Iseendd Urokkk

Leon National High School
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

F. Cabarles St., Leon, Iloilo
PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HYBRID BRIQUETTES
FROM WASTE PAPER AND BANANA PEELS UNDER A LOW-PRESSURE
DENSIFICATION TECHNIQUE
A Senior High School Research

Presented to the Faculty of
Leon National High School – Senior High School
F. Cabarles, St., Leon, Iloilo
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject
Research Capstone
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Strand
by
Cabaluna, Lincoln Rhyme Capatayan
Cabarles, Roj Christian Hada
Cajayon, Joshua Osano
Capayan, Quinjie Benedict Espinosa
Morales, Riona Lee Cabaluna
July 2023
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Approval Sheet
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject
Research Capstone
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand
by
Cabaluna, Lincoln Rhyme Capatayan
Cabarles, Roj Christian Hada
Cajayon, Joshua Osano
Capayan, Quinjie Benedict Espinosa
Morales, Riona Lee Cabaluna
Approved:
JOSHUA MONTEFRIO, Adviser
PAUL ANBEN CAELIAN, Subject Group Head (STEM)
JOSE ROLANDO RAFAEL C. CABANIG, Ph.D.
School Principal II
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Acknowledgement
The researchers would like to extent their profound and genuine gratitude
to the following persons who have shared their knowledge, assistance, time, and
resources for the completion of the study:
The researcher's parents, Mr. and Mrs. Conrado C. Cabaluna Jr., Mr. and
Mrs. Romeo C. Cabarles, Mr. and Mrs. Adolfo Cajayon, Mr. and Mrs. Quirico
Capayan Jr., and Mrs. Rosalie Morales;
Mr. Joshua C. Montefrio, for acting as our adviser and sharing his time,
intelligent advises, suggestions, recommendations, and keeping us on the right
track until the study is completed;
To our classmates, for acting as our defense panels and for sharing their
time to edit our study;
Faculty of Leon National High School, Leon Public Market Vendors, and
the Department of Agriculture, for providing the necessary materials and
equipment for the study;
And above all, to the all-powerful God almighty, who gave us wisdom,
strength and perseverance to complete the study.
The Researchers
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Cabaluna, Lincoln Rhyme C., Cabarles, Roj Christian H., Cajayon, Joshua O.,
Capayan, Quinjie Benedict E., Morales, Riona Lee C. “Production and
Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes from Waste Paper and Banana Peels
under a Low-pressure Densification Technique”. An unpublished Grade 12
Capstone Research, Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
Strand, Leon National High School, Leon, Iloilo. July 2023.
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the physical, mechanical and thermal
properties of hybrid briquettes produced from Waste Paper(WP) and Banana
Peels(BP) under a low-pressure densification technique. The materials were
combined into varying ratios of WP to BP (75:25, 50:50, 25:75). The mixtures
were compressed using an improvised compressor machine, utilizing a car jack
built into a wooden frame and PVC tube pipes as a cylindrical molder. The
physical property was determined in terms of its moisture content, density and
water resistance, mechanical property was determined using the drop test
method, while the thermal property was obtained by its burning efficiency.
Results showed that for physical properties, there was no significant difference
between treatment in terms of moisture content and water resistance since p-
value=0.066>α=0.05. Meanwhile, results showed a significant difference
between treatments in terms of the density since p-value=0.035<α=0.05 with
treatment having the highest density (4.9). For mechanical property, the results
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showed no significant difference between treatments in terms of the shatter
index since p-value=0.211>α=0.05. For thermal property, there was a significant
difference between treatments in terms of its burning efficiency since p-
value=0.018<α=0.05 with treatment 25BP:75WP having the shortest time it took
to combust and the longest time it lasted.

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Table of Contents
Chapter Page
1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY
Background of the Study and Conceptual Framework 1
Statement of the Problem 8
Hypothesis 9
Significance of the Study 10
Definition of Terms 11
Scope and Limitation 13
2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Briquettes 15
Combustion Characteristics of Briquettes 17
Hybrid Briquettes 18
Banana Waste Briquettes 20
Charcoal Briquettes 21
Waste Paper 22
Banana Peels 23
Sawdust 25
3 METHODOLOGY
Research Design 35
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Materials and Equipments 35
Procedures 38
Treatments 39
Data Collection 40
Data Analysis 43
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Descriptive Data Analysis 44
Inferential Data Analysis 53
5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary 54
Conclusions 54
Recommendations 55
References 57
Appendices
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List of Tables
Tables Page
1 Materials and Equipment 35
2 Material Composition of Banana Peels and Waste Paper 39
3 Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes in its Physical Properties 44
4 Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes in its Mechanical Properties 45
5 Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes in its Thermal Property 46
6 Physical Properties of Hybrid Briquettes based on different 47
mixture of Waste Paper and Banana Peel ratio
7 Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Briquettes based on different 49
8 Thermal Property of Hybrid Briquettes based on different 50
9 Significant Difference in the Physical, Mechanical, and 51
Thermal Properties of Hybrid Briquettes

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List of Appendices
Appendix
A Letter to the Facilitator of LGU Department of Health-Leon
B Letter to the Statistician
C Pictures taken during the conduction of the study

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Production and Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes from Waste Paper and
Banana Peels under a Low-Pressure Densification Technique
Chapter 1
Introduction to the Study
Chapter One is divided into six parts: Background of the Study and
Conceptual Framework, Statement of the Problem, Hypothesis/es, Significance of
the Study, Definition of Terms, Scope and Limitation of the Study.
Part One, Background of the Study and Conceptual Framework of
the study, presents the prologue of the study and provides an overview and the
need of the tests and experiments. It also explains the key concepts and the
variables included in the study.
Part Two, Statement of the problem, describes the purpose for
conducting the study and its specific objectives.
Part Three, Hypothesis/es, presents the specific questions, which
the study sought to answer and the hypothesis advanced.

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Part Four, Significance of the Study, discusses the benefits that
might be derived from the results and who will profit from them.
Part Five, Definition of Terms, gives both the actual meaning and
operational definition with some terms used in the study.
Part Six, Scope and Limitation of the Study, specifies the bounds
and limitations of the study.
Background of the Study
The potential of biomass energy, in particular wood fuels, as an
alternative for energy sources based on fossil fuels is currently attracting
attention on a global scale. Wood fuels, according to the Food and Agriculture
Organization (2004), are "any type of biofuel derived directly or indirectly from
trees and shrubs grown on forest and non-forest land." Charcoal and fuelwood
from trees serve as more than just 14% of the total primary energy used
worldwide (FAO 1996). The Department of Energy (DOE) emphasized that the
country's energy mix was and would remain dependent on indigenous energy,
especially wood fuels. In its 2005 Update of the Philippine Energy Plan, according
to the Household Energy Consumption Survey (HCES) conducted in the

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Philippines in 1989, 1995, and 2004, an average of 35% of all households
utilized charcoal. Charcoal contributes only 2.2% or roughly 5.5 Million Barrels of
Fuel Oil Equivalent (MMBFOE) of the Philippine energy demand on a national
scale which translates to more than a billion kilograms of charcoal consumed
every year (DOE 2004).
In one of the towns in the city of Iloilo, many domestic sectors mainly
use lump charcoals as a primary fuel source. For instance, a famous eatery in the
municipality of Leon, Iloilo, Lola Ritas’, uses charcoal to cook most of their dishes
as it is faster. Hardwood lump charcoal is produced by cooking natural
hardwood, tree branches, and twigs in a low oxygen environment. Because the
hardwood retains its inherent structure and properties of a tree after being
burned and transformed, it is also referred to as lump charcoal. Due to the
region’s abundant nature, charcoal production has become common to the
natives. They cut down trees to produce charcoals and use them mainly for
cooking, resulting in various environmental issues such as soil erosion, flooding,
and air pollution.
These environmental issues led to the characterization of alternative fuel
sources like briquettes. Biomass briquettes are typically made of green waste
and other organic materials. They are frequently used as a fuel for electricity
generation, heating, and cooking. Briquettes have a low sulfur content, good
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boiler efficiency, and practical thermal value, in addition to having a higher bulky
and specific density. Various organic components, such as rice husk, bagasse,
pulverized nut shells, municipal solid waste, and agricultural waste, are present
in these compressed compounds. Briquettes’ composition varies on the
availability of raw materials in each region. In order to make the raw materials
burn longer and facilitate transportation, they are gathered and crushed into
briquettes. It is also inexpensive, biodegradable, and environmentally beneficial.
The product is used in a variety of industries, including the chemical industry,
food industry, pharmaceutical business, etc. The demand for briquettes may rise
as a result of the growing need for resources to produce power while reducing
environmental pollution. Additionally, it offers an eco-friendly option and is cost-
effective. When compared to commercial fuel sources like coal, firewood, and
charcoal, these advantages also make it a preferable option (Fortune Business
Insights, 2022). However, due to various variables including high moisture
content, inconsistent shapes and sizes, and low bulk density, biomass is
particularly challenging to handle, transport, store, and use in its natural form
(Karunanithy et al., 2012). Which is why many researchers continued to find
ways on how to make briquettes more efficient for use and transport. Hybridized
briquettes which are a mix of different variables that according to some studies,
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are more efficient. These hybrid briquettes are made of different organic biomass
and wastes which are abundant in several countries.
Many developing nations produce large amounts of wastes which they
utilize inefficiently, severely polluting the environment. Paper is one of the
examples. Waste Paper contributes to 19% of the total municipal solid waste in
the Philippines (Environmental Studies Institute, 2013). Recycling paper is
viewed as advantageous from an economic and waste management perspective.
Papers converted to pulp is a good substitute of starch as binders. Because of
the proteinaceous components they contain, papers are cellulosic in nature and
have strong adhesive properties making it a good binding material for briquettes.
Another waste produced in the locality are banana peels. Large amounts
of wastes are produced during the banana cultivation process. The most
important wastes are the leaves, stalks, and pseudostems because they are
produced in higher quantities and take up more space. The number of waste
leaves represents almost 100,000 tons of unrecovered garbage in Western
Visayas, where annual banana production is considerable (Nathoa et al., 2014).
Only a tiny percentage of banana peels are reutilized as a biomass material,
while the remainder becomes rotten trash. As a consequence, farmers and
vendors often face several challenges in disposing of the waste. Banana peel has
a high carbohydrate content, which makes it suitable as a source of bioenergy

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(Nathoa et al., 2014). This quality signifies its potential use for domestic and
industrial heating applications as a fuel source.
The qualities found in banana peels and waste paper show that they are
compatible with the quality attributes of densified products, which improved
when various biomass ingredients were combined, according to earlier studies.
This study assumes that mixing waste paper and banana peels will
produce high-quality hybrid briquettes that will both increase sustainability and
make waste management more efficient. As a result, banana peel will be used to
make hybrid briquettes utilizing a low-pressure method and wastepaper pulp as
a binder. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the briquettes' suitability as a
potential alternative energy source for domestic cooking applications in terms of
their physical, mechanical, and thermal qualities.
Conceptual Framework
In this study, the researchers attempted to produce and characterize
hybrid briquettes as an alternative fuel source to mitigate charcoal usage which
causes several environmental issues like soil erosion, air pollution, deforestation,
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and etc. Hence, the researchers thought of finding organic wastes that can be a
good variable for hybrid briquettes.
As biomass briquettes are more ecofriendly, they are also more
sustainable and cost-effective when compared to lump charcoals. However, as
time passes, more and more research are being done to continuously enhance
biomass briquettes, which are now combined with various materials like wastes
and organic mases, also known as hybrid briquettes. They are found to be more
sustainable and effective compared to biomass briquettes, according to recent
studies. Materials like waste paper, banana peels, and coconut husks are found
to be good constituents of hybrid briquettes. Papers converted to pulp is a good
substitute of starch as binders. Papers are cellulosic by nature and have high
adhesive qualities due to the proteinaceous components they contain, making
them an excellent binding medium for briquettes. Also, the process of growing
bananas results in significant waste production. As a consequence, farmers and
vendors often face several challenges in disposing of the waste. Banana peel has
a high carbohydrate content, which makes it suitable as a source of bioenergy
(Nathoa et al., 2014).
This study produced hybrid briquettes from waste paper and banana peels
using low pressure densification technique. Low density biomass leftovers
present management, storage, transportation, and combustion process

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problems. The technology of densification and briquetting is crucial in reducing
the issue of large storage capacity and simple transportation. The best method
for using agricultural waste as a solid biomass fuel is to make briquettes.
Densification Briquette technology is the term used to describe the compaction of
biomass. It is also known as the process of compacting particles (biomass
residues) with the aid of varying pressure levels to create solid biomass fuel.
these variables each have the quality to produce a more solid, more efficient,
and more sustainable hybrid briquettes.
The research framework showed how the mixture of briquette will directly
affect the production and characterization of hybrid briquette made from banana
peels and waste paper in terms of its physical, mechanical, and thermal
properties.
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Research Paradigm
Independent Dependent
Vriab;es Vria
Briquette Mixtures Briquette Properties
 25:75 ● Physical
 50:50 Moisture Content
 75:25
Density
Water Resistance
● Mechanical
Shatter Index
● Thermal
Burning Efficiency
Statement of the Problem
Generally, this study aimed to produce and characterize hybrid briquettes
made from waste paper and banana peels under low pressure densification
technique.
Specifically, this study sought answers to the following questions:
1. What are the properties of hybrid briquettes in terms of the following:
a.) Physical
b.) Mechanical
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c.) Thermal
2. What are the properties of hybrid briquettes based on different mixtures
of waste paper and banana peel ratio: 25:75, 50:50, 75:25?
3. Is there a significant difference in the physical properties of hybrid
briquettes with different banana peel to waste paper ratio?
4. Is there a significant difference in the mechanical properties of hybrid
5. Is there a significant difference in the thermal properties of hybrid
Hypothesis
There was no significant difference in the production and characterization
of hybrid briquettes from waste paper and banana peels in terms of its physical,
mechanical, and thermal properties with different mixtures of banana peel to
waste paper ratio.

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Significance of the Study
The significance of this study is in the creation of briquettes with
equitable physical, mechanical, and thermal properties using previously unutilized
banana peels combined with paper. Rural areas in underdeveloped nations like
the Philippines may gain significantly from this in terms of the environment and
socioeconomic development.
The sole purpose of this study is to produce and characterize hybrid
briquettes as an alternative fuel source. This research may offer empirical
significance to the different sectors namely;
Municipal Environment and Natural Resources Office. This can help to
inform and give them ideas about alternative fuel sources that can support to the
implementation of new laws and policies that can help mitigate environmental
issues like illegal logging and deforestation.
Schools and teachers. This can help them to educate their students about
alternative fuel sources and inform them that papers in schools can be used to
make alternative fuel sources like briquettes.
Banana cue vendors. This can help in the disposal of banana peels and
give them knowledge about the other uses of banana peels.

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Society, this will help them have a more sustainable and cost-effective
alternative fuel source.
Future researchers. This may serve as a reference to gain more
information about hybrid briquettes.
Definition of Terms
For purposes of clarity and precision, important terms in this study were
given conceptual and operational definitions.
Banana Peel—the skin of a banana (especially when it is stripped off or
discarded), (Vocabulary, 2022).
In this study, it is an ingredient used in making a briquette, as an
alternative for fuels.
Briquette--a block of compressed coal dust, charcoal, or sawdust and
woodchips, used for fueling and kindling (Free Dictionary, 2022).
In this study, it refers to a small compressed charcoal-like mainly
composed of banana peels and used papers using low pressure densification
technique.
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Densification--an increase in the density of something (Vocabulary, 2022).
In this study, it refers to the technique used in making the briquette
wherein low-pressure densification is used.
Low Pressure—physical pressure that is lower than a standard or average
pressure (Oxford, 2022).
In this study, it refers to the pressure applied to the briquette.
Waste Paper—paper discarded as used, superfluous, or not fit for use
(Merriam-Webster, 2022).
In this study, it refers to the used papers that are meant to be disposed,
recycled and used as one of the main ingredients in making a hybrid briquette.
Moisture Content—is simply how much water is in a product (IFT,2009).
In this study, it refers to the parameter for evaluating changes that may
occur in the physical conditions of briquettes during storage and transport.
Density—the degree of compactness of a substance (Oxford,2023).
In this study, it refers to parameter for the briquetting process.
Water Resistance—does not allow water to pass through easily, or is not
easily damaged by water (Collins,2023).

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In this study, it refers to the rate at which briquettes can withstand
degeneration in high humidity or water exposure.
Shatter Index—is the degree of shatter of a standard sand specimen at
dropping from a certain height (Nakayama,2007).
In this study, it refers to the direct means of gauging the strength of
briquettes for the purpose of handling transportation and storage.
Scope and Limitation
This study aims to produce and characterize hybrid briquettes from waste
paper and banana peel using a low-pressure densification technique. This study
was limited to the characterization and production of hybrid briquettes to assess
if it could serve as a potential alternative energy source for domestic
applications.
The waste papers utilized were bond papers (modules) gathered in Leon
National High School. While the banana peels were gathered from Leon Public
Market banana cue vendors.

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Low pressure densification technique was used as a method of
characterizing the hybrid briquettes. There were five properties to be tested and
each had three replicates during the procedures.
A total of 54 hybrid briquettes were made and treatments of different
mixtures of banana peels and waste paper were distributed in the following
ratios: Treatment A - 75:25, Treatment B - 50:50, and Treatment C - 25:75. The
data gathered for moisture content, density, water resistance, shatter index, and
burning efficiency were tabulated and statistically analysed using Kruskal Wallis
Test.
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Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
Chapter Two presents literature such as: Briquettes, Waste Paper, Banana
Peel, and Related Studies.
Part One, Briquettes, presents the overview, common briquette mixtures,
and briquette technologies.
Part Two, Waste Paper, refers to the characteristics of waste paper that
will be used in production of briquette.
Part Three, Banana Peels, refers to the characteristics of banana peels
that makes a suitable variable for the production of hybrid briquettes.
Part Four, Related Studies, present studies and researches related to our
study.
Briquettes
A briquette is solid fuel made from a combustible material, such as paper,
compressed into a block or any convenient shape (Speight, 2013). It is a cost-
effective alternative to coal and charcoal in a developed world, where fuel is not
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as readily accessible (Gupta, 2020). The high energy potential of biomass used in
briquetting coupled with their easy attainability and lower cost promote briquette
as a substitute for fuels (Haykiri-Acma and Yaman, 2010).
It is generally known worldwide that fossil fuels are both vulnerable and
insufficient in the short and long terms respectively, thus initiating the search for
energy resources that are renewable and sustainable in order to meet a
considerable part of the energy demand in the future. Biomass resources have
gained attention due to their capability to be converted into multiple fuels, and
are also CO2- neutral and are, therefore, environmentally friendly (Chen et al.,
2015).
Nigeria, a country with a high agricultural activity, reintegrated waste,
which were to be disposed indiscriminately, to contribute to solving the energy
problem in the country through briquetting (Agbo and Ugwu, 2013). Their study
produced briquettes out of empty fruit branches of oil palm using starch and
asphalt as binders separately. The briquettes made with starch had a higher
calorific, higher burning rate, and higher heat output while also producing less
smoke and igniting in a shorter amount as compared to the briquettes with
asphalt as binders.
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The binder types, amount of binder agent and water addition, have
significant effects on the thermal behavior and combustion of the briquettes
(Altun, et al., 2003).
Romallosa's (2017) study made use of a hydraulic jack to compress and
produce a cylindrical briquette with a hole at the center using biomass and urban
waste. The results of her study suggest that the technology used in briquetting
yielded suggestive effects in the production quality of briquettes.
Urgel (2014) in her study entitled Production of Homemade Biomass
Briquettes from Dried Syzygium samarangense (Makopa) Leaves, she explained
how briquettes were produced from dried Syzygium samarangense leaves using
paper as binder. She compared the briquettes based on their physival and
chemical properties. The briquettes with 37.5% biomass yielded the longest
burning time and longest ignition time. While those with 0% biomass yielded the
shortest burning time and the shortest ignition time. The briquette with 0%
biomass proved to be the strongest among the three. The briquettes with 50%
and 37.5% biomass did not break under about 2100 grams but only bent. The
outcome of the study shows the potential of using dried Syzygium samarangense
leaves as a source of making biomass briquettes.
In the study of Zhang, Everette, and Tynerr (2013), they converted
peanut shells, an abundant agricultural waste from the country of Gambia, into
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fuel briquette. By consulting the local connections, the students developed a
series of pressing devices and processes for the purpose. Then they compared
the strength, burning rate and duration of burning of the briquettes, as well the
challenges to obtain binder and process the material. They ended up settling to
an easy to follow recipe and a very simple device to press the loose shells to
briquettes.
Combustion Characteristics of Briquettes
Briquetting is a process of compressing loose biomass residues into a
high-densified solid block that can be used as a fuel. Briquette from agricultural
waste (biomass) contributes to the energy mix. The briquette fuels are
advantageous to handle, have ease of transport, and improve heating value than
other types of biomass fuel. (Berhe, Zergaw 2022)
In the study of Berhe and Zergaw (2022) entitled Combustion
Characteristics of Briquette Fuel Produced from Biomass Residues and Binding
Materials, they demonstrated that briquettes produced from biomass residues
and binding materials showed varied results in terms of proximate and ultimate
analysis of briquettes. The mean ignition time of briquettes produced from
biomass wastes and binders was significantly varied (p<0.05). The longest
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ignition time (71.07 ± 8.24 seconds) was observed in sawdust briquettes
followed by coffee pulp briquettes (68.58 ± 7.26 seconds) whereas the shortest
ignition time was scored in khat waste briquettes (65.03 ± 7.12 seconds) .
Generally, the ignition time of sawdust briquette is higher by 8.5% than the
ignition time in khat waste briquette. The lowest ignition time of khat waste
briquette might be accredited due to relatively low particle size, low porosity, and
high bonding force of briquette.
From the observed results, they concluded that sawdust residue with
binding material of paper pulp briquette was considered as high-quality and
durable solid fuel briquettes. The addition of pulp paper as a binder increases
fixed carbon content and calorific value of briquettes produced from selected
residues. In general, the production of briquette from these residues and binding
material helps to reduce the burden on forests and provide renewable, clean,
and sustainable energy and a substitute for fuelwood and charcoal.
Hybrid Briquettes
Base on the study of Patrick Imoisili et al. (2017) production of
sawdust/sorghum dust hybrid briquette from biomass is also possible.

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Experimental tests carried out show that sawdust and sorghum dust, which are
normally produced in large quantities without control, can be transformed into
good quality materials. High-grade solid fuel briquettes with excellent quality,
preservability and durability. Both domestic and industrial energy production for
energy generation. Briquettes have proper handling, transportation and storage
characteristics.
In addition, briquettes have a relatively high calorific value, making them
an attractive choice as an energy source. In particular, OPTB briquettes have
shown the best quality, but can burn and leave a significant amount of ash. The
relatively low ash content of the corn cob added to OPTB addresses this
shortcoming, making hybrid briquettes an advantageous option. The critical
qualities of hybrid briquettes have supported and justified the use of oil palm
trunk bark, which had not previously been used in briquette production. Further
research is recommended, including an optimized process varying raw material
properties (particle size and moisture content) and compaction conditions
(pressure and temperature). The study also recommends further evaluation of
the thermal properties of briquettes and their performance in cooking
applications. The use of these materials as alternative energy sources is desirable
as it not only addresses waste disposal and energy scarcity issues, but also
reduces indoor air pollution. Extracting useful energy from maize cob and OPTB
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mixtures has the potential to bring significant environmental and socioeconomic
benefits to rural communities in developing countries, including Nigeria (Kpalo,
et al., 2020).
Banana Waste Briquettes
Banana peel is another type of agricultural, waste which originates from
industrial banana production. Banana is one of the most popular tropical fruits
consumed worldwide. In Thailand, 200 tons of banana peel is produced daily and
the amount is constantly increasing. A small fraction of the peel is used for
animal feed and the remainder becomes rotted garbage. Banana peel is
carbohydrate rich and could, potentially, be converted into bioenergy (Nathoa et
al., 2014). Banana waste contains 14% lignin, 14.8% hemicellulose and 13.2%
cellulose (Anwar et al., 2014). It has the potential for industrial charcoal
production for domestic use.
In the study of Mopoung and Udeye (2016) entitled Characterization and
Evaluation of Charcoal Briquettes Using Banana Peel and Banana Bunch Waste
for Household Heating they determined that combustion efficiencies of banana
peel charcoal briquettes and banana bunch charcoal briquettes were 9.10 and
8.38%, respectively. The time used to reach to maximum temperature during

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banana bunch charcoal briquette combustion (36 min) is shorter than for banana
peel charcoal briquette combustion (48 min). The maximum burning times of 114
and 92 minutes were observed for banana peel and banana bunch charcoal
briquettes, respectively. The results can be considered a contribution to the
development of more eco-friendly, sustainable and renewable utilization of
banana waste.
Charcoal Briquettes
Charcoal and firewood are among the primary cooking fuels used in many
developing countries, even though they both pose a number of environmental,
social and economic challenges. Including the ecological impacts of indoor air
pollution produced by cooking with solid fuels (Gladstone et al., 2014). Charcoal
is an impure form of graphitic carbon obtained as a residue when carbonaceous
material is partially burned with limited access of air. This process rapidly
decomposes organic material through anaerobic heating by smoldering
agricultural waste (i.e., covering burning biomass with soil) in pits or trenches
(Claxton, 2014).
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Charcoals have been also transformed into briquettes for ease of handling
and to reduce the dust problem and increase the energy density (Sjlie, 2012).
Briquette charcoal is a solid fuel from organic matter containing carbon, which
has a high calorific value and can be lit for a long time (Nuriana et al., 2014).
There are clear advantages of charcoal briquettes that include price, burn time,
environmental sustainability and potential for product standardization
(Mwampamba et al., 2013).
Waste Paper
Based on a study by Grigorion (2003), approximately 25 to 40% of the
municipal solid waste each year worldwide consists of paper and paper products.
Since recycling waste paper is an expensive practice, and as waste paper tends
to reduce the quality of paper produced (Groom et al., 1994), it makes an
optimal material to be used.

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Banana Peel
One such example of a biomass resource is banana peel. Banana peels
have a relatively high calorific value (between 15.00 MJ/Kg, a higher heating
value of 16.15 MJ/Kg and a lower heating value of 14.80 MJ/Kg) which makes it
a suitable fuel source (Kabenge et al., 2018).
According to Ahmad, Sazali, and Kamarolzaman (2017), there are many
materials that can be used to make briquettes. As for the banana waste, the
results showed that the briquettes were successfully produced according to the
desired shape and dimensions of the square mold. Banana peels appear to
facilitate manufacturing operations as they act as excellent binders and
substrates. Mixing banana peel with banana pseudostems and leaves improved
the efficiency of briquette production compared to single type waste briquettes
alone.
Pyrolysis analysis of briquettes showed that three stages of decomposition
occurred. removal of water and moisture, removal of volatiles, or removal of
cellulose and lignin from bananas, and the third stage is loss of remaining water
and chemicals. Banana waste and in-product parts. A high HHV value of 12-22
MJ/kg suggests good combustibility of the briquettes. The thermochemical
aspects of the samples are comparable to other banana materials or biomass
currently used for heating or combustion purposes, indicating that banana waste
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may be an effective material for energy generation. Compressing banana peel
and molasses, which are by-products from the banana industry, into briquettes
using the medium-pressure briquette method.
Strong briquette density is affected by briquette pressure and binder ratio.
A high rate of increase was found. The density gradually decreased when the
molding pressure exceeded 7 MPa. Also, a decrease in the rate of density
increase has been reported for briquettes with slow binders. The relationship
between briquette density and briquette pressure Binder ratio was also
developed and verified. The average compressive strength of briquettes was
above 700kPa.
For raw banana peel, the maximum mass loss rate was 586 K. A fast-
burning section and a slow-burning section of banana peel cross-sections were
separated at a temperature of approximately 673 K. This material was slightly
higher than some agricultural residues. (Wilaipon, et al., 2007).

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Sawdust
In Odusote's et al., (2016) study, sawdust was utilized to increase the
density and mass of briquette; however, a higher ratio of sawdust in the mixture
resulted in a decreased compressive strength in the briquette.

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Chapter 3
Methodology
Chapter Three includes six parts: Purpose of the Study and
Research Design, Treatments, Materials, Data Collection and Data Analysis.
Part One, Research Design, presents on how the study were
conducted.
Part Two, Materials, describes the materials used and the
procedures.
Part Three, Treatments, presents the varying ratios of the materials used.
Part Four, Data Collection, presents procedures or steps in gathering the
data needed for the study.
Part Five, Data Analysis, describes the method used to analyze and
interpret the gathered data in the study.

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Research Design
This study utilized a quantitative experimental research design. According
to Creswell (2013), this design is a systematic and scientific approach to research
in which the researchers manipulate one or more variables and control and
measure any change in other variables. Hence, it measures the causal
relationship between the independent (densification of banana peels and waste
paper) and dependent (hybrid briquette) variables of the study. In this light, this
design was used because the researchers wanted to know if the briquette in
terms of physical, mechanical and thermal properties can serve as a potential
alternative energy source for domestic cooking applications.
Materials and Equipment
Table 1. Materials and Equipment used in the Production and Characterization
of Hybrid Briquettes
Material Quantity Purpose
-used as a variable in
Waste Paper 2 sacks the production of hybrid
briquettes
-used as a variable in
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Banana Peels 4 sacks the production of hybrid
briquettes
-served as binder for

Sawdust ½ sack hybrid briquettes
-used to soak the waste
paper
-used to soak hybrid

Water
briquettes; to measure
the water resistance of
hybrid briquettes
-used as container to
soak waste paper
-used as container to
Basin 2pc
soak hybrid briquettes;
to measure the water
resistance of hybrid
briquettes
-used to mold the hybrid

Molder 1pc briquettes
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37
-used as the equipment
to utilize the low

Hydraulic Jack 1pc densification technique
and form hybrid
briquettes
-used to measure weight
of hybrid briquettes; to
Weighing Scale 1pc be used to assess
properties of hybrid
briquettes
-used to hold the hybrid
briquettes; to be used in
Clay stove 1pc assessing the burning
efficiency of hybrid
briquettes
-used to measure
Ruler 1pc volume of hybrid
briquettes; to assess the
density of hybrid
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briquettes
Procedures
Waste papers were collected from local schools in Leon, Iloilo, while the
banana peels were obtained from the local banana cue vendors in Leon Public
Market. Sawdust were obtained from nearby millworks and cabinet shops. The
banana peels were dried under heat for at least five days and were cut or
shredded into tiny pieces. We calculated the initial moisture content of banana
peels. All moisture contents presented in this paper are on a % wet basis. Both
materials were later cut/shred into small pieces. The waste papers were soaked
in water for 2 days and ground to form pulp in accordance with the procedure
described by Roy et al. The briquettes were formed using a cylindrical mold
(measurements of mold is not yet final). Three briquettes were produced from
each sample and their initial densities were measured immediately after ejection
from the mold. The resultant briquettes were placed on a flat surface and left to
air dry in a closed room with adequate air ventilation for 30 days or dried using a
dryer for 2-3 days before testing the properties. This were all executed in a
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makeshift workroom in one of the researcher’s residences in Barangay Talacuan
Leon, Iloilo.
Treatments
A total of three different samples will be prepared in varying ratios of banana
peels (BP) to waste papers (WP) (100:0, 50:50, 0:100), and each sample was
mixed with sawdust to thicken the mixture (roughly 5–10% by weight of sample
mix).
Table 2. Material Composition of Banana Peels and Waste Paper
Sample Number Sample Name Banana Peels Waste Paper

1 MIX 1 25 75
2 MIX 2 50 50
3 MIX 3 75 25
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Data Collection
The materials were collected in nearby premises. The banana peels were
collected from banana queue vendors in Leon, Iloilo, and the waste paper were
collected from local schools in Leon.
Generally, this study aimed to characterize the hybrid briquettes in six
categories (moisture content, density, water resistance, shatter index,
compressive strength, and calorific value) to assess if it could serve as a
potential alternative energy source for domestic cooking applications.
1.Moisture Content
Moisture content was determined by sun-dried methods. Each briquette
was weighed before sun-dried for 5 days. The loss in mass, expressed as a
percentage of final sun-dried mass was taken as the moisture content of the
briquettes. The moisture content was calculated by equation
W 1−W 2
MC= x 100
W2
where MC = moisture content, W1 = wet weight, W2 = weight after
drying.
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2.Density
The density of briquettes was determined by measuring the diameter,
height and central whole diameter at different points using a Vernier caliper,
while the mass was measured with a digital weighing balance (Model AND GF
3000). The density of briquettes was determined 30 days after the briquetting
process. The density will be calculated by:
m
ρ=
v
where ρ = Density, m = mass of biomass briquette, V = volume of
biomass briquette.
3.Water Resistance
The water resistance test was carried out in accordance with the
procedure described in Davies and Davies,. A digital weighing balance (Model
AND GF 3000) will be used to measure the initial weight of each sample
briquette and then dunked in water for 2 min. A stopwatch will be used to time
the process. The briquette’s weights will be measured again and the relative
change in weight will be recorded. Percentage water absorbed was calculated
using the following equation

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W 2−W 1
% absorbed by briquette= x 100
W1
where W2 = final weight of briquette after immersion and W1 = initial
weight of briquette before immersion.
Water resistance (%) = 100% - % water absorbed by briquette.
4.Shatter Index
The procedure involved weighing and recording the initial mass of the
briquette, followed by subjecting the sample to a gravitation fall from a constant
2-m height. The drop is repeated three times and each time the sample was
passed through a sieve (2.36 mm), while the mass of the briquette retained on
the sieve was recorded. The shatter index of each briquette was calculated by
the equation:
Bz
K= ×100
B
where K = shatter index, Bz = weight of briquette after shattering, B =
weight of briquette before shattering.

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5.Burning Efficiency
In burning efficiency test, a total of 9 set ups were done. Set-up 1-3 utilized
the 75:25 hybrid briquette, set-up 4-6 utilized the 50:50 and set-up 7-9 for the
25:75. 3 Briquettes were put over the clay stove in each set-up and lighted for
fire. The time was recorded for how long it took to burn and how long it lasted.
Data Analysis
Samples of briquettes were selected using simple random sampling
method in each of the five categories and their properties (density, moisture
content, water resistance, compression strength, shatter index and calorific
value) were tested and replicated four times. The test data obtained were
subjected to Kruskal Wallis Test and Fisher’s Least Significance Difference (LSD)
test to determine the significant differences between the various treatments of
the briquettes. All significance tests in this study were conducted with p < 0.05
(density less than 0.05).

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Chapter 4
Results and Discussion
Chapter Four presents the Descriptive Data Analysis and Inferential Data
Analysis.
Part One, Descriptive Data Analysis, presents the results of the study with
the use of frequency and percentage.
Part Two, Inferential Data Analysis, test if there is/are significant
difference/s in the test variable.
Descriptive Data Analysis
SOP 1. What are the properties of hybrid briquettes in terms of the following: a.)
Physical, b.) Mechanical, c.) Thermal.

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Table 3. Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes in its Physical Properties
Descriptive Statistics
Std.
N Minimum Maximum Mean
Deviation
Moisture
9 105.050 152.940 125.55378 16.686453
Content
Density 9 3.20 5.20 4.1444 .67289
Water
9 94.30 165.25 130.7489 24.92735
Resistance
Valid N
9
(listwise)
The results in Table 3 showed the mean of all the physical properties of
the hybrid briquettes. A total of 9 briquettes were tested for each property,
having 3 for each mixture. According to Huang J. (2014), briquettes' moisture
content should be between 10% - 18% because briquettes with moisture
content below 10% or above 18% are inconsistent and prone to breaking. The
briquettes' mean moisture content of 12.5% indicates that they have a high
moisture content, which makes them less consistent and more likely to break.
High moisture content can harm briquettes and equipment, but can improve
compression strength and shatter index. It can also cause poor combustion
properties, including low heat output, low temperature, and long fuel residence,
leading to fume emissions and explosion risks (Tumuluru et al., 2011). According
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45
to Bello, R S (2020), in order to produce efficient briquettes its density must
range from 490-820kg/m3. The lower moisture briquettes have high resistance
to water, high impact resistance and excellent storability. Density had a mean of
4.14 which means the briquettes had high density. Recent studies have reported
that the higher the density in briquettes, the higher the energy/volume ratio.
The burning time may be longer, however, other combustion properties of such
briquettes may be negatively affected (Kers et al., 2010. Water resistance had a
mean of 130.75 which meant the briquettes had high water resistance. Water
resistance is an important characteristic for briquettes, as it affects their
durability and performance. While there is no universally defined ideal water
resistance range for briquettes, a range of 88% to 92% is often considered
desirable (source). In comparison with this data, the briquettes produced by the
researchers demonstrate varying degrees of water resistance in the lower range:
exhibiting a maximum of 6% to a minimum of -65.25%.).

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Table 4. Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes in its Mechanical Properties
Std.
Deviation
Shatter
9 95.95 100.00 98.0889 1.46999
Index
Valid N
9
(listwise)
Table 4, given the mechanical property in terms of the shatter index. The
shatter index had a mean of 98.09 meaning it has a high resistance to shattering
and will be easy for transport. According to Borowski et al., the shatter index of
briquettes should be at least 90%. In a previous study, a minimum value of 50%
was considered an acceptable shatter index for fuel briquettes developed for
industrial and domestic applications.

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Table 5. Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes in its Thermal Property
Std.
Deviation
Burning Efficiency -
How long it took to 9 10 15 11.67 2.500
combust (min)
Burning Efficiency -
How long it lasted 9 30 60 45.00 12.990
(min)
Valid N (listwise) 9
Table 5 showed the thermal property of the hybrid briquettes in terms of
it burning efficiency, how long it took to combust and how long it lasted.
According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the
average burning efficiency of charcoal is estimated to be around 80%. This
means that approximately 80% of the energy stored in charcoal is converted into
heat during the burning process. Burning efficiency in terms of how long it took
to combust had a mean of 11.67 meaning when compared to charcoal, it is as
efficient. Burning efficiency in terms of how long it lasted had a mean of 45.00
meaning when compared to charcoal, it also proves to be as efficient.

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SOP 2. What are the properties of hybrid briquettes based on different mixtures
of waste paper and banana peel ratio: 25:75, 50:50, 75:25?
Table 6. Physical Properties of Hybrid Briquettes based on different mixture of

Waste Paper and Banana Peel ratio.
Physical
Treatments Moisture Water Density
Content Resistance
75BP:25 Mean 114.38133 144.5433 4.0000
WP N 3 3 3
Std. 8.393373 9.21152 .30000
Deviation
50BP:50 Mean 144.25333 147.0333 3.5333
WP N 3 3 3
Std. 9.994500 17.87068 .28868
Deviation
25BP:75 Mean 118.02667 100.6700 4.9000
WP N 3 3 3
Std. 12.111178 6.40021 .43589
Deviation
Total Mean 125.55378 130.7489 4.1444
N 9 9 9
Std. 16.686453 24.92735 .67289
Deviation
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Table 6 showed that the physical properties of the hybrid briquettes were
tested based on different banana peel to waste paper ratio. In terms of
moisture content, mixture 50BP:50WP had the highest mean of 144.25333,
meaning it had the highest moisture content and the mixture 75BP:25WP had
the lowest moisture content since banana peels are not that absorbent to water.
In terms of the water resistance, mixture 50BP:50WP had the highest mean of
147.0333, meaning it had the highest resistance to water and mixture
25BP:75WP had the lowest resistance to water. Based on the results given by
Table 4, the treatment 25BP:75WP with mean of 4.900 g/cm3 is the only data
that is efficient based on density and mixture 50BP:50WP with mean of 3.53
and 75BP:25WP with mean of 4.00 isn’t as efficient according to the data given
by Bello.
Table 7. Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Briquettes based on different mixture

of Waste Paper and Banana Peel ratio.
Mechanical
Shatter Index
Std.
Treatments Mean N
Deviation
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50
75BP:25WP 97.2333 3 .51733
50BP:50WP 97.6900 3 2.08430
25BP:75WP 99.3433 3 .57830
Total 98.0889 9 1.46999
Table 7 showed that the mechanical properties of hybrid briquettes were
tested in terms of its shatter index. In the context of briquetting the term
“shatter index” refers to the briquettes resistance to shattering under pressure. A
higher shatter index indicates better durability and strength of briquette. The
result indicated that the mechanical properties of the hybrid briquettes increases
as the percentage of waste paper in the mixture increases. The mixture
25BP75WP has the highest mean among 3 mixtures, suggesting that the 25BP-
75WP is more durable and less likely to break apart when subjected to pressure
or impact.
Table 8. Thermal Property of Hybrid Briquettes based on different mixture of

Waste Paper and Banana Peel ratio.
Thermal
Burning Burning
Efficiency - How Efficiency -
Treatments
long it took to How long it
combust (min) lasted (min)
Mean 15.00 30.00
75BP:25WP N 3 3
Std. Deviation .000 .000
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51
Mean 10.00 45.00
50BP:50WP N 3 3
Mean 10.00 60.00
25BP:75WP N 3 3
Mean 11.67 45.00
Total N 9 9
Std. Deviation 2.500 12.990
Table 8 showed that the thermal properties of hybrid briquettes were
tested in terms of its burning efficiency. Burning efficiency refers to the
briquettes efficiency when it comes to burning. Common wood charcoal starts to
ignite at 5 mins and last for 45 mins. The mixture 50BP:50WP with mean of 5.00
on how long it took to burn and mean of 45 mins on how long it lasts, and
mixture 25BP:75WP with mean of 5.00 on how long it took to burn and mean of
60 mins on how long it lasts, making it more efficient compared to common
wood charcoals. The results indicated that the higher the percentage of waste
paper the less time it takes to burn and the more time it lasts making it efficient
for fuel applications.

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SOP 3. Is there a significant difference in the physical, mechanical, and thermal
properties of hybrid briquettes with different banana peel to waste paper ratio?
Table 9. Significant Difference in the Physical Properties of Hybrid Briquettes
Test Statisticsa,b
Physical Mechanical Thermal
Burning Efficiency
How How
Moisture Water Shatter
Density long it long it
Content Resistance Index
took to lasted
combust
Chi- 8.000 8.000
5.42 6.713 5.422 3.115
Square
df 2 2 2 2 2 2
Asymp. .018 .018
.066 .035 .066 .211
Sig.
a. Kruskal Wallis Test
b. Grouping Variable: Treatments
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Table 9 showed the significant difference in the Physical, Mechanical, and
Thermal Properties of Hybrid Briquettes. As shown in Table 7, there is no
significant difference (p-value=0.066>α=0.05) in the moisture content and water
resistance of hybrid briquettes, meaning their values are the same. The moisture
content of briquettes is high making it consistent and the briquette doesn’t tend
to fall into pieces (Renewable Energy World, 2014). The water resistance of
briquettes is low meaning the briquettes are prone to water just like common
wood charcoal. There is a significant difference in the (p-value=0.035<α=0.05)
in the density of hybrid briquettes, meaning their values is different. The mixture
25BP:75WP has the highest value of density among the mixtures indicating that
this mixture has high resistance to high impact and excellent storability and
mixture 75BP:25WP has the lowest value of density indicating that it is more
prone to impact and can have problems during transport. There is no significant
difference in the shatter index of briquettes, meaning their values are the same.
The shatter index of briquettes is high it is highly resistant to shattering and will
be easy for transport. There is a significant difference in the burning efficiency
(how long it took to burn) of hybrid briquettes, meaning their values isn’t the
same. The mixture 25BP:75WP has the lowest mean indicating that it is efficient
for cooking applications and is comparable to common wood charcoal, while the
mixture 75BP:25WP has the highest mean indicating that it takes longer to ignite
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and isn’t efficient as common wood charcoal. There is a significant difference in
the burning efficiency (how long it lasted) of hybrid briquettes. The mixture
25BP:75WP has the highest mean indicating that it last longer and efficient
similarly to common wood charcoal, while the mixture 75BP:25WP has the lowest
mean indicating that it burns fast and isn’t efficient as fuel source.
Inferential Data Analysis
Kruskal Wallis Test showed that there was no significant difference in the
production and characterization of hybrid briquettes with different banana peels
to waste paper ratio in its physical property in terms of its moisture content and
water resistance, meanwhile, there was a significant difference in terms of its
density. In mechanical property, the results showed no significant difference in
terms of its shatter index. In thermal property, the results showed a significant
difference in terms of its burning efficiency (how long it took to combust and
how long it lasted) based on different waste paper to banana peels ratio.
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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Chapter 5
Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
Chapter Five includes the Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
of the study.
Part One, Summary, itemizes the answers to specific questions.
Part Two, Conclusions, presents the general concept or result of the
study.
Part Three, Recommendations, enumerates the things to be done for
future improvement of the study.
Summary
This study about the production and characterization of hybrid briquettes from
waste paper and banana peels under a low-pressure densification technique was
conducted to produce alternative hybrid briquettes that have higher handling and
transportation characteristics made from organic materials. This study sought to
answer the following questions: 1). What are the properties of hybrid briquettes
in terms of the following: a.) Physical, b.) Mechanical, c.) Thermal. 2). What are
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the properties of hybrid briquettes based on different mixtures of waste paper
and banana peel ratio: 25:75, 50:50, 75:25? 3). Is there a significant difference
in the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of hybrid briquettes with
different banana peel to waste paper ratio? Results showed no significant
difference in terms of the hybrid briquettes’ physical (moisture content and water
resistance) and mechanical (shatter index) properties. Meanwhile, results
showed a significant difference in terms of the hybrid briquettes’ physical
(density) and thermal (burning efficiency) properties.
Conclusions
The results of the experiment indicate the following conclusions: All the
hybrid briquettes exhibit a notable level of density, indicating an increased
capacity for energy. The hybrid briquettes all displayed a high moisture content
level and a low water resistance. Among the various mixtures tested, the results
demonstrate that the 25BP:75WP briquette ratio is the most favorable,
showcasing superior physics, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. The
50BP:50WP exhibited the poorest qualities in the test. Based on the findings, it
can be inferred that increasing the ratio of WP in the mixtures also increases its
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density. The value of density was shown to be inversely proportional to the
moisture content. A similar trend was found in both relationships of density with
water resistance and burning efficiency. Overall, the hybrid briquettes possess
low handling and transportation characteristics but have suitable thermal
properties for cooking and heating applications.
Recommendations
This study solely focuses on the characterization of hybrid briquettes from
waste paper and banana peels. As such, it aims to serve as a premise for further
study on the potential of briquettes as a fuel source alternative. To further this
research, the researchers recommend a study on the quality assessment of
hybrid briquettes and their economic impact when compared to traditional
methods, as well as the characterization and analyses of combustion and
emission of different biomass blends or mixtures. The study also recommends a
further assessment of the thermal property of the hybrid briquettes, as well as
their performance in cooking applications. The use of these materials as
alternative sources of energy is desirable because it tackle problems of waste
disposal, energy shortages as well as mitigate against indoor air pollution. The
production and characterization of hybrid briquettes from waste paper and

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banana peels could bring significant environmental and socio-economic benefits
to rural communities of developing countries, including Philippines. The
researchers also recommend further studies on different briquette production
technologies and integration into the current renewable energy systems. The
results of further research can inform and encourage different sectors on the use
of briquettes for a sustainable future.

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References
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Densification - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms. (n.d.). Vocabulary.com.
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ASTM D2444-16. Standard Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content
Measurement of Wood and Wood-Based Materials; ASTM International: West
Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2016.
ASTM D2395-17. Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity
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Appendices
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Appendix A
June 22, 2023

MARIANE C. CADURNIGARA
Research Statistician
Leon, Iloilo
Ma’am:
The undersigned, Roj Christian H. Cabarles, a student of Leon National
High School under the Academic Track Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics, is conducting a research study entitle “ Production and
Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes from Waste Paper and Banana Peels under
a Low-pressure Densification Technique in Partial Fulfillment of the requirements
in Capstone Research.
In this regard, the undersigned respectfully requests your kind permission
to be the Research Statistician. Approval to this request will greatly contribute to
the completion of this study.
Thank you very much and Godbless!
Respectfully Yours,
Roj Christian H. Cabarles
Researcher
Noted:
JOSHUA C. MONTEFRIO
Research Teacher
Confirmed:
MARIANE C. CADURNIGARA
Research Statistician
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
62
Appendix B
Documentation
Figure 1. Collection of Banana Peels Figure 2. Sun drying of Banana Peels
Figure 3. Collection of Waste Paper Figure 4. Soaking the Waste Paper
for two day

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
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Figure 7. Pulverizing the Banana Figure 8. Turning the Waste Paper
Peels into pulps
Hybrid Briquette Making Process of Banana Peels and Waste Paper

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
64
Figure 9. Mixing the Banana Peels
and Waste Paper in ratios BP:WP
respectively (75:25, 50:50, 25:75)
Figure 10. Placing the mixture in the
moulder
Figure 13. Cutting the briquettes into
a height of 1.5 inches
Figure 12. Removing the formed

Figure 11. Compressing the mixture
briquette from the moulder
inside
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
65
Figure 14. Drying the Briquettes into
a food dehydrator
Characterization of the Hybrid Briquettes
Moisture Content
Figure 17. Measuring the weight and
height of the briquettes
Figure 15. Measuring the weight of
briquettes before drying and its
weight after drying
Density
Figure 16. Solving the moisture
content of hybrid briquettes

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
66
Figure 21. The briquettes was
dropped in a height of 2 meters
Figure 18. Solving for the density of
hybrid briquettes
Water Resistance
Figure 20. Submerging the briquette
Figure 19. Measuring the dry weight in water and solve for its water
of briquettes resistance
Shatter Index
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
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Figure 22. This was repeated 3 times
briquettes was sieved (2.36mm)
each time it was dropped
Burning Efficiency
Figure 23. How long it took to ignite

Figure 24. How long it lasted
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
68

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Leon National High School

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HYBRID BRIQUETTES

FROM WASTE PAPER AND BANANA PEELS UNDER A LOW-PRESSURE

A Senior High School Research

Cabarles, Roj Christian Hada

Cajayon, Joshua Osano

Capayan, Quinjie Benedict Espinosa

Morales, Riona Lee Cabaluna

Cabarles, Roj Christian Hada

Cajayon, Joshua Osano

Capayan, Quinjie Benedict Espinosa

Morales, Riona Lee Cabaluna

JOSHUA MONTEFRIO, Adviser

PAUL ANBEN CAELIAN, Subject Group Head (STEM)

JOSE ROLANDO RAFAEL C. CABANIG, Ph.D.

properties of hybrid briquettes produced from Waste Paper(WP) and Banana

Peels(BP) under a low-pressure densification technique. The materials were

combined into varying ratios of WP to BP (75:25, 50:50, 25:75). The mixtures

were compressed using an improvised compressor machine, utilizing a car jack

between treatment in terms of moisture content and water resistance since p-

value=0.066>α=0.05. Meanwhile, results showed a significant difference

between treatments in terms of the density since p-value=0.035<α=0.05 with

showed no significant difference between treatments in terms of the shatter

index since p-value=0.211>α=0.05. For thermal property, there was a significant

difference between treatments in terms of its burning efficiency since p-

value=0.018<α=0.05 with treatment 25BP:75WP having the shortest time it took

to combust and the longest time it lasted.

1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

Background of the Study and Conceptual Framework 1

Statement of the Problem 8

Significance of the Study 10

Scope and Limitation 13

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Combustion Characteristics of Briquettes 17

Banana Waste Briquettes 20

Materials and Equipments 35

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Descriptive Data Analysis 44

Inferential Data Analysis 53

5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1 Materials and Equipment 35

2 Material Composition of Banana Peels and Waste Paper 39

3 Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes in its Physical Properties 44

4 Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes in its Mechanical Properties 45

5 Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes in its Thermal Property 46

6 Physical Properties of Hybrid Briquettes based on different 47

mixture of Waste Paper and Banana Peel ratio

7 Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Briquettes based on different 49

mixture of Waste Paper and Banana Peel ratio

8 Thermal Property of Hybrid Briquettes based on different 50

mixture of Waste Paper and Banana Peel ratio

9 Significant Difference in the Physical, Mechanical, and 51

Thermal Properties of Hybrid Briquettes

A Letter to the Facilitator of LGU Department of Health-Leon

B Letter to the Statistician

C Pictures taken during the conduction of the study

Production and Characterization of Hybrid Briquettes from Waste Paper and

Banana Peels under a Low-Pressure Densification Technique

Introduction to the Study

Conceptual Framework, Statement of the Problem, Hypothesis/es, Significance of

the Study, Definition of Terms, Scope and Limitation of the Study.

Part One, Background of the Study and Conceptual Framework of