You are on page 1of 87

‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﻭ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺎﺯ^‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻧﺖ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬


‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫‪۱۳۸۸‬‬
‫‪ẃ‬‬
‫ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺴﻤﻪﺗﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻔﺘﺎر‬

‫ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻠّﻲ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن اﻳـﺮان‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان ﻓﺮاﮔﻴﺮﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﺿـﻮاﺑﻂ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮد در ﻋﺮﺻـﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﺗﺮدﻳﺪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﺆﺛﺮي در ﻧﻴﻞ ﺑﻪاﻫﺪاف ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪاﺷـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻼﻣﺖ و‬
‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻓﺮد و ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ دارد و رﻋﺎﻳﺖ آن ﺿﻤﻦ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ اﻫﺪاف ﻣـﺬﻛﻮر ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ارﺗﻘـﺎي‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴ‪‬ﺖ و اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‪ .‬ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﻳﻦ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻠّﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻄﻔﻲ در ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﻛﺸﻮر ﻣﺤـﺴﻮب ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮد‬
‫ﺑﻴﺶ از دو دﻫﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ وزارت ﻣـﺴﻜﻦ و ﺷﻬﺮﺳـﺎزي آﻏـﺎز و ﺑـﺎ ﻣـﺸﺎرﻛﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر و در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺷﻮراي ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻠّﻲ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن و ﻛﻤﻴﺘـﻪﻫـﺎي ﺗﺨﺼـﺼﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ و ﺑﻲوﻗﻔﻪ ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻮد را ﻃﻲ ﻧﻤـﻮده اﺳـﺖ‪ .‬در اﻳـﻦ ﻣـﺴﻴﺮ ﺿـﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ و ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ از ﭘﻴﺶ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪه و ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎت ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻛـﺸﻮر‬
‫از ﺣﻴﺚ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺟﺪﻳﺪي ﻫﻢ در دﺳﺘﻮر ﻛﺎر ﻗﺮار‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ از ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ و ﻃﻲ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ در اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳـﻲ ﻗـﺮار‬
‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫در ﺣﺎل ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﺪارك ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻣﻘـﺮرات ﻣﻠّـﻲ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن‪ ،‬آﻳـﻴﻦﻧﺎﻣـﻪﻫـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ و ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ در ﻛـﺸﻮر ﻣﻨﺘـﺸﺮ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮد و اﺳـﺘﻔﺎدهﻛﻨﻨـﺪﮔﺎن ﻻزم اﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺗﻔﺎوتﻫﺎي آﻧﻬﺎ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻫﺪف از ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺪرك‪ ،‬ﻻزماﻻﺟﺮا ﺑﻮدن‪ ،‬ﻗﻠﻤـﺮو‪ ،‬ﺣـﺪود ﺗﻔـﺼﻴﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮا و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﺧﺎص ﻫﺮ ﻣﺪرك ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ در ﻣـﻮرد ﻣﻘـﺮرات ﻣﻠّـﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﻣﻲﺗﻮان وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ را ﺑﺮﺷﻤﺮد‪:‬‬
‫ »ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻠّﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن« در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﻛﺸﻮر ﻻزماﻻﺟﺮا اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ اﺣﻜﺎم »ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻠّﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن« ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﺧﻼﺻﻪ و اﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻟﺰاﻣﻲ ﺑﻮدن »ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻠّﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن« اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﻮارد ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪاي‬
‫و راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ »ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻠّﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن« ﺑﺮ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬اﺣـﺪاث ﺑﻨـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﺑﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ اﺳﺎﺳﻲ و ﻧﻈﺎﻳﺮ آن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ب‬
‫پ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮرات ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪﺧﻮدي ﺧﻮد ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫـﺎ ﻧﻴـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻠﻜـﻪ در‬
‫ﻛﻨﺎر ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﺬﻛﻮر ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪاﻣﺮ ﺗﺮوﻳﺞ و آﻣﻮزش آن در ﻣﻴﺎن ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻛـﺸﻮر‬
‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﺧﺎص و داﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎن‪ ،‬داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان و آﺣﺎد ﻣﺮدم ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻋﺎم از ﻳﻚﺳﻮ و اﻳﺠـﺎد ﻧﻈـﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺎرآﻣﺪ ﺑﺮاي اﻋﻤﺎل و ﻛﻨﺘﺮل اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘـﺮرات و ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ رواﺑـﻂ دﺧﻴـﻞ در اﻣـﺮ ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ و ﺳـﺎز‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮح وﻇﺎﻳﻒ و ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت اﺣﺪاث‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن از ﻃﺮف دﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﻮاره ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان راﻫﻜﺎرﻫﺎ و ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖﻫﺎي اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﮔﺰاران‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺮﻳﺎن و دﺳﺖاﻧﺪرﻛﺎران ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﺳﺎز ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ و ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن و در اﺟﺮاي ﻣﻔﺎد آن ﺑﻪوﻳﮋه ﻣﻮاد‬
‫‪ 33‬و ‪ 34‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﺬﻛﻮر‪ ،‬وﺿﻊ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻠّﻲ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن و اﻟـﺰام ﺑـﻪرﻋﺎﻳـﺖ آﻧﻬـﺎ در ﻃﺮاﺣـﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‪ ،‬اﺟﺮا‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداري و ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﻃﻤﻴﻨـﺎن از اﻳﻤﻨـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪاﺷـﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻬﺮهدﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬آﺳﺎﻳﺶ و ﺻﺮﻓﺔ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‪ ،‬اﻳﻦ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن را در ﻣﻴﺎن ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن و ﺻـﺎﺣﺒﺎن‬
‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪوﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآورد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺸﺖﮔﺮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪاﻳﻔﺎي وﻇﻴﻔﻪاي ﻛـﻪ در ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ و‬
‫آﺑﺎداﻧﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر دارﻧﺪ ﻣﺒﺎدرت ورزﻧﺪ و از اﻳﻦ رﻫﮕﺬر‪ ،‬ﺳﻬﻢ ﺧﻮد را در ﺗﺤﻘﻖ آرﻣﺎنﻫـﺎي واﻻي‬
‫اﻧﻘﻼب ﻋﻴﻨﻴﺖ ﺑﺨﺸﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺻﺖ را ﻣﻐﺘﻨﻢ ﺷﻤﺮده از اﻋﻀﺎي ﻣﺤﺘﺮم ﺷﻮراي ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻠّﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن و‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻧﺤﻮي در ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮوﻳﺞ و ﻛﻨﺘﺮل اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﻘﺮرات‬
‫ﻣﻠّﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن در ﻛﺸﻮر ﻛﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﺳﭙﺎﺳﮕﺰاري ﻧﻤﻮده و از اﺳﺎﺗﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻧﻈﺮان‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن و ﻛﻠﻴﻪ دﺳﺖاﻧﺪرﻛﺎران ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﺳﺎز اﻧﺘﻈﺎر دارد ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺮات و ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدات ﺧﻮد اﻳﻦ‬
‫دﻓﺘﺮ را در ﻏﻨﺎي ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﺬﻛﻮر ﻳﺎري رﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻏﻼﻣﺮﺿﺎ ﻫﻮاﺋـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻛﻞ اﻣﻮر ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻠّﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن‬

‫ت‬
‫‪ẃ‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﺄﺕ ﺗﻬﻴﻪﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺍﻋﻀﺎ^ ﺷﻮﺭﺍ^ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺗﻘ∂ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ^‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺣﺴﻦ ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻧ∂ﺯﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻌﻠ∂ ﺗﺴﻨﻴﻤ∂‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻋﻠ∂ﺍﺻﻐﺮ ﺟﻼﻝﺯﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺭﻳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﻨﻮﭼﻬﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺩﻟﻮﻳ∂‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﻠ∂ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻧﻴﺎﻧﭙﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﺭﻫﺎﻳ∂‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺍﺻﻐﺮ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﺳﻤﻴﻌ∂‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﻓﺎﻃﻤ∂ ﻋﻘﺪﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﮔﻼﺑﭽ∂‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺷﺎﻫﺮﺥ ﻣﺎﻟ‪−‬‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺷﺎﭘﻮﺭ ﻃﺎﺣﻮﻧ∂‬
‫ﺩﺑﻴﺮ‬ ‫ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻧﺎﺩﺭ ﻧﺠﻴﻤ∂‬

‫ﺏ( ﺍﻋﻀﺎ^ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ » ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ«‬


‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺑﻬﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ^‬
‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ‬ ‫ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺍﺻﻐﺮ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﺳﻤﻴﻌ∂‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺣﺸﻤﺖﺍﷲ ﻣﻨﺼﻒ‬
‫ﺩﺑﻴﺮ‬ ‫ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﻨ∂ﻣﻬﺪ‬

‫ﭖ( ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻧﺖ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺎﺯ^ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ^‬


‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺗ∂ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗ∂ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺎﺯ^ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ^‬
‫ﺕ( ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳ∂‪ :‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩ^ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭ^ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺷﺘ∂‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻛﻴﺎﻧﻮﺵ ﺫﺍﻛﺮﺣﻘﻴﻘ∂‬
‫ﺙ( ﺗ→→ﺪﻭﻳﻦﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺿ→→ﻮﺍﺑ→ﻂ ﻃ→ﺮﺍﺣ→∂ ﻣ→→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘ→→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ^ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻣ→ﺮﻛﺰ ﺗ→ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ‬

‫ﺙ‬
‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬

‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬‬


‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‪۳ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﻪﺍﺟﺮﺍ^ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‪۳ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻣﻨ↔ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‪℮ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪۳‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‪⅛ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪℮‬‬

‫‪۱۷‬‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬‬


‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﻤﺠﻮﺍﺭ^ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‪۱۷ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﻴﺮ^ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ‪۱۹ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪۲Ω ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۳‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﻤﺎ^ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪۲۱ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪℮‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺑﺎﺯ‪۲۳ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪Q‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺑﺎﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪۲⅛ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ⅛‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﺕ ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ﻫﺎ^ ﺑﻨﺎ‪۲۷ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۷‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺗﻮﻗﻒﮔﺎﻩ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ‪۲۹ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۸‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪۳۳ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۹‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺗ∂‪۳℮ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱Ω‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻛﺎﺭ^ ﻭ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪۳⅛ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱۱‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺰﺍ^ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪۳۷ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱۲‬‬

‫ﺍﻟ ﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺍﻧﺢ‪℮۳ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱۳‬‬

‫‪℮۷‬‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬‬


‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‪℮۷ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‪℮۹ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﭺ‬
‫‪Q۱‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂‪Q۱ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫‪Q۷‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ^ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬‬


‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻫﻮﺍ‪Q۷ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ^ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂‪⅛۱ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫‪⅛۳‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ⅛‬


‫ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎ^ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪⅛۳ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪⅛℮ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫‪⅛۷‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎ‬

‫‪۷۲‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۱‬‬

‫‪۷۲‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺟﺪﻭﻝﻫﺎ‬

‫‪Q۸‬‬ ‫ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ^ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ^ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭ ﻝ ‪۱‬‬

‫‪⅛Ω‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺡ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮ↓ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﻴﺮ^ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻤﻨـ∂‪ ،‬ﺁﺳﺎﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺩﻫـ∂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﺻﺮﻓـ↔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ^ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺟـﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫‪ẃ‬‬
‫ﺍﺻ→ﻠ∂ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻫ→ﺪﺍﻑ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑ→ﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﺤ→ﺎﻅ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﻧ→ﻴﺰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳ→→ﺮﻟﻮﺣﻪ ﺗ→→ﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ→→ﻂ ﻗ→ﺮﺍﺭ ﮔ→→ﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧ→ﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑ→ﻄﻪ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺍﻣ→ﺮ ﺍﻳ→ﻤﻨ∂‪ ،‬ﻣ→ﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺟ→ﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑ→ﺎﺯﺷﻮﻫﺎ^‬
‫ﺍﻣ→→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→ﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺮﺍ^ ﺷ→ﺮﺍﻳ→ﻄ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺣ→ﻮﺍﺩﺛ→→∂ ﭼ→ﻮﻥ ﺯﻣ→ﻴﻦﻟﺮﺯﻩ ﻛ→ﺎﺭﺁﻳ∂ ﺩﺳ→→ﺘﺮﺱﻫﺎ^ ﺧ→ﺮﻭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫‪ẃ‬‬
‫ﺳ →→ﻮﻡ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ →→ﻠ∂ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﭼ →→ﺎﺭ ﻣ →→ﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﻧ →→ﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﻄﺮﺡ ﮔ →→ﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻼﺵ ﺷ →→ﺪﻩ ﺗ →→ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻣ→ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻣ→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺑ→→ﻪﺳﺎﻛﻨﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺧ→ﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻓ→ﺮﺍﻫ→ﻢ ﺳ→ﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑ→ →→ﻄﻪ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﺍﻫ→ →→ﺪﺍﻑ ﺁﺳ→ →→ﺎﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺑ→ →→ﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣ→ →→ﻄﺮﺡ ﮔ→ →→ﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺳ→ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩ↓ ﻣ→ →→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﺑ→ →→ﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧ→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺣ→ﺘ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑﻫﺎ^ ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ^‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺩﻫ∂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺿﺎﺑﻄﻪﻣﻨﺪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻃـﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻫﻮﻳـﺖ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻄـﺮﺡ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔ→→ﺮﭼﻪ ﻣ→→ﻨﻈﺮ ﺷ→→ﻬﺮ^ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃ→→ﺮﻳﻖ ﻃ→→ﺮﺡﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ→→ﻂ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻫ→ﻨﻤﺎﻫﺎ^ ﻃ→ﺮﺍﺣ→→∂ ﺷ→ﻬﺮ^ ﻗ→ﺎﻋﺪﻩﻣﻨﺪ ﻭ‬
‫‪ẃ‬‬
‫ﻫ→ →→ﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺷ→ →→ﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣ→ →→ﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→ →→ﺎﺕ ﻋ→ →→ﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻣ→ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ →→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧ→ →→ﻴﺰ ﺑ →→ﺮ ﺳ →→ﺎﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫ∂ ﻣ →→ﻨﻈﺮ ﺷ →→ﻬﺮ^‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑـﺮﺍ^ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﺒﺤـﺚ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣـ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺮﺧ∂ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﻣﺒﺤـﺚ‬
‫ﺑ → →→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺟ → →→ﺎﻣﻊ ﻭ ﺷ → →→ﺎﻣﻞ ﭼ→ → →→ﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺟ → →→ﻠﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ → →→ﻪﺗﻔﻜﻴ‪ −‬ﻓ → →→ﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ^ ﻣ → →→ﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﺟ → →→ﺰﻳﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺑ → →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻧ→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ→ﺎ ﻧ→ﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷ→ﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣ→ﺎ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﻣ→ﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺣ→ﻴﻄﻪ ﺍﺳ→ﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﺁﻳ→ﻴﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ^ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳ∂ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ‬
‫‪ẃ‬‬
‫ﻃ→ﺮﺍﺣ→∂ ﺷ→ﻬﺮ^ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺷ→ﻤﻮﻝ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺧ→→ﺎﺭﺝ ﻣ→→∂ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣ→→ﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﺗ→ﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﻳ→ﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎ ﮔ→ﺮﻭﻩﺑﻨﺪ^ ﻋ→ﻮﺍﻣ→ﻞ ﻭ ﺍﺟ→ﺰﺍ^ ﻣ→ﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﻗ→ﺎﻋﺪﻩﻣﻨﺪ ﻛ→ﺮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺁﻧ→ﻬﺎ ﻣ→ﻤﻜﻦ ﺷ→ﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺿ→ﺎﺑﻄﻪﻣﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻃﻴﻒ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﺍ^ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ^‬

‫ﺥ‬
‫‪ẃ‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪ^ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ )ﺑﻪﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻫﻔﺖﮔﺎﻧﻪ(‬


‫ﺏ( ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺝ( ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺗ→ →→ﻘﺴﻴﻢﺑﻨﺪ^ ﻣ→ →→∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺳ→ →→ﭙﺲ ﻣ→ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ →→ﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﻫ→ →→ﺮ ﻧ→ →→ﻮﻉ ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎ ﺗ→ →→ﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺗ →→ﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﺷ →→ﻜﻞ ﮔ →→ﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺗ →→ﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ →→ﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﭘ →→ﺪﻳﺪ ﺁﻣ →→ﺪﻩ ﺑ →→ﺪﻳﻦﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﺷﻤﻮﻟ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻣ∂ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﭼﻨﺎﻥﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﻢ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺪ ﺿﻮﺍﺑـﻂ ﻛﻠ∂ ﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻭ ﺿ→ →ﻮﺍﺑ →→ﻂ ﺧ →→ﺎﺹ ﺑ →→ﻠﻨﺪﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪﺳﺎﺯ^ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^ ﺩﺭﻣ →→ﺎﻧ∂ ﻣ →ﺮﺍﻗ →→ﺒﺘ∂‪ ،‬ﺻ →→ﻨﻌﺘ∂‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩﺁﻣﻴﺰ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻫ →→ﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ →→ﻂ ﻣ→→ﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺷ →ﺮﺍﻳ→→ﻂ ﺍﻗ→→ﻠﻴﻤ∂ ﺧ→→ﺎﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻛ→→ﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﻪﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺩﺭ ﻭﻳ →ﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫ→→ﺎ^ ﺑ→→ﻌﺪ^‬
‫ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼ∂ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫‪ẃ‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ‪ ℮‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂‬

‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬‬


‫‪۱۷‬‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫‪℮۷‬‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫‪Q۱‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫‪Q۷‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ^ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬‬
‫‪⅛۳‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ⅛‬
‫‪⅛۷‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ‪ :‬ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻃ →→ﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳ →→ﻤﻨ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﻬﺮﻩﺩﻫ∂ ﻣ→→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳ→→ﺎﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺻ→→ﺮﻓ↔‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺍﻗ → →→ﺘﺼﺎﺩ^‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗ → →→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ → →→ﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎ^ ﺣ → →→ﺪﺍﻗ → →→ﻞ ﺳ → →→ﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳ → →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑ → →→ﻨﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^‬
‫ﻣ→ﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﻗ→ﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻧ→ﻈﺎﻡ ﻣ→ﻬﻨﺪﺳ∂ ﻭ ﻛ→ﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧ→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ^‪ ،‬ﺗ→ﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻣ→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﺳ→ﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻼ∑ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ∂ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﻪﺍﺟﺮﺍ^ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬‬


‫ﺭﻋ→→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﻣ→→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻃ →ﺮﺍﺣ→∂‪ ،‬ﻣ→ﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧ→→ﻈﺎﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟ→ﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ^‪ ،‬ﺗ→ﻌﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻧ→ →→ﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ^ ﺑ→ →→ﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺗ →→ﻮﺳﻂ ﻛ →→ﻠﻴﻪ ﻣ→ →ﺮﺍﺟ →→ﻊ ﺫﻛ →→ﺮﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ →→ﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ۳℮‬ﻗ →→ﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻧ →→ﻈﺎﻡ ﻣ→ →→ﻬﻨﺪﺳ∂ ﻭ ﻛ→ →→ﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪۳‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻭ ﻣﻼ∑‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﻋ→→ﻤﻞ ﺧ →ﻮﺍﻫ→→ﺪ ﺑ→ﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳ→ﻄﻮﺡ ﻧ→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→∂ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗ→ﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﺳ→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺗ→ﻮﺟﻪ ﺑ→ﻪﻭﻳﮋﮔ∂ﻫﺎ^‬
‫ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻤ∂ ﺑﻪﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﻧﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫ →→ﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗ →→ﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ →→ﻦ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻃ→ →→∂ ﻣ→ →ﺮﺍﺣ →→ﻞ ﻗ →→ﺎﻧﻮﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺮ ﻃ →→ﺒﻖ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﻗ → → →→ﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻧ → → →→ﻈﺎﻡ ﻣ → → →→ﻬﻨﺪﺳ∂ ﻭ ﻛ → → →→ﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺳ → → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺻ → → →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﮔ → → →→ﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑ → → →→ﺪﻳﻦﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣ → → →→ﺴﺘﺜﻨ∂ ﻧ → → →→ﻤﻮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ^ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻃ∂ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ∂ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷ →→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫ →→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ →→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ→ →ﺮﺍﺟ →→ﻊ ﺻ →→ﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ →→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ →→ﻪ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ →→ﻮﻇﻒ ﺑ →→ﻪﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑ →→ﺮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ^ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻣﻨ↔ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬‬


‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ﺍﻳ→ →→ﻦ ﻣ→ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻧ→ →→ﺎﻇﺮ ﺑ→ →→ﺮ ﻛ →→ﻠﻴﻪ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻣ →→ﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﻗ →→ﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻧ →→ﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳ∂ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻋ→ → →→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﻳ→ → →→ﻦ ﻣ→ → →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑ → → →ﺮﺍ^ ﻛ→ → →→ﻠﻴﻪ ﺳ→ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→ → →→ﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→ → →→ﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺁﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻋ→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑ→→ﻨﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺍﺣ→ﺪﺍﺙ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﻫ→ﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻣ→ﺮﻣﺖ ﻭ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯﺳﺎﺯ^ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺗ→ﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛ→ﺎﺭﺑﺮ^ ﻭ ﺩﻳ→ﮕﺮ ﺗ→ﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺳ→ﺎﺳ∂ ﺑﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﺛ →→ﺒﺖﺷﺪﻩ ﺗ →→ﻮﺳﻂ ﺳ →→ﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣ →→ﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓ→→ﺮﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪℮‬‬


‫ﺩﻳ→ﮕﺮ^ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺑ→→ﻪﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨ∂‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ^ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ‬

‫‪℮‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺭﻋ→ﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ﺴﺘﺜﻨ∂‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺭﻋ→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻮﻁ ﺑﻪﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳ∂ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻫ→→ﻤﻪ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→→ﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺑ→→ﻪﻋﻠﺖ ﻋ→ﺪﻡ ﻫ→ﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﺑ→ﺎ ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﻣ→→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪Q‬‬
‫ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ^ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳ→ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻏ→ →→ﻴﺮﺍﻳ→ →→ﻤﻦ‪ ،‬ﻏ→ →→ﻴﺮﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷ →→ﺘ∂ ﻭ ﺧ →→ﻄﺮﻧﺎ∑ ﺗ→ →→ﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷ →→ﻮﻧﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺷ → →→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫ → →→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ → →ﺮﺍﺟ→ →→ﻊ ﺻ→ →→ﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ→ →→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ→ →→ﻪ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﺗ→ →→ﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣ→ →→ﻬﻠﺖ ﻣ→ →→ﻘﺮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ →→ﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺗ→ﻌﻤﻴﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗ→→ﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺗ→ﻌﺒﻴ↔ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ↓ ﻣﻠ‪ −‬ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﭘﻴﮕﻴﺮ^ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻫ →→ﻴﭻﻳ‪ −‬ﺍﺯ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﻣ →→ﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ →→ﻌﻤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺗ →→∂ ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬ـ⅛‬
‫ﮔ →→ﻴﺮﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﻛ →→ﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺑ →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳ→→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ^ ﺗ→→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ →ﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺳ→→ﻄﻮﺡ ﻧ→→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻏ→→ﻴﺮﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻳ →→ﻦ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺷ →→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻛ →→ﻠﻴﻪ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻣ →→ﻮﻗﺖ )ﻏ →→ﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳ →→ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۷‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺘﺮﻗﺒﻪ( ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺩﺭﺑ→ﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ↓ ﺿ→ﻮﺍﺑ→ﻂ ﻛ→ﻠ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۸‬‬
‫ﺧ →→ﺎﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻣ →→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺑ →→ﻠﻨﺪﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪﺳﺎﺯ^ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻣ →→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﻣ →→ﺎﻧ∂ ﻣ →ﺮﺍﻗ →→ﺒﺘ∂‪ ،‬ﺻ →→ﻨﻌﺘ∂‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩﺁﻣﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻭ ‪ ....‬ﻭ ﻫ→→ﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ→→ﻂ ﻣ→→ﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺷ →ﺮﺍﻳ→ﻂ ﺍﻗ→→ﻠﻴﻤ∂ ﺧ→ﺎﺹ ﺩﺭ ﺑ→ﻌﻀ∂ ﻣ→ﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻛ→ﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﻪﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫﺎ^ ﺑﻌﺪ^ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻧ→ →→ﻈﺮ ﮔ→ →→ﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺍﺭﺯﺵﻫ→ →→ﺎ^ ﺍﺳ→ →→ﻼﻣ∂ ـ ﺍﻳ → →ﺮﺍﻧ →→∂ ﺣ→ →→ﺎﻛﻢ ﺑ →→ﺮ ﻃ→ →ﺮﺍﺣ →→∂ ﻭ ﺍﺟ→ →ﺮﺍ^‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۹‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮ^ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ^ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺒﺎﻳ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪ^ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻧ →→ﻈﺮ ﺗ →→ﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻃ →→ﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻧ →→ﺤﻮ↓ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭﮔ →→ﻴﺮ^ ﺑ →→ﺮ ﺯﻣ →→ﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ →→ﻦ ﻣ →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺑ →→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳ →→ﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪ^ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩﺑﻨﺪ^ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۱‬‬


‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ‪ ۱‬ﻭ ‪ ۲‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺏ( ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ‪ ۳‬ﻭ ‪ ℮‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺝ( ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ℮‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩﺑﻨﺪ^ ﺟﺰﻳ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪۲‬‬


‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ‪ ۱‬ﻭ ‪ ۲‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ‪ :۱‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﺭﺩﻳﻔ∂ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ‪ :۲‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ‪ :۳‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒ∂ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﮕﻮ^ ﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ^‬
‫ﺏ( ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ‪ ۳‬ﻭ ‪ ℮‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ‪ :℮‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﺭﺩﻳﻔ∂ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ‪ :Q‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺝ( ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ℮‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ⅛‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﺭﺩﻳﻔ∂ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ‪ :۷‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺑ →→ﺨﺸ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣ→→ﺎﺻﻞ ﺗ→→ﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﭼ→→ﻨﺪ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎ )ﺑ→→ﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﻣ→→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→→ﺸﺨﺺ ﺷ→→ﺪﻩ(‪،‬‬

‫⅛‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘ∂ ﻣ → →→ﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﺧ → →→ﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷ → →→ﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣ → →→ﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ »ﺗ → →→ﺼﺮﻑ‪ «۱‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ → →→ﻦ ﻣ → →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻧ → →→ﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺑ→ﻬﺮﻩﮔﻴﺮ^ ﺍﺯ ﺑ→ﻨﺎ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺑ→ﺨﺸ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻣ→ﻘﺼﻮﺩ^ ﻣ→ﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑ→ﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ ﺑ→ﻮﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬‬


‫ﺷ→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻫ→ﻤﻪ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑ→ﺨﺶﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→ﺮﺗﺒﻄ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧ→ﻬﺎ ﺍﻓ→ﺮﺍﺩ ﺯﻧ→ﺪﮔ∂ ﻣ→→∂ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺷ→ﺮﺍﻳ→ﻂ‬
‫ﺧ → →ﻮﺍﺏ ﺑ → →→ﺎ ﺍﻣ→ →→ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏ→ →→ﺬﺍ ﺧ→ →→ﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﻳ→ →→ﺎ ﺑ→ →→ﺪﻭﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻓ → →ﺮﺍﻫ→ →→ﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﻣ→ →→ﺜﻞ ﻣ→ →→ﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻭ ﺁﭘ→ →→ﺎﺭﺗﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫ→ →→ﺘﻞﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧ →ﻮﺍﺑ→ﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ‪ .(... ،‬ﻓ→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺧ→ﻮﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻗ→ﺎﻣﺘ∂ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑ ﺩﺭﻣ→ﺎﻧ∂ ـ ﻣ→ﺮﺍﻗ→→ﺒﺘ∂ ﺩﺳ→ﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪ^ ﻣ→→∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻨ∂ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷ∂ ـ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺘ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬‬


‫ﺷ→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻫ→ﻤﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻳﻜﺠﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺶ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ‪ Q‬ﻧﻔﺮ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ∂ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰﻳ∂ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﺻﻠ∂‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺑﻴﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺧﺼﻮﺻ∂ ﻭ ‪.(...‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧ∂ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺘ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۳‬‬


‫ﺷ→ → →→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻫ → →→ﻤﻪ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑ → →→ﺨﺶﻫﺎ^ ﻣ → →→ﺮﺗﺒﻄ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺑ → →→ﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻣ → →→ﺠﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺳ →→ﻼﻣﺘ∂ ﻳ →→ﺎ ﺑ→→ﻪﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺷ →ﺮﺍﻳ→→ﻂ ﺳ→→ﻨ∂ ﻭ ﺟ→→ﺴﻤ∂ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺭﻭﺍﻧ→→∂ ﻣ→→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺷ→→ﺨﺎﺹ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ→→∂ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻳ→→ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺷ →→ﺨﺎﺹ ﺑ →→ﻪﻗﺼﺪ ﺍﺻ→→ﻼﺡ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﭙﺮ^ ﻛ→→ﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ↓ ﻣ→→ﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑ→→ﻪﺳﺮ ﻣ→→∂ﺑﺮﻧﺪ )ﻣ→→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﻣ→→ﺎﻧﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﺩﺍﺷﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺪﺍﻣﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ‪.(...‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺗﺠﻤﻌ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬‬


‫ﺷ→→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻫ→→ﻤﻪ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑ→→ﺨﺶﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→→ﺮﺗﺒﻄ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﮔ→ﺮﺩﻫﻤﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺷ→ﺨﺎﺹ ﻃ→ﺮﺍﺣ→∂‬
‫ﺷ →→ﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣ →→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ →→∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ )ﻣ →→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳ →→ﺎﻟﻦﻫﺎ^ ﺍﺟ →→ﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺳ →→ﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﺌﺎﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﺤﻞﻫﺎ^‬

‫‪ ۱‬ـ ‪Occupancy‬‬

‫‪۷‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻧ →→ﺠﺎﻡ ﻣ →ﺮﺍﺳ→→ﻢ ﻋ→→ﺮﻭﺳ∂‪ ،‬ﻋ →ﺰﺍﺩﺍﺭ^ ﻭ ﻣ →ﺮﺍﺳ→→ﻢ ﻣ→→ﺬﻫﺒ∂‪ .(... ،‬ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺗ→→ﺠﻤﻊ ﻛ→→ﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ QΩ‬ﻧ→→ﻔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻫ→→ﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰﻳ∂ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﺩﺍﺭ^ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻓﻪﺍ^‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Q‬‬


‫ﺷ→ → →→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻫ→ → →→ﻤﻪ ﺳ→ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑ→ → →→ﺨﺶﻫﺎ^ ﻣ → →→ﺮﺗﺒﻄ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺭﺍﻳ → →→ﻪ ﺧ → →→ﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺩﺍﺭ^ ﻭ‬
‫ﺣ→→ﺮﻓﻪﺍ^ ﻣ→→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ→→∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﺗ→→ﺼﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻧ→→ﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ^ ﻛ→→ﺎﻻ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→→ﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣ→→ﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺟ→→ﻬﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺍﻳ → →→ﻪ ﺑ → →→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧ → →→ﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻳ → →→ﺎ ﺍﺳ → →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣ → →→ﺤﻞ ﻛ → →→ﺎﺭ ﺍﻣ → →→ﻜﺎﻥﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﻣ → →→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﻓ → →→ﺎﺗﺮ ﻛ → →→ﺎﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ‪.(...‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﺴﺒ∂ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺎﺭ^‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛‬


‫ﺷ→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻫ→ﻤﻪ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑ→ﺨﺶﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻛﺎﻻ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺿ↔‬
‫ﺁﻧ→→ﻬﺎ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣ→→∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺷ→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻛ→→ﻠﻴﻪ ﻣ→ﻐﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺧ→ﺮﺩﻩﻓﺮﻭﺷ∂‪ ،‬ﻓ→ﺮﻭﺷﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻣ→ﺮﺍﻛ→ﺰ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۷‬‬


‫ﺷ→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻫ→ﻤﻪ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭ^‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭ^ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﺍ^ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ^‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬‬


‫ﺷ→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻫ→ﻤﻪ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→ﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑ→ﺨﺶﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→ﺮﺗﺒﻄ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻏﻴﺮﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎ∑‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩﺁﻣﻴﺰ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬‬


‫ﺷ →→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻫ →→ﻤﻪ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑ →→ﺨﺶﻫﺎ^ ﻣ →→ﺮﺗﺒﻄ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗ →→ﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺑ →→ﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺍﻧ→ﺒﺎﺭ ﻛ→ﺮﺩﻥ ﻣ→ﻮﺍﺩ ﺧ→ﻮﺭﻧﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳ→ﻤ∂‪ ،‬ﺍﻛ→ﺴﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻗ→ﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺷ→ﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻧ→ﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻣ→ﻮﺍﺩ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎ∑‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۸‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ →→ﻦ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ »ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ« ﻣ →→ﻜﺎﻧ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﻓ→→ﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣ→→ﺸﺨﺼ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻧ→→ﺠﺎﻡ ﻣ→→∂ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣ→→ﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→→ﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺩﻳ→→ﮕﺮ ﻓ→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳ→→ﺎ ﻣ→ﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻫ→→ﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→ﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺳ→ﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻳ→ﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢﺑﻨﺪ^ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢﺑﻨﺪ^ ﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﻧﻤ∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬‬


‫ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣ →→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ^ ﺯﻧ →→ﺪﮔ∂‪ ،‬ﺧ →ﻮﺍﺏ ﻭ ﻏ →→ﺬﺍ ﺧ →→ﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﺍﻧ →→ﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭ ﻃ→→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۲‬‬


‫ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣ →→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ^ ﻛ →→ﺴﺐ ﻭ ﭘ →→ﻴﺸﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻬﻮﻳﻪ )ﻣ→→ﺼﻨﻮﻋ∂ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﻃ→→ﺒﻴﻌ∂(‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﺷﺎﻏﻠﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^ ﺗﺠﻤﻌ∂‪ ،‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭ^‪،‬‬
‫ﺣ →→ﺮﻓﻪﺍ^‪ ،‬ﺻ →→ﻨﻌﺘ∂‪ ،‬ﻛ →→ﺴﺒ∂‪ /‬ﺗ →→ﺠﺎﺭ^‪ ،‬ﺍﻧ →→ﺒﺎﺭ^ ﻭ ﻣ →→ﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩﺁﻣﻴﺰ ﻣ →→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭ ﮔ →→ﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺷ →→ﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﺭﺍﻳ→ →→ﻪ ﺧ→ →→ﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺣ →→ﺮﻓﻪﺍ^ ﻭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗ→ →→ﻌﻤﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓ →→ﺮﻭﺵ ﻭ ﺍﻧ →→ﺒﺎﺭ ﻣ →→ﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻭ ﻣ→ →ﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗ →→ﻔﺮﻳﺢ‪،‬‬
‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻭ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺍﻳ∂ ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲Ω‬ﻧﻔﺮ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۳‬‬


‫ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ‪ ۲Ω‬ﻧ→→ﻔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻗ→→ﺎﻣﺖ ﻣ→→ﻮﻗﺖ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺍﺷ→→ﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻧ→→ﺪ ﻭ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﻓ→→ﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺟ→ﻤﻌ∂ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻣ→→∂ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻣ→→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳ→ﺎﻟﻦ ﺳ→ﻴﻨﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳ→ﺎﻟﻦ ﺭﺳ→ﺘﻮﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳ→→ﺎﻟﻦ ﺗ→ﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻝ ﻣ→ﺴﺎﻓﺮﺑﺮ^‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻟﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻼﺱ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻟﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻟﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺭﺯﺷ∂‬
‫ﺟﺰﺀ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪℮‬‬


‫ﺷ→→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻫ→→ﻤﻪ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻧ→→ﺒﺎﺭ ﻛ→→ﺮﺩﻥ ﻛ→ﺎﻻﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣ→ﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻏ→ﻴﺮﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎ∑ ﻣ→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻧﻤ∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۹‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪Q‬‬


‫ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﭘ→→ﺨﺖ ﻭ ﭘ→→ﺰ ﻭ ﺗ→→ﻬﻴﻪ ﻏ→→ﺬﺍ ﻣ→→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ→→∂ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣ →ﻮﺍﺭﺩ^ ﺍﺯ ﻫ→→ﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻀﺎ ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧ↔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺟﺪﺍﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﺁﺷﭙـﺰﺧﺎﻧ↔ ﺑﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻓﻀـﺎ^ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ^‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧـ↔ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ^‪ ،‬ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﺟﺎﺳﺎﺯ^ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣ∂ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺭﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺍﺻﻠ∂ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ( ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ^ ﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ⅛‬


‫ﻓ→ → →→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→ → →→ﻪ ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗ→ → →→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺑ→ → →→ﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺷ→ → →→ﺎﻣﻞ ﺗ → → →ﻮﺍﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳ → →→ﺘﺸﻮﻳ∂ ﻭ ﺣ → →→ﻤﺎﻡ ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ^ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ∂ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺧﻠ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۷‬‬


‫ﻓ → →→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﺑ → →→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺭﺗ → →→ﺒﺎﻁ ﺑ → →→ﻴﻦ ﻓ → →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧ → →→ﻞ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗ→ →→ﺼﺮﻑ ﻣ→ →→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳ→ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗ → →ﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣ∂ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۸‬‬


‫ﻓ → →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→ → →→ﻪ ﺗ → →→ﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻭﺳ → →→ﺎﻳﻞ ﺗ → →→ﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺗ∂ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻧ → →→ﺼﺐ ﻣ→ → →→∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ → →→ﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۹‬‬


‫ﺗ →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻭﺳ →→ﺎﻳﻞ ﻧ →→ﻘﻠﻴﻪ ﻣ →→ﺤﻞﻫﺎ^ ﺗ →→ﻮﻗﻒ ﻭ ﻧ →→ﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ^ ﻭﺳ →→ﺎﻳﻞ ﻧ→→ﻘﻠﻴﻪ ﻫ→→ﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺗ→→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^‬

‫‪۱Ω‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱Ω‬‬
‫ﺗ→→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→→ﺨﺘﺺ ﻭﺳ→→ﺎﻳﻞ ﻧ→→ﻘﻠﻴ↔ ﺳ→→ﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺧ→ﺼﻮﺻ∂‬
‫ﻣ→ﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﮔ→ﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→ﺨﺘﺺ ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^ ﻋ→ﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻭ ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺍﻣ→ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺳ→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗ→→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺧ→→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺑ→→ﻪﺳﻪ ﮔ→ﺮﻭﻩ ﻛ→ﻮﭼ‪) −‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻛ→ﺜﺮ ‪ ۳‬ﻣ→ﺤﻞ ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻒ ﺧ→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ(‪ ،‬ﻣ→ﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫)ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ‪ ℮‬ﺗ→→ﺎ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻛ→ﺜﺮ ‪ ۲Q‬ﻣ→ﺤﻞ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ(‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ )ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲Q‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ(‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺧﺼﻮﺻ∂ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺑﺎﺯ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱۱‬‬


‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﺍﺻﻠ∂‪:‬‬
‫ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻛ →→ﻪ ﻗ →→ﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﻋ →→ﻈﻢ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ^ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺗ →→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣ →→∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧ →→ﺴﺒﺖ ﺳ →→ﻄﻮﺡ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺯﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎ^ ﻫﻤﻜﻒ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎ^ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ^ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ( ﺣﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ^ ﺩﺍﺧﻠ∂‪:‬‬


‫ﺏ ـ ‪ (۱‬ﺣ→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺧ→ﻠﻮﺕ )ﻓﺮﻋ∂(‪ :‬ﻓﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﺍﺻﻠ∂ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺘﻬ∂ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻣ∂ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺘ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ ـ ‪ (۲‬ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﻣ →→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ )ﭘ →→ﺎﺳﻴﻮ(‪ :‬ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→→ﻴﺎﻥ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑ→→ﻪﻃﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣ→→ﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺍﺿ→→ﻼﻉ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→→ﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻣ→→ﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻳ→ﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻭﻇ→→ﻴﻔ↔ ﺗ→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗ→ﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﺑ→ﺨﺸ∂‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ ـ ‪ (۳‬ﺣ→ﻴﺎﻁ ﻣ→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ )ﮔ→ﻮﺩﺍﻝ ﺑ→→ﺎﻏﭽﻪ(‪ :‬ﻓ→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑ→ﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣ→ﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﻄﺤ∂ ﭘ→ﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺗ→ﺮﺍﺯ ﻃ→ﺒﻘﻪ ﻫ→ﻤﻜﻒ ﻗ→ﺮﺍﺭ ﮔ→ﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻭﻇﻴﻔ↔ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﺨﺸ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪۱۱‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺏ ـ ‪ (℮‬ﺣ→ﻴﺎﻁ ﻣ→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ )ﺣ→ﻴﺎﻁ ﻣ→ﺮﻛﺰ^ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ :(۳‬ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑ→ﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬
‫ﻫ →→ﻤﻜﻒ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺗ →→ﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺣ →→ﺠﺎﻡ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﻫ →→ﻤﺎﻥ ﭘ→→ﻼ∑ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻃ→→ﺮﻑ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺑ→→ﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣ→→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﮔ→→ﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑ→→ﺎ‬
‫ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎ^ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ^ ﻣ∂ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﺍﺻﻠ∂ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ( ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺑﺎﺯ‪:‬‬


‫ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻣ →→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑ →→ﺎﻟﻜﻦ ﻭ ﺍﻳ →ﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺧ→→ﻞ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ→→∂ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑ→→ﻪﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷ→→ﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﺒﺎﻁ ﺑ→→ﺎ‬
‫ﻫ →ﻮﺍ^ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧ →→ﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍ^ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻭﺟ →→ﻪ ﺁﻧ→→ﻬﺎ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯ ﺑ→→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓ→→ﻀﺎ^ ﻧ→→ﻴﻤﻪﺑﺎﺯ ﻣ→→ﺤﺴﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ ـ ‪ (۱‬ﺑ→→ﺎﻟﻜﻦ‪ :‬ﺳ→ﻄﺤ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻳ‪ ،−‬ﺩﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭﺕ ﻫﻮﺍ^ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠ↔ ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺑﺴﺘﻪﺍ^ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﻧﮕﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ ـ ‪ (۲‬ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻟﻜﻦ ﻛ→ →→ﻢﻋﺮﺽ‪ :‬ﺑ→→ﺎﻟﻜﻨ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻋ→→ﺮﺽ ﻛ→→ﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‪ Ω/QΩ‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻛ→→ﺜﺮ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻃ→→ﻮﻟ∂ ﺑ →ﺮﺍﺑ→→ﺮ ﺑ→→ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻋﺮﺽ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﺍ^ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻒ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ ـ ‪ (۳‬ﻣ→ﻬﺘﺎﺑ∂ )ﺗ→ﺮﺍﺱ(‪ :‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﺭﻭﺑﺎﺯ^ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻡ ﻃﺒﻘ↔ ﺯﻳﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﻳ∂‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ ـ ‪ (℮‬ﺍﻳ →→ﻮﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻃ →→ﺮﻑ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﻫ →ﻮﺍ^ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺑ →→ﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣ→→ﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳ →ﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻣﺴﻘﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ ـ ‪ (Q‬ﻣ →→ﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺁﻓ →→ﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ‪ :‬ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﻧ →→ﻴﻤﻪﺑﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺧ →→ﺬ ﻣ→→ﺠﻮﺯ ﺍﺯ ﺷ→→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫ→→ﺎ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺳ→→ﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣ→ﺮﺍﺟ→ﻊ ﺻ→ﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ→ﻪ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺷ→ﺮﺍﻳ→→ﻂ ﺍﻗ→ﻠﻴﻤ∂ ﻣ→→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑ→ﺎ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺷﻔﺎﻑ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳ→ﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑ→→ﺘﺪﺍ ﺑ→→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑ→ﺨﺸ∂ ﺍﺯ ﻓ→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﺻ→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺮﮊ^ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪۱۲‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺸﺎﻉ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬‬

‫ﺑ→ﺨﺶﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧ→ﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻗ→ﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗ→→ﻤﻠ‪ −‬ﺁﭘ→ﺎﺭﺗﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬‬

‫ﺷ → →→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻓ → →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳ → →→ﻄﻮﺣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ→ → →→ﻪ ﺑ → →→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻛ→ → →→ﻤ‪ −‬ﻭ ﺍﻣ → →→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ → →→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻣ → →ﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺿ → →→ﻄﺮﺍﺭ^ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ⅛‬

‫ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻫ→→ﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺑ→→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ »ﻛ→→ﻮﺷ‪ «−‬ﻣ→→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧ→→ﻞ ﻣ→→ﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﻠ‪ −‬ﺑ→ﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺗ→ﺼﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﭘﻼ∑ﻫﺎ^ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۷‬‬

‫ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻫ→ﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺑ→ﻪﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ→→ﻠ‪ −‬ﻣ→ﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﻣ→ﺘﺼﻞ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺪﻓﺎﺻﻞ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺯ ﺍﻧﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ﭘﺎﻛﺖ ﺣﺠﻤ∂ ﺑﻨﺎ‬

‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺳﺎﺩﻩﺷﺪﻩﺍ^ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﺼﻮﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﻁ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۹‬‬

‫ﺳ→ﻄﺤ∂ ﺍﺯ ﻧ→→ﻤﺎ ﻭ ﻳ→ﺎ ﺩﻳ→ﻮﺍﺭﻫ→ﺎ^ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯ ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺷ →→ﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻳ →→ﺎ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﻣ →→ﺼﺎﻟﺤ∂ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﻗ→→ﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻋ→→ﺒﻮﺭ ﻧ→→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫ →ﻮﺍ ﺩﺍﺷ→→ﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺍﻣ→→ﻜﺎﻥ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺑ→→ﺴﺘﻪ ﺷ→→ﺪﻥ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۱۳‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻏﻴﺮﺭﻳﺰﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱Ω‬‬

‫ﻣ→ﺼﺎﻟﺤ∂ ﻫ→ﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺍﮔ→ﺮ ﺑ→→ﻪﻫﺮ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﻳﺰﺵ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎ^ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱۱‬‬

‫ﺑﺨﺸ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ↓ ﺧﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺩﻳﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎ^ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﺍ^‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱۲‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ ﻛ→ﻪ ﻧ→ﻤﺎ^ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ⅛Ω‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﻤﺎ^ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﺍ^‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﻪﺩﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧ→ →→ﻤﺎ^ ﺷ→ →→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﭘ→ →→ﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‪ :‬ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻧﻤﺎﻳ∂ ﺷ→ →→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﺍﻃ→ →→ﻼﻕ ﻣ→ →→∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺳ→ → →→ﻄﻮﺣ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺷ→ → →→ﻴﺸﻪ ﺑ→ → →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﻃﻮﺭ^ ﻛ→ → →→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ → →→ﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺑ→ → →→ﻪ ‪ ۲Ω‬ﻣ→ → →→ﺘﺮ ﻣ → →→ﺮﺑﻊ ﻭ ﺑ → →→ﻴﺸﺘﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﺍ^ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧ→→ﻤﺎ^ ﺷ→→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﻧ→→ﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‪ :‬ﺑ→→ﻪﻧﻤﺎﻳ∂ ﺷ →→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﺍﻃ→→ﻼﻕ ﻣ→→∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛ→→ﻪ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺳ →→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺷ →→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﺑ→→ﺎﺷﺪ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→→ﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ‪ ۲Ω‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﻣ→→ﺮﺑﻌ∂ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟ→→ﺪﺍﻛ→→ﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻣ→→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻴﺒﺮﺍﻫﻪ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱۳‬‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﻴﺒﺪﺍﺭ^ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﺮﺍ^ ﺧﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱℮‬‬

‫ﻣ→ﺠﺮﺍﻳ→∂ ﻣ→→ﻨﺘﻬ∂ ﺑ→→ﻪﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺑ→ﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→→ﺠﺎﻭﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍ^ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ‬

‫‪۱℮‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺗ→→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯﺷﻮﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﺑ→→ﻪﺁﻥ )ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧ→ﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑ→ﺎ ﺗ→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ→ﻮﺍ^ ﻃ→→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﭼ→ﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→→ﻠ∂‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ(‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍ^ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱Q‬‬

‫ﺳﻄﺤ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎ^ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻧﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ^ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ^ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ⅛‪۱‬‬

‫ﺳ →→ﻄﻮﺣ∂ ﻫ →→ﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛ→ →→ﻪ ﺟ →→ﻬﺖ ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ^ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ →ﻮﺍ^ ﻃ →→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻃ →→ﺒﻖ ﺟ →→ﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺷ → →→ﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ۲‬ﺍﻳ → →→ﻦ ﻣ → →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺩﺭ ﻧ → →→ﻈﺮ ﮔ → →→ﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣ→ → →→∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣ → →→ﺤﺎﺳﺒ↔ ﺍﻳ → →→ﻦ ﺳ → →→ﻄﻮﺡ‪ ،‬ﻣ → →→ﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺳ → →→ﻄﻮﺡ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۱Q‬‬
‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬

‫ﺭﻋ→ →→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺿ → →ﻮﺍﺑ→ →→ﻂ ﻭ ﺩﻳ→ →→ﮕﺮ ﻣ→ →→ﺼﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺷ→ →→ﻮﺭﺍ^ ﻋ→ →→ﺎﻟ∂ ﺷ→ →→ﻬﺮﺳﺎﺯ^ ﻭ ﻣ→ →→ﻌﻤﺎﺭ^ ﺍﻳ → →ﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﭼ →→ﻮﻥ ﺿ→ →ﻮﺍﺑ→ →→ﻂ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣ→→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺷ→→ﻬﺮﺳﺎﺯ^ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﻌﻤﺎﺭ^ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ^ ﺍﻓ →ﺮﺍﺩ ﻣ→ﻌﻠﻮﻝ ﺟ→ﺴﻤ∂ ـ ﺣ→ﺮﻛﺘ∂ ﻭ ﺿ→ﻮﺍﺑ→ﻂ ﻃ→ﺮﺡﻫﺎ^ ﺟ→ﺎﻣﻊ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ^ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﻤﺠﻮﺍﺭ^ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬‬


‫ﺩﺭ ﻫ→ﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺑ→ﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ ﺍﺯ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧ→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻧ→ﺤﻮ↓ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺗ∂ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣ → →→ﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﺑ → →→ﺎ ﺿ → →ﻮﺍﺑ → →→ﻂ ﻃ → →→ﺮﺡﻫﺎ^ ﺗ → →→ﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺷ → →→ﻬﺮ^ ﮔ → →→ﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗ → →→ﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧ → →→ﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻣ → →→ﺮﺟﻊ ﺗ → →→ﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣ → →→ﻐﺎﻳﺮﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻣ → →→ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗ→ → →ﺮﺍﺭﮔ → →→ﻴﺮ^ ﺗ → →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^ ﻣ → →→ﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻛ → →→ﺎﺭﺑﺮ^‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬‬

‫‪۱۷‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺯﻣ→ →→ﻴﻦ‪ ۱‬ﻭﺍﺣ→ →→ﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳ→ →→ﺎ ﻭﺟ→ →→ﻮﺩ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺗ→ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→ →→ﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﻣ →→ﺠﺎﻭﺭﺕ ﻳ →→ﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎ^ ﺗﻮﺳﻌ↔ ﺷﻬﺮ^ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣ→ﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎ^ ﻛ→ﻠ∂ ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻧ→ﻈﺮ ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑ ﺑ→→ﻪﺍﺯﺍ^ ﻫ→ﺮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫ →→ﻤﺠﻮﺍﺭ^ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻧﺤﻮ^ ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﮔ →→ﻴﺮﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﻣ →→ﺴﺌﻠﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺍﺷ → → →ﺮﺍﻑ ﻭ ﺩﻳ→ → →→ﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺗ→ → →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^ ﺩﻳ→ → →→ﮕﺮ ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→ → →→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻃ → →→ﺮﻳﻖ ﺑ → →→ﺎﺯﺷﻮﻫﺎ^ ﭘ → →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﻳ → →→ﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺏﻫﺎ^ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ^ )ﺑﺎ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ (Q‬ﺑﻪﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧ →→ﺤﻮ↓ ﻗ→ →ﺮﺍﺭﮔ →→ﻴﺮ^ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→ →→ﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﻫ →→ﺮ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑ ﻭ ﻫ →→ﻤﺠﻮﺍﺭ^ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Q‬‬
‫ﻣ→ﺠﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻃ→ﺮﺡ ﻣ→ﻌﻤﺎﺭ^ ﺑﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫ → →→ﻤﺠﻮﺍﺭ^ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ^ ﻭ ﻓ → →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺩﻳ → →→ﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧ→ →→ﻞ ﺗ→ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→ →→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬ـ⅛‬
‫ﺑ→→ﻪﻧﺤﻮ^ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺕ ﮔ→→ﻴﺮﺩ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺩﻳ→ﺪ ﺑ→ﻴﮕﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ^ ﺑ→→ﻪﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺩﺍﺧ→ﻠ∂ ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑ ﻣ→ﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﮔ→ﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﻪﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ→ﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛ→→ﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻓ→ﻀﺎ ﺑ→→ﻪﻓﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﺩﻳ→ﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ﺎ ﺍﺧﺬ ﻣﺠﻮﺯ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۷‬‬
‫ﺷ→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺳ→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ→ﺮﺍﺟ→ﻊ ﺻ→ﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ→↔ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻧ→ﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺁﻥ ﺑ→ﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→ﺎﺕ ﻓ→ﻀﺎ^ ﺟ→ﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪Land Use‬‬ ‫‪.۱‬‬

‫‪۱۸‬‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﻴﺮ^ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬‬


‫ﺍﺣ→ → →→ﺪﺍﺙ ﺳ→ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣ→ → →→ﻴﻦﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻣ→ → →→ﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ→ → →→ﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺷ → →→ﺒﻜ↔ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺁﻣ→ → →→ﺪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣ→ﻴﻦﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎ^ ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ→→ﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑ→ﻪﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ‪ ۱‬ﺗ→ﺎ ‪ ۳‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ ﻣ→ﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺍﻣ→ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻣ→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→ﺎﻧ∂ ﻭ ﺍﻃ→→ﻔﺎ^‬
‫ﺣﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺍﺣ →→ﺪﺍﺙ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧ →→ﺤﻮ↓ ﺍﺳ →→ﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣ→→ﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺑ→→ﻨﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑ→→ﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎ^‬
‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨ∂ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ∂‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﺩﺷﮕﺮ^ ﻭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺳﺘ∂ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ^ ﺯﻣ→ →→ﻴﻦﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻣ→ →→∂ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﭘ →→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ →→↔ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭﺧ→ →ﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﻧ →→ﻤﻮﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺍﻣ →→ﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻪﺷﺒﻜ↔ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸ∂ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺷﺒﻜ↔ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Q‬‬
‫ﺍﺣ → → →→ﺪﺍﺙ ﺳ → → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣ → → →→ﻴﻦﻫﺎ^ ﻧ → → →→ﺰﺩﻳ‪ −‬ﺟ → → →→ﻨﮕﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻳ→ → →→ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳ→ → →→ﺎ ﭘ→ → →→ﺎﺭ∑ﻫﺎ^‬
‫ﺣ→→ﻔﺎﻇﺖﺷﺪ↓ ﻣ→→ﻠ∂ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→→ﻪﻧﺤﻮ^ ﺑ→→ﺎﺷﺪ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ‪ ۳Ω‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﺑ→→ﻴﻦ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﺍﺭﺍﺿ→∂ ﻓ→ﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺟ →→ﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷ →→ﺘﻪ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟ →→ﻮﺩ ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ →→ﻂ ﻭ ﺣ →→ﺮﻳﻢﻫﺎ^ ﺩﻳ →→ﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣ →→ﺮﻳﻢ ﺑ →→ﺰﺭﮒﺗﺮ ﻣ→→ﻼ∑ ﻋ →→ﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻋ →→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺣ →→ﺮﻳﻢﻫﺎ^ ﻣ →→ﺼﻮﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺣ →→ﺎﺷﻴ↔ ﻣ →→ﺴﻴﻞﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧ →→ﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻧ →→ﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑ →→ﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﮔ →→ﺎﺯ‪،‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛‬
‫ﻧ→ →→ﻔﺖ‪ ،‬ﻗ→ →→ﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﭼ→ →→ﺸﻤﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧ→ →→ﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﻳﺮ ﺗ →→ﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺷ →→ﻬﺮ^ ﺑ→ →ﺮﺍ^ ﻛ →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﮔ →→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۷‬‬
‫ﺭﻋ→ →→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺿ → →ﻮﺍﺑ→ →→ﻂ ﻃ →→ﺮﺡﻫﺎ^ ﺗ →→ﻮﺳﻌ↔ ﺷ →→ﻬﺮ^ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑ →→ﻄﻪ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﻣ →→ﺤﻞ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺖ ﺑ→ →→ﻨﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻛﺖ ﺣﺠﻤ∂ ﺑﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎ^ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪۱۹‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺭﻋ→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺿ→ﻮﺍﺑ→→ﻂ ﻃ→ﺮﺡﻫﺎ^ ﺗ→ﻮﺳﻌ↔ ﺷ→ﻬﺮ^ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑ→ﻄﻪ ﺑ→ﺎ ﺟ→ﺎﻧﻤﺎﻳ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬‬
‫ﺯﻣ→ →→ﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺟ→ →→ﻬﺖﮔﻴﺮ^ ﺗ→ →→ﻌﻴﻴﻦﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﺗ →→ﻮﺟﻪ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﺷﺮﺍﻳ →→ﻂ ﺍﻗ →→ﻠﻴﻤ∂ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧ →→ﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﻣ →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﻧ →→ﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻭ ﻛﻒ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻣ→→ﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻧ→ﻤﺎ^ ﻛ→→ﻠ∂ ﺧ→ﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺷﻬﺮ^ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺑ∂ﻧﻈﻤ∂‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛‬
‫ﺏ( ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻒ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﻳﺎ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ؛‬
‫ﺝ( ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻛﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻛﺮﻳﺰ^ ﺑﻴﻬﻮﺩﻩ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ^ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺑـﺮ ﻭ ﻛـﻒ ﻭ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـ↔‬
‫ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﺮﺍﺳ→ﺎﺱ ﻃ→ﺮﺡﻫﺎ^ ﺗ→ﻮﺳﻌ↔ ﺷ→ﻬﺮ^ ﻣ→ﺼﻮﺏ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۳‬‬


‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪:‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺗ→→ﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻃ→→ﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﻣ→→ﺠﺎﺯ ﮔ→→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ‪ ۱‬ﻭ ‪ ۲‬ﻭ ‪ ۳‬ﻳ‪ −‬ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﻃ→→ﺒﻘﻪ )ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻛ→ﺜﺮ ﺗ→→ﺎ ‪۸/QΩ‬‬
‫ﻣ→ → → →→ﺘﺮ ﺍﺭﺗ→ → → →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ → → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺯﻳ→ → → →→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑ→ → → →→ﺎ ﭘ→ → → →→ﻨﺠﺮ↓ ﻧ→ → → →→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻧ → → →→ﻤﺎ ﻭ ‪ ۷/۳Ω‬ﻣ → → →→ﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﻓ→→ﺎﻗﺪ ﺁﻥ(‪ ،‬ﮔ→→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﭼ→→ﻬﺎﺭ ﻭ ﭘ→→ﻨﺞ‪ ۳ ،‬ﻭ ‪ ℮‬ﻃ→→ﺒﻘﻪ )ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻛ→→ﺜﺮ ﺗ→→ﺎ ‪۱℮/۹Ω‬‬
‫ﻣ → → →→ﺘﺮ ﺍﺭﺗ → → →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭ ﺳ → → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺯﻳ → → →→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑ → → →→ﺎ ﭘ → → →→ﻨﺠﺮ↓ ﻧ → → →→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻧ → → →→ﻤﺎ ﻭ ‪ ۱۳/۷Ω‬ﻣ → → →→ﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﻓ → →→ﺎﻗﺪ ﺁﻥ( ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﮔ → →→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﺷﺶ ﻭ ﻫ → →→ﻔﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →→ﻪﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗ→ →→ﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻃ→ →→ﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺧ →ﻮﺍﻫ →→ﺪ ﺑ →→ﻮﺩ )ﻣ →→ﺒﻨﺎ^ ﻣ →→ﺤﺎﺳﺒ↔ ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﺗ →ﺮﺍﺯ ﻣ →→ﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻛ →→ﻒ ﻣ →→ﻌﺒﺮ ﻣ →→ﺠﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗ →→ﺎ ﻣ →→ﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺳ →→ﻘﻒ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺐﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄ↔ ﺟﺎﻥﭘﻨﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻘﻒﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ(‪.‬‬

‫‪۲Ω‬‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ → → →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻓ → → → →ﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺭﺗ→ → → →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺑ→ → → →→ﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺣ→ → → →→ﺪﻭﺩ ﺗ→ → → →→ﻌﻴﻴﻦﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﮔ → → →→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^‬
‫ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﻧ →→ﻴﺎﺯ ﺑ →→ﻪﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣ →→ﺠﻮﺯ ﺧ →→ﺎﺹ ﺍﺯ ﺷ →→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ ﻭ ﺳ →→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ →ﺮﺍﺟ →→ﻊ ﺻ →→ﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ →→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ →→↔ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ﻃ→ﺮﺍﺣ→∂ ﻭ ﺍﺟ→ﺮﺍ^ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺗ∂ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ↓‬
‫ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ∂‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔ∂ﻫﺎ^ ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻃ →→ﻮﺭ^ ﻃ→ →ﺮﺍﺣ →→∂ ﺷ →→ﻮﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺷ →→ﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ‪ ،‬ﺭﻧﮓ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪ Q‬ﺗ→ﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣ→→ﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑ→ﻮﺩﻥ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻋ→ﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺷ→ﻬﺮ^ ﺩﺭ ﺑ→→ﻨﺪﻫﺎ^ ﻓ→ﻮﻕ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧ↔ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﻤﺎ^ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬‬


‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ﻃ →ﺮﺍﺣ→→∂ ﻧ→→ﻤﺎ^ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧ→→ﻮﻉ ﻣ→→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺁﻥ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→→ﺮﺍﺳ→→ﺎﺱ ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ→→ﻂ ﻣ→ﺼﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﺷﻬﺮ^ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻨﺪ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ﺩﺭ ﻃ →ﺮﺍﺣ→→∂ ﻧ→→ﻤﺎ^ ﺷ→→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ )ﺍﻋ→→ﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻧ→ﻤﺎ^ ﺷ→→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﭘ→ﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻳ →→ﺎ ﻧ →→ﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻧ→→ﺠﺎﻡ ﻣ→→ﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺣ →ﺮﺍﺭﺗ→→∂ ﺑ→→ﺮﺍﺳ→→ﺎﺱ ﻣ→→ﻔﺎﺩ ﻣ→→ﺒﺤﺚ ﻧ→→ﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ ﻣ→→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ﺍﺳ→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﻫﺎ^ ﺑﺎﺯﺗﺎﺑ∂‪ ۲‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺑ→ﺰﺭﮔﺮﺍﻩﻫ→ﺎ ﻭ ﺷ→ﺮﻳﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﺍﺻ→→ﻠ∂ ﻋ→ﺒﻮﺭ^ ﺷ→ﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣ→ﻨﻮﻁ ﺑ→→ﻪﻛﺴﺐ ﻣ→ﺠﻮﺯ ﺍﺯ ﺷ→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬
‫ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧ↔ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪Reflex .۲‬‬

‫‪۲۱‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗ →→ﻤﺎﻡ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﻧ →→ﻤﺎ^ ﺷ→ →→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ^‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻧ →→ﻈﺮ ﮔ →→ﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺗ →→ﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﻤﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺒﻬ↔ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧ∂ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧ→ﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻧ→ﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺗ→ﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻻﻳ→→ﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺿ→ﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺷ→→ﻴﺸﻪ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫ→ﺎ^‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬‬
‫ﻣﻠ∂ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧ→→ﻤﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺷ→→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﭘ→→ﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﻣ→ﻤﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬ـ⅛‬


‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ →→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺷ →→ﻔﺎﻑ ﻧ →→ﻤﺎ^ ﺷ →→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ →→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺗ∂ ﺗ →→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷ→→ﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۷‬‬
‫ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺍﻣ →→ﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﻳ →→ﺰﺵ ﺷ →→ﻴﺸﻪ ﺑ →→ﻪﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻣ →→ﻌﺒﺮ ﻋ →→ﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻭﺟ →→ﻮﺩ ﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺷ →→ﺘﻪ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^‬
‫ﻏ→→ﻴﺮﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﮔ→→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ،۷‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﻧ→→ﻤﺎ^ ﺷ→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﭘ→ﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺭﻋ→ﺎﻳﺖ ﻓ→→ﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ‪ ۲/ΩΩ‬ﻣ→ﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎ ﺗﺎ ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩﺭﻭ ﻭ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ↓ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺳ→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ‪ Ω/۹Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۸‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۱/QΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﺸ↔ ﺍﻳﻤﻦ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﺭﻳﺰﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۹‬‬
‫ﻣ →→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻧ →→ﻤﺎ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ →→ﻪﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺍﺗ →→ﺼﺎﻝ ﻛ →→ﺎﻓ∂ ﻭ ﻣ →→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ ﺗ→→ﺎ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺮ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻦ ﻧﻤﺎ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ → →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺳ → →→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺧ → →→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑ → →→ﻪﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﻳ → →→ﻤﻨ∂ ﻭ ﺯﻳ → →→ﺒﺎﺳﺎﺯ^ ﻣ → →→ﻨﻈﺮ↓‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱Ω‬‬
‫ﺷ→ﻬﺮ^‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺷ→ﺮﺍﻳ→ﻂ ﻣ→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧ→ﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ^ ﺷ→ﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻛ→→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺩﻳ→ﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎ^ ﺧﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺟ → →→ﻮ^‪ ،‬ﺑ → →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻋ → →→ﺎﺭ^ ﺍﺯ ﻫ → →→ﺮ ﮔ→ →→ﻮﻧﻪ ﺳ→ →→ﻮﺭﺍﺥ ﻭ ﺷ→ →→ﻜﺎﻑ ﺍﺿ→ →→ﺎﻓ∂ ﻭ ﻣ→ →→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺯﻧﮓﺯﺩﻩ ﻭ ﭘ→ →→ﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿ→→ﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﺁﻭﻳ→→ﺰ ﺑ→→ﻪﺳﺎﺯﻩ‪ ،‬ﺷ→→ﺎﻣﻞ ﺳ→→ﺎﻳﺒﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗ→→ﺎﺑﻠﻮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘ→ﻠﻪﻫﺎ^ ﻓ→ﺮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻩﭘ→ﻠﻪﻫﺎ^ ﺧ→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺩﻛﺶﻫ→ﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ^ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻳﻤﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۲۲‬‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖﮔﺬﺍﺭ^‪ ،‬ﻧﺼﺐ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻎ ﻭ ﺁﮔﻬ∂ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻧﻤﺎ^‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱۱‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺑﺎﺯ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Q‬‬


‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪ↓ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍ^‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣ→ﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺿ→ﺮﻭﺭ^ ﺩﻳ→ﮕﺮ^ ﭼ→ﻮﻥ ﺷ→→ﻴﺒﺮﺍﻫ→ﻪ ﻭ ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻩﻫ→ﺎ ﻭ ﺟ→ﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻣ→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→ﺎﻧ∂ )ﻃﺒﻖ ﺑﻨﺪ ‪ ℮‬ـ‬
‫‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ (۱۳‬ﻣ→→ﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻧ→ﺸﺪﻩ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺳﺒﺰ ﻭ ﺁﺏﻧﻤﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﺎﺯ^ ﺑﭽﻪﻫﺎ )ﺑﺎ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯ^ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺁﻥ(‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ→→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ℮‬ﻭ ⅛‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﺣ→→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺧ→→ﻠﻮﺕ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﺍﺻ→→ﻠ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺷ →→ﺘﻪ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺟ →→ﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻣ →→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ →→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺧ →→ﻠﻮﺕ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳ→→ﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﺑ→→ﻪﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃ →→ﺮﻳﻖ ﻣ →→ﻌﺒﺮ ﻣ →→ﺴﺘﻘﻠ∂ )ﻃ →→ﺒﻖ ﺑ →→ﻨﺪ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ⅛( ﺗ →→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﮔ →→ﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ →ﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑ→ﺮﺍ^ ﺩﺳ→ﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﺑ→→ﻪﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺧ→ﻠﻮﺕ ﻣ→→∂ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺧ→ﻞ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺑ→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﻳ→ﮋﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻘ↔ ﻫﻤﻜﻒ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣ→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺧ→ﻠﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻗ→ﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﺟ→ﻨﻮﺑ∂ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺩﻳ→ﻮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻧ→ﺮﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺼﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺳﺒﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﺟﺪﺍ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﺟﻨﻮﺑ∂ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﻣ→ﺠﺰﺍ ﺑ→ﻪﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﺍﺻ→→ﻠ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﺍﻫ→ﺮﻭ ﻳ→ﺎ ﭘ→→ﻠﻜﺎﻥ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ^ ﺗ→ﻤﺎﻡ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺳ→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺩﻳ→ﻮﺍﺭﻫ→ﺎ^ ﺟﺎﻧﺒ∂ ﺣﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺣﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ^ ﺧﻠﻮﺗ∂ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪Q‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺩﻳﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﺳﺎﺯ^ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۲۳‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Q‬ـ⅛‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ → →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻣ → →→ﺴﻘﻒ ﺷ→ →→ﺪﻥ ﺣ→ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﻣ→ →→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ )ﭘ→ →→ﺎﺳﻴﻮ( ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﻣ→ →→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺷ→ →→ﻔﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﮔﻴﺮ^ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮﻫﺎ^ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻓ∂ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ → →→ﻒ ﺗ→ →→ﻤﺎﻣ∂ ﺣ→ →→ﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ^ ﺩﺍﺧ→ →→ﻠ∂ )ﺣ→ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺧ→ →→ﻠﻮﺕ ﻭ ﺣ→ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﻣ→ →→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ(‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۷‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺷ →→ﻴﺐﺑﻨﺪ^ ﻣ→→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻓ→→ﻊ ﺁﺏﻫ→→ﺎ^ ﺳ→→ﻄﺤ∂ ﻭ ﺩﺳ→→ﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﻣ→→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟ→→ﻬﺖ ﻧ→→ﻈﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﻃ→→ﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺯﻳ→→ﺮﻳﻦ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ )ﺯﻳ→→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﻫ→→ﻤﻜﻒ( ﺑ→→ﻪﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕـﺎﻩ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۸‬‬
‫ﺍﺧ →→ﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷ →→ﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ^ ﺩﺍﺧ →→ﻠ∂ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ^ ﺗ →→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﺍﺗ →→ﺎﻕﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﻗ →→ﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺳ→ﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺷ→ﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟ∂ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﻴﺮ^ ﻧﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺳ→ → →→ﻘﻔ∂ ﻓ → → →→ﺎﻗﺪ ﺑ→ → →→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺣ→ → →→ﺪ ﻓ→ → →→ﺎﺻﻞ ﺗ→ → →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺣ → →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﻣ → →→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﺳ → →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣ → →→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﺭﻳﺰﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻼﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ →→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ۱‬ﺗ →→ﺎ ‪ ،Q‬ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ^ ﺩﺍﺧ→→ﻠ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ^ ﺗ→→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ→→ﻮﺭ ﻭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۹‬‬
‫ﺗ →→ﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻃ →→ﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﭘ →→ﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﻣ→ →→∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ‪ ۱۲‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ ﻣ →→ﺮﺑﻊ ﻣ→ →→ﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺑ →→ﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۳‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ → →→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ۱‬ﺗ → →→ﺎ ‪ ،Q‬ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ^ ﺯﻣ→ →→ﻴﻦﻫﺎ^ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﻣ→ →→ﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺑ→ →→ﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ ‪۱Ω‬‬
‫‪ ۲ΩΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺧﻠ∂ ﺑﻪﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ⅛ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ→→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ۱‬ﺗ→→ﺎ ‪ ،Q‬ﺍﮔ→→ﺮ ﺣ→→ﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ^ ﺩﺍﺧ→→ﻠ∂ ﻓ→→ﻘﻂ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ^ ﺗ→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ ‪۱۱‬‬
‫ﻧ→ →→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗ→ →→ﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﺁﺷ→ →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻳ→ →→ﺎ ﺍﻧ→ →→ﺒﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻃ →→ﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﭘ →→ﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﺷ →→ﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ→ →→ﻞ ⅛ ﻣ →→ﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻣ→ﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۲‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﺯﻣﻴﻦﻫﺎ^ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲ΩΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬
‫ﺣ→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺧ→ﻠ∂ ﺑ→ﻪﺍﻧ→ﺪﺍﺯ↓ ‪ %۳‬ﻣ→ﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎ^ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ ‪ ۱Q‬ﻭ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ ⅛‪،۱‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪۲℮‬‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ →→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ،۳‬ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ^ ﻣ →→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﺑ →→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔ →→ﻮﺩﺍﻝ ﺑ →→ﺎﻏﭽﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ ‪۱۲‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ → →→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﺑ → →→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗ → →→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ → →→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗ → →→ﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﻓ → →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺳ → →→ﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺷ → →→ﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳ → →→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻣ→ →→ﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۹‬ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۳‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﻘﻒ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺣﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ )ﮔﻮﺩﺍﻝ ﺑﺎﻏﭽﻪ( ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ‪۱۳‬‬

‫ﺣ→ →→ﺪﺍﻗ→ →→ﻞ ﻋ→ →→ﺮﺽ ﺣ→ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺧ→ →→ﻠﻮﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣ →→ﻴﻦﻫﺎ^ ﺑ →→ﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲ΩΩ‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑ →→ﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ ‪۱℮‬‬
‫ﺭﻋ →→ﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺳ →→ﻄﺢ ﺍﻣ →→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ →→ﺎﻧ∂‪ ۳ ،‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ^ ﺯﻣ →→ﻴﻦﻫﺎ^ ﻛ →→ﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲ΩΩ‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ‪ ۲‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣ →ﻮﺍﺭﺩ^ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻗ→→ﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﺻ→→ﻠ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺗ→→ﺼﺮﻑ ﻣ→→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﻣ→→ﺴﺘﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ ‪۱Q‬‬
‫ﻳ‪ −‬ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺧ→ →→ﻠ∂ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫ→ →ﻮﺍ ﻣ→ →→∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓ →→ﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﺩﻳ →ﻮﺍﺭﻫ →→ﺎ^ ﭘ →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻣ →→ﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺁﻧ →→ﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻫ →→ﻢ ﻧ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ⅛ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ → → →ﻮﺍﺭﺩ^ ﻛ → → →→ﻪ ﻓ → → →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺁﺷ → → →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻗ → → →→ﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺗ → → →→ﺼﺮﻑ ﻣ → → →→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ ⅛‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣ →→ﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻭ ﻳ →→ﺎ ﺁﺷ →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ^ ﺁﻧ →→ﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺧ→ →→ﻠ∂ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫ→ →ﻮﺍ ﻣ →→∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓ →→ﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﺩﻳ →ﻮﺍﺭﻫ →→ﺎ^‬
‫ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ℮‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ →→ﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ →→ﺎ^ ﻣ →→ﻮﺭﺩ ﻧ →→ﻴﺎﺯ ﺑ→ →ﺮﺍ^ ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺧ →→ﻠﻮﺕ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﺍﻓ →ﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻃ →→ﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ ‪۱۷‬‬
‫ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ→→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ،۷‬ﺿ→→ﻤﻦ ﺭﻋ→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→ﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﺑ→ﻨﺪﻫﺎ^ ‪℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ ‪۱Q‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ ⅛‪ ، ۱‬ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑ→ﺎ ﻧ→ﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎ^ ﻧ→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ^ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻃﺮﺍﺡ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ^ ﻭ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧ↔ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪۲Q‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺑﺎﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛‬


‫ﺩﺭ ﻛ → → →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺗ → → →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→ → → →→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ → → →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻋ → → →→ﺪﻡ ﺩﺳ → → →→ﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﻣ → → →→ﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺑﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴ↔ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺑﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫ→→ﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻭ ﺗ→→ﺨﻠﻴ↔ ﺁﺏﻫ→→ﺎ^ ﺳ→→ﻄﺤ∂ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﻧ→→ﻴﻤﻪﺑﺎﺯ ﺑ→ﻪﺳﻄﺢ ﻣ→ﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﻋ→ﻤﻮﻣ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻧﻤ∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ^ ﻧ →→ﻴﻤﻪﺑﺎﺯ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻋ∂ ﺑ→→ﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ Ω/۷Ω‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴ↔ ﺟﺎﻥﭘﻨﺎﻩ ﺑﻪﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۱/۱Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷ →→ﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺟ →→ﺎﻥﭘﻨﺎﻩ ﻛ →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﻧ →→ﻴﻤﻪﺑﺎﺯ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻨﺪ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪ Q‬ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻦ‬

‫ﻣ → →→ﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺣ → →→ﺪﺍﻛ → →→ﺜﺮ ﭘ → →→ﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ ﺑ → →→ﺎﻟﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧ → →→ﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑ → →→ﺎ ﻣ → →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺷ → →→ﺸﻢ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺎﺯ^ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟ→ﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭ^ ﻭ ﻫ→ﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺁﺏ ﺑ→ﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﻴﺐﺑﻨﺪ^ ﻭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۲‬‬


‫ﻛﻒﺷﻮ^ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﻭﺩﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻦ ﺿﺮﻭﺭ^ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺗ →→ﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻳ →ﻮﺍﻥ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺁﻓ→→ﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗ→→ﻨﻬﺎ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻣ→→ﺠﻮﺯ ﺷ→→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧ↔ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫⅛‪۲‬‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﻢﻋﺮﺽ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ⅛‬


‫ﺑ→ﺎﻟﻜﻦ ﻛ→→ﻢﻋﺮﺽ ﻣ→→∂ﺗﻮﺍﻧ→ﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣ→ﺼﺎﻟﺤ∂ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺷﺒﻜ↔ ﻓﻠﺰ^ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻒ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻬﺘﺎﺑ∂ )ﺗﺮﺍﺱ(‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ‪۷‬‬


‫ﺟ→ →→ﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭ^ ﻭ ﻫ→ →→ﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺁﺏ ﺑ →→ﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺑ →→ﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺗ →→ﻮﺳﻂ ﺷ →→ﻴﺐﺑﻨﺪ^ ﻭ ﻛ→ →→ﻒﺷﻮ^ ﻳ→ →→ﺎ ﻧ →→ﺎﻭﺩﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ →→ﻬﺘﺎﺑ∂‬
‫)ﺗﺮﺍﺱ( ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ‪۸‬‬

‫ﺑ →ﺮﺍ^ ﻧ→→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ^ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻓ→→ﻀﺎ^ ﺳ→ﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻃ→ﺮﻳﻖ ﭘ→ﻨﺠﺮ↓ ﻭﺍﻗ→→ﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺍﻳ→ﻮﺍﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۱‬‬


‫ﺳ→ﻄﺢ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯﻧﻤﺎ^ ﺍﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻳ‪ −‬ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻒ ﺳﺮﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺷ→ﺪﻩ ﺑ→ﻪﺍﺿ→→ﺎﻓ↔ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺳﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﺮﺽ )ﻋﻤﻖ( ﺍﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻃﻮﻝ )ﻧﻤﺎ^( ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭ^ ﻭ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﻴﺐﺑﻨﺪ^ ﻭ ﻛﻒﺷﻮ^‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۲‬‬


‫ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭ^ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ﻫﺎ^ ﺑﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۷‬‬


‫ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﺑﻪﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۷‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺳﺎﻳﺒﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻡ ﺑﻪﻋﺮﺽ ‪ Ω/۹Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪ ﺯﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄ↔‬
‫ﻛﻒ ﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۳/QΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺣﺪ ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺒـ↔ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﻗـﻞ‬
‫‪ Ω/۹Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﺍﻓﻘ∂ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﺩﺭﮔﺎﻫ∂ ﻭ ﻟﺒ↔ ﻛﻒ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﻢﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﭼﺴﺒﻴـﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﻧﻴﺰﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ^ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﻳـﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻋ →→ﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﻛ→→ﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۳/QΩ‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻛ→→ﻒ ﻣ→→ﻌﺒﺮ ﻣ→→ﺠﺎﻭﺭﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧ→→ﻤ∂ﺗﻮﺍﻧ→→ﻨﺪ‬

‫‪۲۷‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ Ω/۱Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬


‫ﺝ( ﺩﺭ ﻛﻠﻴ↔ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻠ↔ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ^ ﻭ ﺷﻴﺒـﺮﺍﻫﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ Ω/۱Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺒـﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ( ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﻫﺎ^ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪﺳﻤﺖ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺒـﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺿ →→ﻤﻦ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﻧ →→ﺼﺐ ﻋ →→ﻼﻳﻢ ﺍﺣ →→ﺘﻴﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣ →→ﺎﻟﺖ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯ ﻧ→→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→→ﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ Ω/۱Ω‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺣ→→ﺮﻳﻢ ﻣ→→ﻌﺒﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎ^ ﻛﻠ∂ ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ‪ ۷‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ﻫﺎ^ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎ^ ﺗﻮﺳﻌ↔ ﺷﻬﺮ^‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺷﺸﻢ ﻭ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﻟﺒ↔ ﺧﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ ﺑﻨﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻳﺒـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺟـﺰ ﺁﻥ( ﺑﺎ ﻟﺒ↔ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭﻭ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ Ω/۹Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﺍﻓﻘ∂ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﻫﻴﭻﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸ∂ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺗ∂ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ↓ ﺧﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ( ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺳﺎﺑﺎﻁ ﻭ ﭘﻞ ﻫﻮﺍﻳ∂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭ^ ﻛﻮﭼﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﻋ∂‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺧﺬ ﻣﺠـﻮﺯ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺷ →→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫ →→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ →→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ→ →ﺮﺍﺟ →→ﻊ ﺻـﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ →→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ →→↔ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ ﻣ →→ﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۳/QΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ﻫﺎ^ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۷‬ـ‪۳‬‬


‫ﭘ →→ﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ ﺯﻳ →→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑ →→ﻪﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﻣ →→ﻌﺒﺮ ﻋ→→ﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻣ→→ﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗ→→ﻌﺒﻴ↔ ﻣ→→ﺠﺮﺍﻫ→→ﺎ^ ﺧ→→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻧ→→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫ →ﻮﺍ‬
‫‪Ґ‬‬
‫ﺻ→→ﺮﻓﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣ→→ﺪﻭﺩ ﺩﺍﺧ→→ﻠ∂ ﻣ→→ﻠ‪ −‬ﻭ ﻧ→→ﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺍﺧ→→ﺬ ﻣ→→ﺠﻮﺯ ﺍﺯ ﺷ→→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ→ﺮﺍﺟ→ﻊ ﺻ→ﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ→↔‬
‫ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ →→ﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳ→ →→ﻦ ﻣ →→ﺠﺮﺍﻫ →→ﺎ^ ﺧ→ →→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﺟ →→ﻬﺖ ﺗ →→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫ→ →ﻮﺍ^ ﺯﻳ →→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ →→ﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣ →→ﺠﺮﺍﻫ →→ﺎ^ ﺧ→ →→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫ→ →ﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺴﺘﻪ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳ →→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﻧ →→ﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۷‬ـ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫‪۲۸‬‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺑ →→ﻪﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧ →→ﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→∂ﺗﻮﺍﻧ→→ﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻃ→→ﻮﻝ ﺧ→→ﻂ ﺯﻣ→→ﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻛ→→ﻨﺎﺭ ﺑ→→ﻨﺎ ﺍﺩﺍﻣ→→ﻪ ﻳ→→ﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛ→→ﻒ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﻣ→→ﺠﺮﺍﻫ→→ﺎ‬
‫ﻧ→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺟ→ﺰﻳ∂ ﺍﺯ ﻣ→ﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺯﻳ→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻣ→ﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷ→ﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻧ→→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ^ ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ^ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﻓ→ﻮﻗﺎﻧ∂ ﻣ→ﺠﺮﺍ^ ﺧ→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻧ→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫ→ﻮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻣ→ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋ→ﺒﻮﺭ ﻭﺳ→ﺎﻳﻞ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۷‬ـ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﻧ →→ﻘﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻫ →→ﻤﺴﻄﺢ ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻮﺳﻂ ﺷ →→ﺒﻜ↔ ﻣ →→ﺴﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓ →→ﻠﺰ^ )ﺑ →→ﺎ ﺭﻋ →→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ→→ﻂ ﻋ→→ﺒﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ( ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘ→→ﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﻣ→→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻋ→→ﻼﻡ ﺷ→ﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻣ→ﻐﺎﻳﺮﺕ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۷‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻣ→→ﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻋ→→ﻤﻮﻣ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﻪﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺷ→→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ→ﺮﺍﺟ→→ﻊ ﺻ→ﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ→↔ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ→→ﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬‬


‫ﺗ→ → →→ﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→ → →→∂ ﻣ → →→ﺤﻞ ﺗ → →→ﻮﻗﻒ ﺧ → →→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺑ→ → →ﺮﺍ^ ﺗ → →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^ ﻣ → →→ﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑ→ → →→ﺮﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎ^ ﺗﻮﺳﻌ↔ ﺷﻬﺮ^ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗ → →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺧ→ →→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﻭ ﻣ→ →→ﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ^ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺧ→ →→ﺮﻭﺝ ﺁﻥ ﻧ→ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →→ﻮ ﻳ→ →→ﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻭﺻﺪﺍ^ ﻧﺎﺷ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺰﺍﺣﻢ ﺁﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣ→ﻌﺒﺮ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ^ ﻭ ﻋ→ﺮﺽ ﺷ→ﻴﺒﺮﺍﻫ→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺑ→ﺰﺭﮒ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ Q‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺗ → → →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻣ → → →→ﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻧ → → →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻛ → → →→ﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۳/QΩ‬ﻣ → → →→ﺘﺮ ﺑ→ → →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣ→ → →→ﺪﺍﻗ→ → →→ﻞ ﻋ→ → →→ﺮﺽ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ^ ﺑ → → →ﺮﺍ^‬
‫ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻛﻮﭼ‪ ۲/QΩ −‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ→→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺑ→ﺰﺭﮒ ﻭ ﻣ→ﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﺩﻭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺧ→ﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻓ→ﺮﺍﺩ ﭘ→ﻴﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺍﺷ→ﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪℮‬‬

‫‪۲۹‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫‪Ґ‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎ ﻳﻜ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣ→→ﻴﻦﻫﺎ^ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺑ→→ﺮ ﺑ→→ﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲Q‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﻋ→ﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﺗ→ﻌﺒﻴ↔ ﺩﻭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ^‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪Q‬‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺗ→ﺼﺎﻝ ﺣ→ﻴﺎﻁ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﺑﻪﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺍﺯ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﻴﺮ^ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬ـ⅛‬
‫ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺭﻋ→→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ→→ﻂ ﺷ→→ﻬﺮﺳﺎﺯ^ ﻭ ﺑ→ﺎ ﺷ→→ﻴﺒﺮﺍﻫ→ﻪ ﺑ→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑ→ﺎﻻﺭﻭﻧﺪﻩ ﻳ→ﺎ ﭘ→ﺎﻳﻴﻦﺭﻭﻧﺪﻩ ﺑ→ﻼﻣﺎﻧﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗ →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →→ﻪﺷﺮﻁ ﻋ →→ﺪﻡ ﺗ→ →ﺰﺍﺣ →→ﻢ ﺑ→ →ﺮﺍ^ ﺧ →→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ^ ﺩﻳ →→ﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﭘ →→ﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﺩﻭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۷‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻼﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ → →→ﻮﻗﻒ ﺧ → →→ﻮﺩﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗ → →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻧ→ → →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ→ → →ﺰﺍﺣ→ → →→ﻤ∂ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ^ ﺑ → →→ﺎﺯ ﺷ → →→ﺪﻥ ﺩﺭﻫ → →→ﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۸‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ^ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺗ∂ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۹‬‬

‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﺑﻪﺁﺏ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻠﻴ↔ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭ^ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۱Ω‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺑ→ →→ﺰﺭﮒ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗ→ →→ﻔﻜﻴ‪ −‬ﻋ →→ﺒﻮﺭ ﺳ→ →ﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻭ ﭘ→ →→ﻴﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻛ→ →→ﻨﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۱۱‬‬
‫ﻣ →→ﻌﺒﺮ ﺳ→ →ﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﮔ→ →→ﺬﺭﮔﺎﻩ ﻋ →→ﺎﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﺑ →→ﻪﻋﺮﺽ ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ‪ Ω/⅛Ω‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧ →→ﻈﺮ ﮔ →→ﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷ →→ﻮﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →→ﻪﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ Ω/۲Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﻣ→→ﺠﺎﺯ ﺗ→→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻛ→→ﻮﭼ‪ −‬ﺧ→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗ→ﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺧ→ﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻧ→ﺎﺷ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۱۲‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺣ →→ﺮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻛ →→ﻒ ﺗ→→ﺎ ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﺯﻳ→→ﺮﻳﻦ ﺳ→→ﻘﻒ ﻭ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟ→→ﻮﺩ ﺗ→→ﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﻋ→→ﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳ→→ﺎﺯﻩﺍ^ ﺩﺭ‬

‫‪۳Ω‬‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺯﻳ →→ﺮ ﺳ →→ﻘﻒ‪ ،‬ﺗ →→ﺎ ﭘ →→ﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧ →→ﻘﻄ↔ ﺁﻧ →→ﻬﺎ ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ→ →→ﻞ ‪ ۲/۲Ω‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ ﻣ→ →→∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗ →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻣ →→ﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻒ ﺗﺎ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺳﻘﻒ ‪ ۲/℮Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗ→→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻋ→→ﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺧ→→ﺮﻭﺟ∂ ﺧ→→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺑ→ﻪﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۱۳‬‬
‫‪ ۲/۱Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺧ→ﺼﻮﺻ∂‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟ→ﻮﺩ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ^ ﻣ→ﺠﺰﺍ^ ﺩﻳ→ﮕﺮ^ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ^‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۱℮‬‬
‫ﺍﺷ→ﺨﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﭘ→→ﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ^ ﺳ→ﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑ→→ﻪﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ‪ ۱/۸Ω‬ﻣ→ﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻏ→ﻴﺮ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﺻ→ﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻓﻀﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻨﺪ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ⅛ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﻣﺤﻞﻫﺎ^ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۱Q‬‬

‫ﺍﺑ →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺟ →→ﻬﺖ ﺗ →→ﻮﻗﻒ ﺩﻭ ﺧ →→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﻛ →→ﻨﺎﺭ ﻳ →→ﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪ ۱Q‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﮔ→→ﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫ→→ﺮ ﻳ‪ Q/ΩΩ* ۲/QΩ −‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﻣ→→∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫ→ﻨﮕﺎﻣ∂ﻛﻪ ﺧ→ﻮﺩﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻃ→ﻮﻝ ﻭ ﭘ→ﺸﺖ ﺳ→ﺮ ﻳ→ﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻗ→ → →ﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ→ → →→∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑ → →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﻣ → →→ﻮﺭﺩ ﻧ → →→ﻴﺎﺯ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ^ ﻫ → →→ﺮ ﻳ‪ ⅛/ΩΩ * ۲/ΩΩ−‬ﻣ → →→ﺘﺮ ﻣ → →→∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗ → →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^‬
‫ﺳ→ →→ﺮﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ →→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﻓ→ →→ﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﻣ→ →→ﺤﻮﺭ ﺳ→ →→ﺘﻮﻥﻫﺎ ‪ Q/ΩΩ‬ﻣ→ →→ﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻓ→ →→ﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﺩﺍﺧ→ →→ﻠ∂ ﺑ→ →→ﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺳ→ →→ﺘﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ‪ ℮/QΩ‬ﻣ→ﺘﺮ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﺧ→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﻣ→→∂ﺗﻮﺍﻧ→ﻨﺪ ﺑ→ﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺳ→ﺘﻮﻥ ﻗ→ﺮﺍﺭ ﮔ→ﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻓ→ﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗ→ﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺧ→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺍﺯﺍ^ ‪ ۲/QΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻪﺍﺯﺍ^ ﻫﺮ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺑﻼﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗ → →ﺮﺍﺭﮔ → →→ﻴﺮ^ ﺧ → →→ﻮﺩﺭﻭﻫﺎ^ ﺑ→ →→ﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑ→ →→ﺴﺘﻪ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﺍﻓ → →ﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓ→ →→ﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﺑ→ →→ﻴﻦ ﻣ→ →→ﺤﻮﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪ ۱Q‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺍﺯﺍ^ ‪ ۲/QΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﻫﺮ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ → →→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻃ → →→ﺮﻑ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻣ → →→ﺤﻞ ﺗ → →→ﻮﻗﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺗ → →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﻳ → →ﻮﺍﺭ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪ ۱Q‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۳/ΩΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ﻋ→ﺮﺽ ﻣ→ﺴﻴﺮ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺁﻣﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ⅛‪۱‬‬

‫‪۳۱‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫‪ Q/ΩΩ‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ﺤﻞ ﺳ→ﺘﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ‪ ℮/QΩ‬ﻣ→ﺘﺮ ﻛ→ﻤﺘﺮ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺷ→→ﻌﺎﻉ ﻣ→ﻴﺎﻧ∂ ﻣ→ﺴﻴﺮ ﮔ→ﺮﺩﺵ ﺧ→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ Q/ΩΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۱۷‬‬

‫ﻛﻒ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪ ۱۷‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗ → →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻣ → →→ﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭ ﺑ → →→ﺰﺭﮒ ﺳ → →→ﺮﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳ → →→ﺘﻮﻥﻫﺎ^ ﻓ → →→ﻠﺰ^ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪ ۱۷‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﻨ∂ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻧﻬﻢ ﻭ ﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺣﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ→→ﻒ ﺷ→→ﻴﺒﺮﺍﻫ→→ﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣ→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻏ→ﻴﺮﻟﻐﺰﻧﺪﻩ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ^ ﺧ→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪ ۱۷‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۱۸‬‬


‫ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ → →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→ → →→ﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭ ﺑ→ → →→ﺰﺭﮒ ﺑ → →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ → →→ﺪﺍﺑ → →→ﻴﺮ^ ﺟ → →→ﻬﺖ ﺟ → →→ﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ^ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤ↔ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻃﻔﺎ^ ﺣﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۱۹‬‬

‫ﻫ→ →→ﻨﮕﺎﻣ∂ﻛﻪ ﻃ→ →→ﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺩﻳ →→ﮕﺮ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠ↔ ﭘ →→ﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺗ →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﺧ →→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۲Ω‬‬
‫ﻗ →→ﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳ →→ﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ →→ﻴﻦ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ^ ﭘ→ →→ﻠﻜﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺩﺭ ﺟ →→ﺪﺍﻛ →→ﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻳ →→ﺎ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ^ ﻭﺍﺳ →→ﻂ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻛ→ﺜﺮ ﺷ→ﻴﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺒﺮﺍﻫ↔ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ‪ %۱Q‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﺐ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۲۱‬‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻭ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ^ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻭ^ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ %۱Ω‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۳۲‬‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﻋ→ﺮﺽ ﺷ→ﻴﺒﺮﺍﻫ→↔ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ^ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻋ→ﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۲۲‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠ∂ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ → →→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ،۷‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ → →→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﻧ→ →→ﻴﺎﺯ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻳ‪−‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۲۳‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬‬


‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻭﻇﻴﻔ↔ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ^ ﻭ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪﻩ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ→ →ﺮﺍﻳ →→ﺪﺍﺭ^ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ^ ﺟ →→ﺪﺍﮔ →→ﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻣ →→ﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^ ﺩﻳ →→ﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺪﺍﺭ^ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬ـ‪۳‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ → → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ → → →→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ۷‬ﺍﻳ → → →→ﺠﺎﺩ ﻓ → → →→ﻀﺎ^ ﺳ→ → → →ﺮﺍﻳ → → →→ﺪﺍﺭ^ ﺗ → → →→ﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣ→ → →→ﺤﻞ ﺍﺳ → →→ﺘﺨﺮ ﻭ ﺩﻳ → →→ﮕﺮ ﺍﻣ → →→ﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺭﺯﺷ → →→∂ ﺩﺭ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺳ→ → →→ﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬ـ‪Q‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻜ∂ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛ→ →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺍﺳ→ →→ﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺗ→ →→ﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺳ→ →→ﺘﺨﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣ→ →→ﺴﻴﺮ ﺣ→ →→ﺮﻛﺘ∂ ﻏ→ →→ﻴﺮﻟﻐﺰﻧﺪﻩ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬ـ⅛‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۱۲Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪۳۳‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛ→→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺳ→→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺧ→ﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻓ→ﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺧ→→ﻞ ﺍﺳ→ﺘﺨﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬ـ‪۷‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﻠﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺮﺩﺑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺍﺳ →→ﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎ^ ﺷ →→ﻨﺎ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ →→ﻪﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺗ →→ﺼﻔﻴ↔ ﺁﺏ ﻣ→→ﺠﻬﺰ ﺑ→→ﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﺨﺮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬ـ‪۸‬‬
‫ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ →→ﺠﻬﺰ ﺑ →→ﻪﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺗ →→ﺨﻠﻴ↔ ﺁﺏ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺁﺏ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ →→ﻪﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺗ→→ﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷ→→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣ→ﺮﺍﺟ→ﻊ ﺻ→ﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ→↔ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺪﻭﻥ ﻫ→ﻴﭻﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﺑﻪﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﮕﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﺷﻬﺮ^ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃ →ﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﺳ →→ﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎ^ ﺷ →→ﻨﺎ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻭﺳ→→ﺎﻳﻞ ﻧ→→ﺠﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣ→→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺣ→→ﻠﻘ↔ ﻧ→→ﺠﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣ→→ﻬﻴﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬ـ‪۹‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭼ→ﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺳ→ﻮﻧﺎ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺩﺭ ﺑ→ﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۹‬ـ ‪۱Ω‬‬
‫ﺑ→ﺎﺯ ﺷ→ﺪﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻫ→ﺮ ﺩﻭﺳ→ﻮ‪ ،‬ﻳ‪ −‬ﭘ→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺍﺑ→ﻌﺎﺩ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ‪ ۳Ω * QΩ‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺩﺭﻳﭽ↔ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ،۷‬ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺣ→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺁﻧ→ﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻣ→ﺤﻞ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۹‬ـ ‪۱۱‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﺑﺎﺯ^ ﺑﭽﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﺎﺯ^ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ۷‬ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﺯﻣﻴـﻦ ﺑـﺎﺯ^ ﺑﭽﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﺧﺬ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺗ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱Ω‬‬


‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻗ → →ﺮﺍﺭﮔ→ →→ﻴﺮ^ ﻛ→ →→ﻨﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ^ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺮﻕ ﻭ ﮔ →→ﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ →→ﺎﺑﻊ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣ →→ﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣ →→ﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺳ →→ﻴﺰﺩﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷ →→ﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﻭ ﻫ→ →→ﻔﺪﻫﻢ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ →→ﻠ∂ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣ →→ﺤﻞ ﻧ →→ﺼﺐ‬
‫ﻛ →→ﻨﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻗ →→ﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳ →→ﺘﺮﺱ ﺗ →→ﻮﺳﻂ ﻛ →→ﻮﺩﻛﺎﻥ ﻧ →→ﺒﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻗ →→ﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳ →→ﺘﺮﺱ ﺗ →→ﻮﺳﻂ ﻣ →→ﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﮕﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪۳℮‬‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﻣ→ﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﻓ→ﻀﺎ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋ →→ﺎﻳﻖﺑﻨﺪ^ ﺻ →→ﻮﺗ∂ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻟﺮﺯﺵ ﺩﺭ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→→ﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→ﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻧ→ﺎﺷ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺗ→ﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﻣ→ﻮﺗﻮﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑ→ﺎ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﻫ→→ﺠﺪﻫﻢ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭﮔ →→ﻴﺮ^ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ^ ﻣ →→ﻮﺗﻮﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ→→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ۷‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺑﺎﺯ )ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎ^ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪ ۲۳‬ﻭ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪ (۹‬ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻃ→ﺮﺍﺣ→→∂ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎ^ ﻣ→ﻮﺗﻮﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻣ→ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺧ→ﺮﻭﺝ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ →→ﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺧ →→ﻨ‪−‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻛ →→ﻮﻟﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ →→ﺎ ﺣ →→ﺪ ﻣ →→ﻤﻜﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣ →→ﺤﻠ∂ ﻧ →→ﺼﺐ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﮔ →→ﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺗ →→ﺎﺑﺶ ﻣ→→ﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻧ→→ﻮﺭ ﺁﻓ→→ﺘﺎﺏ ﻣ→→ﺤﻔﻮﻅ ﺑ→→ﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧ→→ﻤﺎ^ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ→→ﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧ→→ﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛ →→ﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎ^ ﻛ →→ﻮﻟﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ^ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯ ﻧ →→ﻴﺰ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣ →→ﺪ ﺍﻣ →→ﻜﺎﻥ ﻛ →→ﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺑ →→ﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﻋ →→ﺎﻳﻖ ﺣ →ﺮﺍﺭﺗ →→∂ ﻣ →→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ )ﻫﻮﺍﺩﻫ∂(‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎ^ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺗ∂ )ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻓﻘ∂(‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ‪℮‬‬

‫ﻣ →→ﺤﻞ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭﮔ→→ﻴﺮ^ ﺩﺳ→→ﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺗ→→ﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻃ→→ﻮﺭ^ ﺩﺭ ﻧ→→ﻈﺮ ﮔ→→ﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷ→→ﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →→ﻮ ﻭ ﺧ →→ﺎ∑ ﺭﺍ ﺑ →→ﻪﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺩﻳ →→ﮕﺮ ﻣ →→ﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻧ→→ﻜﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺟ→→ﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ^ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧ→→ﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺻ→→ﺪﺍ ﺑ→→ﻪﺍﻧ→→ﺪﺍﺯ↓‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﺎﻳﻖﺑﻨﺪ^ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۳Q‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﻣ→ﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺑ→ﻨﺪ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎ^ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺗ∂ ﺍﻓﻘ∂ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺻﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫ → →→ﻤ↔ ﺑ → →→ﺎﺯﺷﻮﻫﺎ^ ﻛ → →→ﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭼ → →→ﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ^ ﻭ ﭼ→ →→ﻪ ﺧ→ →→ﺮﻭﺟ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ→ →→ﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺷ → →→ﺒﻜﻪ ﻳ → →→ﺎ ﻛ → →→ﺮﻛﺮ↓ ﻣ → →→ﺤﻜﻤ∂ ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﺟ → →→ﺴﻤ∂ ﺑ → →→ﻪﻗﻄﺮ ‪ ۱۲/Q‬ﻣ→ →→ﻴﻠ∂ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻧ→ →→ﮕﺬﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻗ→ →→ﺎﺑﻞ ﺟ→ →→ﻮﻳﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠ↔ ﻣﻮﺵ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺫ^ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻛﺎﺭ^ ﻭ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱۱‬‬


‫ﻋ → →→ﺎﻳﻖﻛﺎﺭ^ ﺣ→ → →ﺮﺍﺭﺗ → →→∂ ﭘ → →→ﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺧ → →→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﺑ → →→ﻨﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻳ → →→ﮕﺮ ﻋ → →→ﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۱‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﻧﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛ→ →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺣ→ →→ﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍﺑ→ →→ﺮ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﺭﺵ ﻧ→ →→ﺰﻭﻻﺕ ﺟ→ →→ﻮ^ ﻭ ﺭﻃ →→ﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۱‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺧ→→ﺎ∑ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→→∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑ→→ﺎﻡﻫﺎ^ ﺗ→→ﺨﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳ →ﻮﺍﻥﻫ→→ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛ→ﻒﻫﺎ^ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→→ﻤﺎﺱ ﺑ→ﺎ ﺯﻣ→ﻴﻦﻫﺎ^ ﻧ→ﻤﻨﺎ∑‪ ،‬ﻛ→→ﻒ ﻛ→ﻠﻴ↔‬
‫ﻓ→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺑ→ﻬﺪﺍﺷ→ﺘ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻃ→→ﺒﻘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳ→ﻮﺍﺭﻫ→ﺎ^ ﺯﻳ→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺳ→ﺎﻳﺮ ﺩﻳ→ﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎ^ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺎ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻨﺎ∑‪،‬‬
‫ﺑ→→ﺪﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻛ→→ﻒ ﺩﻳ →ﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻋ→ﺎﻳﻖ ﺭﻃ→ﻮﺑﺘ∂ ﺷ→ﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑ→ﺎﻡﻫﺎ^ ﺷ→ﻴﺐﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻗ→ﻮﺳ∂ ﻭ‬
‫ﮔ→→ﻨﺒﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧ→→ﻤﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→→ﻌﺮﺽ ﺑ→→ﻮﺭﺍﻥﻫ→→ﺎ^ ﻣ→→ﻮﺳﻤ∂ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ→→∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣ→→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺣ→→ﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛ→ﻠﻴ↔ ﻓ→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺩﺍﺧ→ﻠ∂ ﺑ→ﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔ→ﺮ ﺷ→ﻴﺮ ﺑ→ﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺁﺏ ﺗ→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷ→ﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛ→ﻒ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۱‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻋ →→ﺎﻳﻖ ﺭﻃ →→ﻮﺑﺘ∂ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻛ →→ﻒﺷﻮ^ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺳ →→ﻴﻔﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻤﻬﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺩﻳ →→ﮕﺮ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ^ ﺩﻓ→→ﻊ ﻓ→→ﺎﺿﻼﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺷﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ→ﻒ ﺁﺷ→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧ↔ ﻣ→ﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻓ→ﻀﺎ^ ﻛ→→ﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧ↔ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ^ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۱‬ـ ‪℮‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺷ∂ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫⅛‪۳‬‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺩﻳ → →ﻮﺍﺭﻫ→ →→ﺎ^ ﺍﻃ → →ﺮﺍﻑ ﻇ→ →→ﺮﻓﺸﻮﻳ∂ ﻭ ﺍﺟ→ →→ﺎﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺷ→ →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ^ ﻣ →→ﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۱‬ـ ‪Q‬‬
‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ^ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۱/QΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺷ∂ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛ→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳ→ﻮﺍﺭﻫ→ﺎ^ ﺩﺳ→ﺘﺸﻮﻳ∂ ﻭ ﺗ→ﻮﺍﻟﺖ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ→ﺎ ﺍﺭﺗ→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۱‬ـ ⅛‬
‫‪ ۱/۲Ω‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣ→→ﻤﺎﻡ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ‪ ۲/ΩΩ‬ﻣ→ﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻛ→ﻒ‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻛ→ﺎﺷ∂ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﻣ→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻣ→ﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﭘ→ﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺷ→ﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛ→ﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻳ→ →→ﻦ ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻧﺤﻮ ﻣ→ →→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋ→ →→ﺎﻳﻖﻛﺎﺭ^ ﺭﻃ→ →→ﻮﺑﺘ∂ ﺷ →→ﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﻛ →→ﺎﺷ∂ ﻳ→ →→ﺎ ﺩﻳ →→ﮕﺮ ﻣ →→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻗ →→ﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋ →→ﺎﻳﻖﻛﺎﺭ^ ﺳ→ →→ﻄﺢ ﻛ →→ﻒ ﻭ ﺩﻳ→ →ﻮﺍﺭﻩﻫ →→ﺎ^ ﺯﻳ →→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺟ →→ﻬﺖ ﺟ →→ﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ^ ﺍﺯ ﻧ →→ﻔﻮﺫ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۱‬ـ ‪۷‬‬
‫ﺁﺏﻫﺎ^ ﺳﻄﺤ∂ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨ∂ ﻭ ﻧﺸﺖ ﺁﺏ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸ∂‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ→ →→ﻒ ﺗ→ →→ﻤﺎﻣ∂ ﺣ→ →→ﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ^ ﺩﺍﺧ→ →→ﻠ∂ )ﺣ→ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺧ →→ﻠﻮﺕ ﻭ ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﻣ →→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ(‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۱‬ـ ‪۸‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺷﻴﺐﺑﻨﺪ^ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺁﺏﻫﺎ^ ﺳﻄﺤ∂ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﺏﻫ→ →→ﺎ^ ﺳ→ →→ﻄﺤ∂‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣ →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺷ →→ﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ →→ﻠ∂ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۱‬ـ ‪۹‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻴﺐﺑﻨﺪ^ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺰﺍ^ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱۲‬‬


‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻛ→ →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺩﻳ → →ﻮﺍﺭﻫ →→ﺎ^ ﺧ →→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻭﺍﺣ →→ﺪﻫﺎ^ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺟ →→ﻬﺖ ﻣ→ →→ﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑ→ →ﺮﺍﺑ →→ﺮ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺣ→→ﺮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧ→→ﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻣ→→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺳ→→ﻮﻡ ﻣ→→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ→ﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﻣ→→ﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻛ→→ﺎﻓ∂ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑ → →ﺮﺍﺑ→ →→ﺮ ﺿ→ →→ﺮﺑﻪ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣ →→ﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺻ →→ﺪﺍﺑ→ →→ﻨﺪ^ ﺁﻧ →→ﻬﺎ ﻧ →→ﻴﺰ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ →→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﻣ →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﻫ →→ﺠﺪﻫﻢ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ →→ﻠ∂‬
‫ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳ→ﻮﺍﺭﻫ→ﺎ^ ﺁﺟ→ﺮ^ ﻭ ﺑ→ﻠﻮ∑ ﺳ→ﻔﺎﻟ∂ ﺿ→ﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﺩﻳ→ﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﻪﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ‪ Ω/۲Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪۳۷‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺩﻳ → →ﻮﺍﺭﻫ → →→ﺎ^ ﺧ→ →→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻛ→ →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→ →→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣ→ →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﻧ→ →→ﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗ∂ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛ→ →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺩﻳ → →ﻮﺍﺭﻫ→ →→ﺎ^ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟ→ →→ﻬﺖ ﻣ→ →→ﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍﺑ→ →→ﺮ ﺯﻣ→ →→ﻴﻦﻟﺮﺯﻩ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺿ → →ﻮﺍﺑ→ →→ﻂ ﻣ→ →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺷ →→ﺸﻢ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ →→ﻠ∂ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺁﻳ →→ﻴﻦﻧﺎﻣ↔ ﻃ→ →ﺮﺍﺣ →→∂ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑ→ →ﺮﺍﺑ →→ﺮ ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪ‬
‫)‪ (۲۸ΩΩ‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻘﻒﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺳ →→ﻘﻒﻫﺎ^ ﺷ→ →→ﻴﺒﺪﺍﺭ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ →→ﻪﻧﺤﻮ^ ﻃ→ →ﺮﺍﺣ →→∂ ﻭ ﺍﺟ →ﺮﺍ ﮔ →→ﺮﺩﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻳ →→ﺰﺵ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻳﺦ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺟﺰﺍ^ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ^ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﻘﻒﻫﺎ^ ﺷ→ﻴﺐﺩﺍﺭ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ→ﺪﺍﺑ→ﻴﺮ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺣ→→ﻔﻆ ﺟﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭ^ ﺑﺎﻡ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ→ﻘﻒﻫﺎ^ ﺷ→→ﻔﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﻣ→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳ→ﻘﻒ ﮔ→ﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﭘ→ﺎﺳﻴﻮ ﻭ ﻗ→ﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎ^ ﻧﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻘﻒﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﻳﻤﻦ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﺭﻳﺰﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻃ → →ﺮﺍﺣ→ →→∂ ﻭ ﺍﺟ→ →ﺮﺍ^ ﺳ →→ﻘﻒﻫﺎ^ ﺷ →→ﻔﺎﻑ ﻣ →→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮔ→ →→ﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﭘ →→ﺎﺳﻴﻮ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ^ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖﻛﺎﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻳﻤﻨ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﻩﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻭﺩ^‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻫﺮﻭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﺒﺮﺍﻫﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻥﭘﻨﺎﻩﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪۳‬‬

‫ﻟﺒﻪ ﻭ ﻛﻒ ﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﺎﮔﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻟﻐﺰﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﮔﺮﺩ^ ﻟﺒ↔ ﻛﻒﭘﻠﻪ )ﻧﻮ∑ ﭘﻠﻪ( ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۱۳‬ﻣﻴﻠ∂ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫‪۳۸‬‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﭘ→ →→ﻠ↔ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ﺍﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﻋ →→ﺮﺽ ﻛ →→ﻒ ﭘ →→ﻠﻪ ‪ Ω/۲۸‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﭘ →→ﻠﻪ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ →→ﻪﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧ →→∂ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﻣ →→ﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻛ→→ﻒ ﭘ→→ﻠﻪ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺑ →ﺮﺍﺑ→→ﺮ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺁﻥ ﺑ→→ﻴﻦ ‪ Ω/⅛۳‬ﺗ→→ﺎ‬
‫‪ Ω/⅛℮‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻋ →→ﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ →→ﻔﺎﺩ ﻣ →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺳ →→ﻮﻡ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ →→ﻠ∂ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣ →→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺭﺍﻩﭘ→→ﻠﻪ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪℮‬‬
‫ﭘﻠﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ۱‬ﺗ→ﺎ ‪ ۳‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻋﺮﺽ ﭘﻠ↔‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪Q‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ‪ Ω/۹Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻋﺮﺽ ﭘﻠﻪﺍ^ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﮔﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ۱/۱Ω ،‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﮔ→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ℮‬ﺗ→→ﺎ ‪ ۷‬ﺑ→ﺎ ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑ ﻣ→→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ⅛‬
‫ﻋ→→ﺮﺽ ﭘ→→ﻠ↔ ﻣ→→ﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ‪ ۱/۱Ω‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﻋ→→ﺮﺽ ﻗ→→ﻔﺴ↔ ﭘ→→ﻠﻪﺍ^ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﭘ→→ﺎﮔﺮﺩ ﺑ→→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ۲/℮Ω ،‬ﻣ→ﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺗ→→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^ ﺩﻳ→→ﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣ→→ﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﻋ→→ﺮﺽ ﭘ→→ﻠ↔‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۷‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→∂‪ ،‬ﻣ→→ﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺗ→ﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺗ→ﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣ→→∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫ→ﺮ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻗﻔﺴﻪ ﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ^‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﭘﺎﮔﺮﺩ^ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲/℮Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﭘﺎﮔﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﻭ^ ﻋﺮﺽ ﭘﻠﻪ ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۸‬‬

‫ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ^ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﭘﺎﮔﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ۱۲‬ﭘﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۹‬‬

‫ﻋ→ﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﺻ→→ﻠ∂ ﻭ ﻣ→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻣ→ﺼﺮﻓ∂ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ^ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱Ω‬‬
‫ﻣ→ﻨﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺳ→ﻮﻡ ﻭ ﭘ→ﻨﺠﻢ ﻣ→→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﻣ→→ﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻣ→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺑ→ﺮﺍﺑ→ﺮ ﺣ→ﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﺵ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۳۹‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺍﺳ→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷ→→ﻴﺸ↔ ﺍﻳﻤﻦ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﺭﻳﺰﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻥﭘﻨﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺖﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻫﺎ^‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱۱‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﻪﻫﺮ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ﺍﺭﺗ→ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﻏ →→ﻴﺮ ﺳ →→ﺮﮔﻴﺮ ﭘ →→ﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗ →→ﻤﺎﻡ ﻃ →→ﻮﻝ ﻣ →→ﺴﻴﺮ ‪ ۲/ΩQ‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱۲‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘ →→ﻠﻪﻫﺎ^ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧ→ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﻫ→ →→ﻴﭻ ﻭﺳ →→ﻴﻠﻪ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺗ →→∂ ﻣ →→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷ →→ﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱۳‬‬
‫ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺟﻌﺒ↔ ﺁﺗﺶﻧﺸﺎﻧ∂ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺴﺪﻭﺩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣ→→ﺤﻞﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺍﺧ→→ﺘﻼﻑ ﺳ→→ﻄﺢﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ‪ Ω/۷Ω‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﺑ→→ﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱℮‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠ↔ ﺩﺳﺖﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﻥﭘﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ →→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺟ →→ﺎﻥﭘﻨﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﻘﻒﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→→ﺴﻄﺢ ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟ→→ﻮﺩ ﺭﺍﻩﭘ→→ﻠﻪ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ^‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱Q‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪﺑﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺟ→ﺎﻥﭘﻨﺎﻩ ﺑ→→ﺎﻟﻜﻦﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﻬﺘﺎﺑ∂ )ﺗ→ﺮﺍﺱ( ﻫ→ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣ→ﺤﻔﻈﻪﻫﺎ^‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ⅛‪۱‬‬
‫ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻥﭘﻨﺎﻩ ﺣﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ^ ﺩﺍﺧﻠ∂ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ۱/۱Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺭﺗ→ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺳﺖﺍﻧ→ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻫ→ →→ﺎ^ ﺷ→ →→ﻴﺐﺩﺍﺭ ﭘ→ →→ﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺒ→ →→↔ ﭘ →→ﻠﻪ ‪ ۱/۱Ω‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱۷‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓ → →→ﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﺧ → →→ﺎﻟ∂ ﺑ → →→ﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻧ → →→ﺮﺩ↓ ﻋ → →→ﻤﻮﺩ^ ﺩﺳﺖﺍﻧ → →→ﺪﺍﺯ ﻭ ﺟ → →→ﺎﻥﭘﻨﺎﻩ ﻧ → →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱۸‬‬
‫ﺑ→→ﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ Ω/۱۱‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﺑ→→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟ→→ﻮﺩ ﻧ→→ﺮﺩﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺗ→→ﺰﻳﻴﻨ∂‪ ،‬ﻧ→→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻫ→ﻴﭻ ﻗ→ﺴﻤﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻛ→ﺮﻩﺍ^‬
‫ﺑﻪﻗﻄﺮ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ Ω/۱۱‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪℮Ω‬‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺁﺳﺎﻧﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ^ ﺑﺮﻗ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪℮‬‬


‫ﺍﺑ →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻇ→→ﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﺎﻳﺮ ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ→→ﻂ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→→ﺎﺕ ﺁﺳ→→ﺎﻧﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘ→→ﻠﻪﻫﺎ^ ﺑ→→ﺮﻗ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭘﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪Q‬‬

‫ﻣ→ →→ﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻛ →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺩﺭﻫ →→ﺎ ﻭ ﭘ→ →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﺍﺳ→ →→ﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫ →→ﺎ^ ﻣ →→ﻠ∂ ﺍﻳ→ →ﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﭘ→→ﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺧ→→ﺮﻭﺝ ﻭ ﺍﻣ→→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→→ﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ﻮﺍﻗ→ﻊ ﺣ→ﺮﻳﻖ ﻭ ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣ→→∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣ→→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻣ→ﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺑ→ﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧ→ﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺳ→ﻮﻡ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ﻠ∂‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻫ→ﺎ^ ﺷ→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﻛ→ﺸﻮﻳ∂ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻫﺎ^ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷ→→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺵ‪ ،‬ﻗ→ﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺷ→→ﻴﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃ→ﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ^ﻫﺎ^ ﺍﺻﻠ∂ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟ∂ ﺑﻨﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ґ‬‬
‫ﺷ→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﺩﺭﻫ→ﺎ^ ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻗ→ﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺑ→ﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻨﺪ )‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ (۸‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻫﺎ^‬
‫ﺷ → →→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﻭ ﻛ → →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺩﺭﻫ → →→ﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﺷ → →→ﻴﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧ → →→ﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗ → →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﭘ → →→ﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۱/ΩQ‬ﻣ→ →→ﺘﺮ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﻓ→ →→ﺘﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻳﻤﻦ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﺭﻳﺰﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣ → →→ﺤﻞﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﭘ → →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗ → →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﻗ → →ﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷ→ →→ﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﺑﺎﻟﻜﻦ ﻳ→ →→ﺎ ﺍﻳ → →ﻮﺍﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ ‪℮‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﺘﺎﺑ∂ ﻣﺸﺮﻑ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺟﺎﻥﭘﻨﺎﻫ∂ ﺑﻪﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۱/۱Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ→→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﭘ→→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ﺤﻞﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺧ→ﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺣ→ﺪﻭﺩ ﻣ→ﺠﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ ‪Q‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﻪﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻣ →→ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺷ →ﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﺯ ﻣ →→ﻌﺒﺮ ﻣ→→ﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﺑ→→ﻪﺩﺍﺧ→→ﻞ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻗ→→ﺎﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ ⅛‬

‫‪℮۱‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ →→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﺗ→ →→ﺪﺍﺑ→ →→ﻴﺮ^ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ^ ﺗ→ →→ﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎ^ ﺍﻧ→ →→ﺒﺎﺭ ﭘ→ →→ﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﻧ→ →→ﺸﺪﻩ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ ‪۷‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭ^ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳ→ → → →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺏ ﻭ ﭘ → → →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺑ → → →→ﺎ ﺍﺑ → → →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﻣ → → →→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ ﺗ → → →→ﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺻ → → →→ﻨﻌﺘ∂ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ ‪۸‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ⅛‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛ→ →→ﻠﻴﻪ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﻣ →→ﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﺍﻳ →→ﻦ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ →→ﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺑ →→ﺮﻗ∂ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺗ →→ﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛ→ →→ﺸ∂ ﺗ →→ﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﮔ →→ﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺩﻓ →→ﻊ ﻓ →→ﺎﺿﻼﺏ ﻭ ﺁﺏﻫ →→ﺎ^ ﺳ →→ﻄﺤ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧ →→ﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑ →→ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺳﻴﺰﺩﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﻭ ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺖ ﺩﻭﺩﻛﺶ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒ∂ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻧﺸﺖ ﮔﺎﺯ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑ→→ﻪﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺩﺍﺧ→→ﻞ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ→ﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧ→ﻴﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻋ→→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺿ→ﻮﺍﺑ→ﻂ ﻣ→ﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺩﻭﺩﻛﺶﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛ → → →→ﻠﻴﻪ ﺳ → → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺑ → → →→ﺎ ﺗ → → →→ﻮﺟﻪ ﺑ → → →→ﻪﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺗ → → →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﺑ → → →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→ → →→ﺤﻞﻫﺎ^‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﻧ→ﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ^ ﻭ ﺩﻓ→ﻊ ﺯﺑ→ﺎﻟﻪ ﺑ→→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺗ∂ ﭘ→→ﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﺷ→ﻮﺩ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﻣ→→ﺸﻜﻼﺗ∂ ﺍﺯ ﻧ→ﻈﺮ ﺑ→→ﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﻼﻣﺘ∂ ﺑﺮﺍ^‬
‫ﺳ→ →→ﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳ→ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﻳ→ →→ﺠﺎﺩ ﻧ→ →→ﮕﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻻﻧ→ →→ﻪﺳﺎﺯ^ ﺣ→ →→ﻴﻮﺍﻧ→ →→ﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺣ→ →→ﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻣ→ →→ﻮﺫ^ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ →→ﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻞﻫﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ^ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ→→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ،۷‬ﺍﻳ→→ﺠﺎﺩ ﺳ→ﺎﻣﺎﻧ↔ ﺩﻓ→→ﻊ ﺯﺑ→→ﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺧ→ﻞ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪℮‬‬
‫ﻃ → →→ﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑ → →→ﻪﻧﺤﻮ^ ﻛ→ →→ﻪ ﻣ → →ﺰﺍﺣ→ →→ﻤﺖ ﻭ ﺧ→ →→ﻄﺮ^ ﺍﺯ ﻧ→ →→ﻈﺮ ﺑ→ →→ﻮ‪ ،‬ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔ→ →→∂ ﺻ→ →→ﻮﺗ∂ )ﺩﺭ ﻫ→ →→ﻨﮕﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺟ → →→ﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳ∂ ﺯﺑ → →→ﺎﻟﻪ( ﻭ ﺑ → →→ﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ^ ﺳ → →→ﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳ → →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﻳ → →→ﺠﺎﺩ ﻧ → →→ﻜﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺿ→ →→ﺮﻭﺭ^ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪℮۲‬‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺭﻋ→→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ→→ﻂ ﻣ→→ﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑ→→ﻪﺗﻔﻜﻴ‪ −‬ﺯﺑ→→ﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺁﻧ→→ﻬﺎ ﺗ→→ﻮﺳﻂ ﺷ→→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ →ﺮﺍﺟ→→ﻊ‬
‫ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭ^ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ‪ ℮‬ﺗ→→ﺎ ‪ ،۷‬ﻧ→ﺼﺐ ﺻ→ﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﭘ→ﺴﺘ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ^‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪Q‬‬
‫ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ →→∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ →→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺩﻳ →→ﮕﺮ ﻧ→→ﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻋ→→ﺪﻡ ﻧ→→ﺼﺐ ﺻ→→ﻨﺪﻭﻕ‬
‫ﭘﺴﺘ∂‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﻴﺎﺭ^ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺟ→→ﻮﺩ ﻻﻧ→→ﻪﻫﺎ^ ﺣ→ﻴﻮﺍﻧ→ﺎﺕ ﺧ→ﺎﻧﮕ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ→ﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺑ→ﻪﺁﻧﻜﻪ‪ ،‬ﻃ→ﺒﻖ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ⅛ ـ ⅛‬
‫ﻗ→ﻮﺍﻧ→ﻴﻦ ﻛ→ﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻧ→ﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ^ ﺁﻧ→ﻬﺎ ﺑ→ﻼﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﮕﺎﻥ ﻣﺰﺍﺣﻤﺘ∂ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻧﻜﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗ∂‬
‫ﻣ →→ﺠﺎﺯ ﺷ →→ﻤﺮﺩﻩ ﻣ →→∂ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻗ →→ﻄﻌﺎﺗ∂ ﻣ →→ﺠﺰﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﻣ →→ﺼﺎﻟﺤ∂ ﺍﻳ →→ﺠﺎﺩ ﺷ →→ﻮﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ‬
‫ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺑ→ →→ﺨﺶ ﺍﺻ→ →→ﻠ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ→ →→ﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻧ →→ﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ→ →→ﻦ ﻣ →→ﺤﻞ ﺩﺳ →→ﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﺁﺏ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﻳﻢ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘ∂ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣ →→ﺤﻞﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﻧ→→ﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ^ ﻭ ﭘ→→ﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﺑ→→ﺮﺧ∂ ﺣ→→ﻴﻮﺍﻧ→→ﺎﺕ ﻣ→→ﺠﺎﺯ ﺷ→→ﻤﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪۷‬‬
‫ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ^ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﺟﺪﺍ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣ→→ﺪﺧﻞ ﻭ ﭘ→→ﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﺯﻳ→→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ﺎ ﺍﺗ→→ﺨﺎﺫ ﺷ→ﻴﻮﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→ﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪۸‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍ^ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺫ^‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺁﺏﻫﺎ^ ﺳﻄﺤ∂ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ^ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱۳‬‬


‫ﺳﻮﺍﻧﺢ‬
‫ﺍﺳ→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗ→→ﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺣ→ﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑ→ﺮﺍﺑ→ﺮ ﺁﺫﺭﺧﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ⅛‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪ ۷‬ﻭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ^ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻋﻠﺖ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ^ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﻴﺮ^ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭ^ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺁﺫﺭﺧﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ⅛۲۱۳‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪℮۳‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪۲‬‬


‫ﺑ→→ﺎﺯﺷﻮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﭘ→→ﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﺪﺧﻞ ﺯﻳ→→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦﻫﺎ^ ﻛ→→ﻠﻴﻪ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍ^ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗ→→ﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻃ→→ﻮﺭ^ ﻃ →ﺮﺍﺣ→→∂ ﺷ→→ﻮﻧﺪ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧ→→ﻬﺎ ﺍﻣ→→ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺍﻳ→→ﺠﺎﺩ ﺣ→→ﺮﻳﻖ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺗ→ﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺁﺗﺶ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺩ ﺑ→→ﻪﺣﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﺗ→ﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻳ→ﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺑ→ﺮﻭﺯ ﺁﺗﺶﺳ→ﻮﺯ^‪ ،‬ﺍﻃ→→ﻔﺎ^‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﻧﺠﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛ→→ﻠﻴﻪ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗ→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺭﺍﻩﻫ→ﺎ^ ﺧ→ﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻳ→ﻤﻦ ﻣ→→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑ→ﺎ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺳ→ﻮﻡ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪℮‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ^ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ →→ﻠﻴﻪ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺗ →→ﺠﻤﻊ ﻣ →→ﻠﺰﻡ ﺑ →→ﻪﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪Q‬‬
‫ﺧ→ →→ﺮﻭﺟ∂ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻋ→ →→ﻼﻳﻢ ﻫ→ →→ﺸﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫ→ →→ﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻳ→ →→ﻤﻨ∂ ﻣ→ →→ﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ →→ﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺳ →→ﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺑ →→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ →→ﻠ∂‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣ→→ﺤﻞﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻩﻫ→→ﺎ^ ﺧ→→ﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻳ→→ﻤﻦ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻣ→→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ⅛‬
‫ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻃ →→ﻮﺭ^ ﺗ→→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷ→→ﻮﻧﺪ ﻛ→→ﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋ→→ﻼﻭﻩ ﺑ→→ﺮ ﻫ→→ﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻣ→→ﺮﺩﻡ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻣ→→ﻦ )ﺩﺭ ﻫ→→ﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺁﺗﺶﺳ→→ﻮﺯ^(‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﺭ^ﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂ ﺑﻪﺳﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍ^ ﻃ→ →ﺮﺍﺣ →→∂ ﻭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷ →→ﻮﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﻗ →→ﻮﻉ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪۷‬‬
‫ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪ ﺑ→→ﻪﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﻫ→ﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﺻ→ﺪﻣﻪ ﻧ→ﺰﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﻫ→ﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﻧ→ﻴﺰ ﺑ→→ﻪﺁﻥ ﺁﺳ→ﻴﺐ ﻧ→ﺮﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻋ →→ﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ →→ﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣ →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺷ →→ﺸﻢ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ →→ﻠ∂ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣ →→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺗ →→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺩﺭﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪۸‬‬


‫ﺑ→ﻪﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪﺧ→ﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ^ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ‬

‫‪℮℮‬‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﮔ→ →→ﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣ →→ﺴﺌﻠ↔ ﺣ →→ﺮﻳﻖ ﻭ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ →→ﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣ →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺳ →→ﻮﻡ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ →→ﻠ∂ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ )ﻣ→ →→ﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺮﻳﻖ(‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀـﺎ^ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ )ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﻣ →→ﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﻋ →→ﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻣ →→ﺠﺎﻭﺭ( ﻭ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ^ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ →→∂ ﺍﻣ →→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ →→ﺎﻧ∂ )ﺩﺭ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^ ﻣ →→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂( ﺟ →→ﻬﺖ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻥ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ → →→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺭﺍﻩﻫ → →→ﺎ^ ﺍﻣ → →→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ → →→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ → →→ﻪﻣﻨﺰﻟ↔ ﻧ → →→ﻔ∂ ﻣ → →→ﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ^‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫ → →→ﺮ ﺗ → →→ﺼﺮﻑ ﺩﺭ ﻫ → →→ﻤﻪ ﮔ → →→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻳ → →→ﻦ ﻣ → →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺑ → →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺑ→→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ^ ﻣ→→ﺠﺰﺍ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻣ→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻧ→ﻤﺎ ﻭ ﻣ→ﺸﺮﻑ ﺑ→ﺮ ﺟ→→ﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻣ→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →→ﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃ →→ﺮﻳﻖ ﺁﻥ ﻋ →→ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻧ →→ﺠﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧ →→ﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻋ →→ﺮﺽ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ^ ﺍﻣ→→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ‪Ω/۹Ω‬‬
‫ﻣ→ﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺁﻥ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ‪ ۱/۳Ω‬ﻣ→ﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑ→ﺪﻳﻬ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻫﺮ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ^ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻳ‪ −‬ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ → →→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ℮‬ﻭ ‪ ،Q‬ﺟ→ →→ﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻣ→ →→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→ →→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺣ→ →→ﺪﺍﻗ→ →→ﻞ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺑ →→ﻪﻋﺮﺽ ‪ ۳/ΩΩ‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻃ→→ﻮﻝ ‪ Q/ΩΩ‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﺑ→→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ→→ﺮﻭﻩ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ۷‬ﺑ→→ﻪﺍﺯﺍ^ ﺍﻓ →ﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻫ→→ﺮ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ‪ Ω/QΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ )ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ‪ Q/ΩΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ( ﺑﻪﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂‬
‫ﻣ→→∂ﺗﻮﺍﻧ→→ﺪ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻧ→→ﻈﺮ ﺷ→→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ→ﺮﺍﺟ→ﻊ ﺻ→ﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ→ﻪ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ﻤﺎﻡ ﻃ→ﻮﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺿ→ﻠﻊ ﺑ→ﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑ →ﺮﺍ^ ﻫ→→ﺮ ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ℮‬ﺗ→ﺎ ‪ ۷‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺳ→→ﻄﺤ∂ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪℮‬‬
‫ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ^ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺟ →→ﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻣ →→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ →→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻧ →→ﻈﺮ ﮔ →→ﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷ →→ﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳ→ →→ﻦ ﺟ →→ﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺑ→ →ﺮﺍ^‬
‫ﺍﺳ→ → → →→ﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻓ → → → →ﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳ → → →→ﺎﻳﻞ ﻭ ﺧ → → →→ﻮﺩﺭﻭﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻣ → → →→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ → → →→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺍﺳ → → →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣ→ → → →→∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳ→ → → →→ﻦ ﺟ → → →→ﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺑ → → →→ﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑ→ﻪﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳ∂ﻫﺎ^ ﺳ→ﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﺻ→ﻠ∂ ﺷ→ﻬﺮ ﻣ→ﺘﺼﻞ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ۷‬ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬

‫‪℮Q‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧ→ → →→ﺠﺎﻡ ﻓ→ → →→ﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ^ ﺩﺍﻳ→ → →→ﻤ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺟ→ → →→ﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻣ→ → →→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→ → →→ﺎﻧ∂ ﻭ ﺗ→ → →→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪Q‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ^ﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ →→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ℮‬ﻭ ⅛ ﺩﺭ ﭘ →→ﻼ∑ﻫﺎ^ ﺷ →→ﻤﺎﻟ∂‪ ،‬ﻫ →→ﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺟ →→ﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ⅛‬
‫ﺍﻣ→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭﺣ→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺧ→ﻠﻮﺕ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﺟ→ﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻭ ﮔﺬﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫ →→∂ ﺑ →→ﻪﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﺍﺻ →→ﻠ∂ ﻣ →→ﺘﺼﻞ ﮔ →→ﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳ →→ﻦ ﻣ →→ﻌﺒﺮ ﺩﺭ ﮔ→→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ℮‬ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ^ ﻋ→→ﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﻓ →ﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺗ→→ﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ⅛ ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﻓ→→ﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ→→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ۷‬ﺍﺯ ﻣ→→ﺮﺯﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→→ﺠﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۷‬‬
‫ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺩﺳ → → →→ﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﺳ → → →ﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑ → → →→ﻪﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺳ → → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑ → → →→ﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ۳/ΩΩ‬ﻣ → → →→ﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳ → → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ→ → →→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪،Q‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ ۱/QΩ ،‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ℮‬ﺗ→ﺎ ‪ ۷‬ﺍﮔ→ﺮ ﻃ→ﺒﻘﻪ ﺁﺧ→ﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺯﻳ→ﺮ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺷﻴﺒﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۸‬‬
‫ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣ →→ﺪﺍﺙ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻣ →→ﻬﺘﺎﺑ∂ ﻳ →→ﺎ ﺑ →→ﺎﻟﻜﻦ ﺣ →→ﺎﻭ^ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ^ ﺍﻣ →→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ →→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﻘﻒ ﺷ →→ﻴﺒﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺣ →→ﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻳ →→ﻜ∂ ﺍﺯ ﻣ →→ﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ^ ﻋ →→ﻤﻮﺩ^ ﺁﻥ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯ ﺷ →→ﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ‪ Ω/۹Ω‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ ﻋ →→ﺮﺽ ﻭ ‪ ۱/۳Ω‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪۹‬‬


‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻗ → →ﺮﺍﺭﮔ→ →→ﻴﺮ^ ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎ^ ﺗ →→ﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣ →→ﻮﺗﻮﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^‬
‫ﮔ→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ۷‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂‪) ،‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎ^ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪ ۲۳‬ﻭ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪(۳‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫⅛‪℮‬‬
‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﻨﺎ‬

‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬‬


‫ﺳ →→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺯﻳ →→ﺮﺑﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑ →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺍﺧ →→ﻠ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻗ →→ﺎﻣﺖ ﻭ ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺯﻳ →→ﺮ ﺳ →→ﻘﻒ ﺩﺭ ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﺷ →→ﺘﻐﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻧ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ →→ﺎ^ ﻣ →→ﺸﺨﺺﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ→ →→ﻦ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻛ →→ﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ→ →→ﻞ ﺍﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ →→ﺎ^ ﺳ →→ﻄﺢ ﻛ →→ﻒ ﻭ ﺍﺑ →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺧ →→ﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻗ →→ﻔﺴﻪﻫﺎ^ ﺩﻳ →ﻮﺍﺭ^ ﺛ →→ﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﻛ→→ﻤﺪﻫﺎ^ ﺩﻳ →ﻮﺍﺭ^‪ ،‬ﺍﻧ→→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔ→ﻴﺮ^ ﻭ ﻛ→ﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺷ→ﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﺷ→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳ→ﻮﺍﺭﻫ→ﺎ^ ﺗ→→ﻤﺎﻡﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧ→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔ→ﻴﺮ^‬
‫ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻨ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎ^ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﻪﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬‬

‫ﻫ→→ﺮ ﺗ→→ﺼﺮﻑ ﻣ→→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻓ→→ﻀﺎ^ ﺍﻗ→→ﺎﻣﺖ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺯﻳ→→ﺮﺑﻨﺎ^‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫‪ ۱۲/QΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪℮۷‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→ →→ﻪ ﻫ→ →→ﻢ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ^ ﺍﻗ→ →→ﺎﻣﺖ ﻭ ﻫ→ →→ﻢ ﺻ→ →→ﺮﻑ ﻏ→ →→ﺬﺍ ﻣ→ →→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳ→ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗ → →ﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﻣ∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۱℮/QΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺯﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓ→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ^ ﺍﻗ→ﺎﻣﺖ‪ ،‬ﺻ→ﺮﻑ ﻏﺬﺍ ﻭ ﭘﺨﺖ ﻭ ﭘﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎ^ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۲Ω/ΩΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎ^ ﺁﺷ→ →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ^ ﭘ→ →→ﺨﺖ ﻭ ﭘ→ →→ﺰ ﻭ ﺻ→ →→ﺮﻑ ﻏ→ →→ﺬﺍ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺯﻳ→ →→ﺮﺑﻨﺎ^‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۷/QΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ^ ﺁﺷ →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺍﺣ →→ﺪ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑ ﻣ →→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ‪ Q/QΩ‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Q‬‬
‫ﻣ→ﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺩﺍﺷ→ﺘﻪ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﺯﻳ→ﺮﺑﻨﺎ^ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻔﺴﻪﺑﻨﺪ^ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ۲/۷Q‬ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺘ∂ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ⅛/QΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺯﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛‬

‫ﺁﺷ→→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧ↔ ﻭﺍﺣ→→ﺪﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ‪ ۱/۸Ω‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﻋ→→ﺮﺽ ﺩﺍﺷ→ﺘﻪ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ﻮﺍﺭﺩ^ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ^ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪﻋﺮﺽ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬
‫‪ Ω/۹Ω‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ^ ﻛ →→ﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻧ →→ﻈﺮ ﮔ →→ﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷ →→ﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳ →→ﻦ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ^ ﻛ→→ﺎﺭ ﻣ→→∂ﺗﻮﺍﻧ→→ﺪ ﺩﺍﺧ→→ﻞ ﻣ→→ﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﺁﺷ→→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧ↔‬
‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ^ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۲/۱Q‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬‬

‫ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ﺍﺑ →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺑ →→ﻬﺪﺍﺷ →→ﺘ∂ ﻣ →→ﺴﺘﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^ ﻣ →→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Q‬‬
‫‪ Ω/۹Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻭ ‪ ۱/۲Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪℮۸‬‬
‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۳‬‬

‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۲‬‬


‫ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ۲/℮Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→→∂ ﺭﻋ→→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺷ→→ﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﻘﻒ ﺷ→→ﻴﺒﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﻛ→→ﻮﺗﺎﻫﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻗ→→ﺴﻤﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻧ→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲/ΩQ‬ﻣ→ﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓ→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﺷ→ﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۲/℮Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻒ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺑ→ﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺷﻴﺒﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲/ΩQ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣ→ → →→ﺪﺍﻗ→ → →→ﻞ ﺍﺭﺗ→ → →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭ ﻓ→ → →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→ → →→ﻪ ﺑ → → →ﺮﺍ^ ﻣ→ → →→ﺪﺕ ﻃ→ → →→ﻮﻻﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧ→ → →→ﻬﺎ ﺗ → →→ﻮﻗﻒ‬
‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﻧﻤ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ^ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻛﻮﭼ‪ −‬ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ‪ ۲/۲Ω ،‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗ → →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^ ﺁﻣ → →→ﻮﺯﺷ∂ ‪ /‬ﺗ → →→ﺮﺑﻴﺘ∂‪ ،‬ﺗ → →→ﺠﻤﻌ∂ ﻭ ﺳ → →→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻓ → →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ^‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺗ → →→ﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺑ → →→ﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲Ω‬ﻧ→ →→ﻔﺮ ﭘ→ →→ﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﻣ→ →→∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗ→ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎ ﻧ→ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۳/ΩΩ‬ﻣ→ →→ﺘﺮ ﻛ→ →→ﻤﺘﺮ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺻ→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ^ ﺳ→ﺨﻨﺮﺍﻧ→→∂ ﻭ ﻧ→ﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ^‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻮﺭﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯ^ ﻭ ﺁﻛﻮﺳﺘﻴ‪ −‬ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺭﺗ→ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺑ→ →→ﻬﺪﺍﺷ →→ﺘ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑ ﻣ→ →→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ‪ ۸Ω‬ﺩﺭﺻ→ →→ﺪ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Q‬‬
‫ﺳ →→ﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ →→∂ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ۲/۲Ω‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﻘﻒ ﺷ →→ﻴﺒﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﻛ →→ﻮﺗﺎﻫﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻗ →→ﺴﻤﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻧ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫‪ ۲/ΩQ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺯﻳ →→ﺮ ﭼ →→ﻬﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﺩﺭﻫ →→ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗ →→ﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﻛ→→ﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛‬
‫ﻋ →→ﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳ →→ﺎﺯﻩﺍ^ ﺩﺭ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻗ →→ﺎﻣﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺷ →→ﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﻛ→ →→ﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻳ →→ﺮ ﺁﻧ →→ﻬﺎ ﻋ →→ﺒﻮﺭ ﺻ→ →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻣ →→∂ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫‪ ۲/ΩQ‬ﻣ→ﺘﺮ ﻛ→ﻤﺘﺮ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﺎﮔﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮ^ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪℮۹‬‬
‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬‬


‫‪Ґ‬‬
‫ﻫ→ﺮ ﻓ→ﻀﺎ^ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ^ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻪﻧﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻳ→→ﺎ ﭼ→ﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘ→ﻨﺠﺮ↓ ﺷ→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺑ→→ﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣ→→ﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺭﻭ ﺑ→→ﻪﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣ→ﻌﺒﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻴﺎﻁ )ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑﺎ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺎﺯ^( ﺑﺎﺯ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻋ →→ﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ →ﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣ →→ﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑ →→ﻨﺪ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ، Q‬ﺩﺭ ﻣ →→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺑ →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ →→∂ ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ^‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠ∂ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ→ → →→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ→ → →→ﻮﺭ ﻃ→ → →→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺑ → → →ﺮﺍ^ ﺗ→ → →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻗ→ → →→ﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻃ→ → →→ﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺯﻳ→ → →→ﺮﻳﻦ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫)ﺯﻳ→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻳ→ﺎ ﻫ→→ﻤﻜﻒ( ﺗ→ﻮﺳﻂ ﺣ→ﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ^ ﺩﺍﺧﻠ∂‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗ →→ﻮﺳﻂ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺳ →→ﻘﻔ∂ ﻓ →→ﺎﻗﺪ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺣ →→ﺪﻓﺎﺻﻞ ﺗ →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﻣ →→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺳ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣ→→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬
‫ﺷﻔﺎﻑ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﺭﻳﺰﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q۱‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳ→ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧ → →ﻮﺍﻉ ﺷ→ →→ﻴﺸﻪﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→ →→ﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺁﺟ→ →→ﺮ ﺷ→ →→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﻭ ﭘ→ →→ﻼﺳﺘﻴ‪ ،−‬ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺤ∂ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺷﻴﺸ↔ ﺷﻔﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→∂ ﺳ→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺷ→ﻔﺎﻑ ﻧ→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ^ ﻓ→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪۲‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Q‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻗ→ﺎﻣﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳ→ﻄﺢ ﺷ→→ﻴﺸ↔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→→∂‪ ،‬ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ﻳ‪−‬ﻫ→→ﺸﺘﻢ ﺳ→ﻄﺢ ﻛ→→ﻒ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣ→ →→∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﮕﺮ ﺁﻧ →→ﻜﻪ ﭘ →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﺗ →→ﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺩﻳ →ﻮﺍﺭ ﺗ →→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷ →→ﺪﻩ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻓ →→ﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻳ →ﻮﺍﺭ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﺩﻳ →ﻮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ℮/QΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻳ‪−‬ﻫﻔﺘﻢ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫→ﺎﻻ^ ﭘ →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻏ →→ﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ‬


‫ﺩﺭ ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻗ→ →→ﺎﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﻟﺒ→ →→↔ ﺑ → ‪ґ‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺳ→ﻘﻒ ﺷ→→ﻴﺒﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺯﻳ→ﺮ ‪ ۲/۱Ω‬ﻣ→ﺘﺮ ﻗ→ﺮﺍﺭ ﮔ→ﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳ→ﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺷﻔﺎﻑ ﻳ‪−‬ﺷﺸﻢ‬
‫ﺳ →→ﻄﺢ ﻛ →→ﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﮕﺮ ﺁﻧ →→ﻜﻪ ﻛ →→ﻠﻴﻪ ﺩﺭﻳ→→ﭽﻪﻫﺎ ﻧ→→ﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺩﻳ →ﻮﺍﺭ ﺗ→→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷ→→ﺪﻩ ﺑ→→ﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻓ→→ﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺩﻳ →ﻮﺍﺭ ﻣ→→ﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑ→→ﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ℮/QΩ‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﺑ→→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→∂ ﺷ→ﻴﺸﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳ‪−‬ﭘ→ﻨﺠﻢ ﻛ→ﻒ ﻓ→ﻀﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﻫ →→ﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﻋ→→ﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻣ→→ﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﭘ→→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻧ→→ﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ﻮﺍﺭﺩ^ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ۲‬ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬
‫‪ ۱/۸Ω‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﻳ‪−‬ﭼ→→ﻬﻠﻢ ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﻛ→→ﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻏ→→ﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣ →ﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻓ→→ﻮﻕ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﻳ‪−‬ﺑ→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺳ→ﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻛﻒ ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳ‪−‬ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻒ ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪℮‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ﻮﺍﺭﺩ^ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪Q‬‬

‫‪Q۲‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪℮‬‬

‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﻩﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ۲‬ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ Ω/۹‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﻪﺍﺯﺍ^ ﻫﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣ→ →→ﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺳ→ →→ﻄﺢ ﻧ→ →→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮﻫﺎ^ ﺳ→ →→ﻘﻔ∂ ﻭ ﭘ →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺩﻳ→ →ﻮﺍﺭ^ ﺩﺭ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Q‬ـ⅛‬
‫ﺍﺷ →→ﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺑ →→ﻬﺪﺍﺷ →→ﺘ∂ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻃ→→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻧ→→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ^ ﺷ→→ﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→→ﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺳ→→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→→∂‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ۲‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﺷ→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۷‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻧ→ →→ﻮﺭ ﻣ→ →→ﺼﻨﻮﻋ∂‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻋ→ →→ﺪﻡ ﺍﻣ→ →→ﻜﺎﻥ ﺗ →→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻃ →→ﺒﻴﻌ∂‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﺷ →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧ↔ﻫﺎ^ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ^ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺯﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎ^ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۱ΩΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۸‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ^ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ^ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﭘ→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺭﻭ ﺑ→→ﻪﻳ‪ −‬ﺍﻳ→ﻮﺍﻥ ﺑ→ﺎﺯ ﺷ→ﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳ→ﻮﺍﻥ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺷ→ﺮﺍﻳ→→ﻂ ﺯﻳ→ﺮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ⅛‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ^ ﺍﻳ→ →ﻮﺍﻥ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣ →→ﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑ →→ﻪﻃﺮﻑ ﺧ →→ﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣ →→ﻌﺒﺮ ﻋ →→ﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻳ →→ﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ⅛ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻫﻴﭻﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘ →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺷ→→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→→∂ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ^ ﺗ→→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ→→ﻮﺭ ﻃ→→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻭ ﺗ→→ﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻗ→→ﺎﻣﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺍﺑ→→ﻌﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺗ→→ﻌﻴﻴﻦﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺟ→→ﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ۲‬ﺑ→→ﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣ→→ﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺑ→→ﺪﻭﻥ ﻣ→ﺎﻧﻊ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺳﺮﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪ↓ ﺍﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑ→ﻴﻦ ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺍﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ⅛ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q۳‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۷‬‬
‫ﺍﺗ →→ﺎﻕﻫﺎ^ ﺗ →→ﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺗ →→ﻮ ﻭ ﺍﺗ →→ﺎﻕﻫﺎ^ ﺯﻳ →→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺎ ﺭﻋ →→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺷ →ﺮﺍﻳ →→ﻂ ﺯﻳ →→ﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→∂ﺗﻮﺍﻧ →→ﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑ →→ﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ^ ﺍﻗ →→ﺎﻣﺖ ﻭ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ^ ﺍﺷ →→ﺘﻐﺎﻟ∂ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺗ →→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭ ﻃ →→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ →→∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎ^ ﺗﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۷‬ـ‪۱‬‬


‫ﺍﺗ→ﺎﻕﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→ﻨﻀﻢ ﺑ→→ﻪﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۸Ω‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﺸﺘﺮ∑ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺑ →→ﺎ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ^ ﺍﺻ →→ﻠ∂ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧ →→ﻴﺎﺯ ﺑ →→ﻪﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫ →ﻮﺍ^ ﻣ→→ﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻧ→→ﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ^ ﻣ→→ﺤﺎﺳﺒ↔ ﻧ→→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫ →ﻮﺍ^ ﻻﺯﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻣﻨﻀﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺍﺻﻠ∂ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۸‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﻛ →→ﻒ ﺁﻧ →→ﻬﺎ ﭘ →→ﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﺯﻣ→→ﻴﻦ ﺑ→→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ‪ QΩ‬ﺩﺭﺻ→ﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗ→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﻳ→ﻮﺍﺭﻫ→ﺎ^ ﺁﻥ ﺑ→ﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳ→ﻄﺢ ﺯﻣ→ﻴﻦ ﺍﻃ→ﺮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑ→→ﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣ→→ﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^‬
‫ﻧ→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ^ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣ∂ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺳ →→ﻘﻒ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎ^ ﺯﻳ→→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﺯﻣ→→ﻴﻦ ﻃ→→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ )ﻣ→→ﻌﺒﺮ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺣ→→ﻴﺎﻁ( ﺩﺭ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺗ →ﺮﺍﺯ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭ ﮔ→→ﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺟ→→ﻬﺖ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ^ ﺍﻗ→ﺎﻣﺖ ﻳ→ﺎ ﺍﺷ→ﺘﻐﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→ﺠﺮﺍﻫ→ﺎ^ ﺧ→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻧ→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫ→ﻮﺍ ﺑ→ﻪﻋﺮﺽ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ‪۱/QΩ‬‬
‫ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻛ →→ﻨﺎﺭ ﺩﻳ →ﻮﺍﺭ ﺧ →→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ ﭘ →→ﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﺷ→→ﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷ →ﺮﺍﻳ→→ﻂ ﺑ→→ﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ^ ﺭﻓ→ →→ﻊ ﻛ→ →→ﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﺳ→ →→ﻄﺢ ﭘ→ →→ﻨﺠﺮ↓ ﺯﻳ→ →→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﺗ→ →→ﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷ→ →→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ ﻭ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ → →ﺮﺍﺟ→ →→ﻊ ﺻ →→ﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ →→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ →→↔‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣ∂ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﺠﺮﺍ^ ﺧﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑ →ﺮﺍ^ ﻣ→→ﺤﺎﺳﺒ↔ ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﻧ→→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→→ﺠﺮﺍ^ ﺧ→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻧ→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫ→ﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺗ→ﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ Ω/۹Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻻ^ ﻧﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﺮﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ،۳‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﻮﺩﺍﻝ ﺑﺎﻏﭽﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﺻﻠ∂‪،‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺟ→ﻬﺖ ﺗ→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗ→ﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻓ→ﻀﺎ^ ﺳ→ﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺷ→ﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳ→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻧ→ﺪﺍﺷ→ﺘﻦ ﻣ→ﻐﺎﻳﺮﺕ ﺑ→→ﺎ‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﺼﻮﺏ ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎ^ ﺗﻮﺳﻌ↔ ﺷﻬﺮ^ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q℮‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪℮‬‬

‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺳﻘﻔ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۹‬‬


‫ﺑ →ﺮﺍ^ ﺗ→→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ→→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗ→→ﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﺷ→→ﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺑ→→ﻬﺪﺍﺷ→→ﺘ∂ ﻭ ﭘ→→ﻠﻜﺎﻥﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﻧ→ﻮﺭ ﺁﻧ→ﻬﺎ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻃ→ → →→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺗ→ → →→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺷ → →→ﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ → →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻋ → →→ﺪﻡ ﺍﻣ → →→ﻜﺎﻥ ﺗ → →→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﭘ → →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺩﻳ→ → →ﻮﺍﺭ^‪ ،‬ﺍﺳ→ → →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮﻫﺎ^ ﺳﻘﻔ∂ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ→ →→ﻄﺢ ﺷ→ →→ﻔﺎﻑ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮﻫﺎ^ ﺳ→ →→ﻘﻔ∂ ﻧ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳ→ →→ﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→ →→∂ ﺷ→ →→ﻴﺸ↔ ﭘ →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۹‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ → →→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ۷‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ → →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻋ → →→ﺪﻡ ﺍﻣ → →→ﻜﺎﻥ ﻧ → →→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ^‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۹‬ـ‪۲‬‬


‫ﺭﺍﻩﭘ→ﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ^‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺭﺍﻩﭘﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ^ ﺑﺮﺍ^‬
‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋ∂ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺳﻴﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺗ →→ﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛ →→ﺎﺭﺑﺮ^ ﻳ→ →→ﺎ ﺗ →→ﻌﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﺳ →→ﺎﺳ∂ ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻗ →→ﺎﻣﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺷ →→ﺘﻐﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۹‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﻣ →→ﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﻧ →→ﺴﺒﺖ ﺑ →→ﻪﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ →→∂ ﻛ →→ﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﺳ →→ﻄﺢ ﭘ →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧ→→ﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗ→→ﺎ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻛ→→ﺜﺮ ‪ QΩ‬ﺩﺭﺻ→→ﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻣ∂ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺳﻘﻔ∂ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻧ→→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ^ ﻭ ﺗ→→ﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→→∂ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﻗ→→ﺎﺑﻞ ﺳ→→ﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﻋ→→ﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ→ﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳ→ﺮ ﻣ→→∂ﺗﻮﺍﻧ→ﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃ→ﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪﻫﺎ^ ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ‪ ⅛Ω‬ﺩﺭﺻ →→ﺪ ﺳ →→ﻄﺢ ﺩﺍﺧ→ →→ﻠ∂ ﺩﻳ→ →ﻮﺍﺭﻫ →→ﺎ^ ﻣ →→ﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺁﻓ →→ﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺸ↔ ﺷﻔﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ‪ QΩ‬ﺩﺭﺻ→→ﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳ→ﻄﺢ ﺷ→ﻴﺸ↔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→∂ ﻣ→ﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺁﻓ→ﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪QQ‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺑ→ →ﺮﺍ^ ﺗ →→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ →→∂ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ^ ﺍﻗ →→ﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻃ →→ﺮﻳﻖ ﻣ →→ﺤﻔﻈ↔‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺁﻓ →→ﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳ→ →→ﻄﺢ ﺷ →→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﻣ→ →→ﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺁﻓ →→ﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ ﻧ→ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻳ‪−‬ﭼ →→ﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﺳ →→ﻄﺢ ﻛ →→ﻒ ﻣ →→ﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺑ →→ﻪﺍﺿ →→ﺎﻓ↔‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﺑ →ﺮﺍﺑ→→ﺮ ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→→∂ ﻣ→→ﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﻣ→→ﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺁﻓ→ﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻓ→ﻀﺎ^ ﺍﻗ→ﺎﻣﺘ∂ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃ→ﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﻣ→→ﺤﻔﻈﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ^ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧ →→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﻣ →→ﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺁﻓ →→ﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ ﻧ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣ →→ﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻳ →→ﺎ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ^ ﺳ →→ﺮﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪ↓‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ^ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘ→ →→ﻨﺠﺮ↓ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺑ →→ﻬﺪﺍﺷ→ →→ﺘ∂ ﻭ ﺁﺷ →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻧ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ →→ﻪﻣﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺁﻓ →→ﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪Q‬‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳ → →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣ → →→ﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡﻫﺎ^ ﻛ → →→ﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻧ → →→ﻮﺭ ﻃ → →→ﺒﻴﻌ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ→ → →→ﺎ ﻫ → →→ﺪﻑ ﺻ → →→ﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﻳ∂ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪۱۱‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺮﮊ^ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫⅛‪Q‬‬
‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ Q‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ^ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻫﻮﺍ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۱‬‬


‫ﻛ→→ﻠﻴﻪ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻗ→→ﺎﻣﺖ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﻫ→→ﺮ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎ^ ﺩﻳ→→ﮕﺮ^ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﻣ→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳ→ﺘﻔﺎﺩ↓ ﺍﺷ→→ﺨﺎﺹ ﻗ→ﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣ→→∂ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻣ→→ﻨﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣ→→ﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﭼ→ﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ ﻭ ﻧ→ﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ→→ﻪﻃﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ→ﻠﻴﻪ ﻓ→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻗ→ﺎﻣﺘ∂ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺗﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ^ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ→→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺳ→→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ^ ﺯﻳ→→ﺮ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ^ ﺗ→→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻃ→→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻫ→ﻮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧ→ﻮﺍﻉ ﻓ→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﻃ→ﺒﻖ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ۱‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭ^ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪Q۷‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ^ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ^ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ‬


‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ )ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ(‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﻪﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻒ‬

‫ــ‬ ‫⅛‪۱ : ۱‬‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ‬

‫ــ‬ ‫‪۱ : ۱۲‬‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷ∂ ‪ /‬ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺘ∂‬

‫ــ‬ ‫⅛‪۱ : ۱‬‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ )ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﺴﺒ∂ ‪ /‬ﺗﺠﺎﺭ^(‬

‫ــ‬ ‫‪۱ : ۱۲‬‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ )ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂(‬

‫ــ‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Q‬‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ‬

‫‪Ω/۱۸‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Ω‬‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘ∂‬

‫‪Ω/۹Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Q‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﺮﻭﻫﺎ^ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫‪Ω/۹Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Q‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﺮﻭﻫﺎ^ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﺷ →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →→ﻪﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻗ →→ﺎﻣﺖ ﺧ →→ﺪﻣﺖﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂ ﻣ →→∂ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳ‪−‬ﺷﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻒ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ→ﻄﺢ ﺑ→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﺳ→ﺮﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪ↓ ﺍﺗ→ﻮﻣﺒﻴﻞ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻳ‪−‬ﺑﻴﺴﺖﻭﭘﻨﺠﻢ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Q‬‬


‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻒ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﺭﺍﻩﭘ→→ﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﺑ→→ﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻃ→→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺗ→→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ →ﻮﺍ ﺷ→→ﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗ→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ→ﻮﺍ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۱‬ـ⅛‬
‫ﺑﻪﻳﻜ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﮔ→ﺮ ﺗ→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ→ﻮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻣﻴﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺭﺍﻩﭘﻠﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۱‬ـ⅛ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣ→ →→ﻤﻜﻦ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳ→ →→ﻄﺢ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﻧ→ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻳ‪−‬ﺷ→ →→ﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﺳ→ →→ﻄﺢ ﺗ→ →→ﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻓ →→ﻘ∂ ﭘ →→ﻠﻪ ﻳ →→ﺎ ‪ Ω/℮Q‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
‫)ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻼ∑ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ( ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﮔ→→ﺮ ﺗ→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ→ﻮﺍ ﻓ→→ﻘﻂ ﺍﺯ ﺳ→ﻘﻒ ﻣ→ﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺭﺍﻩﭘ→ﻠﻪ ﺍﻧ→→ﺠﺎﻡ ﮔ→ﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﺑ→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۱‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﺍﻩﭘﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻨﺪ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ۹‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q۸‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ^ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪Q‬‬

‫ﺭﻋ →→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺑ →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﻛ →→ﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎ^ ﻫ→ →ﻮﺍﺩﻫ →→∂ ﻳ→ →→ﺎ ﻫ→ →ﻮﺍﮔ →→ﻴﺮ^ ﻣ →→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ →→ﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۷‬‬
‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ→→ﻠﻴﻪ ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺳ→ﺮﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ→→ﺎ ﺣ→ﺪ ﺍﻣ→ﻜﺎﻥ ﺑ→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻃ→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺗ→ﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۸‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﺎﻓ∂ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻥ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ→→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗ→ﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻣ→ﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂ ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺧ→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧ→→ﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑ→ﺎ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ^ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺟ→ﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻗ∂ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۲‬‬


‫ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺗ→ →→ﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺗ∂ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ^ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﻳ→ →→ﺎ ﻣ→ →→ﺠﺮﺍ^ ﻫ → →ﻮﺍ^ ﻣ→ →→ﺘﺼﻞ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ^ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺟ→ → →→ﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ^ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧ→ → →→ﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔ→ → →→∂ ﻫ→ → →ﻮﺍ^ ﺩﺍﺧ → →→ﻞ ﺗ → →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﺭﺍﻫﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻩﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﺍﻛﻨﻨﺪ↓ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ → →→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ،۷‬ﺍﺭﺗ → →→ﺒﺎﻁ ﺑ → →→ﻴﻦ ﻗ → →→ﻔﺴﻪ ﭘ → →→ﻠﻜﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻓ → →→ﻀﺎ^‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۹‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺣﺎﺋﻠ∂ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ^ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺮ ﻭ ﺻﺪﺍ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ→ → →→ﻄﺢ ﺑ→ → →→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ^ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ → →→∂ ﺩﺭ ﺻ → →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺗ → →→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ→ → →ﻮﺍ^ ﻃ→ → →→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻓ → →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪۱Ω‬‬
‫ﺑ→ →→ﻬﺪﺍﺷ→ →→ﺘ∂ ﻃ→ →→ﺒﻖ ﺟ→ →→ﺪﻭﻝ ﺷ →→ﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ۲‬ﻭ ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ‪ Ω/۱۸‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧ →→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ^ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ→ →ﻮﺍ^‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘ∂ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪Q۹‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﻧﻮﺭﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻓﻀﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻒ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎ^‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﺍ^ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬
‫ﻳ‪ −‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﻪﻓﺎﺻﻠ↔‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻳ‪−‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ℮/Q‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪℮/Q‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂‬
‫ﺑﻪﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﺻﻠ∂‬ ‫‪۲/۱Q‬‬ ‫‪۱۲/QΩ‬‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۷‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫‪۲/۱Q‬‬ ‫‪⅛/QΩ‬‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۷‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﻣﻨﻀﻢ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۷‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﻧﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻔﻈ↔‬ ‫‪۲/۱Q‬‬ ‫‪⅛/QΩ‬‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ℮‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ℮‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ^‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۲/۱Q‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Q‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Q‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧ↔ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‬ ‫‪۱/۸Ω‬‬ ‫‪Q/QΩ‬‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧ↔ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ^‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻧﺸﻴﻤﻦ ﻭ ﻏﺬﺍﺧﻮﺭ^‬ ‫‪۲/۱Q‬‬ ‫‪۱℮/QΩ‬‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۷‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫‪۲/۱Q‬‬ ‫‪۷/QΩ‬‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۷‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﺨﺘﻦ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫‪۲/۱Q‬‬ ‫‪۲Ω‬‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۷‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘ∂‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۲/۱Q‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۱Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۱Ω‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﭘﺎﺭﻛﻴﻨﮓ ﻛﻮﭼ‪−‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۲/۲Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Ω‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﭘﺎﺭﻛﻴﻨﮓ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ )ﻛﺴﺒ∂‪ /‬ﺗﺠﺎﺭ^(‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﺭﺍﻫﺮﻭﻫﺎ^ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻭ‬
‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۲/۱Q‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Q‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Q‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳ∂ﻫﺎ^ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ‬

‫ﺭﺍﻩﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^‬
‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬
‫∗‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ‪ ۱‬ﺗﺎ ‪Q‬‬

‫ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦﻫﺎ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Q‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Q‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﻓﺮﻭﺷﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ )ﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂(‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﻛـﻼﺱﻫﺎ^ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﻪ‬


‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۳/ΩΩ‬‬ ‫‪۱ : Q‬‬ ‫‪۱ : Q‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻻ^ ‪ ۲Ω‬ﻧﻔﺮ(‬

‫ﻣﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ℮‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ℮‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ )ﺑﺎﻻ^‪ ۲Ω‬ﻧﻔﺮ(‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۳/ΩΩ‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﺑ→ →→ﻠﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣ→ →→ﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﭘ→ →→ﻠﻪﺍ^ ﻛ→ →→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺧ →→ﺮﻭﺝ ﻭﺍﻗ →→ﻊ ﺷ →→ﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻃ ﻮﺭ ﻣ→ →→ﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂ ﺗ →→ﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻭ ﻓ →→ﺸﺎﺭ ﻣ →→ﺜﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺷ →→ﺘﻪ‬ ‫∗‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪⅛Ω‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ^ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪Q‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ^ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۲‬‬


‫ﻓ → →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﺗ → →→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ → →ﻮﺍ^ ﺁﻧ → →→ﻬﺎ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑ → →→ﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣ → →→ﺎ ﻣ → →→ﻠﺰﻡ ﺑ → →→ﻪﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ → →ﻮﺍ^‬
‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻧﺸﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ → → →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳ → → →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗ → → →→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ → → →ﻮﺍ^ ﻣ→ → →→ﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂‪ ،‬ﺍﻳ→ → →→ﻦ ﺳ→ → →→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑ→ → →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵﻫ →→ﺎ^ ﻣ →→ﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻣ →→ﻬﻨﺪﺳ∂ ﺑ →→ﻬﺮﻩ ﺑ →→ﺒﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺟ →→ﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺍﺳ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗ →→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ →ﻮﺍ^ ﻣ →→ﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ →→∂‬
‫ﺷ→→ﺪﻩ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺑ→→ﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺟ→→ﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﺗ→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ→ﻮﺍ^ ﻃ→→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻣ→ﻄﺮﺡ ﺷ→ﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→ﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻫ→ﻮﺍ^ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻫ→ﻮﺍﻛﺶﻫ→ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛ→ﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ^ ﮔ→ﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻳ→ﺎ ﺳ→ﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﻫ→ﻮﺍ^ ﺑ→ﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﭼﺮﺧ↔ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﻫﻮﺍ^ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ^ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ^‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻮﺍ^ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬‬

‫ﺳ →→ﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ^ ﺗ→→ﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫ →ﻮﺍ^ ﻫ→→ﻤ↔ ﺁﺷ→→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﻣ→→ﻠﺰﻡ ﺑ→→ﻪﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﻫ →ﻮﺍﻛﺶ‬


‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Q‬‬
‫ﺭﻭ^ ﺍﺟﺎﻕ )ﻫﻮﺩ( ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻝ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻮﺍﻛﺶ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﻪﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻮﺍ^ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ۷‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛‬


‫ﺗ → →→ﻤﺎﻡ ﻣ → →→ﺪﺕ ﻛ → →→ﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ ﺁﺷ→ →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻋ→ →→ﻤﻞ ﻛ→ →→ﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋ→ →→ﺎﻳﻖﻛﺎﺭ^ ﺣ → →ﺮﺍﺭﺗ→ →→∂ ﺍﻳ→ →→ﻦ ﻛ→ →→ﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→ →→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ →→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗ →→ﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫ→ →ﻮﺍ^ ﺁﺷ →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ^ ﻣ →→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۷‬‬


‫ﮔ →→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ۷‬ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﻛ→ →→ﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣ →→ﺮﻛﺰ^ ﻳ →→ﺎ ﻛ →→ﻠﻴﺪ ﺑ →→ﺮﻕ ﺭﻭﺷ →→ﻨﺎﻳ∂ ﺁﺷ →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻳ →→ﺎ ﻛ →→ﻠﻴﺪ ﻣ →→ﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ^ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪⅛۱‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ^ ﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺎﺭ^ ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬‬

‫ﺳ→→ﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ^ ﺗ→→ﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫ →ﻮﺍ^ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﺑ→ﻬﺪﺍﺷ→→ﺘ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﮔ→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ^‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Q‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬‬


‫⅛ ﻭ ‪ ۷‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺑ→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣ→ﺮﻛﺰ^ ﻭ ﻳ→ﺎ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻫ→ﻮﺍﻛﺶﻫ→ﺎﻳ∂ ﻣ→→ﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺗ→ﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ^ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳ∂ ﺑﺮﻕ‬
‫ﻳ→ﺎ ﻛ→→ﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ^ ﺟ→ﺪﺍﮔ→ﺎﻧﻪ ﺑ→→ﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﻫﻮﺍ^ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘ∂ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻳ‪ −‬ﻫ→ﻮﺍﻛﺶ ﺗ→ﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷ→ﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﻫ→ﻮﺍﻛﺶ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ→ﻮﺳﻂ ﻛ→ﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→ﺠﺰﺍﻳ→→∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫ→ﺮﻳ‪ −‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧ→ﻬﺎ ﻗ→ﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣ→→∂ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺑ→→ﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻓ→ﺘﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧ→ﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺳ→ﻴﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣ→ﺘﺼﻞ ﺑ→ﻪﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻕ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ^ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→ →→ﻪ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ^ ﺁﻧ→ →→ﻬﺎ ﻣ→ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺧ→ →→ﺎﺻ∂ ﻭﺿ→ →→ﻊ ﻧ→ →→ﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟ∂ ﺍﻣ →→ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ Q‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱Ω‬‬
‫ﺍﻳ →→ﺠﺎﺩ ﮔ →→ﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻏ →→ﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﮔ →→ﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺨﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻳ →→ﮕﺮ ﺷ →ﺮﺍﻳ→→ﻂ ﺯﻳ→→ﺎﻥﺁﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩﺁﻣﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧ→→ﻬﺎ ﻭﺟ→→ﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺣ→→ﻔﻆ ﺳ→→ﻼﻣﺖ ﺑ→→ﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳ→→ﺠﺎﺩ ﺣ→ﺮﻳﻖ ﻭ ﺧ→ﻄﺮ ﺍﻧ→→ﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣ→ﺠﺰﺍ‬
‫‪ẃ‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪⅛۲‬‬
‫‪ ℮‬ـ ⅛ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎ^ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ⅛ـ‪۱‬‬


‫‪ ℮‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺖ ﺑ →→ﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣ →→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻭ ﻓ →→ﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫ →→ﺎ^ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ ﻣ →→ﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺍﺛ →→ﺮ ﺯﻳ →→ﺎﻥﺑﺨﺸ∂ ﺑ →→ﺮ ﺳ →→ﻼﻣﺘ∂ ﻛ →→ﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳ →→ﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺁﺗ→→∂‬
‫ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﻣ→→ﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻋ→ﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻣ→ﺤﻞ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧ→ﺪﺍﺷ→ﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﭘ→ﻨﺠﻢ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ﺍﺳ→ → →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫ→ → →→ﺎ^ ﻧ→ → →→ﻮﻳﻦ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﻓ → →→ﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣ → →→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺟ → →→ﺪﻳﺪ ﺑ → →→ﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ﺩﺭ ﻫ →→ﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺑ →→ﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ ﻭ ﺣ →→ﻴﻦ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛ →→ﻠﻴﻪ ﻣ →→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻭ ﻋ →→ﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‬
‫ﭼ →→ﻮﻥ ﻧ →→ﺮﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺣ →→ﻔﺎﻅﻫﺎ ﻧ →→ﻴﺰ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺷ →ﺮﺍﻳ →→ﻂ ﻣ →→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺯ ﭘ →→ﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔ∂ ﻧ →→ﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺷ →→ﺘﻪ ﺷ →→ﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑ →→ﺎ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪⅛۳‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺍﺳ→ → →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟ → → →ﺰﺍ^ ﺳ→ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺻ→ → →→ﻨﻌﺘ∂ ﻭ ﻣ→ → →→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ → →→ﺎ ﺭﻋ → →→ﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫‪℮‬ـ⅛ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗ→ﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣ→→∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺿ→ﻮﺍﺑ→ﻂ ﻣ→ﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑ→ﻪﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘ→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺻ→→ﻨﻌﺘ∂ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬‬


‫ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗ → →→ﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻛ → →→ﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻃ→ →→ﻮﺭ^ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ →→ﺤﻮﻃﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣ →→ﻜﺎﻥﻳﺎﺑ∂ ﺷ →→ﻮﻧﺪ ﻛ →→ﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑ →ﺮﺍﺳ →→ﺎﺱ ﻗ →ﻮﺍﻧ →→ﻴﻦ ﻣ →→ﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻳ →→ﻤﻨ∂ ﻭ ﺣ →→ﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛ →→ﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺣ →→ﻴﻦ ﺍﺟ →ﺮﺍ‬
‫ﻣ→ﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫ→→ﻢ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺪﻭﻥ ﺧ→ﻄﺮ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﺰﺍﺣﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧ↔ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻫ→ﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺷﻬﺮ^‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ ﻭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺑ→→ﺮﻕ ﻭ ﮔ→→ﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻓ→→ﺎﺿﻼﺏ ﻭ ﺷ→→ﻴﺮﻫﺎ^ ﺁﺗﺶﻧ→→ﺸﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﻋ→→ﻼﻳﻢ ﺍﺩﺍﺭ↓ ﻧ→→ﻘﺸﻪﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ ﻭ ﻏ→→ﻴﺮﻩ ﻣ →ﺮﺍﻗ→→ﺒﺖ ﮔ→ﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﻣﺄﻣﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﺫﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻪﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻫ→→ﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣ→ﺠﺮ^ ﺫﻳ→ﺼﻼﺡ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻛ→ﭙ∂ ﭘ→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ→↔ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧ→ﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎ^‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﻭ ﺗ → →→ﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺗ∂‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﻓ → →→ﺘﺮﭼ↔ ﺍﻃ → →→ﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣ → →→ﺤﻞ ﻛ → →→ﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺷ → →→ﺘﻪ ﺑ → →→ﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮﻳ∂ ﺣﺎﻭ^ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﻠ‪ ،−‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ )ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ،−‬ﻃﺮﺍﺡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺮ^ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ(‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣ → →→ﺤﻞ ﻛ → →→ﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ ﺑ → →→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺗ∂ ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣ → →→ﻌﺒﺮ ﻋ → →→ﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻗ → →→ﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﺅﻳﺖ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣ→ →→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﻣ→ →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺩﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣ→→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﺿ→→ﺎﻓ∂ ﻭ ﻧ→→ﺨﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎ^ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→→ﺪﻭﻥ ﻟﻄ→→ﻤﻪ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳ→ﺴﺖ‪،‬‬


‫‪℮‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﻣﺤﻠ∂ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧ↔ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣ∂ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺧ→→ﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔ→→ﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻋ→→ﻨﺎﺻﺮ^ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘ→→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ→→↔ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧ→ﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ^ ﺁﻧ→ﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Q‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪⅛℮‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ⅛‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻗﻄﻊ ﺩﺭﺧ→ →→ﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣ → →ﻮﺍﻓ→ →→ﻘﺖ ﺷ→ →→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫ→ →→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ→ →ﺮﺍﺟ→ →→ﻊ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛‬
‫ﺻ →→ﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ →→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ →→ﻪ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧ →→ﺸﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺩﺭﺧﺖ ﻳ →→ﺎ ﺩﺭﺧ →→ﺘﺎﻥ ﺟ→→ﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻃ→→ﺒﻖ ﻧ→→ﻈﺮ ﺷ→→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧ↔ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫ→ﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣ→ﻴﻦ ﻋ→→ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﺁﺛ→ﺎﺭ^ ﻣ→ﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑ→ﻪﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۷‬‬
‫ﻳ → →→ﺎﻓﺖ ﺷ → →→ﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑ → →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻋ → →→ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﻣ → →→ﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻭ ﺑ → →→ﻪﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣ → →→ﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓ → →→ﺮﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﻛ → →→ﺸﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻳ → →→ﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻧ→ﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎ^ ﺫﻳ→ﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻃ→→ﻼﻉ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷ→ﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺩﺍﻣ→→↔ ﻋ→ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﻣ→ﻨﻮﻁ ﺑ→→ﻪﺍﺧ→ﺬ ﻣ→ﺠﻮﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ→ → →→ﻠﻴﻪ ﺯﻣ → →→ﻴﻦﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﺧ → →→ﺎﻟ∂ ﺑ → →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺷ→ → →ﺮﺍﻳ→ → →→ﻂ ﺳ → →→ﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳ → →→ﻤﻦ ﻭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬‬
‫ﺑ →→ﻬﺪﺍﺷ →→ﺘ∂ ﻧ →→ﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ^ ﺷ →→ﻮﻧﺪ ﺗ→ →→ﺎ ﺑ →→ﻪﻭﻳﺮﺍﻧ →→ﻪ ﺗ →→ﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻧ →→ﺸﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺁﺛ →→ﺎﺭ ﻣ →→ﻨﻔ∂ ﺑ →→ﺮ ﺳ →→ﻼﻣﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻳ →→ﻤﻨ∂ ﻣ →→ﺮﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪⅛Q‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ‬


‫ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬


‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺳ→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤ∂ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ^ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ﻮﻟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧ→ﺼﺐ ﻭ ﺍﺟ→ﺮﺍ^ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺟ→ﺰﺍ^ ﺍﻥ ﺑ→→ﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﻣ∂ﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭ ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻋ→→ﺮﺻﻪﻫﺎ^ ﮔ→→ﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﻃ →ﺮﺍﺣ→∂ ﻭ ﺍﻧ→ﺒﻮﻩﺳﺎﺯ^ ﻭ ﺗ→ﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺻ→ﻨﻌﺘ∂‪ ،‬ﻛ→→ﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ^ ﮔ→ﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﭘ→→ﻴﺪﺍ‬
‫ﻧ→→ﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣ→→ﺪﻭﻝ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﭘ→→ﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﭘ→→ﺎﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧ→→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﺍ^ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫ→→ﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﻣ→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣ→→∂ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣ →→ﺪ ﺍﺻ →→ﻠ∂ ﻭ ﺍﺳ →→ﺎﺳ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻧ →→ﻈﺎﻡ ﻣ →→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ →→ﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ →→ﻦ ﺳ→→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑ →ﺮﺍﺳ→→ﺎﺱ ﻣ→→ﺪﻭﻝ ﭘ→→ﺎﻳﻪ ﻳ→→ﺎ‬
‫ﺿ→ →→ﺮﻳﺒ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻧ→ →→ﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣ→ →→∂ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣ →→ﺪﻭﻝ ﭘ →→ﺎﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺿ→ →ﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →ﺮﺍ^ ﻫ→ →→ﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﻧ →→ﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﮔ→ →→ﺎﻡﻫﺎ ﻳ →→ﺎ‬
‫)ﻓﺎﺻـﻠﻪﻫﺎ( ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎ^ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺴﺘـﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ^ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﻛﻨﻨﺪ↓ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ^‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ^ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻨﻌﺖ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺯ ﻣ→→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳ→→ﺮﻋﺖ ﺑ→→ﺨﺸﻴﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓ→ﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ^ ﺍﺯ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞﻫﺎ^‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ^ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻘﺎ ﻛ→→ﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺿ→ﺎﺑﻄﻪﻣﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣ→ﺮﻛﺰ ﺗ→ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺳ→→ﺎﻝ ‪ ۱۳⅛۹‬ﺗ→→ﺎﻛﻨﻮﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑ→ → →→ﺎ ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﺍﺟ → → →ﺮﺍ ﺩﺭﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﺑ→ → →→ﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۱۲‬ﻃ→ → →→ﺮﺡ ﺗ→ → →→ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗ∂ ﻛ→ → →→ﻪ ﻧ→ → →→ﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣ→ → →→ﺪﻭﻥ ﺁﻧ→ → →→ﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﺷﻜﻞ ﺗ → →→ﺄﻟﻴﻒ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺳ→→ﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌ→→ﻤﻞ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻫ→→ﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﻳ→ﻪ ﺷ→ﺪﻩﺍﻧ→ﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳ→→ﻌ∂ ﻧ→ﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗ→→ﺎ ﺑ→ﺎ ﺍﺳ→ﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺿ→ﻮﺍﺑ→ﻂ ﺍﺯ ﻣ→→ﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻧ→→ﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ^ ﺍﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ۱‬ـ ﺭﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎ^ ﻋﺪﺩ^ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ۲‬ـ ﺍﺑﻌـﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫـﺎ^ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻳـﺮﺍﻧ∂ )ﺁﻧﺘﺮﻭﭘﻮﻣﺘـﺮ^ ﻭ ﺍﺑﻌـﺎﺩ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫـﺎ^‬
‫ﻋ→ →→ﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ^ ـ ﺑ→ →→ﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧ→ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ→ →→ﺎ^ ﺑ→ →→ﺪﻥ ‪ ۱QΩΩ‬ﻧ→ →→ﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺯﻥ ـ ﻣ→ →→ﺮﺩ ﺍﻳ → →ﺮﺍﻧ →→∂(‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺎ ﺗ →→ﻮﺟﻪ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻋﻮﺍﻣ →→ﻞ‬
‫ﻣ →→ﺤﻴﻄ∂ ﻭ ﻗ →→ﺎﺑﻞ ﺯﻳ →→ﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﺟ→ →→ﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺣﺲ‪ ،‬ﺣ →→ﺮﻛﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓ→ →→ﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺳ →→ﺎﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺎ ﺑ →→ﻬﺮﻩ ﺑ →→ﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳ∂ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧ∂ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺭﮔﻮﻧﻮﻣ∂‬
‫‪ ۳‬ـ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎ ـ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۳ΩΩ‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫‪ ℮‬ـ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻋﻤﻠ∂ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳـﺞ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶﻫﺎ^ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨ↔ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﺍﺭﮔﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴ‪ −‬ﺑـﺮﺍ^‬

‫‪⅛۹‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺗ→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺷ→ﺮﺍﻳ→ﻂ ﺁﺳ→ﺎﻳﺶ ﺟ→→ﺴﻤ∂ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ^ ﺍﻧ→ﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻳ→ﺮﺍﻧ→∂‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣ→→ﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺍ^ ﺍﺯ ﺿ→ﻮﺍﺑ→ﻂ ﺍﺑ→ﻌﺎﺩ^ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ^‬
‫ﻃ →ﺮﺍﺣ→→∂ ﻣ→→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺗ→→ﻬﻴﻪ ﺷ→ﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗ→ﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﺿ→ﻮﺍﺑ→ﻂ ﻋ→→ﻼﻭﻩ ﺑ→ﺮ ﺗ→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺷ→ﺮﺍﻳ→→ﻂ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ‬
‫ﺟ → →→ﻬﺖ ﻃ → →ﺮﺍﺣ → →→∂ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ^ ﺁﺳ→ →→ﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﻧ→ →→ﺴﺎﻥ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﺑ→ →→ﻌﺎﺩ^‪ ،‬ﻛ→ →→ﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺑ→ →→ﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﮔ→ →→ﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣ→ →→ﺘﻨﻮﻋ∂ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺯﻣ → →→ﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ^ ﮔ → →→ﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﻃ → →ﺮﺍﺣ → →→∂ )ﻣ → →→ﻌﻤﺎﺭ^‪ ،‬ﺳ → →→ﺎﺯﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟ → →ﺰﺍ ﻭ ﻗ→ →→ﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﻣ→ →→ﺒﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺛ→ →→ﺎﺙ‪،‬‬
‫ﭼ → →→ﻴﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻏ → →→ﻴﺮﻩ( ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗ → →→ﻤﺎﻣ∂ ﺍﻧ→ → →ﻮﺍﻉ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﺑ → →→ﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻣ → →→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﻭ ﻣ → →→ﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﭼ → →→ﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪﺷﻜﻞ ﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳـﺎ^ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺷﺎﻣـﻞ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﻩﺳﺎﺯ^ﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﺗـ‪−‬ﺳﺎﺯ^ ﺑﻪﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻫ→→ﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻳ→→ﺠﺎﺩ ﻫ→→ﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻃ →ﺮﺍﺣ→→∂ ﻭ ﺗ→ﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﻭ ﺍﺛ→→ﺎﺙ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺑ→→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻧ → →→ﻔﺮﺍﺩ^ ﺩﺭ ﻛ → →→ﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﺗ → →→ﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣ → →→∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻧ → →→ﻴﺰ ﻛ → →→ﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺑ → →→ﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺷ → →→ﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ→ →→ﻪ ﺍﻧ→ →→ﺒﻮﻩﺳﺎﺯ^ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘ → →→ﻴﺶﺳﺎﺯ^ ﺑ → →→ﺪﻭﻥ ﺳ → →→ﻴﺴﺘﻤ∂ ﺟ → →→ﻬﺖ ﻫ → →→ﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ^ ﺍﺑ→ →→ﻌﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →→ﺎﺯﺩﻫ∂ ﻭ ﺳ→ →→ﻮﺩﺩﻫ∂ ﭼ→ →→ﺸﻤﮕﻴﺮ^‬
‫ﻧ →→ﺨﻮﺍﻫ →→ﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗ →→ﺪﻭﻳﻦ »ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ →→ﻂ ﻃ →ﺮﺍﺣ →→∂ ﻣ →→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ^ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ـ ﻣ →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘ →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ« ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑ →→ﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳ →→ﻜ∂ ﺍﺯ ﻣ →→ﺒﺎﺣﺚ‪ ،‬ﺟ→→ﻬﺖ ﺗ→→ﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻫ→→ﺮﭼﻪ ﺑ→→ﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ→→ﻂ ﺍﺑ→→ﻌﺎﺩ^ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ^ ﻃ →ﺮﺍﺣ→→∂ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑ → →→ﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳ → →→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣ → →→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻳ → →ﺮﺍﻥ ﺧ → →ﻮﺍﻫ → →→ﺪ ﺑ → →→ﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺟ → →→ﻬﺖ ﺍﻃ → →→ﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺗ → →→ﻜﻤﻴﻠ∂ ﺑ → →→ﻪﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺗ→ →→ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺳ → → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣ → → →→ﺴﻜﻦ ﺑ → → →→ﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ‪ ،‬ﺷ → → →→ﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺽ ـ ‪ ، ℮۷Ω‬ﮒ ـ ‪ ،℮⅛۳‬ﮒ ـ ⅛‪،۲۱Q ،۲Q۷ ،۲⅛۸ ،۳۳‬‬
‫⅛‪ ۳۳۳ ،۳۹۸ ،۳۱⅛ ،۳۱۲ ،۳⅛۱ ،۲۱‬ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖﭘﺬﻳﺮ^ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫﺎ‬


‫ﻣ→ → →→ﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺗ → →→ﻐﻴﻴﺮﭘﺬﻳﺮ^ ﺍﺑ → →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺟ→ → →ﺰﺍ^ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺿ→ → →ﻮﺍﺑ → →→ﻄ∂ ﻛ→ → →→ﻪ ﻣ → →→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺁﻧ → →→ﻬﺎ ﭼ → →→ﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺗ→ →→ﻐﻴﻴﺮﭘﺬﻳﺮ^‪ ،‬ﺷ→ →→ﻜﻞ ﻛ→ →→ﻤﻴﺘ∂ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﺧﻮﺩ ﻣ→ →→∂ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﺍﻋ →→ﺪﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻗ →→ﺎﻡ ﻣ →→ﺸﺨﺺ ﻣ→ →→∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻋ→ﻮﺍﻣ→ﻠ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺯﻳ→ﺎﺑ∂‪ ،‬ﺗ→ﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻭ ﺑ→ﺮﺭﺳ∂ ﺭﻭﺍﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫ→ﺎ^ ﺍﺟ→ﺰﺍ^ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻛ→→ﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻛ→ﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻧ→ﻈﺮ ﮔ→ﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ^ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺑ→ﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﺿ→ﻮﺍﺑ→ﻂ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ^ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺟ→ﺰﺍ^ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺳ→ﺘﻪ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺑ→ﺮﺍﺳ→ﺎﺱ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻫ→→ﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﻣ→→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻃ →ﺮﺍﺣ→→∂ ﻭ ﺍﺟ →ﺮﺍ ﻣ→→∂ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ →ﺮﺍ^ ﺗ→→ﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻧ→→ﺒﻮﻩ ﻭ ﺻ→→ﻨﻌﺘ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺑ→ﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖﭘﺬﻳﺮ^ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤـ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺑﻪﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۷Ω‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺪﻭﻝ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ـ ﻣﺪﻭﻝ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﻭ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﺏ ﻣﺪﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻣﺪﻭﻝ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪. M = ١٠٠mm‬‬


‫ﺏ( ﻣﺪﻭﻝ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭﮔﺎﻫ∂ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪= ١٠mm‬‬
‫‪٣M‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﭖ( ﺷﺒﻜ↔ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭﮔﺎﻫ∂ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬
‫‪٣M‬‬ ‫‪٣M‬‬
‫× ‪= ١٠mm‬‬ ‫‪= ١٠mm‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﺕ( ﺷﺒﻜ↔ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ^ ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ ، ٣ M × ٣ M‬ﻳﺎ ‪. ٣٠٠× ٣٠٠mm‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻄﺒـﺎﻕ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎ^ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﺍﺟﺰﺍ^ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺷﺒﻜ↔ ﻣﺪﻭﻝ ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜ↔ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘـﻢ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕـ∂ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺨﻮﺍﻧـ∂ ﺍﺟﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻧ→ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻭ ﻣ→ →→ﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺑ→ →→ﺮﺭﺳ∂ ﻣ→ →→∂ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧ→ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ→ →→ﺎ^ ﻫ→ →→ﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻣ→ →→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻫ→ →→ﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﺷ→ →→ﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎ^‬
‫ﻣ→ →→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ^ ﻃ → →ﺮﺍﺣ→ →→∂ ﻣ→ →→ﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣ→ →→∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑ →→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻻ ﺑ →→ﺮﺩﻥ ﺳ →→ﻄﺢ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧ →→ﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔ →→ﺬﺍﺭ^‪ ،‬ﻫ →→ﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﺭﺍﻳ→→ﻪ ﺍﻧ→→ﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﻣ→→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻧ→→ﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﺍﺟ →ﺮﺍﻳ→→∂ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ^ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺟ→→ﺰﺀ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→→ﻪﻧﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫﺎ^ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺟﺰﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ‬


‫ﺑ→ﺮﺍ^ ﻃ→ﺮﺍﺣ→∂ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘ→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣ→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻧ→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ→ﺎ^ ﻫ→ﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ﻪﺳﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ґ‬‬
‫‪ ۱‬ـ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﺍﺳﻤ∂ ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﺩﻫﺎﻧ↔ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻﻮﻻ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﻭﻟ∂ ﺑﻪﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﻳ‪ −‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۲‬ـ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧـﻪﺍ^ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺮﺯﻫﺎ^ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(۱‬‬
‫‪Ґ‬‬
‫‪ ۳‬ـ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﺍﺳﻤ∂ ﺑـﺮﺍ^ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠـﺮﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻﻮﻻ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳـﺎﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﻭﻟ∂ ﺑﻪﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﻳ‪ −‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۷۱‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ ﻳـﺎ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﻀﺎ^ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫـﺮ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺗ→→ﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻣ→→ﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑ→→ﻪﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣ→→ﺸﺨﺺ ﻣ→→∂ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧ→→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ→→ﺎ^ ﻣ→→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻣ→→ﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻧ→→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ→→ﺎ^ ﺍﺟ→ﺮﺍﻳ→∂ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻧ→→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ→ﺎ^ ﺩﻭ ﺣ→ﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛ→→ﻨﺎﺭ ﺟ→ﺰﺀ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ )ﺑ→ﺮﺍ^ ﺍﺗ→ﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫ→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→ﺎﻳﺮ( ﺩﺭ ﻧ→ﻈﺮ‬
‫ﮔ → →→ﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣ→ → →→∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑ → →→ﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣ → →→∂ﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧ → →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ → →→ﺎ^ ﺍﺟ → →ﺮﺍﻳ → →→∂ ﺑ → →→ﺴﺘﻪ ﺑ → →→ﻪﻧﻮﻉ ﻃ → →→ﺮﺡ‪ ،‬ﺟ → →→ﻨﺲ ﻣ → →→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﻳ → →→ﮋﮔ∂ﻫﺎ^ ﻓ → →→ﻴﺰﻳﻜ∂ ﻣ → →→ﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺗ → →→ﻮﺳﻂ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗ → →→ﻮﻟﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻣ → →→ﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺑ → →→ﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍ^‬
‫ﺗ →→ﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣ →→∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺟ →→ﺰﺀ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﻣ →→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺗ →→ﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷ→→ﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻧ→→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ→→ﺎ^‬
‫ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷـﻜﻞ ‪ ۲‬ﺳـﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣ∂ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻔـﺎﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ →→ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﻪﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﺟ →→ﻮﺩ ﺑ →→ﺮﺧ∂ ﺭﻭﺍﺩﺍﺭ^ﻫ →→ﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻧ →→ﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻭ ﻣ →→ﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﻣ →→ﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﻭ^‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ^ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﻣ∂ﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﻩ ﻭ ﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬


‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫ→→ﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﺻ→→ﻠ∂ ﻃ →ﺮﺍﺣ→→∂‪ ،‬ﺗ→→ﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺟ →ﺮﺍ^ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧ→→ﻈﺎﻡ ﻫ→→ﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﺍﻧ→→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﺑ→→ﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺑ→→ﺴﺘﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻧ → →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ → →→ﺎ^ ﻫ → →→ﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻣ → →→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺗ → →→ﻮﺳﻌ↔ ﻫ → →→ﺮﭼﻪ ﺑ → →→ﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﻧ → →→ﺒﻮﻩﺳﺎﺯ^ ﺑ → →→ﺎ ﺍﺳ→ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣ→ →→ﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧـﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﺳﺎﺯ^ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻧﺪ^ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘـ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ﻣ→ﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺟ→ﺰﺍ^ ﺁﻥ ﺑ→ﻨﺎ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺰﺍ^ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺶﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪۷۲‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺩﻫﺎﻧ↔ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ‬ ‫‪١‬‬


‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧ∂ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ‬
‫‪٣‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۲‬‬

‫‪۷۳‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺩﻫﺎﻧ↔ »ﺩﺭ« ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ^ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‬ ‫‬

‫‪۷℮‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ‬

‫ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍ^ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻛﻤﺪ‬ ‫ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻛﻤﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‬

‫‪۷Q‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺩﻫﺎﻧ↔ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻧﺸﻴﻤﻦ‬ ‫‬

‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻗﺪ^‬ ‫‬

‫⅛‪۷‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺩﻫﺎﻧ↔ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺳﺮﻭﻳﺲ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘ∂‬ ‫‬

‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻗﻮﺳ∂‬ ‫‬

‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ^ ﻣﺜﻠﺜ∂‬ ‫‬

‫‪۷۷‬‬

You might also like