 y2 = 21 + 4
 y2 = 25
 y=  5
 y=+5 or y=–5
 3x2 – 5x = 5 or 3x2 – 5x = – 5
 3x2 – 5x – 5 = 0 or 3x2 – 5x + 5 = 0
–b ± b2 – 4ac –b ± b2 – 4ac
x = x =
2a 2a
– ( – 5)± (– 5)2 – 4 (3) (– 5) – ( – 5) ± (– 5)2 – 4 (3) ( 5)

 x= x=
2 (3) 2 (3)
5 ± 25 + 60 5 ± 25 – 60
 x=  x=
6 6
5 ± 85 5± – 35
 x =  x= [  Discriminant is
6 6
negative, no real root is possible.]
5+ 85 5 – 85
 The solution is and
6 6
2
 x   x 
9. Solve :   – 7 + 12 = 0, x  – 2.
 x + 2  x + 2 
x
Soln. Let =y
x +2
 y2 – 7y + 12 = 0
 y2 – 4y – 3y + 12 = 0
 y (y – 4) – 3 (y – 4) = 0
 (y – 4 ) (y – 3) = 0
 y = 4 or y=3
when y = 4,
x
=4
x +2
 x = 4x + 8
 x – 4x = 8

 – 3x = 8
–8
 x=
3
2
 x = –2
3
when y = 3,
x
=3
x +2
 x = 3x + 6
 x – 3x = 6
 – 2x = 6
 x=–3
2
 x = –2 or x=–3
3
1 1 1 1
10. Solve for x : + + =
p q x x + p +q
1 1 1 1
Soln. + + =
p q x x+ p+q
1 1 1 1
 – = – –
x x  pq p q
x+ p+q – x  1 1
 x x + p + q  = –  
p q
p+q p+q
 2
x + px + qx = – 
 pq 
1 1
 = –
x  px  qx
2
pq
 pq = – (x2 + px + qx)
 x2 + (p + q)x + pq = 0
 x2 + px + qx + pq = 0
 x(x + p) + q(x + p) = 0
 (x + p)(x + q) = 0
 x+p=0 or x+q=0
 x=–p or x=–q

EXTRA SUMS
9
1. Solve : x = 5+ x²
2
9
Soln. x = 5+ x²
2
 9x = 10 + 2x²
 2x² – 9x + 10 = 0
 2x² – 5x – 4x + 10 = 0
 x (2x – 5) – 2 (2x – 5) = 0
 2x – 5 = 0 or x–2 =0
5
 x = or x=2
2
1
 x =2 or x=2
2
 1 
Hence x = 2 , 2 
 2 
3x +1
2. Solve : x =
4x
3 x +1
Soln. x=
4x
 4x² = 3x + 1
 4x² – 3x – 1 = 0
 4x² – 4x + 1x – 1 = 0
 4x (x – 1) + 1(x – 1) = 0
 (x – 1)(4x + 1) = 0
  x – 1 = 0 or 4x + 1 =0
 x = 1 or 4x =–1
1
 x =–
4
 1
Hence x = 1, – 
 4
3. Solve : 2 (x² – 6) = 3 (x – 4)
Soln. 2(x² – 6) = 3 (x – 4)
 2x² – 12 = 3x – 12
 2x² – 12 – 3x + 12 = 0
 2x² – 3x = 0
 x (2x – 3) = 0
 x=0 or 2x – 3 = 0
 x=0 or 2x = 3
3
 x=0 or x =
2
1
 x=0 or x =1
2
 1
Hence x = 0, 1 
 2
4. Solve : x² – (a + b)x + ab =0
Soln. x² – (a + b)x + ab = 0
 x² – ax – bx + ab = 0
 x(x – a) – b (x – a) = 0
 (x – a) (x – b) = 0
  x – a = 0 or x – b = 0
 x = a or x = b
Hence x = {a , b}
5. Solve : (x + 3)² – 4 (x + 3) – 5 = 0
Soln. (x + 3)² – 4 (x + 3) – 5 = 0
 x² + 6x + 9 – 4x – 12 – 5 = 0
 x² + 2x – 8 = 0
 x² + 4x – 2x – 8 = 0
 x(x + 4) –2(x + 4) = 0
 (x + 4)(x – 2) = 0
 x + 4 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
 x = –4 or x = 2
Hence x = {–4, 2}
100 100
6. Solve : – =1
x x +5
100 100
Soln. – =1
x x +5
L.C.M. = x (x + 5)
Multiplying both sides by x (x + 5),
100(x + 5) – 100x = x (x + 5)
 100x + 500 – 100x = x² + 5x
 x² + 5x – 500 = 0
 x² + 25x – 20x – 500 = 0
 x(x + 25) –20(x + 25) = 0
 (x + 25) (x – 20) = 0
 x = – 25 or x = 20
Hence x = {–25 , 20}
4 1 4
7. Solve : – =
x +2 x +3 2x +1
4 1 4
Soln. – =
x +2 x +3 2 x +1
4(x + 3)- (x + 2) 4
 =
(x + 2)(x + 3) 2 x +1
4x +12- x - 2 4
 =
x ² + 3x + 2x + 6 2 x +1
3x +10 4
 =
x ² +5x + 6 2 x +1
 (3x + 10) (2x + 1) = 4(x² + 5x + 6)
 6x² + 3x + 20x + 10 = 4x² + 20x + 24
 6x² + 23x + 10 – 4x² – 20x – 24 = 0
 2x² + 3x – 14 = 0
 2x² + 7x – 4x – 14 = 0
 x(2x + 7) – 2 (2x +7) = 0
 (2x + 7) (x – 2) = 0
 2x + 7 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
–7
 x = or x = 2
2
1
 x =–3 or x = 2
2
 1 
Hence x =  –3 , 2
 2 
5 3 4
8. Solve : – =
x -2 x +6 x
5 3 4
Soln. – =
x -2 x +6 x
5(x +6)- 3(x - 2) 4
 =
(x - 2)(x +6) x
5x + 30 - 3x + 6 4
 =
x ² + 6x - 2x -12 x
2x +36 4
 =
x ² +4x -12 x
 4(x² + 4x -12) = x(2x + 36)
 4x² + 16x – 48 = 2x² + 36x
 4x² + 16x – 48 – 2x² – 36x = 0
 2x² – 20x – 48 = 0
 x² – 10x – 24 = 0
 x² – 12x + 2x – 24 = 0
 (x – 12) (x + 2) = 0
 x – 12 = 0 or x+2 = 0
 x = 12 or x = –2
Hence x = {12, – 2}
 1   1  2
9. Solve : 1+  1+  = [x  –2, –1, 0]
x +1 x +2 x
 1   1  2
Soln.  1   1   =
x +1 x + 2 x
 x +1+1  x + 2 +1 2
     =
x +1   x + 2  x
 x + 2 x + 3 2
 =
 x +1 x + 2 x
x +3 2
 = [ x + 2  0]
x +1 x
 x(x + 3) = 2(x + 1)
 x² + 3x = 2x + 2
 x² + 3x – 2x – 2 = 0
 x²+x – 2 = 0
 x² + 2x – 1x – 2 = 0
 x(x + 2) –1 (x + 2) = 0
 (x + 2) (x – 1) = 0
 x + 2 = 0 or x – 1 = 0
 x = – 2 or x= 1
But x  –2
 x=1
10. Find the quadratic equation, whose solution set is :

 -2 
(i) {–2, 3} (ii) -3, 
 5
Soln. (i) Solution set = {–2, 3}
 x = –2 and x=3
 x + 2 = 0 and x–3=0
 Quadratic equation is (x + 2) (x – 3) = 0
 x² – 3x + 2x – 6 = 0
 x² – x – 6 = 0

 –2
(ii) Solution set = –3, 
 5
 x = –3  x+3=0 ...(i)
-2
and x =  5x = –2
5

5x + 2 = 0 ...(ii)
Combining (i) and (ii);
 (x + 3) (5x + 2) = 0
 5x² + 2x + 15x + 6 = 0
 5x² + 17x + 6 = 0
11. Use the substitution y = 2x + 3 to solve for x,

if 4 (2x + 3)² – (2x + 3) – 14 = 0
Soln. 4(2x + 3)² – (2x + 3) – 14 = 0
Put y = 2x + 3
 4y² – y – 14 = 0
 4y² – 8y + 7y – 14 = 0
 4y (y – 2) + 7 (y – 2) = 0
 (y – 2) (4y + 7) = 0
 y–2=0 or 4y + 7 = 0
7
 y=2 or y=–
4
7
 2x + 3 = 2 or 2x + 3 = –
4
 2x = 2 – 3 or 8x + 12 = –7
 2x = –1 or 8x = – 19
1 –19
 x= or x=
2 8
1 3
 x=– or x = –2
2 8
2 1 1
12. Solve : x =– x² –
3 6 3
2 1 1
Soln. x =– x² –
3 6 3
x² 2 1
 + x + = 0
6 3 3
x ² + 4x + 2
 = 0
6
 x² + 4x + 2 = 0
Comparing with ax² + bx + c = 0

a=1,b=4,c=2
–b ± b 2 – 4ac
x =
2a
-4 ± (4)² - 4×1×2
=
2×1
–4± 16 – 8
=
2
–4 ± 8
=
2
–4±2 2
=
2
=

2 –2 ± 2 
2
 x = –2 ± 2
1 5 2
13. Solve : x² + = x
15 3 3
1 5 2
Soln. x² + = x
15 3 3
1 2 5
 x² – x + =0
15 3 3
x ² – 5 × 2x = 5×5
 = 0
15
 x² – 10x + 25 = 0
 x – 5x – 5x + 25 = 0
2
 x(x – 5) –5(x – 5) = 0
 (x – 5)(x – 5) = 0
 x – 5 = 0 or x – 5 = 0
 x = 5 or x = 5
 x = {5, 5}
4 5
14. Solve : –3=
x 2x +3
4 5
Soln. –3=
x 2x + 3

4 - 3x 5
 =
x 2x + 3
Cross-multiplying
(4 – 3x) (2x + 3) = 5x
 8x + 12 – 6x² – 9x = 5x
 –6x² + 8x – 9x – 5x + 12 = 0
 –6x² – 6x + 12 = 0
 –6(x² + x – 2) = 0
0
 x² + x – 2 =
–6
 x² + x – 2 = 0
 x + 2x – x – 2
2
= 0
 x(x + 2) –1(x + 2) = 0
 (x + 2)(x – 1) = 0
 x+2=0 or x–1=0
 x = –2 or x=1
 x = {1, –2}
2x + 3 x +4
15. Solve : =
x +3 x +2
2x + 3 x +4
Soln. =
x +3 x +2
 (2x + 3) (x + 2) = (x + 4) (x + 3)
 2x² + 4x + 3x + 6 = x² + 3x + 4x + 12
 2x² + 7x + 6 = x² + 7x + 12
 x² – 6 = 0
 x2 – ( 6 ) 2 = 0
 (x – 6 )(x + 6) = 0
 x– 6 = 0 or x + 6 =0
 x= 6 or x = – 6
 x = { 6, – 6}
2x 2x – 5 1
16. Solve using formula : + =8
x –4 x –3 3
2x 2x - 5 1
Soln. + =8
x -4 x -3 3
2x (x - 3)+(2x - 5)(x - 4) 25
 =
 x - 4 x - 3 3

2x ² - 6x + 2x ² - 8x - 5x + 20 25
 =
x ² - 3x - 4x +12 3
4x ² -19x + 20 25
 =
x ² - 7x +12 3
Cross-multiplying both sides, we get
3(4x² – 19x + 20) = 25 (x² –7x +12)
 12x² – 57x + 60 = 25x² – 175x + 300
 – 13x² + 118x – 240 = 0
 – (13x² – 118x + 240) = 0
 13x² – 118x + 240 = 0
Comparing with ax² + bx + c = 0
 a = 13, b = –118 , c = 240
–b ± b 2 – 4ac
x =
2a
- -118  ± (-118)² - 4×13  240 
=
2×13
118 ± 13,924-12,480 118 ± 1,444
= =
26 26
118 ± 38
=
26
118+38 118 - 38
 x = or x =
26 26
156 80 40
 x = or x = =
26 26 13
1
 x = 6 or x = 3
13
1
 x = 6, 3
13
x -1 x -3 1
17. Solve using formula : + =3
x -2 x -4 3
x -1 x -3 1
Soln. + = 3
x -2 x -4 3
x -1 x -3 10
 + =
x -2 x -4 3
 x -1 x - 4    x - 3  x - 2  10
 =
 x - 2  x - 4  3
x ² - 5x + 4 + x ² - 5x + 6 10
 =
x ² - 6x + 8 3
2x ² - 10x + 10 10
 =
x ² - 6x + 8 3
2  x ² - 5x + 5 10
 =
x ² - 6x + 8 3
x ² - 5x + 5 5
 =
[dividing throughout by 2]
x ² - 6x + 8 3
Cross-multiplying both sides, we get
3 (x²– 5x + 5) = 5(x² – 6x + 8)
 3x²– 15x + 15 = 5x² – 30x + 40
 3x²– 15x + 15 – 5x² + 30x – 40 = 0
 –2x² +15x – 25 = 0
 -(2x² – 15x + 25) = 0
2x² – 15x + 25 = 0
 a = 2, b = –15, c = 25
–b ± b 2 – 4ac
x =
2a
-(-15) ± (-15)2 - 4 × 2 × 25
=
2×2
15 ± 225 - 200
=
4
15  25
=
4
15  5
=
4
15 + 5 15 - 5
 x = or x =
4 4
20 10 5
 x = or x = =
4 4 2
1
x = 5 or x =2
2
1
 x = 5, 2
2
18. Without solving comment upon the nature of roots of each of the
following equations :
(i) 6x² – 13x + 4 = 0
(ii) 2x² + 8x + 9 = 0
Soln. (i) 6x² – 13x + 4 = 0
Here a = 6, b = –13, c = 4
Discriminant= b² – 4ac = (–13)² – 4 × 6 × 4

= 169 – 96
= 73 > 0
 Roots are real and unequal.
(ii) 2x² + 8x + 9 = 0
Here a = 2, b = 8, c = 9
Discriminant= b² – 4ac = (8)² – 4 × 2 × 9
= 64 – 72
= –8 <0
 The roots are imaginary.
19. Find the value of ‘p’, if the quadratic equation: 4x² – (p – 2)x + 1 = 0 has
equal roots.
Soln. 4x² – (p – 2)x + 1 = 0
a = 4, b = –(p – 2), c = 1
D = b² – 4ac
= [–(p – 2)]² – 4 × 4 × 1
= (p – 2)² – 16
= p² + 4 – 4p – 16
= p² – 4p – 12
For equal roots, D = 0
 p² – 4p – 12 = 0
 p² – 6p + 2p – 12 = 0
 p(p – 6) + 2 (p – 6) = 0
 (p – 6) (p + 2) = 0
 p – 6 = 0 or p + 2 = 0
 p = 6 or –2
20. The equation 3x² – 12x + (n – 5) = 0 has equal roots. Find the value of n.
Soln. 3x² – 12x + (n – 5) = 0
a = 3, b = – 12, c = n – 5
D = b² – 4ac
= (–12)² – 4 (3) (n – 5)
= 144 – 12(n – 5)
= 144 – 12n + 60
= 204 – 12n
Roots are equal (Given)
 D=0
 204 – 12n = 0
 12n = 204
204
 n =
12
 n = 17

21. Find the value of ‘m’, if the following equations has equal roots :
(m – 2)x² – (5 + m)x + 16 =0
Soln. (m – 2)x² – (5 + m)x + 16 = 0
a = m – 2, b = –(5 + m), c = 16
D = b² – 4ac
= [–(5 + m)]² – 4(m – 2) (16)
= 25 + m² + 10m –64m + 128
= m² – 54m + 153
Roots are equal (Given)
 D = 0  m² – 54m + 153 = 0
 m² – 51m – 3m + 153 = 0
 m(m – 51) – 3 (m – 3) = 0
 m – 51 = 0 or m – 3 = 0
 m = 51 or m = 3
22. Solve each of the following equations for x and give, in each case, your
answer correct to one decimal place :
(i) 5x² + 10x – 3 = 0
2
(ii) 2x – =7
x
Soln. (i) 5x² + 10x – 3 = 0
On comparing with ax² + bx + c = 0
a = 5, b = 10, c = –3
–b ± b 2 – 4ac
x =
2a
–10 102 – 4(5)(–3)
 x =
2(5)
-10 ± 100 + 60
 x =
10
-10 ± 160
=
10
-10 ± 4 10
=
10
=

2 –5 ± 2 10 
10
-5 ± 2 10
=
10
-5 ± 2(3.162)
=
5

-5  6.324
=
5
-5 + 6.324 -5 - 6.324
 x = or
5 5
1.324 -11.324
 x = or
5 5
 x = 0.2648 and –2.2648
Thus x = 0.3 and –2.3 (Correct to 1 decimal place)
2
(ii) 2x – =7
x
Multiplying throughout by x,
 2x² – 2 = 7x
 2x² – 7x – 2 = 0
On comparing with ax² + bx + c = 0
a = 2, b = –7, c = –2
We get,
–b ± b 2 – 4ac
x =
2a
–(–7)  (–7)2 – 4(2)(–2)

 x =
2(2)
7 ± 49 +16
 x =
4
7 ± 65
x =
4
7 ± 8.062
x =
4
7 + 8.062 7 – 8.062
 x = or x=
4 4
15.062 –1.062
 x = or
4 4
 x = 3.7655 or –0.2655
Thus x = 3.8 and –0.3 (Correct to 1 decimal place)
23. Solve the following equation for x and give your answer correct to
2 decimal places :
6
4x + + 13 = 0
x
6
Soln. 4x + + 13 = 0
x
 4x² + 6 + 13x = 0
i.e. 4x² + 13x + 6 = 0
 a = 4, b = 13, c = 6
–b ± b 2 – 4ac
x =
2a
–13 ± 132 – 4(4)(6)
 x =
2(4)
-13 ± 169 - 96
 x =
8
-13 ± 73
 x =
8
-13  8.544
 x =
8
-13  8.544 –13 – 8.544
 x = or x =
8 8
–4.456 –21.544
 x = or x =
8 8
 x = – 0.557 or x = –2.693
 x = – 0.56 or x = –2.69 (Correct to 2 decimal places)
24. Solve :
(i) x4 – 25x² + 144 = 0
Soln. Put x² = y
 y² – 25y + 144 = 0
 y2 – 16y – 9y + 144 = 0
 y(y – 16) –9(y – 16) = 0
 (y – 16) (y – 9) = 0
 (y – 16) = 0 or (y – 9) = 0
 y = 16 or y = 9
When y = 16 When y = 9
x² = 16 x² = 9
 x = ±4  x = ±3
Thus, x =  ±3  ± 4
(ii) (x² – 3x)² – 16 (x² – 3x) – 36 = 0

Soln. Put x² – 3x = y
 y² – 16y - 36 = 0
 y – 18y + 2y – 36 = 0
2
 y(y – 18) + 2(y – 18) = 0

 (y – 18) (y + 2) = 0
 y = 18 or y = –2
When y = 18 When y = –2
x² – 3x = 18 x² – 3x = – 2
 x² – 3x – 18 = 0  x² – 3x + 2 = 0
 (x – 6) (x + 3) = 0  (x –2) (x –1) = 0
 x = 6, -3  x = 2, 1
Thus, x = {6, –3, 2, 1}
25. Solve :
x 5
3 + 3 = 10
5 x
x
Soln. Put =y
5
3
 3y + = 10
y
 3y² + 3 = 10y
 3y² – 10y + 3 = 0
 (y – 3) (3y – 1) = 0
1
 y = 3,
3
1
When y = 3 When y =
3
x x 1
=3 =
5 5 3
x x 1
 =9  =
5 5 9
5
 x = 45  x =
9
 5
Thus, x = 45, 
 9
2x 1 3x + 9 3
26. Solve : + + = 0; x  3, x  –
x -3 2x + 3 (x - 3)(2x + 3) 2
2x 1 3x + 9
Soln. + + =0
x -3 2x +3 ( x - 3)(2x + 3)
L.C.M = (x – 3) (2x + 3)
Multiplying both sides by (x – 3) (2x + 3)
 2x(2x + 3) + (x - 3) + 3x + 9 = 0
 4x² + 6x + x – 3 + 3x + 9 = 0
 4x² + 10x + 6 = 0
 2x² + 5x + 3 = 0

 2x² + 3x + 2x + 3 = 0
 x(2x + 3) + 1(2x + 3) = 0
 (2x + 3)(x + 1) = 0
 2x + 3 = 0 or x +1 = 0
3
 x= – or x = –1
2
3
But x  – (Given)
2
 x = –1
27. Solve : a² x² – b² = 0
Soln. a² x² – b² = 0
 (ax)² – (b)² = 0
 (ax + b) (ax – b) = 0
 ax + b = 0 or ax – b = 0
 ax = – b or ax = b
b b
 x=– or x =
a a
b b
 x=– ,
a a
11 15
28. Solve : x² – x + =0
4 8
11 15
Soln. x² – x +
=0
4 8
Multiplying both sides by 8,
 8x² – 22x + 15 = 0
 8x² – 12x – 10x + 15 = 0
 4x(2x – 3) – 5(2x – 3) = 0
 (2x – 3) (4x – 5) = 0
 2x – 3 = 0 or 4x – 5 = 0
 2x = 3 or 4x = 5
3 5
 x = or x =
2 4
 1 1
Hence x = 1 , 1 
 2 4

9 9
29. Solve : 9x² + – 9x – – 52 = 0
x² x
 1  1
Soln. 9  x ²   – 9  x   – 52 = 0
x² x
1
2
 1
x² + +2 =  x  
x² x
1
2
 1
 x² + =  x   –2
x² x
1
Put x+ = y
x
1
 x² += y² – 2
x²
 Given expression is
9(y² – 2) – 9y – 52 = 0
 9y² – 18 – 9y – 52 = 0
 9y² – 9y – 70 = 0
 9y² – 30y + 21y – 70 = 0
 3y (3y – 10) + 7 (3y – 10) = 0
 (3y – 10) (3y + 7) = 0
 3y – 10 = 0 or 3y + 7 =0
 3y = 10 or 3y = – 7
10 7
 y= or y= –
3 3
10
When y=
3
1 10
 x+ = [Multiplying throughout by 3x]
x 3
 3x² + 3 = 10x
 3x² – 10x + 3 = 0
 3x² – 9x – x + 3 = 0
 3x(x – 3) –1(x – 3) = 0
 (x – 3) (3x – 1) = 0
 x–3=0 or 3x – 1 = 0
1
 x= 3 or x =
3
7
When y= –
3
1 7
 x+ = –
x 3
 3x² + 3 = –7x
 3x² + 7x + 3 = 0
Here a = 3, b = 7 and c = 3
D = b² – 4ac = (7)² – 4 × 3 × 3 = 49 – 36 = 13
-b ± D -7 ± 13 -7 ± 13
 x= = =
2a 2×3 6
1 -7  13
Hence x = 3, ,
3 6
 1  1
30. Solve : 2  x ² +  –  x +  = 11
x² x
 1  1
Soln. 2  x ²   –  x   = 11
x² x
1
 Put x + =y
x
2
 1
 x   = y² (Squaring both sides)
 x
1
 x² + + 2 = y²
x²
1
 x² + = y² – 2
x²
 Given quadratic equation becomes

2(y² – 2) – y = 11
 2y² – 4 – y – 11 = 0
 2y² – y – 15 = 0
 2y² – 6y + 5y – 15 = 0
 2y (y – 3) + 5 (y – 3) = 0
 (y – 3) (2y + 5) = 0
 y – 3 = 0 or 2y + 5 = 0
-5
 y=3 or y=
2
When y = 3,
1
 x+ =3
x
 x² – 3x + 1 = 0
Here a = 1, b = –3, c = 1
–b ± b 2 – 4ac
x =
2a

-  -3  ± (-3)² - 4×1×1
=
2×1
3± 9-4
=
2
3± 5
=
2
5
When y = 
2
1 5
 x+ = 
x 2
 2x² + 2 = –5x
 2x² + 5x + 2 = 0
 2x² + 4x + x + 2 = 0
 2x(x + 2) +1(x + 2) = 0
 (x + 2) (2x + 1) = 0
 x+2=0 or 2x + 1 = 0
1
 x = –2 or x= –
2
 1 3 ± 5 
Hence x =  –2, – 2 , 2 
 
 1   1
31. Solve : 2  x ² +  – 3  x –  =4
 x²   x
 1   1
Soln. 2  x ²   – 3  x –  = 4
 x²   x
1
 Put x – =y
x
Squaring on both sides,
2
 1
 x –  = y²
 x
1
 x² + – 2 = y²
x²
1
 x² +
= y² + 2
x²
 Given quadratic equation becomes
2(y² + 2) – 3y = 4
 2y² + 4 – 3y – 4 = 0
 2y² – 3y = 0
 y (2y – 3) = 0
 y=0 or 2y – 3 = 0
3
 y=
2
When y = 0
1
 x– = 0
x
 x² – 1 = 0
 x² = 1
 x = 1
3
When y =
2
1 3
 x– =
x 2
 2x² – 2 = 3x
 2x² – 3x – 2 = 0
 2x² – 4x + x – 2 = 0
 2x(x – 2) +1(x – 2) = 0
 (x – 2) (2x + 1) = 0
 x–2=0 or 2x + 1 = 0
 x=2 or 2x = –1
1
x = –
2
 1
Hence x = 1, – 1,2, – 
 2
32. Solve each of the following :

(i) 3x² – x – 7 = 0
Soln. 3x² – x – 7 = 0
Here a = 3, b = –1, c = –7
–b ± b 2 – 4ac
 x =
2a
-  -1 ± (-1)² - 4×3×-7
=
2×3
1± 1+ 84 1 ± 85 1± 9.220
= = =
6 6 6
1+ 9.220 1 – 9.220
= ;
6 6
10.220 -8.220
= ;
6 6
= 1.70 ; –1.37

(ii) 2x² – 9x + 10 = 0; when x  N

Soln. 2x² – 9x + 10 = 0
 2x² – 5x – 4x + 10 = 0
 x(2x – 5) – 2(2x – 5) = 0
 (2x – 5) (x – 2) = 0
 2x – 5 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
 2x = 5 or x = 2
5
 x= or x=2
2
 x = {2.5, 2}
But x  N
 x=2
(iii) (a + b)²x² – (a + b) x – 6 = 0; a + b  0
Soln. (a + b)² x² – (a + b) x – 6 = 0; a + b  0
 [(a + b)x]² – (a + b) x – 6 = 0
Put (a + b) x = y
 y² – y – 6 = 0
 y² – 3y + 2y – 6 = 0
 y(y – 3) + 2(y – 3) = 0
 (y – 3) (y + 2) = 0
 y – 3 = 0 or y + 2 = 0
 y =3 or y = –2
When y =3
 (a + b) x = 3
3
 x=
a +b
When y=2
 (a + b) x = –2
-2
x=
a +b
 3 –2 
 x=  ; 
a + b a + b 
1 2 3 4
(iv) – = –
x +1 x +2 x +3 x +4
1 2 3 4
Soln. – = –
x +1 x +2 x +3 x +4
x + 2 - 2( x +1) 3 x +4 -4 x +3
 =
( x +1)( x + 2) x +3x +4

x +2- 2x - 2 3 x +12 – 4 x – 12
 =
x +2x + x +2
2
x 2 + 4 x + 3 x +12
-x –x
 = 2
x + 3x + 2
2
x + 7 x +12
 x(x² + 7x + 12) = x(x² + 3x + 2)

 x[x² + 7x + 12 – x² – 3x – 2] = 0
 x(4x + 10) = 0
 x=0 or 4x + 10 = 0
 x=0 or 4x = –10
10 5
 x=0 or x=– =–
4 2
1
 x=0 or x = –2
2
 1
 x = 0, – 2 
 2
33. For each equation, given below, find the value of ‘m’ so that the
equation has equal roots. Also, find the solution of each equation :
(i) 3x² + 12x + (m + 7) = 0
(ii) x² – (m + 2) x + (m + 5) = 0
Soln. (i) 3x² + 12x + (m + 7) = 0
a = 3, b = 12, c = m + 7
D = b² – 4ac
= (12)² – 4(3)(m + 7)
= 144 – 12m – 84
= 60 – 12m
 Given equation has equal roots
 D=0
 60 – 12m = 0
 –12m = –60
 m=5
Putting the value of m in the equation
3x² + 12x + (m + 7) = 0
 3x² +12x + (5 + 7) = 0
 3x² + 12x + 12 = 0
 3(x² + 4x + 4) = 0
 x² + 4x + 4 = 0
 (x)² + 2(x) (2) + (2)² = 0
 (x + 2)² = 0

 (x + 2)(x + 2) = 0
 x = –2 or x = –2
Hence m = 5 and solution x = –2, –2
(ii) x² – (m + 2) x + (m + 5) = 0
a = 1, b = –(m + 2), c = m + 5
D = b² – 4ac
= [–(m + 2)]² – 4(1)(m + 5)
= m² + 4m + 4 – 4m – 20
= m² – 16
 Roots are equal
 b² – 4ac = 0
 m² – 16 = 0
 m² = 16
 m = ±4
When m = 4, the equation becomes
x² – (4+2)x + (4+5) = 0
 x² –6x + 9 = 0
 (x)² – 2 (x) (3) + (3)² = 0
 (x – 3)² = 0
 (x – 3)(x – 3) = 0
 x – 3 = 0 or x–3=0
 x = 3 or x=3
When m = –4 the equation becomes
x² – (–4+2)x + (–4+5) = 0
 x² + 2x + 1 = 0
 (x)² + 2 (x) (1) + (1)² = 0
 (x + 1)² = 0
 (x + 1)(x + 1) = 0
 x + 1 = 0 or x+1=0
 x = –1 or x = –1
Hence m = ±4 , and
(i) For m = 4, x = 3, 3
(ii) For m = –4, x = –1, –1
34. Without solving the following quadratic equation, find the value of ‘p’
for which the roots are equal : px² – 4x + 3 = 0
Soln. px² – 4x + 3 = 0 ...(i)
a = p, b = –4 and c = 3
Given roots are equal
 D=0
 b² – 4ac = 0
 (–4)2 – 4 × p × 3 = 0
 16 – 12p = 0
 –12p = –16
16
 p =
12
4
 p =
3
1
 p = 1
3
35. Solve the following equation for x and give your answer correct to
2 decimal places : x2 – 5x – 10 = 0
Soln. x2 – 5x – 10 = 0
a = 1, b = –5, c = –10
–b ± b 2 – 4ac
x =
2a
– (–5)± (–5)2 – 4(1) (– 10)

=
2(1)
5 ± 25 + 40
=
2
5 ± 65
=
2
5 ± 8.062
=
2
5 + 8.062 5 – 8.062
 x= or x=
2 2
13.062 –3.062
 x = or x=
2 2
 x = 6.531 or x = –1.531
 x = 6.53 or x = – 1.53 [Correct to 2 decimal places)
36. Solve the following equation and give your answer correct to 3 significant
figures : 5x2 – 3x – 4 = 0
Soln. 5x2 – 3x – 4 = 0
a = 5, b = –3, c = –4
–b ± b 2 – 4ac
x =
2a
– (–3) ± (–3)2 – 4(5) (– 4)

=
2(5)
3 ± 9 + 80
=
10
3 ± 89
=
10
3 ± 9.434
 x =
10
3 + 9.434 3 – 9.434
 x = or x=
10 10
12.434 –6.434
 x = or x=
10 10
 x = 1.2434 or x = – 0.6434
 x = 1.24 or x = – 0.643 [Correct to 3 significant figures]
37. Solve : x2 – 11x – 12 = 0; when x  N

Soln. x2 – 11x – 12 = 0
 x2 – 12x + x – 12 = 0
 x(x – 12) + 1 (x – 12) = 0
 (x – 12) (x + 1) = 0
 x – 12 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
 x = 12 or x = – 1
But x  N
 x  –1
 x = 12
38. Solve : x2 – 4x – 12 = 0; when x  I

Soln. x2 – 4x – 12 = 0
 x2 – 6x + 2x – 12 = 0
 x(x – 6) + 2 (x – 6) = 0
 (x – 6) (x + 2) = 0
 x – 6 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
 x = 6 or x = – 2
But x  I
 x = –2, 6
39. 2x2 – 9x + 10 = 0, when :

(i) x  N (ii) x  Q
Soln. 2x – 9x + 10 = 0
2
 2x2 – 4x – 5x + 10 = 0
 2x(x – 2) – 5 (x – 2) = 0
 (x – 2) (2x – 5) = 0
 x – 2 = 0 or 2x – 5 = 0
5
 x = 2 or x =
2
1
 x = 2 or x = 2
2
(i) x  N
 x = 2
(ii) x  Q
1
 x = 2, 2
2
x 3 2(6 + x )
40. Solve : + = ; (x  6)
3 6–x 15
x 3 2(6  x )
Soln. + =
3 6–x 15
x (6 – x )  3  3 2(6  x )
 3(6 – x ) =
15
6x – x 2  9 12  2x
 =
18 – 3x 15
 15(6x – x2 + 9) = (12 + 2x) (18 – 3x)
 90x – 15x2 + 135 = 216 – 36x + 36x – 6x2
 0 = 216 – 6x2 – 90x + 15x2 – 135
 0 = 81 + 9x2 – 90x
i.e. 9x2 – 90x + 81 = 0
 9(x2 – 10x + 9) = 0
 x2 – 10x + 9 = 0
 x – 9x – x + 9
2
= 0
 x(x – 9) – 1(x – 9) = 0
 (x – 9) (x – 1) = 0
 x–9=0 or x–1=0
 x=9 or x=1
x = 1, 9
3x
41. Solve the equation 9x2 + + 2 = 0 if possible, for real values of x.
4
3x
Soln. 9x2 + +2 = 0
4
36x 2  3x  8
 = 0
4

 36x2 + 3x + 8 = 0
a = 36, b = 3, c = 8
 b2 – 4ac = 32 – 4 × 36 × 8
= 9 – 1152
= – 1143
 b2 – 4ac < 0
 Equation is not solvable
x a + b b(a + b)
42. Solve : – =
a x ax
x a b b(a  b )
Soln. – =
a x ax
x 2 – a (a  b ) b(a  b )
 =
ax ax
 x – a2 – ab
2
= ab + b2
 x2 – a2 – ab – ab – b2 = 0
 x2 – a2 – 2ab – b2 = 0
 x2 – (a2 + 2ab + b2) = 0
 x2 – (a + b)2 = 0
 [x – (a + b)] [x + (a + b)] = 0
 x – (a + b) = 0 or x + (a + b) = 0
 x=a+b or x = –(a + b)
x =  (a + b)
 1200 
43. Solve :  + 2  (x – 10) – 1200 = 60
 x 
 1200 
Soln.   2  (x – 10) – 1200 = 60
 x 
1200 1200
 ×x– × 10 + 2 × x + 2 × –10 –1200 – 60 = 0
x x
12,000
 1200 – + 2x – 20 – 1200 – 60 = 0
x
12,000
 2x – – 80 = 0
x
 6000 
 2x – – 40  = 0
 x 
x 2 – 6000 – 40x
 =0
x

 x2 – 40x – 6000 = 0
 x2 – 100x + 60x – 6000 = 0
 x(x – 100) + 60(x – 100) = 0
 (x – 100) (x + 60) = 0
 x – 100 = 0 or x + 60 = 0
 x = 100 or x = – 60
x = 100, –60
44. If the roots of the equation (b – c)x2 + (c – a)x + (a – b) = 0 are equal than prove
that 2b = a + c
Soln. (b – c)x2 + (c – a)x + (a – b) = 0
Comparing with Ax2 + Bx + C = 0, we get,
A = b – c, B = c – a, C = a – b
Roots are equal,
 D=0
 B2 – 4AC =0
 (c – a)2 – 4(b – c) (a – b) = 0
 c2 – 2ac + a2 – 4(ab – b2 – ac + bc) = 0
 c2 – 2ac + a2 – 4ab + 4b2 + 4ac – 4bc = 0
 a2 + 4b2 + c2 + 2ac – 4ab – 4bc = 0
 (a)2 + (–2b)2 + (c)2 + 2(a)(c) + 2(a)(–2b) + 2(–2b)(c) = 0
 (a – 2b + c)2 = 0
 a – 2b + c = 0
 a + c = 2b
Hence proved.
1
Solve : 2x – x =0
2
45.
2
2 1
Solv. 2x – x =0
2
1
 2(2x2) – x × (2) = 0×2
2
 4x2 – x = 0
 x(4x – 1) = 0
 x = 0 or 4x – 1 = 0
 x = 0 or 4x = 1
1
 x = 0 or x =
4

46. Solve : 3x2 + 34x + 11 = 0

Soln. 3x2 + 34x + 11 = 0
 3x2 + x + 33x + 11 = 0
 x(3x + 1) + 11(3x + 1)= 0
 (3x + 1) (x + 11) = 0
 3x + 1 = 0 or x + 11 = 0
 3x = –1 or x = –11
–1
 x= or x = –11
3
47. Solve : x2 + 18x = 40

Soln. x2 + 18x – 40 = 0
 x2 + 20x – 2x – 40 = 0
 x(x + 20) – 2(x + 20) = 0
 (x + 20) (x – 2) = 0
 x + 20 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
 x = –20 or x = 2
48. Solve : 2x2 – 9x + 10 = 0

Soln. 2x2 – 9x + 10 = 0
 2x2 – 5x – 4x + 10 = 0
 x(2x – 5) – 2(2x – 5) = 0
 (2x – 5) (x – 2) = 0
 2x – 5 = 0 or x – 2 = 0
 2x = 5 or x = 2
5
 x= or x = 2
2
49. Solve: 3 x2 + 11x + 6 3 = 0

Soln. 3 x2 + 11x + 6 3 = 0
 3x 2 + 9x + 2x + 6 3 = 0
   
3x x  3 3  2 x  3 3  = 0
  x  3 3   3x  2  = 0
  x  3 3  = 0 or  3x  2 = 0
 x = –3 3 or 3x = –2
–2
 x = –3 3 or x =
3

50. Solve the following by using formula method

3x2 + 3 = –7x
Soln. 3x2 + 3 = –7x
 3x2 + 7x + 3 = 0
Comparing the above equation with
ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get,
a = 3, b = 7 and c = 3
b2 – 4ac = (7)2 – 4(3)(3)
= 49 – 36
 b – 4ac = 13
2
–b  b 2 – 4ac
 x =
2a
–7  13
 x =
2 3
–7  13
 x =
6
–7  13 –7 – 13
 x= or x =
6 6
–7 + 13 –7 – 13
The roots of the given quadratic equations are or
6 6
51. Solve the following by using formula method

x2 – 1 = 3x
Soln. x2 – 1 = 3x
 x2 – 3x – 1 = 0
Comparing the above equation with
ax2 + bx + c = 0 we get,
a = 1, b = –3 and c = –1
b2 – 4ac = (–3)2 – 4(1)(–1)
= 9+4
b2 – 4ac = 13
–b  b 2 – 4ac
 x =
2a
–  –3   13
 x =
2 1
3  13
 x =
2
3  13 3 – 13
 x= or x =
2 2
3 + 13 3 – 13
The roots of the given quadratic equations are or
2 2
1
52. Solve the equation 2x – = 7. Write your answer correct to two decimal
x
places.
1
Soln. 2x – =7
x
Multiplying throughout by x,
2x2 – 1 = 7x
 2x – 7x – 1 = 0
2
On comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0

a = 2, b = –7, c = –1
 b2 – 4ac = (–7)2 – 4(2)  (–1)
= 49 + 8
= 57
–b  b 2 – 4ac
 x =
2a
–  –7   57
 x=
2  2
7  57
 x=
4
7  7.550
 x=
4
7  7.550 7 – 7.550
 x= or x =
4 4
14.55 –0.55
 x= or x =
4 4
 x = 3.6375 or x = –0.1375
 x = 3.64 or x = –0.14 [Correct to 2 decimal places]
53. Solve : 4x2 – 7x + 2 = 0.

Find answer correct to two significant figures.
Soln. 4x2 – 7x + 2 = 0
a = 4, b = –7, c = 2
 b2 – 4ac = (–7)2 – 4(4)  (2)
= 49 – 32
= 17
–b  b 2 – 4ac
 x =
2a
–  –7   17
=
2  4
7  17
=
8
7  4.123
=
8
7  4.123 7 – 4.123
 x= or x =
8 8
11.123 2.877
 x= or x =
8 8
 x = 1.390 or x = 0.359
 x = 1.4 or x = 0.36 [Correct to two significant figures]
54. Solve for x using the quadratic formula. Write your answer correct to
t w o s i g nx – 1)2 – 3x + 4 = 0
i f i c a n t f i g u r e s . (
Soln. (x – 1)2 – 3x + 4 = 0
 x – 2x + 1 – 3x + 4 = 0
2
 x2 – 5x + 5 = 0
a = 1, b = –5, c = 5
 b2 – 4ac = (–5)2 – 4(1)  (5)
= 25 – 20
=5
–b  b 2 – 4ac
 x=
2a
–  –5   5
=
2 1
5 5
=
2
5  2.236
=
2
5  2.236 5 – 2.236
 x= or x =
2 2
7.236 2.764
 x= or x =
2 2
 x = 3.618 or x = 1.382
 x = 3.6 or x = 1.4 [Correct to two significant figures]


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4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

 DEFINITION OF QUADRATIC EQUATION :

 The standard form of a quadratic equation is ax2+bx+c = 0, where

2. Determine whether x = –1, is a root of the equation x2 – 3x + 2 = 0 or not.

100 ICSE MATHEMATICS - X

ICSE MATHEMATICS - X 101

 Zero product rule :

II. Based on Factorisation

Solve equations, number 1 to 10, using factorisation method :

ICSE MATHEMATICS - X 103

7. 4 (2x – 3)2 – (2x – 3) – 14 = 0

104 ICSE MATHEMATICS - X

11. Find the value of x, if a + 7 = 0;

ICSE MATHEMATICS - X 105

12. If quadratic equation x2 – (m + 1) x + 6 = 0, has one root as x = 3, find the

106 ICSE MATHEMATICS - X

 (2ax + b)2 – b2 + 4ac = 0

III. Based on formula method

ICSE MATHEMATICS - X 107

– 6 ± (6)2 – 4(1) (– 10)

108 ICSE MATHEMATICS - X

ICSE MATHEMATICS - X 109

110 ICSE MATHEMATICS - X

 6x2 – 30x + 30 = 10x2 – 60x + 80

2. Solve the following equations for x, giving your answer correct to

Comparing with ax2 + bx + c = 0, we get,

(ii) 4x2 + 6 + 13x = 0

112 ICSE MATHEMATICS - X

–13 +8.544 –13 – 8.544

(iii) 2x2 + 11x + 4 = 0

ICSE MATHEMATICS - X 113

Case I : If a, b and c are real numbers and a 0, then discriminant :

IV : Discriminant based sums

1. Without solving, comment upon the nature of roots of each of the

2. The equation 3x2 – 12 x + (n – 5) = 0, has equal roots.

Since the roots are equal,

3. Find the value of m, if the following equation has equal roots;

Equations Reducible to Quadratic

V : Substitution based sums

2. Solve : (x2 – 5x)2 – 7 (x2 – 5x) + 6 = 0

–  – 5  ± (5)2 – 4 (1) (–6)

116 ICSE MATHEMATICS - X

3. Solve : (x2 – x)2 + 5 (x2 – x) + 4 = 0

– ( –1) ± (– 1)2 – 4(1) (4)

– ( –1) ± (– 1)2 – 4(1) (1)

ICSE MATHEMATICS - X 119

120 ICSE MATHEMATICS - X

ICSE MATHEMATICS - X 121

8. Solve : (3x2 – 5x + 2) (3x2 – 5x – 2) = 21

– ( – 5)± (– 5)2 – 4 (3) (– 5) – ( – 5) ± (– 5)2 – 4 (3) ( 5)

122 ICSE MATHEMATICS - X

ICSE MATHEMATICS - X 123

10. Find the quadratic equation, whose solution set is :

ICSE MATHEMATICS - X 127

11. Use the substitution y = 2x + 3 to solve for x,

Comparing with ax² + bx + c = 0

ICSE MATHEMATICS - X 129

130 ICSE MATHEMATICS - X

Discriminant= b² – 4ac = (–13)² – 4 × 6 × 4

ICSE MATHEMATICS - X 133

134 ICSE MATHEMATICS - X

–(–7)  (–7)2 – 4(2)(–2)

(ii) (x² – 3x)² – 16 (x² – 3x) – 36 = 0