EXERCISE 1: USE OF GLOBAL study site because you are measuring

POSITIONING SYSTEM AND GEOGRAPHIC the distances, not the angles.

o It triangulates because there are 3
INFORMATION SYSTEM
satellites (SVs) that would allow you to
find the common point/intersection
I. Global Positioning System (GPS)
where you can locate your study site.
● Permits operator to identify accurate location on
Each satellite releases radio signals
Earth’s surface.
which the GPS receiver can receive.
● Before, GPS was only used to navigate or used
o With the presence of 3 satellites, it can
for military surveying but eventually, people have
reach to a certain point where all the 3
realized that this tool/technology would be very
satellite signals intersect. With accuracy,
helpful for their daily lives (i.e. phones, laptops).
it would help you identify your
● As the cost of the device/technology decreases,
geographic location (longitude and
experts from different scientific fields get to
latitude).
maximize the use of GPS.
o But, technically the concept of
● Daily activities and various scientific fields:
TRILATERATION is being used to
o Ecology
measure these distances.
o Forestry
o With at least 4 satellites, you get to
o Geology
measure geographic location
o Geography
(longitude and latitude), elevation,
o Limnology
speed and direction.
o Oceanography
o With 4 satellites, you get not just 2D
● Available GPS receivers in the UST labs:
information, but you also get a 3D
o Garmin GPSmap76CSx
information (elevation/altitude).
o Garmin GPSmap 78s
o Garmin GPSmap 62s
II. Geographic Information System (GIS)
● There are 24 NAVSTAR satellites
● Computer-based system that handles
circulating/orbiting the Earth. Those satellites
georeferenced information (spatial/positional)
are critical/essential in gathering information
through data:
where you are exactly located.
o Capture and Preparation
o Each GPS receiver should be able to
o Management (i.e. storing, maintaining)
capture visible satellites (at least 3 to 4
o Modelling and Analysis
in old models; 6 in new models).
o Presentation (i.e. GIS maps)
● GPS locate specific point on Earth using
● Uses of GIS:
trilateration.
o Apps
o Trilaterate: GPS receiver measures
o Careers (i.e. administrators)
distances to satellites using radio
o Satellites
signals
o Software (and hardware)
o Similar to triangulation, which instead
o Data
measures angles.
o Analysis
o Maps
● 5 elements of GIS:
o Hardware (i.e. computer, GPS receiver)
o Software (i.e. QGIS, DivaGIS, ArcGIS)
o People (i.e. experts, end users)
o Data (i.e. remote sensing, field
investigation)
o Methods
● Softwares used:
o ArcGIS
o DivaGIS
o The principle of triangulation, specifically
o QGIS
trilateration, may be applied in
determining the location of a particular
Dissecting GPS and GIS o Orient the readers with the size/area of
the study site.
o Shows the spatial data/information.

How do we prepare our own sampling map?

1. Inset Map
o Helps the readers, especially the
international readers, to orient where the
specific location is.
o Without this, the readers won’t be able
to identify/estimate the location/area of
the study sites.
o Allows them to see a bigger picture of
where the study site is located.
1. Locality Names
o Can be inserted using GIS map or
overlayed using photoshop, powerpoint,
etc.
2. Site Number
o Clearly identifies to the readers which
site is being pertained.
o Indicate numbers, symbols, and shapes.
3. Legend
o Makes sure the readers are properly
oriented on what the colors/lines mean.
4. North Arrow
o Once the readers try to picture out
patterns (i.e. distribution), they would
know if what they are looking at is at the
direction of the North.
5. Scale Bar