PRACTICAL

RESEARCH 1
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
 TYPES OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
• 1. ETHNOGRAPHY
• 2. NARRATIVE
• 3. PHENOMENOLOGICAL
• 4. GROUNDED THEORY
• 5. HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
• 6. CASE STUDY
• 7. BIOGRAPHY
• 8. ACTION RESEARCH
• 9. CONTENT AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
 ETHNOGRAPHY

• Ethnographic research is probably the most familiar and

applicable type of qualitative method. In ethnography, you
immerse yourself in the target participants’ environment to
understand the goals, cultures, challenges, motivations, and
themes that emerge. Ethnography has its roots in cultural
anthropology where researchers immerse themselves within
a culture, often for years! Rather than relying on interviews
or surveys, you experience the environment first hand, and
sometimes as a “participant observer.”
 NARRATIVE
• The narrative approach weaves together a sequence of events,
usually from just one or two individuals to form a cohesive story.
You conduct in-depth interviews, read documents, and look for
themes; in other words, how does an individual story illustrate the
larger life influences that created it. Often interviews are conducted
over weeks, months, or even years, but the final narrative doesn’t
need to be in chronological order. Rather it can be presented as a
story (or narrative) with themes, and can reconcile conflicting
stories and highlight tensions and challenges which can be
opportunities for innovation.
 PHENOMENOLOGICAL
• When you want to describe an event, activity, or
phenomenon, the aptly named phenomenological study is
an appropriate qualitative method. In a phenomenological
study, you use a combination of methods, such as
conducting interviews, reading documents, watching videos,
or visiting places and events, to understand the meaning
participants place on whatever’s being examined. You rely
on the participants’ own perspectives to provide insight into
their motivations.
 GROUNDED THEORY
• Whereas a phenomenological study looks to describe the essence of
an activity or event, grounded theory looks to provide an
explanation or theory behind the events. You use primarily
interviews and existing documents to build a theory based on the
data. You go through a series of open and axial coding techniques
to identify themes and build the theory. Sample sizes are often
also larger—between 20 to 60—with these studies to better
establish a theory. Grounded theory can help inform design
decisions by better understanding how a community of users
currently use a product or perform tasks.
 HISTORICAL
ANALYSIS
• Describing and examining past events to better
understand the present and to anticipate
potential effects on the future. To identify a
need for knowledge that requires a historical
investigation. Piecing together a history,
particularly when there are no people living to
tell their story.
 CASE STUDY
• Qualitative case study is a research methodology that helps in
exploration of a phenomenon within some particular context
through various data sources, and it undertakes the exploration
through variety of lenses in order to reveal multiple facets of the
phenomenon (Baxter & Jack, 2008).
• In case study, a real-time phenomenon is explored within its
naturally occurring context, with the consideration that context will
create a difference (Kaarbo & Beasley, 1999).
 HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
• Historical analysis is a method of the examination of
evidence in coming to an understanding of the past. It is
particularly applied to evidence contained in documents,
although it can be applied to all artifacts.
• Historical research is a type of qualitative research that
looks at past events to draw conclusions as well as make
predictions about the future.
 BIOGRAPHICAL QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
• Biographical research is a qualitative research approach
aligned to the social interpretive paradigm of research. The
biographical research is concerned with the reconstruction of
life histories and the constitution of meaning based on
biographical narratives and documents. The material for
analysis consists of interview protocols (memorandums), video
recordings, photographs, and a diversity of sources. These
documents are evaluated and interpreted according to specific
rules and criteria.
 ACTION RESEARCH
• Action research is a qualitative method that focuses on
solving problems in social systems, such as schools and
other organizations. The emphasis is on solving the
presenting problem by generating knowledge and taking
action within the social system in which the problem is
located. The goal is to generate shared knowledge of how to
address the problem by bridging the theory-practice gap
(Bourner & Brook, 2019).
 CONTENT AND DISCOURSE
ANALYSIS

• Content and Discourse analysis methods are

used throughout social science. They involve in
depth engagement with content – words,
images, film etc. or discourse – linguistic
interactions that seek to establish and advance
meaning
 QUESTION AND ANSWER
PORTION!
• How is grounded theory different from other qualitative
research method?
• Do you think qualitative research is more advantageous in
studying present educational problem of the Philippines
noting that we are in the state of post pandemic? Why or
why not?
• What do you think is the importance of qualitative
research?