Notes:

The cardiovascular system is sometimes called the blood-vascular, or circulatory system.

It consists of the heart, a muscular pumping device, and a closed system of vessels called
arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood.

Respiratory system notes:

Thoracic: Chest

Review Questions:
1. What is the function of the respiratory system?
2. Explain how the pleural membrane and surfactant keep the lungs from collapsing?
3. What could happen if air gets caught in between the space between the lungs and
thoracic cavity?
4. How does exercise affect the respiration rate?
5. Explain the process of the path of air from when it enters the nose or mouth, until
it diffuses into the capillaries.
6. How do the intercostal muscles and diaphragm assist in inhalation and exhalation?
7. What part of the brain controls the respiration rate? What signals this part of the
brain to increase the respiration rate?
8. What is the normal respiration rate for a healthy adult?
9. From the table in the background section, what respiratory disorder was most
prevalent in 2008? Least prevalent?
10. What respiratory disorder had the highest mortality rate in 2008? The lowest
mortality rate?
11. Choose two of the common diagnostic procedures and summarize their use.
Vocab:
Vocab Prefix Suffixes Root Word Definition
apnea a-without pnea-breathing breathless apnea can be defined as no
breathing that lasts more than 20
seconds, or if it has a shorter
duration, accompanied by
bradycardia (low heartbeat) or
cyanosis (skin turning blue).

dyspnea dys-abnorma pnea-breathing painful difficult or labored breathing.

l difficult, breathing
painful
brady-pnea brady-slow pnea-breathing slow abnormally slow breathing rate
breathing
tachy-pnea tachy-fast pnea-breathing fast abnormally rapid breathing.
breathing
eupenia eu-good, pnea-breathing normal normal breathing
normal breathing
hyper-pnea hyper-above; pnea-breathing excessive Hyperpnea is the term for taking
excessive breathing deeper breaths than usual, which
increases the volume of air in the
lungs.

hypoventilation hypo-below; ventil/o- to deficient Hypoventilation is breathing that is

deficient aerate, breathing too shallow or too slow to meet the
oxygenate needs of the body.

hyperventilation hyper- ventil/o- to excessive Hyperventilation is rapid or deep

above; aerate, breathing breathing, usually caused by
excessive oxygenate anxiety or panic.

rhonchi Rhonchi, or “large airway

sounds,” are continuous gurgling
or bubbling sounds typically
heard during both inhalation and
 exhalation. These sounds are
caused by the movement of fluid
and secretions in larger airways
(in asthma, viral upper
respiratory infection [URI]).
rhinorrhea rhino-nose rrhea-discharge runny nose runny nose
flow

orthopnea orth/o pnea-breathing straight shortness of breath that occurs

-straight breathing while lying flat and is relieved
by sitting or standing.
emphysema "emphysan," -ema condition puff up
meaning to Emphysema is a lung condition
inflate or where the air sacs in the lungs
swell. become damaged, making it
difficult to breathe.

rhinitis rhin-nose itis-inflamation nose Rhinitis is simply inflammation

inflamation in the nose, causing symptoms
like sneezing, a runny or stuffy
nose, and itching.
spirometry spir/o- to -metry process measuring Spirometry is a simple test that
breathe of measuring breathing measures how well your lungs
are functioning by assessing the
amount and speed of air you can
inhale and exhale.
oximetry ox/o-oxygen -metry process measuring Oximetry is a simple test that
of measuring oxygen measures the oxygen level in
your blood without the need for
needles. It's often done using a
small device called a pulse
oximeter that clips onto your
finger.