Tffdfª hfltsf] pb\ud 7ª'–;f, afa–;f / s]–;fM cd't–{ ;f+:s[lts Oltxf;

clhtdfg tfdfª

Tffdfª hfltsf] pb\ud 7ª'–;f, afa–;f / s]–;fM

clhtdfg tfdfª
amang.ajitman@gmail.com

!= tfdfª hfltsf] ;+lIfKt kl/roM

tfdfª g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] hftL (Nation) Pj+ ;d'bfox? dWo] Ps xf] . ef/t, e'6fg,
Dofgdf/ cflb b];x?df ;ojif{ eGbf cl3 b]lv 7"nf] ;+Vofdf tfdfª ;d'bfosf] a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf]
kfO{G5 . s]lx bzs b]lv tfdfªx? o'/f]ksf a]nfot, a]lNhod, cd]l/sf, Sofgf8f, ci6«]lnof, hfkfg
cflb b];x?df ;d]t :yfoL a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . Gffs y]Krf], ux'Fuf]/f], xf]rf tyf cUnf sbsf cfFvf
lrD;f] xFl;nf], hf]l;nf] tyf /d0fLo :jefjsf, OdfGbf/, ;xf;L / d]xglt Tffdfªx?nfO{ d+uf]n
gZnsf dfgj j+z tyf hflt (Nation) dflgG5 . tfdfª hfltnfO{ zf;s tyf cGo ;d'bfox?n]
ljleGg sfndf tfdfªuf]cf], tfdfª, d'ld{, nfdf, nfdfef]6,] ef]6,] hf8], e'l6of cflb hfltjfrs
gfdåf/f hflgb} cfPsf] kfO{G5 .
ljleGg sf/0fn] :yflkt ePsf x|'cL cyf{t\ j+z jf y/x? ;o eGbf w]/} ;+Vofdf /x]sf] ePtf
klg tL x|'cLx?sf] Joj:yfkg ªfx|'cL, kmfx|'cL tyf h]x|'cLsf cfwf/df ljjfx ug{ kfO{g] / gkfO{g] jf
s'6'Da]/L rNg] / grNg] ljlw tfdfª /Ld7Ldn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] x'G5 . o;}nfO{ x|'cL ldNg], Ps
cfk;df ljjfx ug{ gkfO{g]÷gldNg] cyf{t\ ;uf]qLnfO{ :jfFu] elgG5 . olx sf/0f :jfFu] ;uf]qL leqsf]
x|'cLx?sf] lardf ljjfx ug{ kfO{Gb}g . oxfF
-s_ ªfx|'cL eGgfn] Pp6} /utsf], Pp6} Dx]Dx]sf, y]Tdf÷y]d]x? cfˆgf] kfl/jfl/s :jfFu] xf] . h:t}
of]Ghg–of]Ghg y]d] jf y]Tdf,
-v_ kmfx|'cL lkt[x? Pp6} /x]sf] x|'cL :jfFu], h:t} cfkfsf] ;Gtfgx? of]Ghg / of]Ghg, nf]Krg /
nf]Krg, bf]ª / bf]ª cfbL,
-u_ h]x|'cL Ps x|'cL / csf]{ x|'cLsf] lardf lgs6sf] ;DaGw /x]sf] :jfFu] x|'cLx? h;sf] Pp6} lktfsf]
/utsf] ;fOgf], gftf x'Fb}g, h:t} -:ofªbfg, kfv|Lg, df]Qmfg_, -of]Ghg, nf]Krg, adhg, ldsrg_, -
bf]ª, uf]n], an, tLbª', 8LD8ª', xLd8'ª,_ cflb oL Pp6} x|'cL t xf]Ogg t/ h]x|'cL x'g oLgLx? Ps
cfk;df ljjfx x'Fb}g .
-3_ jfcL /fVg] k/Dk/f M /;'jf, g'jfsf]6 / wflbªsf k'/fgf] tfdfª gfD;f, o'N;fx?df jfcL -
pkgfd_ /fVg] k'/fgf] rng / k/Dk/f 5 . oxfF jfcL gfdsf] cfwf/df ljjfx ug{ ldNg] gldNg] cfkm}
yfxf x'g] jf :jfFu] yfxf x'g] ljlw jfcL /fVg] k]/]Daf jf k]7Ld x'G5 . jfcL /fVbf g} s'g x|'cLsf x'g
eGg] yfxf x'G5 . of] s'/f jfcL pkgfdsf] k5f8L em'08fpg] u|f]ª, /f]ª, /fhf, /fgL tyf jftL tyf
nfdf tyf nfdf] cflbaf6 yfxf x'G5 . oxfF dlxnfx?sf] jfcL pkgfddf jftL, /fgL / df] hf]8LG5 .
nfdf jf nf]j]g u'? s'nsf of]Ghg, nf]Krg, adhg cflb x|'cLsfx?n] jfcL pkgfd /fVbf ;Lrf{ nfdf
k'?if jf :qL ePdf ;Lrf{ nfdf] /fvLG5 . bf]ª, uf]n], an cflbn] ;Lrf{ u|f]ª k'?ifn] / :qL ePdf
;Lrf{jftL jfcL pkgfd /flvG5 . o;/L g} kfv|Lg, df]Qmfg, :ofªbfg ePdf ;Lrf{/f]ª k'?if / ;Lhf]{d
:qLsf] jfcL /fVg] ul/G5 . o;/L u|f]ª / jftL, /f]ª / hf]d clg nfdf / nfdf]sf cfwf/df :jfFu] x|'cL
yfxf x'G5 . ljjfx ubf{ :jfFu] x|'cL aLrdf ljjfx ug{ ldNg] / gldNg] x|'cL ;lhn} 5'l6G5 -
clhtdfgM@)!@M_ . tfdfªx?n] k|flrg af]g tyf kl5 cFuflnPsf af}4 wd{nfO{ ;dfg :t/df cEof;
/ kfngf ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . tfdfª ;dfh :jfjnDjL, df}lns 1fg, ;Lkx? sk8f a'Gg], sfuh agfpg],
rf]ofsf ;fdfu|L cflb a'Gg], sfi7snf, yfªsf n]Vg] agfpg] cflb ;[hgfTds pTkfbg d'vL snf
sf}znx?n] o'Qm /x]sf] kfO{G5 .

@= tfdfª hfltsf] 7ª'xf| k pb\ud af/]M

hfltsf] pTklQ af/]] vf]hL ubf{ e]l6Psf tYox?n] /l;of, qmLlhls:tfg, d+uf]lnof, rLgsf]
klZrdoQ/ tyf pQ/ tkm{, uf]jL d?e'ld b]lv rLgsf] leqL d+uf]lnof k"j{ klZrd km}lnPsf cfN6]cL
kj{t >[+vnf, ufG;' nfGhfp kx]nf]glb cyf{t Mother River of China cf;kf;sf ;Eotf /x]sf]
;"rgf ;+s]tfTds tYox? -df]Qmfg x|'cLsL kmf]nf5\of]cLdf la=la=tfdfªn] df]Qmfgx?sf] afh]x?sf]
1
 Tffdfª hfltsf] pb\ud 7ª'–;f, afa–;f / s]–;fM cd't–{ ;f+:s[lts Oltxf;
clhtdfg tfdfª

j0f{g ubf{, !$_ e]l6G5 . k|fuP]ltxfl;s d+uf]n gZnsf k]lsª dfgjsf] pTklQ / ljsf;sf] ljz]iftf
xfdL Tffdfª /fi6« yf hfltdf oy]i7 kfOG5 . o; s'/fsf] ljleGg cGj]if0f tyf cWoogx?n] klg
k|fKt 5 . g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df08f}+ ;x/sf] pQ/ a'4lgns07sf] k"j{ blIf0flt/sf] kl08tufFp /
aflgof kfvfsf] lar wf]jLvf]nfdf ;g !(&* dfr{ dlxgfdf /l;ofsf] n]gLgu|fb o'lgel;{l6sf
k|f]km];/ 8f= Pgftf]nLof ofsf]An]e ;]6]Gsfnufotsf k|fu}ltxfl;s k'/ftTjj]Qfx?sf] k'/ftfTjLs
cGjz]if0fn] of] e"uf]ndf k|frLg kfif0fo'u -pQ/sfn O{=zf=k"j{ #),)))_ sf tf5]/ (Flacked Chipped)
agfO{g] ltg k|sf/sf dWokfif0f o'lug pks/0fx? km]nf kf/]sf lyP -zdf{, #!$–#@)_ . of]
dWokfif0f o'lug pks/0fx? d+uf]lnof / lrgsf] leqL d+uf]lnofsf] uf]jL d?e"ldaf6 l;Ns /f]8 x'b}
g]kfnsf] / ;'b'/ k"j{–Pl;ofsf] af6f]af6 cd]l/sf k'us ] f atfOPsf] 5 . Tof] kfif0f pks/0f sf7df08f}
pkTosfdf klg km]nfkg'{n] tL uf]jL d?e"ld cf;kf;sf lrlgof tyf d+uf]lnogx?;Fu ;dLk k|frLg
dfgj hfltdf tfdfªx? k|frLg cfN6] kj{t >[+vnf d+uf]lnof, rLgsf] kx]Fnf] glbaf6 rLgsf] ltAatL
pQ/klZrd tyf blIf0fL klZrd If]qx? x'Fb} lxdfnosf d}bfg tyf glbsf] lsgf/fx? eP/ jt{dfg
g]kfnsf] tfD;fnLª e"uf]n;Dd cfO k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . of] tfdfª dfu{sf af/]df tfdfª j+zfjnLx?df
pNn]v :ofª:o'ª o'n/L :ofªaf] afk, d'u'UofN;f/L df]Qmfg afk eg]sf] kfO{g'n] klg k'li6 u5{ .
df]Qmfg x|'cLsL kmf]nfsf] j[tfGt / uf]jL d?e"ld kx]Fnf] gbLsf] pQ/tkm{af6 kfif0f 9'+u]
xltof/ g]kfnsf] a'9flgns07sf] algof kfvfdf kfOg'n] cGj]ifs 8f=;]6]Gsf]n] Tof] 9'+u] c:t| Nofpg]
k|frLg ;d'bfo tfdfª x'g ;Sg] cg'dfgn] tfdfªx? #) xhf/ jif{ cl3 g} pkTosfdf /x]sf] k'li6
ub{5 . ls/ft sfn, lnR5jLsfn / dWo]sfn x'Fb} cfhsf lbg;Dd of] pkTosf jl/k/L tfdfªx?sf]
3gf a;f]af; /x]sf] ljifo P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fgsf] ;}bflGts cfwf/df tfdfªefiffsf zAbx?sf]
ljsf; qmdsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ af7df08f} pkTosfnfO{ a'emfpg] :yfggfd ofDa'qmf]df{, ofDa'a|'daf6
ofDa' / ofDa'af6 o]F, eQk'/nfO{ vf]k|Lªaf6 vf]kfª / vf]kfªaf6 vf]k, kf6g of nlntk'/nfO{
of/n'ªaf6 x]/fª÷o/fª / cfhef]ln on :yfggfd /xg uPsf] kfO{G5 . oxfF ofDa'a|'d vf]k|Lª cflb
zAbx? ls/ftsfn b]lv cfhsf lbg ;Dd tfdfªefiffdf s'g} g s'g} ?kdf k|of]u eO{ /x]sf] kfOg'n]
Oltxf;sf] sfnv08df tfdfªx? k|frLg ofDa' pkTosfd} lyof] . cfhsf] tfdfªx? lj:tf/} jl/kl/sf]
8fF8f]lt/ ;/]sf] b]lvG5 . jt{dfg sf7df08f} pkTosf tyf cf;kf;sf] k|frLg e"ld tfdfªx?sf]
ætfD;fnLªÆ xf] .
t;y{, tfdfªx? cfN6] kj{t >[+vnf, uf]jL d?e'ld b]lv ;dLk d+uf]lnof tyf rLgsf] leqL
d+uf]lnof, ufG;' nfGhfp kx]nf]glbsf] lsgf/af6 tfdfªx?sf] xfnsf] tfD;fnLª If]q;Dd cfOk'us ] f]
j[tfGt, pbud\ ynf]x?, rLgsf] …Xjfªxf]Ú kx]Fnf] gbLsf] lsgf/ ;Eotf xf] . ;g !(^& df k|sflzt
YjLGx]ndf k|sflzt l;tf/fd tfdfªsf] n]vdf tfdfªx? lrgsf] Xjfª xf] -kx]Fnf] glb_ If]qaf6 cfPsf]
elg pNn]v ul/Psf] nueu $) jif{ cuf8Lsf tYosf] k'li6 klxnf] k6s ;g @))^ df df]Qmfg la/
axfb'/ tfdfªåf/f lnlvt df]Qmfg ;dfh dSjfgk'/n] k|sflzt u/]sf] k':tssf] Dx]d] lxuHofg bfª -
!$_ sf] j[tfGtn] tfdfªsf df]Qmfg Dx]d]x? ;a}eGbf klxnf] pb\ud:yfgnfO{ o;/L atfPsf] kfOG5 .
æ=====Dx]d] l5l/ªbf]h]{, Dx]d] tfdfUofnf cf efof xL/f, cfN6] XØ'N;] Xjfª xf] vf];f]{ em]sf]s hLgLª
VofD;L :o'af, Dx]d] uhf{ u'dfcL Xjfª xf] vf];f]{ em]sf]s hLgLª Xo'N;] u'u], :ofª:o'ª af]t Xo'n/L
VofD;L :o'af========Dx]d] nfXo'n bf]h]{ u'u] Xo'n;] yLs', 5f]ªbL Xo'n/L VofD;L :o'af, Dx]d] dfbfc'bf]h]{
. yLs' 5f]ªbL Xo'n;] d'u' Xo'n/L VofD;L :o'af Dx]d] rfª/L af]g, Dx]d] emfª\u} emf]/fn UofNaf], Dx]d]
tfhg tfh]g UofNaf], d'u'UofN;fnf t]dfnf c'gf :o'af UofNaf] Gxf]a'{ ;fªaf], dfddL t]h]g UofNdf]====Æ
. oxfF pb\ud :yfgx? cfyf{t\ 7'ª;f, afA;f / s];fsf :yfgx? rLgsf] kx]Fnf] gbL Xjfª xf], em]sf]u
h]gLª vf];f]{ b]lv blIf0f klZrd ltAat :ofª:o'ª, u'u], k'/fª, 5f]ªbL x'Fb} g]kfnsf] d'u,' tfD;fnLªsf
If]qx?, cGb/a'ª l;Gw'kfNrf]s ;Ddsf] :ki6 ls6fgL lj/0fn] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . oxfF rLg l:yt
…Xjfª xf] vf];f]{Ú / …em]sf]s h]gLª Xo'nÚ eGg'n] rLgsf] cfhsf] P]ltxfl;s ;f+:s[lts dxTj /fVg]
nfGhfp ;x/ tyf l;+uf]] ufG;' k|fGt, leqL d+uf]lnof, lxdfno d?e"ld uf]jL / o;}sf] cf;kf; tyf
pQ/tkm{ rl;of, lqmhLls:tfg, d+uf]nLof, rLgLof leqL d+uf]lnof / ;fG;L k|fGt cGo k|fGt hxfF
d+uf]lnofsf d+uf]n tyf xfg dxfg lrlgof hfltsf] k|frLg ;f+:s[lts ;+ud :yn dxfg lrlgof
2
 Tffdfª hfltsf] pb\ud 7ª'–;f, afa–;f / s]–;fM cd't–{ ;f+:s[lts Oltxf;
clhtdfg tfdfª

;Eotfsf] s]Gb| /x]sf] 5 eg] oxfFsf] ;Eotfn] cfh ljZje/ d+uf]n dfgj gZn jf j+z / lrlgof
;Eotfsf] lrgf/L lbG5 .
o:t}, Pl;ofs} h]7f] k]lsª dfgjsf] ljsf; klg d+uf]n gZn jf j+zsf hflt;Fu ldNbf]
ePsfn] ljåfgx?n] k|fu}ltxfl;s k]lsª dfgj g} cfhsf] d+uf]n j+zsf dfgj hfltsf] k"j{h atfPsf]
5g\ . Tffdfª ck|ToIf ;+:s[lt, df}lvs j[tfGtx?, ljleGg tfdfª x|'cLx?sf] j+zfjnLdf j0f{g ul/Psf]
tfdfª hflt -/fi6«_sf] pb\ud :yn Jxfªxf] gbLnfO{ lrgLofx? rLgsf] cfdfgbL cyf{t\ d'Vo lrlgof
;Eotfsf] hggLsf] gbL egL ;Ddfg cfb/ ub{5g\ . lrlgof ;Eotfsf] xhf/f}+ jif{ klxn]sf
ufG;'kf| Gtsf t'gJxfªsf ;of+} af}4 u'kmf–uf]Gkf tyf cWoog s]Gb|, nfdf] / 7"nf] pj{/ e"ldx?sf]
;[hgf / l;+lrt kfb}{ kx]Fnf] gbLsf] If]qn] d+uf]ngZnnfO{ sf]l/of, hfkfg;Dd gZnut ;fldKotfsf]
jf:tljs xhf/f} jif{b]lv cfh;Dd ;f+:s[lts ;DaGw :yflkt u/]sf] kfO{G5 .
o;/L Tffdfªx? dxflrgsf] pQ/–klZrdaf6 blIf0f klZrd ltAat kfdL/sf] pRr–;d:ynL
ljZjsf] 5fgf] x'Fb} lxdfnL df}lns dgf]/d ;f+:s[lts ;Eotfsf] s]Gb| :ofª:o'ª, u'u], k'6fª, rfª,
5f]ªbL x'Fb} xfn g]kfnsf] d'u', d':Tffªsf] k'/fª x'Fb} dgfªsf] a|fsf cflb eO cfhsf] :yfg
tfD;fnLª;Dd cfOk'u]sf] pk/f]Qm j+zfjnLsf] a[tfGt / k|ul} txfl;s k'/ftfTjLs cGj]if0faf6 k|fKt
tYox? atfpF5 .
t;y{ d+uf]n gZnsf of lrlgof d'nsf xfdL tfdfªx?sf] pb\udsf b[li6sf]0fx? tfdfª
P]ltxfl;s tyf bfz{lgs b[li6sf]0fnfO{ tfdfªefiffsf] df}lvs clen]vx?df lznl;nfj4;Fu hldg
jf e"uf]n;Fu clgjfo{ ;DaGw, :yflgo e"uf]nsf] j}1flgs l;dfÍg kfOG5 h:t}M vLD;f–gfD;f–o'N;f
(Land of Home-village-Territory/Geography/Nation) o;/L hflt÷/fi6«sf] cj:yfdf eflifs, wfld{s,
;f+:s[lts / ef}uf]lnstf cfa4tfsf] ;}4flGts /x]sf] kfO{G5 .
o;/L cd't{ ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fsf] dfWodaf6 Tffdfªx?n] df}lns e"ld;Fusf] cljlR5Gg
;DaGwnfO{ tfdfªefiffsf] ;EotfhGo e"uf]nsf] ;+1fs[t >[+vnfa4 ;}4fGtLs ;DaGw æVofD;L–:o'afÆ
nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL P]ltxfl; efiff–j}1flgs b[li6sf]af6 cWoog ubf{ o:tf] >[+vnf kfOPsf] kfO{G5,
h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ qmd;M k|:t't ul/G5 .
;d"bfosf] hldg
-s_ vLD;f jf bLD;f (Home land or Land of Home),
-v_ gfD;f (Land of Village),
-u_ o'N;f (Land belongs to Nation)
/fhlso jf zfl;t hldg
-3_ UofN;f, Un] jf UofNaf] ;lxtsf] hldg ( The land of ruled or political territory or state),
lhldg;Fusf] cljl5Gg ;fM:s[lts ;DaGw
-ª_ 7'ª;f (Land of Origin),
-r_ afA;f (Lland of Migration),
-5_ s];f (Land of Birthplace)

Eff}uf]lns cljl5Gg ;DaGwsf] em} o;/L g} cd"t{ of ck|ToIf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf tfDaf–sfcLt]gsf
;dflhs kIfx?;Fu ;fIffTsf/ ub}{ cd't{ ;Dkbf …hLSt]g tfd5Øf]cLÚ ljZj jf hutsf] pTklQ
pb\udsf ljifo, sfNkfnf JxfcL, Nxf–5Øf]cL -Nxf7Ld_, DxL7Ldsf ljifox?nfO{ klg lgDgfg';f/
>[+vnfa4 cd't{ ;f:+:s[lt k/Dk/fsf dfWodaf6 JoQm ul/Psf] kfO{G5 .
;f+:s[lts ljj/0f
-h_ 7'ª/fk History of Origin,
-em_ bf]ª/fk History of Geonology,
-`_ s]/fk (History of Birth

3
 Tffdfª hfltsf] pb\ud 7ª'–;f, afa–;f / s]–;fM cd't–{ ;f+:s[lts Oltxf;
clhtdfg tfdfª

oxfF 7'ª/fa, bf]ª/fa / s]/fa eGgfn] hldg;Fu k|To]If ;DaGw ;lxtsf] pbud Oltxf;, Ps
e"uf]naf6 csf]{ e"uf]ndf k'Ubfsf] ;DaGw / a;f]af; lj:tf/} csf]{ e"uf]ndf afK;L ub}{ VofD;L
cyf{t\ :yfoL a;f]af; / s'nj+z ;lxtsf] Oltxf;sf] s'ns'nfogsf] b]j:t'tL Dx]d]bfª, Nxbfª cflb
lhjGt ck|ToIf, cd't{ ;Dkbfsf] dfWodaf6 tfdfªhfltn] cfˆgf] pb\ud tyf hGde"ld cfyf{t\
yfsynf]sf] j[tfGtx? Tffdfª df}lvs tyf lnlvt clen]vx?df ;~rf/g k|;f/g ub}{ ;+/If0f x'g
cfPsf] 5 .
o;/L tfdfª hfltsf] cd't{ ljljw ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf df}lvs ljj/0f, sygx?, uLtL
j0f{gx?, s'n s'nfogsf ljlwx?df oqtq cleJoQm ul/g] cd"t{ ;f+:s[lts sYofTds clen]vx?
kfO{G5 . o:tf cd't{ ;+sygx? tfDaf-sfcLt]g, hLUt]g tfD5Øf]cL, Nxf5Øf]cL, DxL5Øf]cL,
s'Skfvf5Øf]cL, NxfcLtfd, DxLcLtfd, Nx7Ld, DxL7Ld tyf o'n7Ldx? cd"t{–;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx?df
oqtq /x]sf] kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu æ:ofª:o'ª o'n/L :ofªaf]–afa, d'u'UofN;f/L df]Qmfg–afa
tyf k'/fªRoft/L kfv|Lg–afaÆ h:tf j[tfGtx? hf] dfly g} pNn]v ePsf] pb\ud e"ldsf] ;DaGwsf
af/]df tfDafsfcLt]gdf kfOg] kËtLx? x'g\ .
o;k|sf/sf] cd't{ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf dfWodaf6 tfdfª hfltsf] pb\ud :yfgx? afA;f
(Land of Migration) sf] j[tfGts} cfwf/af6 k5ØfpFb} cfhsf] rLgsf] kx]Fnf] gbL Jxfª xf] -v_ b]lv
qmd;M uf]jL d?e"ld lgs6sf lrgsf] cfdfgbL cyf{t\ kx]Fnf] gbL, :ofª:o'ª, k|frLg u'u] clw/fHo,
k'/fª, d'u' x'Fb} cfhsf] jt{dfg e"uf]ndf tfD;fnLª e"ld;Ddsf] tYox? cd't{ tyf ck|TyIf tfdfª
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx?n] ;+/If0f ub} NofPsf] 5 .

#= tfdfª hfltsf] pb\ud Oltxf; 7ª'x|fanfO{ k'i7Øfpg] cfwf/x?M

o:t} csf]{ kf}/flgs a[tfGt;Fu tfdfª /fi6«sf] dft[efiffdf ls/ftsfn b]lv cfh;Dd lhjGt
/x]sf] :yfggfdsf P]ltxfl;s efiffj}1flgs cWoogsf] ljlwaf6 tyf kf}/f0fLs ldysx?nfO{ cd't{
;+:s[lt ;Dkbfsf] cWoog ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df pknAw x'g] sygn] cfhsf] sf7df08f} pkTosf /
o;sf] pTklQ, tfdfª cd't{ ;f+:s[ltsb[li6sf]0fn] x]bf{ tfdfªefiffsf] …ofDa'Ú :yfggfd / ofDa'
pkTosf tfdfªhfltsf] 7'ª;f, afA;f / s];f /x]sf] x'G5 .
k|frLg clen]vx? uf]kfn/fh j+zfjnL tyf :joDe" k'/f0f cflbsf] j0f{gcg';f/ sf7df08f}
pkTosf kfgLsf] tnfp lyof] . o; gfux|bnfO sfnL gfux|b tfdfªefiffdf ªØfDa' Uof]xL elgGYof] .
of] gfux|bsf] kfgL dxfrLgaf6 cfpg' ePsf] af]lw;Tj dxfd~h'>Ln] cfˆgf] rGb|x+; v8\uåf/f
rf]afxfn÷rf]afxM-rf]ef/_ glhssf] 8fF8f] sf6L kfgL ;'sfP/ a:tL of]Uo e"ld agfO{ pxfF;Fu} cfpg'
ePsf wdf{s/åf/f klxnf] dfgj j:tL tyf /fHo a;fn]sf j[tfGt 5 .
oxfF dxfdGh'>L tyf wdf{s/ pQ/ dxfrLg xfnsf] lrgsf] ;fG;L k|fGt l:yt …p yfO{ ;fgÚ
-kGr lzif{ kj{t_ hxfFsf uf]Gkfx?df d~h'>Ls} wf/0fLdGqsf] d'Vo ;fwgf ug]{ ul/G5 . o; j[tfGtfn]
wdf{s/ d+uf]n gZnLo lrlgof ePsf] xfdL ;xh} cfFsng ug{ ;S5f}+ . pgL;Fu cfPsfx? g} xfnsf]
tfdfª hflt x'g ;Sg] cfwf/nfO{ k'li6 ug]{ tYok/s lgDgfg'/;f/ ljj/0fx? k|:t't ul/G5 .
-s_ ofDa'÷ªØfDa'M
ofDa' cyf{t sf7df8f}+ jl/kl/ ls/ft sfn b]lv cfhsf lbg;Dd tfdfª hfltsf] 3gTj ;j} 8fF8fx?
/x]5 . tfdfªefiffdf sf7df08f} pkTosfnfO{ a'emfpg] zAb …ofDa'Ún] k|frLg dfgj ;Eotfsf]
ljsf;sf] s]Gb| xf] eGg] ;+s]t lbG5 . dfgj ;Eotfsf s]Gb|x? tyf ljZje/sf pj{/ e"ldx? gbL of
ljzfn tfntn}ofx?af6} :yfkgf ePsf] kfO{G5, rfx] Tof] ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] 6fOu|L; gbLn]
agfPsf] aubfb xf];\ of d];f] kf]6fldof cflb . o;/L g} sf7df08f} pkTosf / o; pkTosf leqsf
;Eotfsf ljsf;sf] klxn] tfn cyf{t\ gfux|b / gbLx?s} e"ldsf k|wfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
…ofDa'Ú zAbnfO{ tfdfªefiffsf]] zAb lgdf{0f x'g] k|s[ofsf] ;+/rgfut ;lGw?ksf] cWoog ubf{
/ pkTosfsf] csf{] k'/fgf] dfgj hflt Hofk" cflbjf;L g]jf/hfltsf] efiffdf klg …ofDa'Ú zAbsf] o]F /
a' zAb jf –a' ;u{ jf k|To]on] tfdfª efiffdf em} ;a}eGbf pRrsf]6Lsf] e"ld cyf{t\ pj{/ l;+lrt

4
 Tffdfª hfltsf] pb\ud 7ª'–;f, afa–;f / s]–;fM cd't–{ ;f+:s[lts Oltxf;
clhtdfg tfdfª

e"ld jf If]q jf :yfg a'emfpF5, a' tfdfªefiffdf k|flrgsfn b]lv cfh;Dd kfgL nfUg] e"ld of v]t
eGg] cy{df k|of]u eO cfO{ /x]sf] kfO{G5 .
o:tf] e"ld lst gbL lsgf/sf] pj{/–6f/ v]ltof]Uo, ljzfn tfn jf kf]v/Lx?af6 ag]sf]
v]ltof]Uo e"ld ePsfn] g} a' jf a'F zu{ jf k|To]o hf]l8P/ :yfggfd zAb lgdf{0f eO{ ;f] :yfggfd
/x]sf :yfgx? k|flrg ;Eotf ljsf;sf] s]Gb|sf] /x]sf] kfOG5 . oxfF l;+uf] ofDa'pkTosfnfO{ lnFbf
ofDa' zAbsf] hGd ljzfn gfux|b cyf{t\ ªØfDa' Uof]xL kfgLsf] ljzfn tnfpaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf]
gfuv]t …ªØfDa'Ú eGg] cy{ af6} o:t} cGtdf –a' ;u{ sf] k|of]u x'g'sf] qmd k|;:t e]l6G5 . o;/L –a'
;u{ hf]l8P/ lgdf{0f ePsf :yfggfdx? pkTosf leqsf k|frLg :yfgx? ;Fo\a' -g]jf/Ldf ;Fo\ jf ;]F
eGgfn] tfdfªx?sf] a:tL xfnsf] e}F;]kf6L tkm{_, n'a', y}a', v}a', an+a', uf]+ua' -ufªa'_, y;La', v';La',
;nDa', :joDa' cflb ls/ftsfn, lnR5jLsfn, dWosfn b]lv cfh ko{Gt k|of]u eO/x]sf 5g\ .
o;/L g} glb lsgf/sf y'k} ;Eotfsf s]Gb|x? lgdf{0f ePsf] kfO{G5 .
t;y{ k|flrg sf7df8f}+ pkTosf /x]sf] …gfux|bÚ a'emfpg] æªØfDa' Uof]xLÆ af6 lgdf{0f ePsf]
e"uf]n ePsfn] ;fªØfDa' af6 ;fofDa' -:jfofDa'_ af6} :yfggfd cfhsf] tfdfªefiffdf …ofDa'Ú /
cfhef]ln g]jf/efifffdf …oFÚ :yfggfdsf] k|of]u eOcfPsf] kfOG5 . sf7df08f} pkTosfnfO{ a'emfpg]
tfdfªefiffsf] of] :yfggfd …ofDa'Ú ;Fu hf]l8P/ pkTosfsf] k|frLg clen]vx?df oqtq …ofDa'a|'dÚ,
…ofDa'sf]df{Ú tyf …ofDa'dxfgu/]Ú elg :yfggfd pNn]v ul/Psf] lznfn]v, clen]vx? Klg kfO{G5 /
oL tfdfªefiffsf df}lns zAbx?sf] cfwf/df pkTosfsf] k|frLg jfl;Gbfx? dWo] tfdfª d+uf]nx?
Ps lyof] eGg] :ki6 kf5{, olx sf/0f xf]nf xfdL tfdfª hfltnfO{ kl5Nnf]k6s Oltxf;sf/x?n]
klZrdL ls/ftL eg]/ klg eGg] u/]sf 5g\ .

-v_ Uofgfu–rL of gfUrL, UofdL–rL / UofrLM

g]kfn tyf sf7df08f} pkTosfsf jl/kl/ af]lng] lrlgof PsfIf/L kl/jf/sf efiffx?, Tffdfª tyf
g]jf/ nufotsf ;a} lrlgof d+uf]n gZnsf dfgj ;d'bfox?sf] l/ltl/jfh, ;+:sf/ ;+:s[lt tyf
k/Dk/f cflb xfn lrlgof, d+uf]n, dfgj j+z;Fu w]/} h;f] ;f+:s[lts tTjx? ldn]sf]] b]lvG5 . rLgsf]
cfdfgbL dflgg] Jxfªv÷Jxfªxf] cyf{t\ kx]Fnf] gbLsf] lsgf/sf] k|frLg dfgj ;Eotf;Fu tfdfª
hfltsf] ;+:s[ltx? dWo] afx| hLj hGt'df cfwfl/t jif{–rqm Nxf]5f/ ;+:s[lt, kfFr ef}lts tTjx? /
tLgsf] :qL / k'?if k|efj -vfd_, ci6sf]0fLo lbzfx? -kfv{_ clg d]jf u' cflbsf] ;+of]hgsf
cfwf/df lgwf{/0f tyf cEof; ul/g] tTjLo vuf]n tyf Hof]ltifzf:q, kfqf] k|0ffnL cflb hf] ljZjs}
Ps k'/fgf] / k|frLg k/Dk/f dflgG5 To;;Fu ;dfgtf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
lrlgof tTjLo vuf]nzf:q tyf Hof]ltifzf:qsf] of] k/Dk/fsf] alnof] ks8 / k|of]u
g]kfnsf] tfdfª hfltdf /x]sf] 5 . cfhsf] Tffdfªx?sf] dxfg pT;j Nxf]5f/ k/Dk/fsf] pTvgg ubf{
o;sf] k|frLgtd k|df0f rLgsf] tLg} kx]Fnf] gbLsf] ;Eotf Ozfk"j{ @^#& sf ;d|f6 x'jfªtLn] k|yd
lrlgof ;Dat;/ cf/De ul/Psf] tYo;Fu lgs6 5 . lrlgof k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t tfdfª kfqf] tyf
Hof]ltif Pj+ vuf]nzf:qnfO{ tfdfªefiffdf …Ho'ªrLÚ elgG5 . pQ/L lxdfnL If]qdf lrlgof k/Dk/f
ePs} sf/0fn] o;nfO{ …gfUrLÚ eg]/ cEof; ug]{ u/]sf] kfO{G5 . lsg eg] tfdfªefiffdf lrgnfO{
æUofgfu tyf UofdLÆ elgG5 . lrlgof vuf]lno tyf Hof]ltif k/Dk/fnfO{ æUofgfurL of gfUrL,
UofdLrL / UofrLÆ eg]/ lrlgG5 .
tfdfª hfltsf] tTjLo afx| jif]{rqm cg';f/sf] gofFjif{ km]l/g] lbg / lrlgof k/Dk/fut
gofFjif{ km]l/g] lbg clwsf+z h;f] Ps} ;dodf kg]{ ub{5 . o;sf] ;fy} olx vuf]n tyf
Hof]ltifzf:qLo cEof; cg';f/ tfdfªx?n] k|of]u ug]{ rGb|kfqf] k/Dk/fdf hf]l8g] rGb| clwsdf; -
rGb| dndf; dlxgf_ tfdfª rGb|kfqf]df clGtd rGb| dlxgf kl5 hf]l8g] k/Dk/f Pp6} 5 .
k|frLg lrlgof ;+:s[lt of d+uf]n df}lns ;+:s[ltsf] Pl;of e/ g} s'g} g s'g} ;DaGw /x]sf]
5 . of] tTjLo jif{ k/Dk/fsf] ;+:s[ltn] tfdfª hfltsf] pbud Oltxf;sf] ;DaGwnfO{ klg lrgsf]
h]sf]u h]gLª JXjfª xf] vf];f]{ ;Fu hf]l8Psf] ;DaGwnfO{ klg k'i6L ub{5 .

5
 Tffdfª hfltsf] pb\ud 7ª'–;f, afa–;f / s]–;fM cd't–{ ;f+:s[lts Oltxf;
clhtdfg tfdfª

-u_ tfg of 6f]g o'Qm tfdfªefiff / lrlgof xfgefiffM

tfdfªefiffsf] agf]6 tyf ;+/rgfsf af/]df cWoog ubf{ klg tfdfªefiff lrlgof PsfIf/L
efiffkl/jf/sf x'g . PsfIf/L cyf{t\ Pp6} cIf/sf] (Syllable) cy{ /xg] jf nfUg] x'G5 . o;}u/L csf]{
tfg o'Qm rl/q lrlgofefiffdf /x]sf] ;+/rgf rf/ lsl;dsf tfgsf] ljz]iftf tfdfªefiffdf klg
kfO{G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu tfdfª efiffsf] b'O{ cf]li7o WjgL o'Qm kf]ly cy{ hgfpg] dfdf -df_,
lgufnf] hgfpg] cf]7 v'Ng] WjgL o'Qm df -dM_, ?vsf] sf08 hgfpg] 5f]6f] dxfk|f0f o'Qm WjgL df -
DxM_, e]gf÷HjfFO{ hgfpg] nfdf] dxfk|f0f o'Qm WjgL df -DxfM_ oL rf/ PsfIf]/L zAbx?sf] WjgLnfO{
lrlgof efiffsf] tfgsf] qmddf /fVbf df–dM–DxfM–DxM o;/L /x]sf] x'G5 -:s]r u|fd/ ckm
tfdfªMcg';"lr–!_ . o:tf Pbfx/0f tfdfªefiffdf y'k|} kfOG5 . o;/L tfdfª hfltsf] pbud
Oltxf;sf] ;fOgf] lrlgofx?sf] efiffsf ;+/rgf tyf ljz]iftfx?sf] :j?k;Fu ldNg'n] :ki6 kfb{5 .

-3_ tfdfª hflt÷/fi6«jfrs ;+1fzAbsf] lgdf{0f Ta-mang-Guo tfdfªuf] zAbaf6} tfdfªM

hflt jf /fi6« a'emfpg] ;+1f tfdfª zAbsf] lgdf{0fsf] P]ltxfl;s efiffj}1flgs cWoog ubf{ tfdfª
/fi6« a'emfpg] zAbsf] /rgf / lgdf{0fn] klg k|frLg tfdfª pbud :yfg rLgsf] pQ/ klZrd leqL
d+uf]lnof / ufG;', ;fG;L k|fGtsf kx]Fnf] gbL cf;kf; ePsf] ;+s]tx?sf] k'li6 ub{5 .
jt{dfg tfdfª /fi6«jfrs zAbsf] lgdf{0f tf / dfª b'O{ PsfIf]/L zAbx?sf] ;+of]hgaf6
ePsf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . s;}–s;}n] oL b'O{ zAbx?sf] cfwf/df ltAatL efiffsf] …tdsÚ af6 tfdfª
ePsf] eGg] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . of] ts{sf] j}1flgs k'i7ØfO{ e]l6Gg . o; ts{ cg';f/ …tfÚ eg]sf] 3f]8f /
…dsÚ eg]sf] ;}Go cyf{t ;|ªrfª ufDkf]sf] kfnfdf g]kfn / ltAat aLr o'4 x'Fbf g]kfn cfPsf
ltAatL 3f]8fr9L ;}Go tdsx? ot} /x] a;] / tfdfª eP eGg] sfNklgs syg /r]sf] kfO{G5 .
s'g}klg efiffsf] zAbx?sf] ?k ablng'sf] cfwf/df of] tdsaf6 tfdfª eP eGg] P]ltxfl;s efiff
lj1fgsf l;4fGt cg';f/ ts{ ;+ut / tYok/s 5}g . klxnf] t 3f]8f r9L ;}Go g} xf] eg] t
ljZjdf klxn] b]lvg} ;jf/Lsf] ;fwg gx'Fbf o'/f]k b]lv ci6«]nLof ;Ddsf w]/} b];x?df 3f]8f r9L
;}Go lyP t/ lsg tL ;a} 3f]8f r9L ;}Go tds cyf{t\ tfdfª sxlnPgg\ ? To:tf] cfwf/df

The Great Mongol Nation a'emfpg] zAbsf] efiffj}1flgs ljZn]if0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6

x]bf{ xfdL tfdfª /fi6«÷hfltnfO{ a'emfpg] zAb lrgLofefiffsf] of] Ta-mang-Guo
dxfg d+uf]n /fi6« a'emfpg] zAbaf6} ag]sf] b]lvG5 . x]g'{xf];\ Ta= Great,
Mang=Mangol, Guo=Nation/State oxL dxfg d+uf]n/fi6« a'emfpg] tfdfªuf] zAbaf6}
tfdfª zAb ag]sf] b]lvG5 . d}n] Pp6f k|;+udf Ps hgf d+uf]lnofsf ldqnfO{ of]
a[tfGt ;'gfPsf] lyPF o; nut} lt ldqn] dnfO{ pkxf/ k7fPsf] dflysf] gS;fn]
tfdfª zAbsf] cy{ dxfg d+uf]n /fi6«÷hflt a'emfpg] ljifo ldn]sf] atfOPsf] 5 .
hfltjfrs gfd cg]q klg x'g' kg]{ xf], t/ e]l6+b}g . cem k|frLg O{=k"= bf]>f] ztfAbL tfsfsf lrgsf]
6
 Tffdfª hfltsf] pb\ud 7ª'–;f, afa–;f / s]–;fM cd't–{ ;f+:s[lts Oltxf;
clhtdfg tfdfª

;fG;Ldf nfvf}sf] ;+Vofdf 3f]8f r9L ;}Gox?sf] :d[ltdf agfPsf] 6]/fsf]6fsf 3f]8f r9L ;}Go
e]l6Psf 5g\ t/ tLgnfO{ tds elgPg elgPsf] 5}g, tfdfª ;+:sf/ ;+:s[ltsf] df}lns kg ltAatL
;ftf}+ ztfAbLsf /fhf ;|ªrfª ufDkf]sf] sfnsf eGbf klg w}/} k'/fgf] 5 . :jo+ tfdfª ;d'bfon]
ltAatnfO{ a]Un} af]b UofN;f eg]/ ;Daf]wg tyf Jojxf/ ul/g', tfdfªx?n] slxNo} cfk"mnfO{ ltAatL
eGg'df uj{ gul/g' cflbn] tYox?n] tfdfªx? tds jf tfdfs ltAatL 3f]8f r9L ;}Go jf l/;Nnf
;]gf xf]Og eGg] s'/f 3fd hlQs} 5n{Ë x'G5 .
tfdfª zAbsf] ljsf;sf] efiff j}1flgs ljZn]if0f ubf{ k|foM nfdf] 7"nf] ?ksf zAbx?af6
ToxL cy{lbg] zAbx?df ljsf; ePsf] qmdfut txut sfnut P]ltxfl;s :j?kx? k|of]u eO
cfPsf] kfO{G5 . h:t}M– ªØfDa'af6 ofDa' / ofDa'af6 oF, o:t} vf]kL| ªaf6 vf]kf]ª jf vf]kfª /
vf]kfªaf6 vf]k, o:t} ljxf/ a'emfpg] afxfnaf6 axfM / alxnaf6 axLM ePsf pbfx/0fx? kfO{G5 .
oxfF tfdfª ;+1fzAbsf] pTklt / Jo'TklQsf s]lx tfls{s ts{x? klg kfO{G5 . lrlgof xfg efiffdf
dªuf]n /fi6«nfO{ s'g} ;do rGu]h vfF tyf s'AnfO vfFx?sf] a[xQ/ /fi6«nfO{ …dxfg d+uf]n /fi6«Ú (ta-
mong or mang-gou oxfF ta=great, mang=Mangol / gou=Nation) a'emfpg tfdfªuf]cf] eGg] k|of]u
ePsf] x'G5 . dªuf]n dxfg/fHo jf dxfg d+uf]n /fHo a'emfpg k|of]u ePsf] olx ætfdfªuf]c'Æ
lrlgof zAbaf6 zAbaf6 Jo'QkQL eO{ tfdfª zAbsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] ljifo a9L tYok/s / ts{k"0f{
5 . h'g a]nf dxfg d+uf]n ;fd|fHosf] km}nfj6 o'/f]k, c/a, /l;of x'Fb} dWo / blIf0fk"j{ Pl;ofsf
Dofgdf/, pQ/df sf]l/of k|folåk;Dd km}lnPsf] lyof] . dflysf] gfS;faf6 cema9L :ki6 x'g5 ] .
oxL dxfg d+uf]n /fi6« a'emfpg] tfdfªuf]c' zAbaf6 g} xfdL tfdfª hflt jf /fi6« (Tamang
Nation) a'emfpg] gfdzAbaf6} cfhsf] tfdfª zAbsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . olx dxfg–
d+uf]n–/fi6« tf–dfª–uf]cf] cyf{t\ tf= dxfg, dfª=d+uf]n, / uf]cf]=/fi6« a'emfpg] k|frLg d+uf]n–
lrlgof efiffsf] dxfg-d+uf]n–/fi6« a'emfpg] zAbaf6 g} tfdfª hfltjfrs jf /fi6«jfrs ;+1fsf]
lgdf{0f ePsf] kfO{G5 . o;/L g} cfhsf] tfdfª zAbsf] :j?kn] klg dxfg d+uf]n hflt eGg] a'emfpF
5 . olx P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fgsf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df tfdfª hfltjfrs zAbsf] jf/]df obfsbf
…tfdfªÚ zAbsf] Jo'TklQnfO{ tf=dxfg / dfª=d+uf]n /fi6« jf tTsflng !@ cf}+ ztfAbL tfsfsf
dxfg d+uf]n /fi6«sf] ;+1fsf] sf]0faf6 x]bf{ a9L tYok/s b]lvG5 .
oLg} cfwf/df x]bf{ oxfF k|:t't u/LPsf] dxfg d+uf]n ;fd|fHosf] e'uf]nsf] gS;fnfO{ x]bf{ klg
;gsf] !@ cf}+ ztfAbL tfsfsf] rª\u]hvfF s'AnfcLvfFsf] ljzfn / dxfg d+uf]n dxf/fi6« Great Nation
sf] /fHosfnsf] dxfg d+uf]n /fi6«n] k'/} Pl;ofsf] e'uf]n 9fs]sf] b]lvG5 . cfh oxL e"uf]n If]q
d+uf]n hfltsf] d'n af;:yfg lkt[e"ld /x]sf] k|i6} b]lvG5 .
d+uf]n /fi6« / hfltnfO{ a'emfpg] k|frLg d+uf]n lrlgof efiffsf] zAbx?sf] ljj]rgf /
ljZn]if0faf6 …tfdfªÚ h:t} u/L …dfªu/Ú -du/_ tyf u|f]ªx? u'?+ / tfdfªd'af6 cfh tfd' -td'_
hflt jf /fi6« jfrs zAbx?sf] lgdf{0f ePsf x'g eGg lxRsLRofpg' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvFb}g .
ljZj ljh]tf d+uf]nx? rªu]hvfF, s'AnfcL vfF cflbsf] dxfg d+uf]n /fi6«sf] dfly k|:t't
gS;fn] tTsflng g]kfn, rLg nufotsf ;a} e"uf]n dxfg d+uf]n ;fd|fHo cGtu{t /x]sf] tyf g]kfn
;lxt Pl;ofsf tTsflng ;dosf] lxdfno If]qsf] d'Vo zf;s ePs} sf/0f of] hg;+Vof tyf
;+:s[ltsf] km}nfj6 ljzfn / lj:t[t e"uf]ndf /xg k'u]sf] b]lvG5 tfdfª, u'?ª, du/, /fO{, lnDa'
cflb cfFvf lrD;f], gfs y]Krf], ux'Fuf]/f] j0f{sf xfd|f] zfl/l/s jgfj6, j0f{ cflbnfO{ cfhsf] lbg ;Dd
d+uf]n gZn jf d'nsf] eg]/ ljZje/ lrlgG5 .
t;y{, ;f:s[lts, k|fu}ltxfl;s k'/ftfTjLs, P]ltxfl;s–eflifs tyf ef}uf]lns j:t'l:ytLn]
tfdfª d+uf]nx? jf:tad} tf–dfª–sf] cyf{t\ dxfg d+uf]n /fi6«s} ;+1faf6 tfdfª hflt jf /fi6« cfh
5'§f] klxrfg ;lxt cl:tTjdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . h'gs'/f tfdfªx?sf] pbud Oltxf; efiff, j+zfjnL,
;+:s[lt cflb y'k|} tYox?n] k'li6 ub{5 .

$= lgis{ifM

7
 Tffdfª hfltsf] pb\ud 7ª'–;f, afa–;f / s]–;fM cd't–{ ;f+:s[lts Oltxf;
clhtdfg tfdfª

o;/L xfdL tfdfªx?sf] pbud Oltxf;sf] vf]hL ubf{ xfn;Dd k|fKt ljleGg d't{, cd't{ tyf
ck|ToIf Nxf]5f/ nufotsf y'k|} ;f+:s[lt, P]ltxfl;s k/Dk/fx?df cfwfl/t, P]ltxfl;s b:tfj]h,
Nx5Øf]cL, tfDasfcLt]g, lhUt]g tfd5Øf]cL, tfdfª s'ns'nfofg tyf s'nfrf/sf ljlw, cg'i7fgx?,
cflb ;Dkbfx?, j+zfjnLx?sf] ljj/0fx?sf] cfwf/df /l;of, lqmhLls:tfg, d+uf]lnof, uf]jL
d?e"ld;Dd km]lnP/ /x]sf] cN6]O kj{t >[+vnfaf6 dxfrLgsf]] kx]Fnf] gbL em]sf]u h]gLª Xjfª xf]
vf];f]{sf] ;Eotf, leqL d+uf]lnof cf;kf; b]lv blIf0f klZrd ltAatsf] :ofª:o'ª df}lns ;+:s[lt /
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NxfK;fªsfkf]{ x'Fb} cfhsf] tfD;fnLª ;Dd cfO{ k'u]sf] k|fKt tYox?n] b]vfPsf] 5 . cem} uxg
cWoogx? x'g h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .
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nfdf=6lzlkmGhf] 6'Ns' tyf O{dfgl;+x, YjLG8]n, sf7df08f}, g]kfn,@)##
1 तामाङ, अिजतमान. अ स्केच ग्रामर अफ तामाङ. काठमाण्डौ: कोनडोङडोङ थेत्मा, सन २०११.
—. तामाङ जा�तको �चनार�. काठमाण्डौ: आ�दजा�स जनजा�त रािष्ट्रय प्र�तष्ठान, �ब.स.२०६९.
—. प्राचीन तत्वीय सम्वत ल्होखोर च्युङनी. काठमाण्डौ: र�मठ�म, नेपाल, सन २०१२.
तामाङ, अिजतमान, राजेन्द्र थोकर, �सज ् तामाङ. तामयीग �ल�पमा तामाङभाषाको मानक लेखन. काठमाण्डौ: सन २०११.
4

थासाङ. काठमाण्डौ: थकाल� अनुसन्धान केन्द्र, �ब.स.२०६३.

5

थासाङ. काठमाण्डौ: थका�ल अ�नसन्धान केन्द्र, �ब.स.२०६४.

6

पाख्रीन, सन्त�बर. ताम्बा काइतेन ह्वाइ �रम�ठम. काठमाण्डौ: रत्न पुस्तक भण्डार, सन २०१३.
7

शमार्, जनकलाल. हाम्रो समाजः एक अध्ययन. काठमाण्डौ: साझा प्रकाशन, �ब.स. २०५८.
8

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