Name Grirish Re

Keg.no,- KNU2010000022
Suhec Enepy Material
Semesten-
Dep Metallgyy
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what isJrOn ened

91 wha is Clean Enegy ?
Enepy Clean enerpy
Mose s en ore

Ans Clean no he
envinonmen
neease pollurtans
which de not ecyeab
ene gerenakd (7em
Cleam enept 1elerS 3- incbude
w i h o t emitHing een
house gases
Souce
SunlizhFwind , the moement e w a k
Ssues Such as
ond hoimal heat
ge0
clean enegies ae usualy caled green
Mneen Ener akng AiHle ce
he atmashex
nGnny as doy not þolliE ae gernesrated pom nakunl
on no1eenhause Jases
hey
wind, wanek. dhese eriety Comes em
nesaute Suhas
, 9Tenenad.
ond natwnal
h a a r e constanty
Sob1ces

g2 what
oe the beneis °1een enezt
gen eney a1e as follas
Prs ene)its of a Vaniely envibn9mm ontal nd
Ci) Clean one hovide
bollub.
economic benr/is inchuding a nediuc bion in a/sy
,

not genmte
envinon mmd riondly and cloes
Jhe
Jhey ane

olter polliing
em issisns ink the
e n heuk gases
o1

atmasbhere
e G o e e n eney Sut ond usgpe wduces the dependere
en impo1td eels ond he associated inonc tal ond
envinonmental costs
oreen enej also has imhewnt Cost saigs ,o ere ho

need o extsmc ond doran spot fuels a becaue hose

Seuce 7eplenish
Soue hemselves nadurrally
oca econo They Creak joks and
inehaus Hble
hd
Jhey
o
aTe tmlimited, we sbtain them stom
Hapidly Tegenenting naktral neaoures, So thay Can
be used indelinidy omd wiho limif.
Most h e
( nowen brera imbroves publi heallh. wattr
negaive health
egatie impacks Come fsom ai Cmd
don'pradues
peluron tha r e n enery fechnolayy Simply
g3 sta he ditpnerce betveen 1ene uble andren smene wab k enengy

PrsRenewabk Enopy Non- Renewabk Énei

(t) con be usd gai'n ond again ) conot be uwd gan and again
Prghou its 1iJe
(i) Jhese are he eny negouTe ri) Thee eneaynesourey will Bxhaus
whih camnot be exhaused one da
eanben em ss/on ond
Gi) ha Jow Canbm emission and ) JL haj high
hene en vmonmer d henee

tv) is poont in nlimitrd qyonkbyv 4 isprmwnt in limed gplorke md

wil be
Vanhed medgy
1 Cost h hiah
Cossis Lo
i) Jhes we polluton Jpve These eney Ce ates fpellubb)
i ) 44 hos hgh mauntanonee co (vii) J hay lo maintananeecet
i Ex Setan ene indenty (viii) EK Ceat, petoleum et. -
H wmite two Souees clean e n t
Ans Solan envy ror he un
) wind enegt
Cii) Jidel eneay ek

5 W h a is Juul Cell device hat-compnk

haConprk&
elkchrochenmical
is
A Jul Coll
am electnrcad
mg
ns greachisn ink
þrodued prema chemical
ene
ha
electrochernical deuie
ent More Specifically it
is on
wi#h
kopuduce electricik,
Combines hybrogen and onypn
waten and hea

6
what is Solan enenpy ? what is wind ene-
amd heaf
Solar eno- is 9radiant Aigh
Prns
Ps Solan Enen tchnolgre
thais hdrhese using a stange
rem e Sun
Sotan hermal
gorerafe eletrve
uch as Solan þoue7 ko
ond solar anchiteckoe J son essantiel Soure
ent
enegy
9tene wable enerff
he
Enez; i n d ne o wind fwer sTEJers fe
wnd arn o-Covest i ine
the movemt o
Process using is de)ineed
eleclnkéily wnd eroz
he mectonical pou Kinehè eney Jprom winA
a s e_pnocess e
Capkoing
isabe mechanical poven o7
and Con venhing i n e

electnici and cenvensiorn devi

4 wnite two xannþlej oennjtSBonage

Tnvanry, Bodteri, Sipencaptoiog,Jjdrvelecnic Coll

Pory
?
8 Wha is Supen Cayacito
Capaciy Capacibr wih a
is a high-
ony A Supencapacilkr mudh hihen than othen Capacis
Ca paci fonce Value
bekven
bu wi'h fouwer volhage Aimtt. H buidges he Ap
 electnolyhc Capacilers and nechapeble bakrr

99 Desenibe Solan Capocikn alorg wrh i fechnoloay

An Selan Sypncypacitors (SS c:) te a CHas o Capaioy
ha haush ond Shre Sslan enen Corbn matealy
a u he moast
Commern wed elecknode matrvals in Sypencepac
when he Sun shineg orda a solan pael, eneraH rer
he Sunlighis absonbecd b he Pvcels in he poret

hs ene Cneafj elechn'tal charges h a mes in 37esponse

electricul eld in he cell, Causing electniiby fo
to a n inlernal
solän -pewerd cincuit s changeea
dow Jhe Simplest er o
he
Supencaprcion is maoe jist Connec ing
capoei
oher impontant omþorent is a
the seAan (panels. he
he Supen copaciBon Jrem dischanging bac<k
diode to Sep
Should hane a l o
into the Selan pan els he dode
nwnd veltoge orepb
lo What ane he Maw materiak uSed in Lij - jen batpy
Any L hium, Gnobhite, Coblt ond Mangoese
g11 wha are the impentares ef Sofan en
hs Jhe inpontarces Solan enaY a n as
lles
Ci) EnvinonmentFiendl7 represerd+ tclkan gree
Souuve o eneagy omd doyn
have
ory gunhoue efect
ehen nadibiona
nd doesh hve agnuenhase elpech ay
Sounce hane

(ii) Keduce enert-bi% J* isa sreneuwabk Sewre oen

So ne can ede cheap elechiti nahat he tta)
Tk one inshalls a Sodan panul,thy sar money omeleceti
(i) Rise in he monk e valuu n homy7 A hau wih a

Selar Jomel instatled above he 97o

wl p1eduuce the heas

Je go inside Dko, mone ena Jauigs ,ceelebiei

w i l s 91e tall valu

(VEeche ond Ei ien No mouuen sutage

a there i enbh
Selan Jponels ane aid lo bc ele iontay long
No dtance Laco would make e
Sunligh ZranniHing. in ploce,
yskn inploce,
pncess Slouen
wih a pre -insdalded Sofan
b,1s bes also do net
On sun elechrve
we no Snly S a e mony when
ou berng Slnanded in he dark
haa ke Woy
eu
he ligh go) decline
wih he2odual
(VBecome investd in e futwre e look e ne
we ngwhar
ef fossil"Juls,
in he ex bochon ts Ke best
ahonghae Selan enegy
ond bettn eneng `aiine Companiey
ha
s adso a 1se in
the
hene
enew able gounce. helby Cmabig re
use selan enet
inshad of feil us
sdpmkmtHy also .

Drawthe
kind fechnology is used in battery )
&2 wha balkey nwhprefrlabl ig
"bn dnow
scemoh diag
he cul)
leckrochorv al
leckrochommi al

Combinahorn
fwo an e
mo're e
o n mo're

A bahery is a in the
the
pr
eny kell, stnne eneryyin
ell stnone ney+
electnchemèal
colly Jhese envwnkd mk elecbnueal

chemicalenergy-
Ond his is
wheh
Jo ef lo. an elecincal cineuib
im

onenawhen connected hae the

lou
Can MosA butie>rie
ekctrical cunent
on
hayred
omdnegatiely ccharged
posirely changed side (onocde
Side C adhod
 Cha
atagen

Dischag zé
w
enode
Cahed Po

Sep
ana

T en
8ansboA

g Deseribe vanou properhes 0 batley

:) Baimaot Gnd
91e Cchangeb le
Brima easiy
batteniey ane not
hen dispoed e
Consyerty a e dschanged nechaged
batenuiey can be
Secondary
G) Secondary-
9vachen
evere Cuwnens as he eleckro chemmcal
Hgg
IS 7evUsble.
be
stam dand cel volbage Cam
Veltage Jhe theerekcal
eleclnochemital Seri using- E
delermined rom the
Valuus.
E" Culy
E (Calhod) -

E (Gnode ) -

Jhe heenekal capoci oa badley is

he
Copaciy + h he elecrochomical
electniciy nvelved
qdonHy e
1 e a c h On

KnF
 Enegy densil. he enuei densi 1s he enenat- thot can
be donived pen unit volume q the weigh he cot

Poern desh is he foun hatcam

he power dersily
ot (]k)
be derind pen unt weijht he
onabe he neachon
Jempenadirre defrndence: Ihe
in the Cell
wll be temperahurre depend on acconding
qKineies.
to theoiey
Psi al nigsuierrn Jhis incude the geome tny he
and 4he location
Cell, s size, uaigh and shape
Ahe termina
CycleLe . Jhe cle e a rechapeabk badt
s he ro. chage/dicharge yeks i com umderge

belene its capacialls to so%

. he inihial He baer ie
Cost' Jhis incudes cosd
he cost e Chaging and nain taining h e
as well a
babher
he modey and Causy sf
Iy wh babry farls ) what oru
o Juwr o batenies
Bodttoy fasilune amd grodraf perlermance dgrrodadion
s intennelated þhinome na

ne he resutk o com plec

ig) ,environmint
that depends on bakery chemisty ,design
Condifiors .

and ocduaf opernalion

Inte9ta cdions besweon the acdive matenial and
the ekechs1olyte wne lasgely esponsibk 7 ing uþon SongE
gene nally damageg elecdsodë ackiie mastervale
c
evendbilid because ef 4he me chan cal Snesses inducd bsy
 tuchunal chonges taking place DLhoh bolth mechanms a e

en Consderd as addiive , intesnacthiony may ocom ond 9>ne

addb ional Jactory like temporaturr h a on impacf

Causey Jilure battery in

venchangingsany excessive chage thanegulk damge
te acetl bateny
( 9result human e n o n ie otting9 n g
Can be he
o7 chogen fai luwre
uameens on the Chagen
variey ceendiog por
gn uPS abplicaiens, chogirg valkoge
i)
the SBege 7 Chgin)
v Deep dischopes, heat,
vibration, ostt chargigg and enchaTA
all acekrabe the agg proces
vl pbroximaBely 507 pRmabve ai
battery falwr is

nanmal sechagig chayn

Caused b the loss fwatn ler
6
duu o he lack mointenonce ,evapenabisn {szormn high
m den hoed heaf enchagg
Medes Failwre -Lalhey
desiynfauksCell desian Jaulh
Such as weak mechonvial
(i Cell
"ond vents, the Specilicabon
presswu Seal
design, in adeguale
gyalty materias ord in pro penly speciied
poon aihwre.
com be s1es|onsi e mary poenirl
tole 1ante
(G) Monulaclunig Jpocessej out
Cont»{ A bodly in

Con inbraduca numes93 potenthial lailwe

produchien lacilly
Suncey inde the cell Some he lailn caised by manufohuniag
process comtnel ars alollp
Honding damaqy Sudha Senakchey o euhing felectrale
Sepaodo damage dwrvog wrldiry prce)
 Mechancal weaknesses
o n Saliny 91eseth in Aeakege mdAoss of achir chmnl
Causin Mential Syel prablers.
ConJtminahion achie Chemkaly
Bwvn n the elèctnode Cuen- tallecdonfols
91e a Short c neuils
geniq Baltery pelomance raduaty deteniorats
wih
w h ime dtt o. and bhysial
unuonld chemical reocioms
isgernally
chompes fo he acie chemicals Jhe pnocess
?rseults in baMery fo lure
not 37evensible omdesentually

Jhe letlouig ane Seme eromþle

Pas veabron Tesibive loyen wheh beilds ub onthe
on

eectrodey imading the chenital acion h rcet

In
in Cheosig
Che csr ids impedance and o he sae imt medueig
he CelU Jhegroduad
thequomby d achive chrmcals in
bucilel o he doyen s he primt Causd agonig-
chenicad
> Covnoyjon also Consume SOme achive
1ke
Chonge in phy sital chanac fervstris n mebholegrey
annd dendni Hcgmosth
Cysalbmalen
.

Elecknods on eletnolle cnackirg

Shenbed cells
(ivncontoltdobenaling Condihons Battery da'lures
Can & Caused by maltmcdron in the Systems which hy
an inslalled ond Con b Sulfecled o awey prds lem
m which o could weck th bakey Stch ay
Sen son i uney
Loss oo oling Lluid
915 why Cyck lfe y balteny is on impoytant paameben?
As he cycle Ye "debenvmines the numben choge/
diichape ycley ho h e batfey c n enpenenet hefsr

iteache a e debemincd eneg Copacih o1 oth

pennance caitena.
 6 ExMain he unnk ing prineiple f olarn cetl uih
diopnm
rAn A Salan cell i's made fn- yhe a wetl as pe s lèon
Sanduriched fegethor eates enwngy y Casing edecpory to
hab acnes the b-n jimbhion Con nectiog to bes f Sieon
ui isng Sunlighy
aonveniog th
Fins a Selan cell mst absørb Sofan 1adiason
chemical enen in the devée
Su'y hea engt inte
(i)wWhem light is ab sonbead,electnons ae excitrd inte higher

negy evels, hom/pwnan Storing Chem ical aney

)Sn his way a selan cel Can Supplt useul elecnical
wonk fo a lead nesisJonce
VThey
G) They wenk em e pruineple ef fhe phoovaltawt elect.
when Cen tain maten ials one ex posed to the light, h cbsonb
photens and e kase n e electrons.
the bo#om b-HbeJayen bhoters ConSicen
J h reughous ,

u hein eneny produsirg electne

iving
electnens de pass the
i m e Such enngy is used the
bamiey inb the dep in -e deyer w e l l ay
escpe funthen into he cincu
all aneund he cineuit Ligh
vi) Jhe electnons has flow
uphe bulb Elctmode (minus) Suoce me lecie Coakn

n tyte
SemConduch

p-t
Semcomducho

un der side
Elechrode (Pluy)/ nel lechue
Csahing
 7 whatt ae the advandeyey and dscxtvant o olan coll

Ars Advantogey of Selar cotl

A solan b is basiéaly a enetunbe bouen Sounce
Herce it is not hamel lo the enuron men
G s veny easy to openake Combar to ethe þoven

Sounces el 3eneuabe be
net bnatre ong noise ay it doy no have oy
3 S dse
mor Jats
emissign3 e7 1adiaion
7 St doy nøt geenake
5 3 t eey na eguine elen
water to pnoduce electnieiá
3 s veny co elletia
7 needs less Capital investment
Jouwen mantenan ce
Jt is easy lo mainain and it 149 uinej
P cel openoe in cloudy wralhen condihon also
oo Solar cots hae Jongen i e y abost 307eo

DisadvomS Sola7i cett

1 cannot be used in abserce q the light[nom ay Sounce
hgh iniial Cos en ingallation
22 gF in euns ven
gemeated
Dwing cloudy weadhen, Jess poei being
is

aea s needed in onde o depley

Voy Jage geognaphita/
Sofan banels on Cells

6 Olf gnid o}flicabrons 9neguine enenY Stenoge

Mass pnoducion is not enVzron ment fniandly
sy
convension 91ade.
7 Low Onegy
&yDilliculd to dismantke
 - 3

8Write he poninciple ef ydorgen- Ordg'"

uwonking
cetl by profry lebeing he scem ohe odcgo
Ans Jhe 9echion beduven hydgen and Agon can be uste
e r a t r elecbrieiy via a/uul cel.
9na fuel cell , he can lyst Jhiates the zeacho

8Agen and hyaPeg*n usually made 4 plobintim

on cJoh
Poden very hinly coated snto caron papë
Jhe cakalyst is srough andensuy So he maninum gufat
aea the plalinum Conbe expoyd fo he hydepn Yn

JhcestK ing uul Cell cons sk on omooe,

the Jhe a

he
Cathod and anelechoroly ydnon is possd Hregh
Onede ond oxygen i's þasef hneegh aalhod
inle elecinens
A+ He amode, hydnegern mokcaule gebs Spli+
ond brokens Jhe bmotons frss theugh electnoe ond electnons
At Cathod electzrong,
genena electnieity hneugh cnuuit
a waten mo leceske
bnodons and o14 gen Combine te le
.

Jhe cel neaclior Canbe wnihen ailollows

Calhodr Reachon 2 t 2H20 + e > 4oH

An odic Krochion 2H2 +4oH > 4 H2 0 +ue

Ncul Srochion 2H2 +O2 2H2o

 Eletnic Cununt

Fuel In Aim n

Ha

Evces sarnd mused gal out

wafer

Amcde Cathod
Elecmoyte
dnen - o n Fuel
cel

1g wonife a Short ne en Bio mass ond geohermalenuy

Pns Biomass Enengy
Dekinen Blomass s the Juul developedrem syani
matten uwaste living oginisms Iike pënt waste
washej.
animal waste, TESE waSte ond municlpal
dHsbiomass
We u owr e s blomass
1. wood and qpriculhunal pnoduch
2. Sold woste
3. Lond ges
Alcsholkuules
 Advan taga
gis 9ere wobk eneyy
cam be preducod domesbriaty nnlable
bmass eney a n casily
7Sowcesen
u Lo Co in comparison to fessil putul
5Lessdepe-deney on osilu
Disadvan tage
and i no conplelely chean en
i s having Jow Oney dersily,
Economically inelf-icion
3 Con erd ë delshessabion.
Biomass am bwmd o crecd heat conented in%
uses
con be burmnd
proce ssed indo brafuel: Bio mass
ekrhnieyon
r1egunemuns.
bythenmal convension and used ye eneny

Grecttermal en
Delinihien.Greothemal enegy is a be ef menewabk
haken em the Earh'3 coe JE come rem
enengy
planc
heat genrated diwring the onizinalemmbon f he
mateniaß J h hermalene
amd e Madioachive

is Stered in 10cks
,.
amd luids in the Centre ef the earh.

Adrantp
Alwoys avaulable

Doesn 91epuie Jag* Space wih vey A mainknane in sperahonj.

Aubas double reeyeliog
u High 4tctney Cvothermal Sysdemr
envingrmnt
667 edhumal enny ounciog is brood or he
 Disadatne
The extboction cotherrmal ene Causes rcen houe
emissions
hore is a þossibily y deplefion im peothenmal Sounce
her ik a hizh cost investmennerded f zoonafSyste,
n big ciie
S i s hard lo implement geothunmal Syskerns im biy cihis.

neseaviers cannot easily be ound

5 rohenmal

use
) Dinect uses ke gcohormal hearing and heat þurp

Ci) For ndlireeh usey like C lertnici'ky pnoduchen et

mechanical eneny
S20 Wste down he vwriou aibrk
Stooge devcg
A Mechanical emengy sernge wonks
rs cornpkx SYslem hat
n

wih compeSsory, tnbing amd

We heat,waten on a n

othen machiney,bnovicing sbust altematiy fodctedrane

electrochemical baery Slorcge.
cwrnhy the ma widely wsed on deploged large-stale
mechanical enety Shnaye aspecs ae punped ydno - Stoage
(PHS), Fheels compresseed ain eneg(CÅES) md
md

igpd ain stonge(LaE).

Ct) PHS Pumped lyco -SBorope Sysems an enog te
most doni n ant enet Stosrgge tech nolggieg usedt the
wordd.
Werdd PHS echnoly is Jes ible amdenabley th Skrrge
omouns
lange omounk e eniy h reladiely long. peniodof time
nne Syse
Pmbed hpdro-$snge Sysern sock electncsid
he gnaitaioal potedidi * » s
CAsing waten Jhe basi
Jhe basic
 on he
pminaple Covekion is fhi's Sysem relie
movementwae rom highem oalouen poind
wnte
Tn PHs potrlial enerey is Shomed by purbig
o m up- hill 9resen udo Ene9y is hon 91e covened 1ogh a
hydoro poue1 Awrbne wher he waden isgwlegd downuwarnds
Ad vantag)
Laspe cdoti
2- Loog dscharge divradion
Lorgile ime
LAMatur Jechnolegt
Disadvatage)
Can be dlendore en 9giencd tobopraph
LongConstrucren Jead tme
Eco legical toncerns
i) wheel- Fy wheel Soe enen
eney b
as otrtienal
acelkraig a sietafng mag ameurd aPrataxs.
kineh
Advantags
Madler desgn
2 Lorg lime
3 Shotconsuchon dint
Lew Mainkmaes
Disadvon dgges
Shrt dischape duwndion
2 Small copac
) iguid Aim Erey sAhage(AE)
d an eegy sthsrage Syskm Cun ponvile la)ge , lor gale

Tem
erngy lo91age wh hundreds A mega
uwntls fodpu
LAEs So ener in he Jomof Jigyiod ain,
Advandage
tmderpd stosoape not prqued achiunbe.
durabions
Larye capaeilies and lorg dischange
Dikodvanag) head duoir he
natrralpss tirbine lo prrovide
Rauineya
Repureya
expansien process thrgh ,
advarced adiabahc coripesse
ae an a a o 4esea h

AE6) C Stere onnzy in he

(TV Combrssed ain enngs Shenoge- voluey a
ain because lange donoge
eme compreSsed a n i ffen shrud in
in CAES), he Comporessed
1egwinid
Cree Chamber
cundergrund
Advantegeg
Lage Capacihies possibe
discharge duraion
2 Lorg
hme

Disodyantag dhnsa thober

Con be dependert
on
asailabiliy of tmdorg reumd
Consfruchion lead ime
2 Long
3 Limird deplegnant