‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﻭ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺎﺯ＾‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻧﺖ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫‪۱۳۸۸‬‬
‫‪ẃ‬‬
‫ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
 ‫ﺑﺴﻤﻪﺗﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻔﺘﺎر‬

‫ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻠّﻲ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن اﻳـﺮان‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان ﻓﺮاﮔﻴﺮﺗـﺮﻳﻦ ﺿـﻮاﺑﻂ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮد در ﻋﺮﺻـﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﺗﺮدﻳﺪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﺆﺛﺮي در ﻧﻴﻞ ﺑﻪاﻫﺪاف ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ اﻳﻤﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪاﺷـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻼﻣﺖ و‬
‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻓﺮد و ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ دارد و رﻋﺎﻳﺖ آن ﺿﻤﻦ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ اﻫﺪاف ﻣـﺬﻛﻮر ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ارﺗﻘـﺎي‬
‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴ‪‬ﺖ و اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﺮدد‪ .‬ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس اﻳﻦ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻠّﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻄﻔﻲ در ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﻛﺸﻮر ﻣﺤـﺴﻮب ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮد‬
‫ﺑﻴﺶ از دو دﻫﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ وزارت ﻣـﺴﻜﻦ و ﺷﻬﺮﺳـﺎزي آﻏـﺎز و ﺑـﺎ ﻣـﺸﺎرﻛﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر و در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺷﻮراي ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻠّﻲ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن و ﻛﻤﻴﺘـﻪﻫـﺎي ﺗﺨﺼـﺼﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ و ﺑﻲوﻗﻔﻪ ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻮد را ﻃﻲ ﻧﻤـﻮده اﺳـﺖ‪ .‬در اﻳـﻦ ﻣـﺴﻴﺮ ﺿـﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ و ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ از ﭘﻴﺶ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪه و ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎت ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻛـﺸﻮر‬
‫از ﺣﻴﺚ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ و اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺟﺪﻳﺪي ﻫﻢ در دﺳﺘﻮر ﻛﺎر ﻗﺮار‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ از ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ و ﻃﻲ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ در اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳـﻲ ﻗـﺮار‬
‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫در ﺣﺎل ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﻣﺪارك ﻓﻨﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻣﻘـﺮرات ﻣﻠّـﻲ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن‪ ،‬آﻳـﻴﻦﻧﺎﻣـﻪﻫـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ و ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻓﻨﻲ در ﻛـﺸﻮر ﻣﻨﺘـﺸﺮ ﻣـﻲﺷـﻮد و اﺳـﺘﻔﺎدهﻛﻨﻨـﺪﮔﺎن ﻻزم اﺳـﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺗﻔﺎوتﻫﺎي آﻧﻬﺎ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻫﺪف از ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻣﺪرك‪ ،‬ﻻزماﻻﺟﺮا ﺑﻮدن‪ ،‬ﻗﻠﻤـﺮو‪ ،‬ﺣـﺪود ﺗﻔـﺼﻴﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮا و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﺧﺎص ﻫﺮ ﻣﺪرك ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛـﻪ در ﻣـﻮرد ﻣﻘـﺮرات ﻣﻠّـﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﻣﻲﺗﻮان وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي زﻳﺮ را ﺑﺮﺷﻤﺮد‪:‬‬
‫ »ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻠّﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن« در ﺳﺮاﺳﺮ ﻛﺸﻮر ﻻزماﻻﺟﺮا اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ اﺣﻜﺎم »ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻠّﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن« ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﺧﻼﺻﻪ و اﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻟﺰاﻣﻲ ﺑﻮدن »ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻠّﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن« اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻣﻮارد ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪاي‬
‫و راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ »ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻠّﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن« ﺑﺮ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ‪ ،‬اﺣـﺪاث ﺑﻨـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﺑﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ اﺳﺎﺳﻲ و ﻧﻈﺎﻳﺮ آن ﺣﺎﻛﻢ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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‫پ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮرات ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪﺧﻮدي ﺧﻮد ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫـﺎ ﻧﻴـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻠﻜـﻪ در‬
‫ﻛﻨﺎر ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﺬﻛﻮر ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪاﻣﺮ ﺗﺮوﻳﺞ و آﻣﻮزش آن در ﻣﻴﺎن ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻛـﺸﻮر‬
‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﺧﺎص و داﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎن‪ ،‬داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان و آﺣﺎد ﻣﺮدم ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻋﺎم از ﻳﻚﺳﻮ و اﻳﺠـﺎد ﻧﻈـﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺎرآﻣﺪ ﺑﺮاي اﻋﻤﺎل و ﻛﻨﺘﺮل اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘـﺮرات و ﺗﻨﻈـﻴﻢ رواﺑـﻂ دﺧﻴـﻞ در اﻣـﺮ ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ و ﺳـﺎز‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮح وﻇﺎﻳﻒ و ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت اﺣﺪاث‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮي و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن از ﻃﺮف دﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻫﻤﻮاره ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان راﻫﻜﺎرﻫﺎ و ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖﻫﺎي اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖﮔﺰاران‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺮﻳﺎن و دﺳﺖاﻧﺪرﻛﺎران ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﺳﺎز ﻗﺮار ﮔﻴﺮد‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ و ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن و در اﺟﺮاي ﻣﻔﺎد آن ﺑﻪوﻳﮋه ﻣﻮاد‬
‫‪ 33‬و ‪ 34‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﺬﻛﻮر‪ ،‬وﺿﻊ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻠّﻲ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن و اﻟـﺰام ﺑـﻪرﻋﺎﻳـﺖ آﻧﻬـﺎ در ﻃﺮاﺣـﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‪ ،‬اﺟﺮا‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداري و ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎنﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮر اﻃﻤﻴﻨـﺎن از اﻳﻤﻨـﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪاﺷـﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻬﺮهدﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬آﺳﺎﻳﺶ و ﺻﺮﻓﺔ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‪ ،‬اﻳﻦ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن را در ﻣﻴﺎن ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن و ﺻـﺎﺣﺒﺎن‬
‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪوﺟﻮد ﻣﻲآورد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺸﺖﮔﺮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪاﻳﻔﺎي وﻇﻴﻔﻪاي ﻛـﻪ در ﺗﻮﺳـﻌﻪ و‬
‫آﺑﺎداﻧﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر دارﻧﺪ ﻣﺒﺎدرت ورزﻧﺪ و از اﻳﻦ رﻫﮕﺬر‪ ،‬ﺳﻬﻢ ﺧﻮد را در ﺗﺤﻘﻖ آرﻣﺎنﻫـﺎي واﻻي‬
‫اﻧﻘﻼب ﻋﻴﻨﻴﺖ ﺑﺨﺸﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺻﺖ را ﻣﻐﺘﻨﻢ ﺷﻤﺮده از اﻋﻀﺎي ﻣﺤﺘﺮم ﺷﻮراي ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻠّﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن و‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻧﺤﻮي در ﺗﺪوﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮوﻳﺞ و ﻛﻨﺘﺮل اﻋﻤﺎل ﻣﻘﺮرات‬
‫ﻣﻠّﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن در ﻛﺸﻮر ﻛﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﺳﭙﺎﺳﮕﺰاري ﻧﻤﻮده و از اﺳﺎﺗﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻧﻈﺮان‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﺎن و ﻛﻠﻴﻪ دﺳﺖاﻧﺪرﻛﺎران ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﺳﺎز اﻧﺘﻈﺎر دارد ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﺮات و ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎدات ﺧﻮد اﻳﻦ‬
‫دﻓﺘﺮ را در ﻏﻨﺎي ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﺬﻛﻮر ﻳﺎري رﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻏﻼﻣﺮﺿﺎ ﻫﻮاﺋـﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻛﻞ اﻣﻮر ﻣﻘﺮرات ﻣﻠّﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن‬

‫ت‬
 ‫‪ẃ‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﺄﺕ ﺗﻬﻴﻪﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺍﻋﻀﺎ＾ ﺷﻮﺭﺍ＾ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫
ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺗﻘ∂ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ＾‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫
ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺣﺴﻦ ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫
ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻧ∂ﺯﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫
ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻌﻠ∂ ﺗﺴﻨﻴﻤ∂‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫
ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻋﻠ∂ﺍﺻﻐﺮ ﺟﻼﻝﺯﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺭﻳﻴﺲ‬ ‫
ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻣﻨﻮﭼﻬﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺩﻟﻮﻳ∂‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫
ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﻠ∂ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﺭﻣﻀﺎﻧﻴﺎﻧﭙﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫
ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ ﺭﻫﺎﻳ∂‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫
ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺍﺻﻐﺮ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﺳﻤﻴﻌ∂‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫
ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﻓﺎﻃﻤ∂ ﻋﻘﺪﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫
ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﮔﻼﺑﭽ∂‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫
ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺷﺎﻫﺮﺥ ﻣﺎﻟ‪−‬‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫
ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺷﺎﭘﻮﺭ ﻃﺎﺣﻮﻧ∂‬
‫ﺩﺑﻴﺮ‬ ‫
ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻧﺎﺩﺭ ﻧﺠﻴﻤ∂‬

‫ﺏ( ﺍﻋﻀﺎ＾ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ » ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ«‬

‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫
ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺑﻬﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ＾‬
‫ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ‬ ‫
ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺍﺻﻐﺮ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﺳﻤﻴﻌ∂‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮ‬ ‫
ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺣﺸﻤﺖﺍﷲ ﻣﻨﺼﻒ‬
‫ﺩﺑﻴﺮ‬ ‫
ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﻨ∂ﻣﻬﺪ‬

‫ﭖ( ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻧﺖ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺎﺯ＾ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ＾‬

‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺗ∂ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗ∂ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺎﺯ＾ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ＾‬
‫ﺕ( ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳ∂‪ :‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻧﺎﺻﺮ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩ＾ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭ＾ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺷﺘ∂‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻛﻴﺎﻧﻮﺵ ﺫﺍﻛﺮﺣﻘﻴﻘ∂‬
‫ﺙ( ﺗ→→ﺪﻭﻳﻦﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺿ→→ﻮﺍﺑ→ﻂ ﻃ→ﺮﺍﺣ→∂ ﻣ→→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘ→→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ＾ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻣ→ﺮﻛﺰ ﺗ→ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ‬

‫ﺙ‬
 ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬

‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‪۳ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﻪﺍﺟﺮﺍ＾ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‪۳ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻣﻨ↔ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‪℮ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪۳‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‪⅛ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪℮‬‬

‫‪۱۷‬‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﻤﺠﻮﺍﺭ＾ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‪۱۷ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ‪۱۹ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪۲Ω ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۳‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﻤﺎ＾ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪۲۱ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪℮‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺑﺎﺯ‪۲۳ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪Ｑ‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺑﺎﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪۲⅛ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ⅛‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﺕ ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ﻫﺎ＾ ﺑﻨﺎ‪۲۷ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۷‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺗﻮﻗﻒﮔﺎﻩ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ‪۲۹ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۸‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪۳۳ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۹‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺗ∂‪۳℮ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱Ω‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻛﺎﺭ＾ ﻭ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪۳⅛ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱۱‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺰﺍ＾ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪۳۷ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱۲‬‬

‫ﺍﻟ ﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺍﻧﺢ‪℮۳ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱۳‬‬

‫‪℮۷‬‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬‬

‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‪℮۷ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‪℮۹ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﭺ‬
‫‪Ｑ۱‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂‪Ｑ۱ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫‪Ｑ۷‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ＾ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻫﻮﺍ‪Ｑ۷ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ＾ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂‪⅛۱ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫‪⅛۳‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ⅛‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎ＾ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪⅛۳ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪⅛℮ ،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫‪⅛۷‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎ‬

‫‪۷۲‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۱‬‬

‫‪۷۲‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺟﺪﻭﻝﻫﺎ‬

‫‪Ｑ۸‬‬ ‫ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ＾ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ＾ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭ ﻝ ‪۱‬‬

‫‪⅛Ω‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺡ‬
 ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮ↓ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻤﻨـ∂‪ ،‬ﺁﺳﺎﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺩﻫـ∂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﺻﺮﻓـ↔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ＾ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺟـﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫‪ẃ‬‬
‫ﺍﺻ→ﻠ∂ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻫ→ﺪﺍﻑ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑ→ﺪﻳﻦ ﻟﺤ→ﺎﻅ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﻧ→ﻴﺰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳ→→ﺮﻟﻮﺣﻪ ﺗ→→ﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ→→ﻂ ﻗ→ﺮﺍﺭ ﮔ→→ﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧ→ﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑ→ﻄﻪ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺍﻣ→ﺮ ﺍﻳ→ﻤﻨ∂‪ ،‬ﻣ→ﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺟ→ﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑ→ﺎﺯﺷﻮﻫﺎ＾‬
‫ﺍﻣ→→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→ﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺮﺍ＾ ﺷ→ﺮﺍﻳ→ﻄ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺣ→ﻮﺍﺩﺛ→→∂ ﭼ→ﻮﻥ ﺯﻣ→ﻴﻦﻟﺮﺯﻩ ﻛ→ﺎﺭﺁﻳ∂ ﺩﺳ→→ﺘﺮﺱﻫﺎ＾ ﺧ→ﺮﻭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫‪ẃ‬‬
‫ﺳ →→ﻮﻡ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ →→ﻠ∂ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﭼ →→ﺎﺭ ﻣ →→ﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﻧ →→ﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﻄﺮﺡ ﮔ →→ﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻼﺵ ﺷ →→ﺪﻩ ﺗ →→ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻣ→ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻣ→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺑ→→ﻪﺳﺎﻛﻨﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺧ→ﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻓ→ﺮﺍﻫ→ﻢ ﺳ→ﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑ→ →→ﻄﻪ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﺍﻫ→ →→ﺪﺍﻑ ﺁﺳ→ →→ﺎﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺑ→ →→ﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣ→ →→ﻄﺮﺡ ﮔ→ →→ﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺳ→ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩ↓ ﻣ→ →→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﺑ→ →→ﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧ→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺣ→ﺘ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ＾‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺩﻫ∂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺿﺎﺑﻄﻪﻣﻨﺪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻃـﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮﻉ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻫﻮﻳـﺖ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻄـﺮﺡ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﮔ→→ﺮﭼﻪ ﻣ→→ﻨﻈﺮ ﺷ→→ﻬﺮ＾ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃ→→ﺮﻳﻖ ﻃ→→ﺮﺡﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ→→ﻂ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻫ→ﻨﻤﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﻃ→ﺮﺍﺣ→→∂ ﺷ→ﻬﺮ＾ ﻗ→ﺎﻋﺪﻩﻣﻨﺪ ﻭ‬
‫‪ẃ‬‬
‫ﻫ→ →→ﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺷ→ →→ﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣ→ →→ﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→ →→ﺎﺕ ﻋ→ →→ﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻣ→ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ →→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧ→ →→ﻴﺰ ﺑ →→ﺮ ﺳ →→ﺎﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫ∂ ﻣ →→ﻨﻈﺮ ﺷ →→ﻬﺮ＾‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑـﺮﺍ＾ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﺒﺤـﺚ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣـ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺮﺧ∂ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﻣﺒﺤـﺚ‬
‫ﺑ → →→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺟ → →→ﺎﻣﻊ ﻭ ﺷ → →→ﺎﻣﻞ ﭼ→ → →→ﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﺟ → →→ﻠﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ → →→ﻪﺗﻔﻜﻴ‪ −‬ﻓ → →→ﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ → →→ﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﺟ → →→ﺰﻳﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺑ → →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻧ→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ→ﺎ ﻧ→ﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷ→ﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣ→ﺎ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﻣ→ﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺣ→ﻴﻄﻪ ﺍﺳ→ﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﺁﻳ→ﻴﻦﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳ∂ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ‬
‫‪ẃ‬‬
‫ﻃ→ﺮﺍﺣ→∂ ﺷ→ﻬﺮ＾ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺷ→ﻤﻮﻝ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺧ→→ﺎﺭﺝ ﻣ→→∂ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣ→→ﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﺗ→ﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﻳ→ﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎ ﮔ→ﺮﻭﻩﺑﻨﺪ＾ ﻋ→ﻮﺍﻣ→ﻞ ﻭ ﺍﺟ→ﺰﺍ＾ ﻣ→ﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﻗ→ﺎﻋﺪﻩﻣﻨﺪ ﻛ→ﺮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺁﻧ→ﻬﺎ ﻣ→ﻤﻜﻦ ﺷ→ﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺿ→ﺎﺑﻄﻪﻣﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻃﻴﻒ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩﺍ＾ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ＾‬

‫ﺥ‬
 ‫‪ẃ‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪ＾ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ )ﺑﻪﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻫﻔﺖﮔﺎﻧﻪ(‬

‫ﺏ( ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺝ( ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺗ→ →→ﻘﺴﻴﻢﺑﻨﺪ＾ ﻣ→ →→∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺳ→ →→ﭙﺲ ﻣ→ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ →→ﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﻫ→ →→ﺮ ﻧ→ →→ﻮﻉ ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎ ﺗ→ →→ﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺗ →→ﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﺷ →→ﻜﻞ ﮔ →→ﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺗ →→ﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ →→ﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﭘ →→ﺪﻳﺪ ﺁﻣ →→ﺪﻩ ﺑ →→ﺪﻳﻦﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﺷﻤﻮﻟ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻣ∂ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﭼﻨﺎﻥﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﻫﻢ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﺠﻠﺪ ﺿﻮﺍﺑـﻂ ﻛﻠ∂ ﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻭ ﺿ→ →ﻮﺍﺑ →→ﻂ ﺧ →→ﺎﺹ ﺑ →→ﻠﻨﺪﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪﺳﺎﺯ＾ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﺭﻣ →→ﺎﻧ∂ ﻣ →ﺮﺍﻗ →→ﺒﺘ∂‪ ،‬ﺻ →→ﻨﻌﺘ∂‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩﺁﻣﻴﺰ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻫ →→ﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ →→ﻂ ﻣ→→ﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺷ →ﺮﺍﻳ→→ﻂ ﺍﻗ→→ﻠﻴﻤ∂ ﺧ→→ﺎﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻛ→→ﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﻪﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺩﺭ ﻭﻳ →ﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫ→→ﺎ＾ ﺑ→→ﻌﺪ＾‬
‫ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼ∂ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫‪ẃ‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺩ‬
 ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ‪ ℮‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂‬

‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬‬

‫‪۱۷‬‬ ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫‪℮۷‬‬ ‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫‪Ｑ۱‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫‪Ｑ۷‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ＾ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬‬
‫‪⅛۳‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ⅛‬
‫‪⅛۷‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ‪ :‬ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
 ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻃ →→ﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳ →→ﻤﻨ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﻬﺮﻩﺩﻫ∂ ﻣ→→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳ→→ﺎﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺻ→→ﺮﻓ↔‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺍﻗ → →→ﺘﺼﺎﺩ＾‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗ → →→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ → →→ﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎ＾ ﺣ → →→ﺪﺍﻗ → →→ﻞ ﺳ → →→ﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳ → →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑ → →→ﻨﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾‬
‫ﻣ→ﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﻗ→ﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻧ→ﻈﺎﻡ ﻣ→ﻬﻨﺪﺳ∂ ﻭ ﻛ→ﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧ→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ＾‪ ،‬ﺗ→ﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻣ→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﺳ→ﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻼ∑ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ∂ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﻪﺍﺟﺮﺍ＾ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺭﻋ→→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﻣ→→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻃ →ﺮﺍﺣ→∂‪ ،‬ﻣ→ﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧ→→ﻈﺎﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟ→ﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾‪ ،‬ﺗ→ﻌﻤﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻧ→ →→ﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ＾ ﺑ→ →→ﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺗ →→ﻮﺳﻂ ﻛ →→ﻠﻴﻪ ﻣ→ →ﺮﺍﺟ →→ﻊ ﺫﻛ →→ﺮﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ →→ﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ۳℮‬ﻗ →→ﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻧ →→ﻈﺎﻡ ﻣ→ →→ﻬﻨﺪﺳ∂ ﻭ ﻛ→ →→ﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪۳‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻭ ﻣﻼ∑‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﻋ→→ﻤﻞ ﺧ →ﻮﺍﻫ→→ﺪ ﺑ→ﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳ→ﻄﻮﺡ ﻧ→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→∂ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗ→ﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﺳ→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺗ→ﻮﺟﻪ ﺑ→ﻪﻭﻳﮋﮔ∂ﻫﺎ＾‬
‫ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻤ∂ ﺑﻪﺭﻭﺵ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﻧﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫ →→ﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗ →→ﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ →→ﻦ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻃ→ →→∂ ﻣ→ →ﺮﺍﺣ →→ﻞ ﻗ →→ﺎﻧﻮﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺮ ﻃ →→ﺒﻖ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﻗ → → →→ﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻧ → → →→ﻈﺎﻡ ﻣ → → →→ﻬﻨﺪﺳ∂ ﻭ ﻛ → → →→ﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺳ → → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺻ → → →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﮔ → → →→ﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑ → → →→ﺪﻳﻦﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣ → → →→ﺴﺘﺜﻨ∂ ﻧ → → →→ﻤﻮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ＾ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻃ∂ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧ∂ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷ →→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫ →→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ →→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ→ →ﺮﺍﺟ →→ﻊ ﺻ →→ﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ →→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ →→ﻪ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ →→ﻮﻇﻒ ﺑ →→ﻪﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺑ →→ﺮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺍﺟﺮﺍ＾ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻣﻨ↔ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ﺍﻳ→ →→ﻦ ﻣ→ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻧ→ →→ﺎﻇﺮ ﺑ→ →→ﺮ ﻛ →→ﻠﻴﻪ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ →→ﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﻗ →→ﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻧ →→ﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳ∂ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻋ→ → →→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﻳ→ → →→ﻦ ﻣ→ → →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑ → → →ﺮﺍ＾ ﻛ→ → →→ﻠﻴﻪ ﺳ→ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→ → →→ﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→ → →→ﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﺁﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻋ→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑ→→ﻨﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺍﺣ→ﺪﺍﺙ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﻫ→ﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻣ→ﺮﻣﺖ ﻭ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯﺳﺎﺯ＾ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺗ→ﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛ→ﺎﺭﺑﺮ＾ ﻭ ﺩﻳ→ﮕﺮ ﺗ→ﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺳ→ﺎﺳ∂ ﺑﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﺛ →→ﺒﺖﺷﺪﻩ ﺗ →→ﻮﺳﻂ ﺳ →→ﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣ →→ﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓ→→ﺮﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪℮‬‬

‫ﺩﻳ→ﮕﺮ＾ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺑ→→ﻪﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨ∂‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ＾ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ‬

‫‪℮‬‬
 ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺭﻋ→ﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ﺴﺘﺜﻨ∂‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺭﻋ→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻮﻁ ﺑﻪﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳ∂ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻫ→→ﻤﻪ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→→ﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺑ→→ﻪﻋﻠﺖ ﻋ→ﺪﻡ ﻫ→ﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﺑ→ﺎ ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﻣ→→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪Ｑ‬‬
‫ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳ→ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻏ→ →→ﻴﺮﺍﻳ→ →→ﻤﻦ‪ ،‬ﻏ→ →→ﻴﺮﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷ →→ﺘ∂ ﻭ ﺧ →→ﻄﺮﻧﺎ∑ ﺗ→ →→ﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷ →→ﻮﻧﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺷ → →→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫ → →→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ → →ﺮﺍﺟ→ →→ﻊ ﺻ→ →→ﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ→ →→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ→ →→ﻪ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﺗ→ →→ﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣ→ →→ﻬﻠﺖ ﻣ→ →→ﻘﺮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ →→ﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺗ→ﻌﻤﻴﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗ→→ﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺗ→ﻌﺒﻴ↔ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ↓ ﻣﻠ‪ −‬ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﭘﻴﮕﻴﺮ＾ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻫ →→ﻴﭻﻳ‪ −‬ﺍﺯ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ →→ﻮﺟﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ →→ﻌﻤﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺗ →→∂ ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬ـ⅛‬
‫ﮔ →→ﻴﺮﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﻛ →→ﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﺑ →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳ→→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ＾ ﺗ→→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ →ﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺳ→→ﻄﻮﺡ ﻧ→→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻏ→→ﻴﺮﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻳ →→ﻦ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺷ →→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻛ →→ﻠﻴﻪ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ →→ﻮﻗﺖ )ﻏ →→ﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳ →→ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۷‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﺖ ﺑﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺘﺮﻗﺒﻪ( ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺩﺭﺑ→ﺮﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ↓ ﺿ→ﻮﺍﺑ→ﻂ ﻛ→ﻠ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۸‬‬
‫ﺧ →→ﺎﺹ ﺩﺭ ﻣ →→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺑ →→ﻠﻨﺪﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪﺳﺎﺯ＾ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻣ →→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﻣ →→ﺎﻧ∂ ﻣ →ﺮﺍﻗ →→ﺒﺘ∂‪ ،‬ﺻ →→ﻨﻌﺘ∂‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩﺁﻣﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻭ ‪ ....‬ﻭ ﻫ→→ﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ→→ﻂ ﻣ→→ﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺷ →ﺮﺍﻳ→ﻂ ﺍﻗ→→ﻠﻴﻤ∂ ﺧ→ﺎﺹ ﺩﺭ ﺑ→ﻌﻀ∂ ﻣ→ﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻛ→ﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﻪﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫﺎ＾ ﺑﻌﺪ＾ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻧ→ →→ﻈﺮ ﮔ→ →→ﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺍﺭﺯﺵﻫ→ →→ﺎ＾ ﺍﺳ→ →→ﻼﻣ∂ ـ ﺍﻳ → →ﺮﺍﻧ →→∂ ﺣ→ →→ﺎﻛﻢ ﺑ →→ﺮ ﻃ→ →ﺮﺍﺣ →→∂ ﻭ ﺍﺟ→ →ﺮﺍ＾‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۹‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎ＾ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺒﺎﻳ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪Ｑ‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪ＾ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻧ →→ﻈﺮ ﺗ →→ﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻃ →→ﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻧ →→ﺤﻮ↓ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭﮔ →→ﻴﺮ＾ ﺑ →→ﺮ ﺯﻣ →→ﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ →→ﻦ ﻣ →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺑ →→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳ →→ﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪ＾ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩﺑﻨﺪ＾ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ‪ ۱‬ﻭ ‪ ۲‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺏ( ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ‪ ۳‬ﻭ ‪ ℮‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺝ( ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ℮‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩﺑﻨﺪ＾ ﺟﺰﻳ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ‪ ۱‬ﻭ ‪ ۲‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ‪ :۱‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﺭﺩﻳﻔ∂ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ‪ :۲‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ‪ :۳‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒ∂ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﮕﻮ＾ ﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ＾‬
‫ﺏ( ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ‪ ۳‬ﻭ ‪ ℮‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ‪ :℮‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﺭﺩﻳﻔ∂ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ‪ :Ｑ‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺝ( ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ℮‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‪:‬‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ⅛‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﺭﺩﻳﻔ∂ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ‪ :۷‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺑ →→ﺨﺸ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣ→→ﺎﺻﻞ ﺗ→→ﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﭼ→→ﻨﺪ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎ )ﺑ→→ﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﻣ→→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→→ﺸﺨﺺ ﺷ→→ﺪﻩ(‪،‬‬

‫⅛‬
 ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘ∂ ﻣ → →→ﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﺧ → →→ﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷ → →→ﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣ → →→ﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ »ﺗ → →→ﺼﺮﻑ‪ «۱‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ → →→ﻦ ﻣ → →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻧ → →→ﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺑ→ﻬﺮﻩﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﺍﺯ ﺑ→ﻨﺎ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺑ→ﺨﺸ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻣ→ﻘﺼﻮﺩ＾ ﻣ→ﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑ→ﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ ﺑ→ﻮﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺷ→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻫ→ﻤﻪ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑ→ﺨﺶﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→ﺮﺗﺒﻄ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧ→ﻬﺎ ﺍﻓ→ﺮﺍﺩ ﺯﻧ→ﺪﮔ∂ ﻣ→→∂ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺷ→ﺮﺍﻳ→ﻂ‬
‫ﺧ → →ﻮﺍﺏ ﺑ → →→ﺎ ﺍﻣ→ →→ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏ→ →→ﺬﺍ ﺧ→ →→ﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﻳ→ →→ﺎ ﺑ→ →→ﺪﻭﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻓ → →ﺮﺍﻫ→ →→ﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﻣ→ →→ﺜﻞ ﻣ→ →→ﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻭ ﺁﭘ→ →→ﺎﺭﺗﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫ→ →→ﺘﻞﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧ →ﻮﺍﺑ→ﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ‪ .(... ،‬ﻓ→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺧ→ﻮﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻗ→ﺎﻣﺘ∂ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑ ﺩﺭﻣ→ﺎﻧ∂ ـ ﻣ→ﺮﺍﻗ→→ﺒﺘ∂ ﺩﺳ→ﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪ＾ ﻣ→→∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻨ∂ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷ∂ ـ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺘ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺷ→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻫ→ﻤﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻳﻜﺠﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺶ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ‪ Ｑ‬ﻧﻔﺮ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ∂ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰﻳ∂ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﺻﻠ∂‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺑﻴﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺧﺼﻮﺻ∂ ﻭ ‪.(...‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧ∂ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺘ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۳‬‬

‫ﺷ→ → →→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻫ → →→ﻤﻪ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑ → →→ﺨﺶﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ → →→ﺮﺗﺒﻄ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺑ → →→ﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻣ → →→ﺠﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺳ →→ﻼﻣﺘ∂ ﻳ →→ﺎ ﺑ→→ﻪﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺷ →ﺮﺍﻳ→→ﻂ ﺳ→→ﻨ∂ ﻭ ﺟ→→ﺴﻤ∂ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺭﻭﺍﻧ→→∂ ﻣ→→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺷ→→ﺨﺎﺹ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ→→∂ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻳ→→ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺷ →→ﺨﺎﺹ ﺑ →→ﻪﻗﺼﺪ ﺍﺻ→→ﻼﺡ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﭙﺮ＾ ﻛ→→ﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ↓ ﻣ→→ﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑ→→ﻪﺳﺮ ﻣ→→∂ﺑﺮﻧﺪ )ﻣ→→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﻣ→→ﺎﻧﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﺩﺍﺷﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺪﺍﻣﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ‪.(...‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺗﺠﻤﻌ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬‬

‫ﺷ→→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻫ→→ﻤﻪ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑ→→ﺨﺶﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→→ﺮﺗﺒﻄ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﮔ→ﺮﺩﻫﻤﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺷ→ﺨﺎﺹ ﻃ→ﺮﺍﺣ→∂‬
‫ﺷ →→ﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣ →→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ →→∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ )ﻣ →→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳ →→ﺎﻟﻦﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﺟ →→ﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺳ →→ﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﺌﺎﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﺤﻞﻫﺎ＾‬

‫‪ ۱‬ـ ‪Occupancy‬‬

‫‪۷‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻧ →→ﺠﺎﻡ ﻣ →ﺮﺍﺳ→→ﻢ ﻋ→→ﺮﻭﺳ∂‪ ،‬ﻋ →ﺰﺍﺩﺍﺭ＾ ﻭ ﻣ →ﺮﺍﺳ→→ﻢ ﻣ→→ﺬﻫﺒ∂‪ .(... ،‬ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺗ→→ﺠﻤﻊ ﻛ→→ﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ＱΩ‬ﻧ→→ﻔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻫ→→ﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰﻳ∂ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﺩﺍﺭ＾ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻓﻪﺍ＾‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Ｑ‬‬

‫ﺷ→ → →→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻫ→ → →→ﻤﻪ ﺳ→ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑ→ → →→ﺨﺶﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ → →→ﺮﺗﺒﻄ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺭﺍﻳ → →→ﻪ ﺧ → →→ﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺩﺍﺭ＾ ﻭ‬
‫ﺣ→→ﺮﻓﻪﺍ＾ ﻣ→→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ→→∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﺗ→→ﺼﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻧ→→ﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ＾ ﻛ→→ﺎﻻ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→→ﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻣ→→ﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺟ→→ﻬﺖ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺍﻳ → →→ﻪ ﺑ → →→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧ → →→ﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻳ → →→ﺎ ﺍﺳ → →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣ → →→ﺤﻞ ﻛ → →→ﺎﺭ ﺍﻣ → →→ﻜﺎﻥﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﻣ → →→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﻓ → →→ﺎﺗﺮ ﻛ → →→ﺎﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ‪.(...‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﺴﺒ∂ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺎﺭ＾‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛‬

‫ﺷ→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻫ→ﻤﻪ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑ→ﺨﺶﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻛﺎﻻ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺿ↔‬
‫ﺁﻧ→→ﻬﺎ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣ→→∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺷ→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻛ→→ﻠﻴﻪ ﻣ→ﻐﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺧ→ﺮﺩﻩﻓﺮﻭﺷ∂‪ ،‬ﻓ→ﺮﻭﺷﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻣ→ﺮﺍﻛ→ﺰ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۷‬‬

‫ﺷ→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻫ→ﻤﻪ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭ＾‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭ＾ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﺍ＾ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ＾‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬‬

‫ﺷ→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻫ→ﻤﻪ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→ﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑ→ﺨﺶﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→ﺮﺗﺒﻄ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻏﻴﺮﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎ∑‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩﺁﻣﻴﺰ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬‬

‫ﺷ →→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻫ →→ﻤﻪ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑ →→ﺨﺶﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ →→ﺮﺗﺒﻄ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗ →→ﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺑ →→ﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺍﻧ→ﺒﺎﺭ ﻛ→ﺮﺩﻥ ﻣ→ﻮﺍﺩ ﺧ→ﻮﺭﻧﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳ→ﻤ∂‪ ،‬ﺍﻛ→ﺴﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻗ→ﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺷ→ﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻧ→ﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻣ→ﻮﺍﺩ ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎ∑‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۸‬‬
 ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ →→ﻦ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ »ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ« ﻣ →→ﻜﺎﻧ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﻓ→→ﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣ→→ﺸﺨﺼ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻧ→→ﺠﺎﻡ ﻣ→→∂ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣ→→ﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→→ﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺩﻳ→→ﮕﺮ ﻓ→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳ→→ﺎ ﻣ→ﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻫ→→ﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→ﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺳ→ﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻳ→ﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢﺑﻨﺪ＾ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢﺑﻨﺪ＾ ﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﻧﻤ∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬‬

‫ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣ →→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺯﻧ →→ﺪﮔ∂‪ ،‬ﺧ →ﻮﺍﺏ ﻭ ﻏ →→ﺬﺍ ﺧ →→ﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﺍﻧ →→ﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭ ﻃ→→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۲‬‬

‫ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣ →→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﻛ →→ﺴﺐ ﻭ ﭘ →→ﻴﺸﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻬﻮﻳﻪ )ﻣ→→ﺼﻨﻮﻋ∂ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﻃ→→ﺒﻴﻌ∂(‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﺷﺎﻏﻠﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﺗﺠﻤﻌ∂‪ ،‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭ＾‪،‬‬
‫ﺣ →→ﺮﻓﻪﺍ＾‪ ،‬ﺻ →→ﻨﻌﺘ∂‪ ،‬ﻛ →→ﺴﺒ∂‪ /‬ﺗ →→ﺠﺎﺭ＾‪ ،‬ﺍﻧ →→ﺒﺎﺭ＾ ﻭ ﻣ →→ﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩﺁﻣﻴﺰ ﻣ →→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭ ﮔ →→ﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺷ →→ﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﺭﺍﻳ→ →→ﻪ ﺧ→ →→ﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺣ →→ﺮﻓﻪﺍ＾ ﻭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗ→ →→ﻌﻤﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓ →→ﺮﻭﺵ ﻭ ﺍﻧ →→ﺒﺎﺭ ﻣ →→ﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻭ ﻣ→ →ﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗ →→ﻔﺮﻳﺢ‪،‬‬
‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻭ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺍﻳ∂ ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲Ω‬ﻧﻔﺮ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۳‬‬

‫ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ‪ ۲Ω‬ﻧ→→ﻔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻗ→→ﺎﻣﺖ ﻣ→→ﻮﻗﺖ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺍﺷ→→ﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻧ→→ﺪ ﻭ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﻓ→→ﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺟ→ﻤﻌ∂ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻣ→→∂ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻣ→→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳ→ﺎﻟﻦ ﺳ→ﻴﻨﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳ→ﺎﻟﻦ ﺭﺳ→ﺘﻮﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳ→→ﺎﻟﻦ ﺗ→ﺮﻣﻴﻨﺎﻝ ﻣ→ﺴﺎﻓﺮﺑﺮ＾‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻟﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻼﺱ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻟﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻟﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﻣﺴﺠﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺭﺯﺷ∂‬
‫ﺟﺰﺀ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪℮‬‬

‫ﺷ→→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻫ→→ﻤﻪ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻧ→→ﺒﺎﺭ ﻛ→→ﺮﺩﻥ ﻛ→ﺎﻻﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣ→ﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﻏ→ﻴﺮﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎ∑ ﻣ→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻧﻤ∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۹‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪Ｑ‬‬

‫ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﭘ→→ﺨﺖ ﻭ ﭘ→→ﺰ ﻭ ﺗ→→ﻬﻴﻪ ﻏ→→ﺬﺍ ﻣ→→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ→→∂ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣ →ﻮﺍﺭﺩ＾ ﺍﺯ ﻫ→→ﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻀﺎ ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧ↔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺟﺪﺍﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﺁﺷﭙـﺰﺧﺎﻧ↔ ﺑﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻓﻀـﺎ＾ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ＾‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧـ↔ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ＾‪ ،‬ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﺟﺎﺳﺎﺯ＾ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣ∂ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺭﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺍﺻﻠ∂ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ( ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ⅛‬

‫ﻓ→ → →→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→ → →→ﻪ ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗ→ → →→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺑ→ → →→ﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺷ→ → →→ﺎﻣﻞ ﺗ → → →ﻮﺍﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳ → →→ﺘﺸﻮﻳ∂ ﻭ ﺣ → →→ﻤﺎﻡ ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ＾ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ∂ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺧﻠ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۷‬‬

‫ﻓ → →→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﺑ → →→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺭﺗ → →→ﺒﺎﻁ ﺑ → →→ﻴﻦ ﻓ → →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧ → →→ﻞ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗ→ →→ﺼﺮﻑ ﻣ→ →→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳ→ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗ → →ﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣ∂ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۸‬‬

‫ﻓ → →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→ → →→ﻪ ﺗ → →→ﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻭﺳ → →→ﺎﻳﻞ ﺗ → →→ﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺗ∂ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻧ → →→ﺼﺐ ﻣ→ → →→∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ → →→ﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۹‬‬

‫ﺗ →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻭﺳ →→ﺎﻳﻞ ﻧ →→ﻘﻠﻴﻪ ﻣ →→ﺤﻞﻫﺎ＾ ﺗ →→ﻮﻗﻒ ﻭ ﻧ →→ﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ＾ ﻭﺳ →→ﺎﻳﻞ ﻧ→→ﻘﻠﻴﻪ ﻫ→→ﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺗ→→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾‬

‫‪۱Ω‬‬
 ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱Ω‬‬
‫ﺗ→→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→→ﺨﺘﺺ ﻭﺳ→→ﺎﻳﻞ ﻧ→→ﻘﻠﻴ↔ ﺳ→→ﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺧ→ﺼﻮﺻ∂‬
‫ﻣ→ﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﮔ→ﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→ﺨﺘﺺ ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﻋ→ﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻭ ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺍﻣ→ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺳ→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗ→→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺧ→→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺑ→→ﻪﺳﻪ ﮔ→ﺮﻭﻩ ﻛ→ﻮﭼ‪) −‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻛ→ﺜﺮ ‪ ۳‬ﻣ→ﺤﻞ ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻒ ﺧ→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ(‪ ،‬ﻣ→ﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫)ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ‪ ℮‬ﺗ→→ﺎ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻛ→ﺜﺮ ‪ ۲Ｑ‬ﻣ→ﺤﻞ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ(‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ )ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲Ｑ‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ(‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺧﺼﻮﺻ∂ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺑﺎﺯ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱۱‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﺍﺻﻠ∂‪:‬‬
‫ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻛ →→ﻪ ﻗ →→ﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﻋ →→ﻈﻢ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺗ →→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣ →→∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧ →→ﺴﺒﺖ ﺳ →→ﻄﻮﺡ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺯﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎ＾ ﻫﻤﻜﻒ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎ＾ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ＾ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ( ﺣﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﺍﺧﻠ∂‪:‬‬

‫ﺏ ـ ‪ (۱‬ﺣ→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺧ→ﻠﻮﺕ )ﻓﺮﻋ∂(‪ :‬ﻓﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﺍﺻﻠ∂ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺘﻬ∂ﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻣ∂ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺘ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ ـ ‪ (۲‬ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﻣ →→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ )ﭘ →→ﺎﺳﻴﻮ(‪ :‬ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→→ﻴﺎﻥ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑ→→ﻪﻃﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣ→→ﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺍﺿ→→ﻼﻉ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→→ﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻣ→→ﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻳ→ﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻭﻇ→→ﻴﻔ↔ ﺗ→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗ→ﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﺑ→ﺨﺸ∂‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ ـ ‪ (۳‬ﺣ→ﻴﺎﻁ ﻣ→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ )ﮔ→ﻮﺩﺍﻝ ﺑ→→ﺎﻏﭽﻪ(‪ :‬ﻓ→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑ→ﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣ→ﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﻄﺤ∂ ﭘ→ﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺗ→ﺮﺍﺯ ﻃ→ﺒﻘﻪ ﻫ→ﻤﻜﻒ ﻗ→ﺮﺍﺭ ﮔ→ﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻭﻇﻴﻔ↔ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﺨﺸ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪۱۱‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺏ ـ ‪ (℮‬ﺣ→ﻴﺎﻁ ﻣ→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ )ﺣ→ﻴﺎﻁ ﻣ→ﺮﻛﺰ＾ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ :(۳‬ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑ→ﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬
‫ﻫ →→ﻤﻜﻒ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺗ →→ﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺣ →→ﺠﺎﻡ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﻫ →→ﻤﺎﻥ ﭘ→→ﻼ∑ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻃ→→ﺮﻑ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺑ→→ﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣ→→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﮔ→→ﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑ→→ﺎ‬
‫ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎ＾ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ＾ ﻣ∂ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﺍﺻﻠ∂ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ( ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺑﺎﺯ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻣ →→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺑ →→ﺎﻟﻜﻦ ﻭ ﺍﻳ →ﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺧ→→ﻞ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ→→∂ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑ→→ﻪﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷ→→ﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﺒﺎﻁ ﺑ→→ﺎ‬
‫ﻫ →ﻮﺍ＾ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧ →→ﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍ＾ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻭﺟ →→ﻪ ﺁﻧ→→ﻬﺎ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯ ﺑ→→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓ→→ﻀﺎ＾ ﻧ→→ﻴﻤﻪﺑﺎﺯ ﻣ→→ﺤﺴﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ ـ ‪ (۱‬ﺑ→→ﺎﻟﻜﻦ‪ :‬ﺳ→ﻄﺤ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻳ‪ ،−‬ﺩﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭﺕ ﻫﻮﺍ＾ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠ↔ ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺑﺴﺘﻪﺍ＾ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﻧﮕﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ ـ ‪ (۲‬ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻟﻜﻦ ﻛ→ →→ﻢﻋﺮﺽ‪ :‬ﺑ→→ﺎﻟﻜﻨ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻋ→→ﺮﺽ ﻛ→→ﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‪ Ω/ＱΩ‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻛ→→ﺜﺮ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻃ→→ﻮﻟ∂ ﺑ →ﺮﺍﺑ→→ﺮ ﺑ→→ﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻋﺮﺽ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﺍ＾ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻒ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ ـ ‪ (۳‬ﻣ→ﻬﺘﺎﺑ∂ )ﺗ→ﺮﺍﺱ(‪ :‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﺭﻭﺑﺎﺯ＾ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻡ ﻃﺒﻘ↔ ﺯﻳﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﻳ∂‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ ـ ‪ (℮‬ﺍﻳ →→ﻮﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻃ →→ﺮﻑ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﻫ →ﻮﺍ＾ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺑ →→ﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣ→→ﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳ →ﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻣﺴﻘﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ ـ ‪ (Ｑ‬ﻣ →→ﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺁﻓ →→ﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ‪ :‬ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﻧ →→ﻴﻤﻪﺑﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺧ →→ﺬ ﻣ→→ﺠﻮﺯ ﺍﺯ ﺷ→→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫ→→ﺎ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺳ→→ﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣ→ﺮﺍﺟ→ﻊ ﺻ→ﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ→ﻪ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺷ→ﺮﺍﻳ→→ﻂ ﺍﻗ→ﻠﻴﻤ∂ ﻣ→→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑ→ﺎ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺷﻔﺎﻑ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳ→ﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑ→→ﺘﺪﺍ ﺑ→→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑ→ﺨﺸ∂ ﺍﺯ ﻓ→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﺻ→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺮﮊ＾ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪۱۲‬‬
 ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺸﺎﻉ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬‬

‫ﺑ→ﺨﺶﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧ→ﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻗ→ﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗ→→ﻤﻠ‪ −‬ﺁﭘ→ﺎﺭﺗﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻟﻜﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﻣﺎﻟﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬‬

‫ﺷ → →→ﺎﻣﻞ ﻓ → →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳ → →→ﻄﻮﺣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ→ → →→ﻪ ﺑ → →→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻛ→ → →→ﻤ‪ −‬ﻭ ﺍﻣ → →→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ → →→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻣ → →ﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺿ → →→ﻄﺮﺍﺭ＾ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ⅛‬

‫ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻫ→→ﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺑ→→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ »ﻛ→→ﻮﺷ‪ «−‬ﻣ→→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧ→→ﻞ ﻣ→→ﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﻠ‪ −‬ﺑ→ﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺗ→ﺼﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﭘﻼ∑ﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۷‬‬

‫ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻫ→ﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺑ→ﻪﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ→→ﻠ‪ −‬ﻣ→ﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﻣ→ﺘﺼﻞ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺪﻓﺎﺻﻞ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺯ ﺍﻧﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ﭘﺎﻛﺖ ﺣﺠﻤ∂ ﺑﻨﺎ‬

‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺳﺎﺩﻩﺷﺪﻩﺍ＾ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﺼﻮﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﻁ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۹‬‬

‫ﺳ→ﻄﺤ∂ ﺍﺯ ﻧ→→ﻤﺎ ﻭ ﻳ→ﺎ ﺩﻳ→ﻮﺍﺭﻫ→ﺎ＾ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯ ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺷ →→ﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻳ →→ﺎ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﻣ →→ﺼﺎﻟﺤ∂ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﻗ→→ﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻋ→→ﺒﻮﺭ ﻧ→→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫ →ﻮﺍ ﺩﺍﺷ→→ﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺍﻣ→→ﻜﺎﻥ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺑ→→ﺴﺘﻪ ﺷ→→ﺪﻥ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۱۳‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻏﻴﺮﺭﻳﺰﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱Ω‬‬

‫ﻣ→ﺼﺎﻟﺤ∂ ﻫ→ﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺍﮔ→ﺮ ﺑ→→ﻪﻫﺮ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﻳﺰﺵ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎ＾ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱۱‬‬

‫ﺑﺨﺸ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ↓ ﺧﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺩﻳﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎ＾ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱۲‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ ﻛ→ﻪ ﻧ→ﻤﺎ＾ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ⅛Ω‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﻤﺎ＾ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﻪﺩﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧ→ →→ﻤﺎ＾ ﺷ→ →→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﭘ→ →→ﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‪ :‬ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻧﻤﺎﻳ∂ ﺷ→ →→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﺍﻃ→ →→ﻼﻕ ﻣ→ →→∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺳ→ → →→ﻄﻮﺣ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺷ→ → →→ﻴﺸﻪ ﺑ→ → →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﻃﻮﺭ＾ ﻛ→ → →→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ → →→ﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺑ→ → →→ﻪ ‪ ۲Ω‬ﻣ→ → →→ﺘﺮ ﻣ → →→ﺮﺑﻊ ﻭ ﺑ → →→ﻴﺸﺘﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﺍ＾ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧ→→ﻤﺎ＾ ﺷ→→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﻧ→→ﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‪ :‬ﺑ→→ﻪﻧﻤﺎﻳ∂ ﺷ →→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﺍﻃ→→ﻼﻕ ﻣ→→∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛ→→ﻪ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺳ →→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺷ →→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﺑ→→ﺎﺷﺪ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→→ﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ‪ ۲Ω‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﻣ→→ﺮﺑﻌ∂ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟ→→ﺪﺍﻛ→→ﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻣ→→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻴﺒﺮﺍﻫﻪ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱۳‬‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﻴﺒﺪﺍﺭ＾ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺠﺮﺍ＾ ﺧﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱℮‬‬

‫ﻣ→ﺠﺮﺍﻳ→∂ ﻣ→→ﻨﺘﻬ∂ ﺑ→→ﻪﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺑ→ﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→→ﺠﺎﻭﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍ＾ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ‬

‫‪۱℮‬‬
 ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺗ→→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯﺷﻮﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﺑ→→ﻪﺁﻥ )ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧ→ﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑ→ﺎ ﺗ→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ→ﻮﺍ＾ ﻃ→→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﭼ→ﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→→ﻠ∂‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ(‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍ＾ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱Ｑ‬‬

‫ﺳﻄﺤ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎ＾ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻧﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ＾ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ⅛‪۱‬‬

‫ﺳ →→ﻄﻮﺣ∂ ﻫ →→ﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛ→ →→ﻪ ﺟ →→ﻬﺖ ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ →ﻮﺍ＾ ﻃ →→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻃ →→ﺒﻖ ﺟ →→ﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺷ → →→ﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ۲‬ﺍﻳ → →→ﻦ ﻣ → →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺩﺭ ﻧ → →→ﻈﺮ ﮔ → →→ﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣ→ → →→∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣ → →→ﺤﺎﺳﺒ↔ ﺍﻳ → →→ﻦ ﺳ → →→ﻄﻮﺡ‪ ،‬ﻣ → →→ﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺳ → →→ﻄﻮﺡ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۱Ｑ‬‬
 ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬

‫ﺭﻋ→ →→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺿ → →ﻮﺍﺑ→ →→ﻂ ﻭ ﺩﻳ→ →→ﮕﺮ ﻣ→ →→ﺼﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺷ→ →→ﻮﺭﺍ＾ ﻋ→ →→ﺎﻟ∂ ﺷ→ →→ﻬﺮﺳﺎﺯ＾ ﻭ ﻣ→ →→ﻌﻤﺎﺭ＾ ﺍﻳ → →ﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﭼ →→ﻮﻥ ﺿ→ →ﻮﺍﺑ→ →→ﻂ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣ→→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺷ→→ﻬﺮﺳﺎﺯ＾ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﻌﻤﺎﺭ＾ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺍﻓ →ﺮﺍﺩ ﻣ→ﻌﻠﻮﻝ ﺟ→ﺴﻤ∂ ـ ﺣ→ﺮﻛﺘ∂ ﻭ ﺿ→ﻮﺍﺑ→ﻂ ﻃ→ﺮﺡﻫﺎ＾ ﺟ→ﺎﻣﻊ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ＾ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﻤﺠﻮﺍﺭ＾ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻫ→ﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺑ→ﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ ﺍﺯ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧ→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻧ→ﺤﻮ↓ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺗ∂ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣ → →→ﻐﺎﻳﺮ ﺑ → →→ﺎ ﺿ → →ﻮﺍﺑ → →→ﻂ ﻃ → →→ﺮﺡﻫﺎ＾ ﺗ → →→ﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺷ → →→ﻬﺮ＾ ﮔ → →→ﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗ → →→ﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧ → →→ﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻣ → →→ﺮﺟﻊ ﺗ → →→ﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣ → →→ﻐﺎﻳﺮﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻣ → →→ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗ→ → →ﺮﺍﺭﮔ → →→ﻴﺮ＾ ﺗ → →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ → →→ﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻛ → →→ﺎﺭﺑﺮ＾‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬‬

‫‪۱۷‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺯﻣ→ →→ﻴﻦ‪ ۱‬ﻭﺍﺣ→ →→ﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳ→ →→ﺎ ﻭﺟ→ →→ﻮﺩ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺗ→ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→ →→ﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﻣ →→ﺠﺎﻭﺭﺕ ﻳ →→ﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎ＾ ﺗﻮﺳﻌ↔ ﺷﻬﺮ＾ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣ→ﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎ＾ ﻛ→ﻠ∂ ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻧ→ﻈﺮ ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑ ﺑ→→ﻪﺍﺯﺍ＾ ﻫ→ﺮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫ →→ﻤﺠﻮﺍﺭ＾ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻧﺤﻮ＾ ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﮔ →→ﻴﺮﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﻣ →→ﺴﺌﻠﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺍﺷ → → →ﺮﺍﻑ ﻭ ﺩﻳ→ → →→ﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺗ→ → →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﻳ→ → →→ﮕﺮ ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→ → →→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻃ → →→ﺮﻳﻖ ﺑ → →→ﺎﺯﺷﻮﻫﺎ＾ ﭘ → →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﻳ → →→ﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺏﻫﺎ＾ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ＾ )ﺑﺎ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ (Ｑ‬ﺑﻪﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧ →→ﺤﻮ↓ ﻗ→ →ﺮﺍﺭﮔ →→ﻴﺮ＾ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→ →→ﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﻫ →→ﺮ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑ ﻭ ﻫ →→ﻤﺠﻮﺍﺭ＾ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Ｑ‬‬
‫ﻣ→ﺠﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻃ→ﺮﺡ ﻣ→ﻌﻤﺎﺭ＾ ﺑﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫ → →→ﻤﺠﻮﺍﺭ＾ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ＾ ﻭ ﻓ → →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﻳ → →→ﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧ→ →→ﻞ ﺗ→ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→ →→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬ـ⅛‬
‫ﺑ→→ﻪﻧﺤﻮ＾ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺕ ﮔ→→ﻴﺮﺩ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺩﻳ→ﺪ ﺑ→ﻴﮕﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ＾ ﺑ→→ﻪﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﺍﺧ→ﻠ∂ ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑ ﻣ→ﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﮔ→ﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﻪﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ→ﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛ→→ﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻓ→ﻀﺎ ﺑ→→ﻪﻓﻀﺎﻳ∂ ﺩﻳ→ﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ﺎ ﺍﺧﺬ ﻣﺠﻮﺯ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۷‬‬
‫ﺷ→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺳ→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ→ﺮﺍﺟ→ﻊ ﺻ→ﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ→↔ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻧ→ﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺁﻥ ﺑ→ﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→ﺎﺕ ﻓ→ﻀﺎ＾ ﺟ→ﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪Land Use‬‬ ‫‪.۱‬‬

‫‪۱۸‬‬
 ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺍﺣ→ → →→ﺪﺍﺙ ﺳ→ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣ→ → →→ﻴﻦﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻣ→ → →→ﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ→ → →→ﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺷ → →→ﺒﻜ↔ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺁﻣ→ → →→ﺪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣ→ﻴﻦﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﺪﺍﺙ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ→→ﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑ→ﻪﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ‪ ۱‬ﺗ→ﺎ ‪ ۳‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ ﻣ→ﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺍﻣ→ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻣ→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→ﺎﻧ∂ ﻭ ﺍﻃ→→ﻔﺎ＾‬
‫ﺣﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺍﺣ →→ﺪﺍﺙ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧ →→ﺤﻮ↓ ﺍﺳ →→ﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣ→→ﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺑ→→ﻨﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑ→→ﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎ＾‬
‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨ∂ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ∂‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﺩﺷﮕﺮ＾ ﻭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺳﺘ∂ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺯﻣ→ →→ﻴﻦﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻣ→ →→∂ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﭘ →→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ →→↔ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭﺧ→ →ﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﻧ →→ﻤﻮﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺍﻣ →→ﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻪﺷﺒﻜ↔ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸ∂ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺷﺒﻜ↔ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Ｑ‬‬
‫ﺍﺣ → → →→ﺪﺍﺙ ﺳ → → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣ → → →→ﻴﻦﻫﺎ＾ ﻧ → → →→ﺰﺩﻳ‪ −‬ﺟ → → →→ﻨﮕﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻳ→ → →→ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳ→ → →→ﺎ ﭘ→ → →→ﺎﺭ∑ﻫﺎ＾‬
‫ﺣ→→ﻔﺎﻇﺖﺷﺪ↓ ﻣ→→ﻠ∂ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→→ﻪﻧﺤﻮ＾ ﺑ→→ﺎﺷﺪ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ‪ ۳Ω‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﺑ→→ﻴﻦ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﺍﺭﺍﺿ→∂ ﻓ→ﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺟ →→ﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷ →→ﺘﻪ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟ →→ﻮﺩ ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ →→ﻂ ﻭ ﺣ →→ﺮﻳﻢﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﻳ →→ﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣ →→ﺮﻳﻢ ﺑ →→ﺰﺭﮒﺗﺮ ﻣ→→ﻼ∑ ﻋ →→ﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻋ →→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺣ →→ﺮﻳﻢﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ →→ﺼﻮﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺣ →→ﺎﺷﻴ↔ ﻣ →→ﺴﻴﻞﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧ →→ﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻧ →→ﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑ →→ﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﮔ →→ﺎﺯ‪،‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛‬
‫ﻧ→ →→ﻔﺖ‪ ،‬ﻗ→ →→ﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﭼ→ →→ﺸﻤﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧ→ →→ﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﻳﺮ ﺗ →→ﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺷ →→ﻬﺮ＾ ﺑ→ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﻛ →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﮔ →→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۷‬‬
‫ﺭﻋ→ →→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺿ → →ﻮﺍﺑ→ →→ﻂ ﻃ →→ﺮﺡﻫﺎ＾ ﺗ →→ﻮﺳﻌ↔ ﺷ →→ﻬﺮ＾ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑ →→ﻄﻪ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﻣ →→ﺤﻞ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺖ ﺑ→ →→ﻨﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻛﺖ ﺣﺠﻤ∂ ﺑﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎ＾ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪۱۹‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺭﻋ→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺿ→ﻮﺍﺑ→→ﻂ ﻃ→ﺮﺡﻫﺎ＾ ﺗ→ﻮﺳﻌ↔ ﺷ→ﻬﺮ＾ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑ→ﻄﻪ ﺑ→ﺎ ﺟ→ﺎﻧﻤﺎﻳ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬‬
‫ﺯﻣ→ →→ﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺟ→ →→ﻬﺖﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﺗ→ →→ﻌﻴﻴﻦﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﺗ →→ﻮﺟﻪ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﺷﺮﺍﻳ →→ﻂ ﺍﻗ →→ﻠﻴﻤ∂ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧ →→ﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﻣ →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﻧ →→ﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺮ ﻭ ﻛﻒ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻣ→→ﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻧ→ﻤﺎ＾ ﻛ→→ﻠ∂ ﺧ→ﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺷﻬﺮ＾ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺑ∂ﻧﻈﻤ∂‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ؛‬
‫ﺏ( ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻒ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﻳﺎ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ؛‬
‫ﺝ( ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻛﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻛﺮﻳﺰ＾ ﺑﻴﻬﻮﺩﻩ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺑـﺮ ﻭ ﻛـﻒ ﻭ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧـ↔‬
‫ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﺮﺍﺳ→ﺎﺱ ﻃ→ﺮﺡﻫﺎ＾ ﺗ→ﻮﺳﻌ↔ ﺷ→ﻬﺮ＾ ﻣ→ﺼﻮﺏ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۳‬‬

‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪:‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺗ→→ﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻃ→→ﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﻣ→→ﺠﺎﺯ ﮔ→→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ‪ ۱‬ﻭ ‪ ۲‬ﻭ ‪ ۳‬ﻳ‪ −‬ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﻃ→→ﺒﻘﻪ )ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻛ→ﺜﺮ ﺗ→→ﺎ ‪۸/ＱΩ‬‬
‫ﻣ→ → → →→ﺘﺮ ﺍﺭﺗ→ → → →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ → → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺯﻳ→ → → →→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑ→ → → →→ﺎ ﭘ→ → → →→ﻨﺠﺮ↓ ﻧ→ → → →→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻧ → → →→ﻤﺎ ﻭ ‪ ۷/۳Ω‬ﻣ → → →→ﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﻓ→→ﺎﻗﺪ ﺁﻥ(‪ ،‬ﮔ→→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﭼ→→ﻬﺎﺭ ﻭ ﭘ→→ﻨﺞ‪ ۳ ،‬ﻭ ‪ ℮‬ﻃ→→ﺒﻘﻪ )ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻛ→→ﺜﺮ ﺗ→→ﺎ ‪۱℮/۹Ω‬‬
‫ﻣ → → →→ﺘﺮ ﺍﺭﺗ → → →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭ ﺳ → → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺯﻳ → → →→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑ → → →→ﺎ ﭘ → → →→ﻨﺠﺮ↓ ﻧ → → →→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻧ → → →→ﻤﺎ ﻭ ‪ ۱۳/۷Ω‬ﻣ → → →→ﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﻓ → →→ﺎﻗﺪ ﺁﻥ( ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﮔ → →→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﺷﺶ ﻭ ﻫ → →→ﻔﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →→ﻪﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺗ→ →→ﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻃ→ →→ﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺧ →ﻮﺍﻫ →→ﺪ ﺑ →→ﻮﺩ )ﻣ →→ﺒﻨﺎ＾ ﻣ →→ﺤﺎﺳﺒ↔ ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﺗ →ﺮﺍﺯ ﻣ →→ﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻛ →→ﻒ ﻣ →→ﻌﺒﺮ ﻣ →→ﺠﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗ →→ﺎ ﻣ →→ﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺳ →→ﻘﻒ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺐﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄ↔ ﺟﺎﻥﭘﻨﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻘﻒﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ(‪.‬‬

‫‪۲Ω‬‬
 ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ → → →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻓ → → → →ﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﺭﺗ→ → → →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺑ→ → → →→ﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺣ→ → → →→ﺪﻭﺩ ﺗ→ → → →→ﻌﻴﻴﻦﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﮔ → → →→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾‬
‫ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﻧ →→ﻴﺎﺯ ﺑ →→ﻪﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣ →→ﺠﻮﺯ ﺧ →→ﺎﺹ ﺍﺯ ﺷ →→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ ﻭ ﺳ →→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ →ﺮﺍﺟ →→ﻊ ﺻ →→ﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ →→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ →→↔ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ﻃ→ﺮﺍﺣ→∂ ﻭ ﺍﺟ→ﺮﺍ＾ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺗ∂ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ↓‬
‫ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ∂‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔ∂ﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻤﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻃ →→ﻮﺭ＾ ﻃ→ →ﺮﺍﺣ →→∂ ﺷ →→ﻮﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺷ →→ﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ‪ ،‬ﺭﻧﮓ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ﺗ→ﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣ→→ﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑ→ﻮﺩﻥ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻋ→ﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺷ→ﻬﺮ＾ ﺩﺭ ﺑ→→ﻨﺪﻫﺎ＾ ﻓ→ﻮﻕ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧ↔ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﻤﺎ＾ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ﻃ →ﺮﺍﺣ→→∂ ﻧ→→ﻤﺎ＾ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧ→→ﻮﻉ ﻣ→→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺁﻥ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→→ﺮﺍﺳ→→ﺎﺱ ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ→→ﻂ ﻣ→ﺼﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﺷﻬﺮ＾ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻨﺪ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ﺩﺭ ﻃ →ﺮﺍﺣ→→∂ ﻧ→→ﻤﺎ＾ ﺷ→→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ )ﺍﻋ→→ﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻧ→ﻤﺎ＾ ﺷ→→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﭘ→ﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻳ →→ﺎ ﻧ →→ﺎﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻧ→→ﺠﺎﻡ ﻣ→→ﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺣ →ﺮﺍﺭﺗ→→∂ ﺑ→→ﺮﺍﺳ→→ﺎﺱ ﻣ→→ﻔﺎﺩ ﻣ→→ﺒﺤﺚ ﻧ→→ﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ ﻣ→→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ﺍﺳ→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﺑﺎﺯﺗﺎﺑ∂‪ ۲‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺑ→ﺰﺭﮔﺮﺍﻩﻫ→ﺎ ﻭ ﺷ→ﺮﻳﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﺻ→→ﻠ∂ ﻋ→ﺒﻮﺭ＾ ﺷ→ﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣ→ﻨﻮﻁ ﺑ→→ﻪﻛﺴﺐ ﻣ→ﺠﻮﺯ ﺍﺯ ﺷ→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬
‫ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧ↔ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪Reflex .۲‬‬

‫‪۲۱‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗ →→ﻤﺎﻡ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﻧ →→ﻤﺎ＾ ﺷ→ →→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻧ →→ﻈﺮ ﮔ →→ﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺗ →→ﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﻤﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺒﻬ↔ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧ∂ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧ→ﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻧ→ﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺗ→ﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻻﻳ→→ﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺿ→ﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺷ→→ﻴﺸﻪ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫ→ﺎ＾‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬‬
‫ﻣﻠ∂ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻧ→→ﻤﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺷ→→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﭘ→→ﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﻣ→ﻤﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬ـ⅛‬

‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ →→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺷ →→ﻔﺎﻑ ﻧ →→ﻤﺎ＾ ﺷ →→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ →→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺗ∂ ﺗ →→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷ→→ﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۷‬‬
‫ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺍﻣ →→ﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﻳ →→ﺰﺵ ﺷ →→ﻴﺸﻪ ﺑ →→ﻪﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻣ →→ﻌﺒﺮ ﻋ →→ﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻭﺟ →→ﻮﺩ ﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺷ →→ﺘﻪ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾‬
‫ﻏ→→ﻴﺮﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﮔ→→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ،۷‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﻧ→→ﻤﺎ＾ ﺷ→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﭘ→ﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺭﻋ→ﺎﻳﺖ ﻓ→→ﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ‪ ۲/ΩΩ‬ﻣ→ﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎ ﺗﺎ ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩﺭﻭ ﻭ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ↓ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺳ→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ‪ Ω/۹Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۸‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۱/ＱΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﺸ↔ ﺍﻳﻤﻦ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﺭﻳﺰﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۹‬‬
‫ﻣ →→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻧ →→ﻤﺎ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ →→ﻪﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺍﺗ →→ﺼﺎﻝ ﻛ →→ﺎﻓ∂ ﻭ ﻣ →→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ ﺗ→→ﺎ‬
‫ﺧﻄﺮ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻦ ﻧﻤﺎ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ → →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺳ → →→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺧ → →→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑ → →→ﻪﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﻳ → →→ﻤﻨ∂ ﻭ ﺯﻳ → →→ﺒﺎﺳﺎﺯ＾ ﻣ → →→ﻨﻈﺮ↓‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱Ω‬‬
‫ﺷ→ﻬﺮ＾‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺷ→ﺮﺍﻳ→ﻂ ﻣ→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧ→ﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ＾ ﺷ→ﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻛ→→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺩﻳ→ﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎ＾ ﺧﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺟ → →→ﻮ＾‪ ،‬ﺑ → →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻋ → →→ﺎﺭ＾ ﺍﺯ ﻫ → →→ﺮ ﮔ→ →→ﻮﻧﻪ ﺳ→ →→ﻮﺭﺍﺥ ﻭ ﺷ→ →→ﻜﺎﻑ ﺍﺿ→ →→ﺎﻓ∂ ﻭ ﻣ→ →→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺯﻧﮓﺯﺩﻩ ﻭ ﭘ→ →→ﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿ→→ﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﺁﻭﻳ→→ﺰ ﺑ→→ﻪﺳﺎﺯﻩ‪ ،‬ﺷ→→ﺎﻣﻞ ﺳ→→ﺎﻳﺒﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗ→→ﺎﺑﻠﻮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘ→ﻠﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﻓ→ﺮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻩﭘ→ﻠﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﺧ→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺩﻛﺶﻫ→ﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ＾ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺍﻳﻤﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۲۲‬‬
 ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖﮔﺬﺍﺭ＾‪ ،‬ﻧﺼﺐ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻎ ﻭ ﺁﮔﻬ∂ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻧﻤﺎ＾‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱۱‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺑﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺑﺎﺯ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Ｑ‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪ↓ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍ＾‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣ→ﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺿ→ﺮﻭﺭ＾ ﺩﻳ→ﮕﺮ＾ ﭼ→ﻮﻥ ﺷ→→ﻴﺒﺮﺍﻫ→ﻪ ﻭ ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻩﻫ→ﺎ ﻭ ﺟ→ﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻣ→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→ﺎﻧ∂ )ﻃﺒﻖ ﺑﻨﺪ ‪ ℮‬ـ‬
‫‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ (۱۳‬ﻣ→→ﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻧ→ﺸﺪﻩ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺳﺒﺰ ﻭ ﺁﺏﻧﻤﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺑﺎﺯ＾ ﺑﭽﻪﻫﺎ )ﺑﺎ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯ＾ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺁﻥ(‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ→→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ℮‬ﻭ ⅛‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﺣ→→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺧ→→ﻠﻮﺕ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﺍﺻ→→ﻠ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺷ →→ﺘﻪ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺟ →→ﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻣ →→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ →→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺧ →→ﻠﻮﺕ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳ→→ﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﺑ→→ﻪﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃ →→ﺮﻳﻖ ﻣ →→ﻌﺒﺮ ﻣ →→ﺴﺘﻘﻠ∂ )ﻃ →→ﺒﻖ ﺑ →→ﻨﺪ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ⅛( ﺗ →→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﮔ →→ﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ →ﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑ→ﺮﺍ＾ ﺩﺳ→ﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﺑ→→ﻪﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺧ→ﻠﻮﺕ ﻣ→→∂ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺧ→ﻞ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺑ→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﻳ→ﮋﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻘ↔ ﻫﻤﻜﻒ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣ→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺧ→ﻠﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻗ→ﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﺟ→ﻨﻮﺑ∂ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺩﻳ→ﻮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻧ→ﺮﺩﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺼﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺳﺒﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﺟﺪﺍ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﺟﻨﻮﺑ∂ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﻣ→ﺠﺰﺍ ﺑ→ﻪﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﺍﺻ→→ﻠ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﺍﻫ→ﺮﻭ ﻳ→ﺎ ﭘ→→ﻠﻜﺎﻥ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ＾ ﺗ→ﻤﺎﻡ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺳ→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺩﻳ→ﻮﺍﺭﻫ→ﺎ＾ ﺟﺎﻧﺒ∂ ﺣﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺣﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ＾ ﺧﻠﻮﺗ∂ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪Ｑ‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺩﻳﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻤﺎﺳﺎﺯ＾ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۲۳‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ⅛‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ → →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻣ → →→ﺴﻘﻒ ﺷ→ →→ﺪﻥ ﺣ→ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﻣ→ →→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ )ﭘ→ →→ﺎﺳﻴﻮ( ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﻣ→ →→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺷ→ →→ﻔﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻓ∂ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ → →→ﻒ ﺗ→ →→ﻤﺎﻣ∂ ﺣ→ →→ﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﺍﺧ→ →→ﻠ∂ )ﺣ→ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺧ→ →→ﻠﻮﺕ ﻭ ﺣ→ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﻣ→ →→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ(‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۷‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺷ →→ﻴﺐﺑﻨﺪ＾ ﻣ→→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻓ→→ﻊ ﺁﺏﻫ→→ﺎ＾ ﺳ→→ﻄﺤ∂ ﻭ ﺩﺳ→→ﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﻣ→→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟ→→ﻬﺖ ﻧ→→ﻈﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﻃ→→ﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺯﻳ→→ﺮﻳﻦ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ )ﺯﻳ→→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﻫ→→ﻤﻜﻒ( ﺑ→→ﻪﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕـﺎﻩ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۸‬‬
‫ﺍﺧ →→ﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷ →→ﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﺍﺧ →→ﻠ∂ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺗ →→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﺍﺗ →→ﺎﻕﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﻗ →→ﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺳ→ﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺷ→ﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟ∂ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﻧﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺳ→ → →→ﻘﻔ∂ ﻓ → → →→ﺎﻗﺪ ﺑ→ → →→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺣ→ → →→ﺪ ﻓ→ → →→ﺎﺻﻞ ﺗ→ → →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺣ → →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﻣ → →→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﺳ → →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣ → →→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮﺭﻳﺰﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻼﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ →→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ۱‬ﺗ →→ﺎ ‪ ،Ｑ‬ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﺍﺧ→→ﻠ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺗ→→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ→→ﻮﺭ ﻭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۹‬‬
‫ﺗ →→ﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻃ →→ﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﭘ →→ﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﻣ→ →→∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ‪ ۱۲‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ ﻣ →→ﺮﺑﻊ ﻣ→ →→ﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺑ →→ﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۳‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ → →→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ۱‬ﺗ → →→ﺎ ‪ ،Ｑ‬ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺯﻣ→ →→ﻴﻦﻫﺎ＾ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﻣ→ →→ﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺑ→ →→ﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ ‪۱Ω‬‬
‫‪ ۲ΩΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺧﻠ∂ ﺑﻪﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ⅛ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ→→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ۱‬ﺗ→→ﺎ ‪ ،Ｑ‬ﺍﮔ→→ﺮ ﺣ→→ﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﺍﺧ→→ﻠ∂ ﻓ→→ﻘﻂ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺗ→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ ‪۱۱‬‬
‫ﻧ→ →→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗ→ →→ﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﺁﺷ→ →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻳ→ →→ﺎ ﺍﻧ→ →→ﺒﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻃ →→ﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﭘ →→ﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﺷ →→ﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ→ →→ﻞ ⅛ ﻣ →→ﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻣ→ﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۲‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﺯﻣﻴﻦﻫﺎ＾ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲ΩΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬
‫ﺣ→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺧ→ﻠ∂ ﺑ→ﻪﺍﻧ→ﺪﺍﺯ↓ ‪ %۳‬ﻣ→ﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎ＾ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ ‪ ۱Ｑ‬ﻭ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ ⅛‪،۱‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪۲℮‬‬
 ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ →→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ،۳‬ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ →→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﺑ →→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔ →→ﻮﺩﺍﻝ ﺑ →→ﺎﻏﭽﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ ‪۱۲‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ → →→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﺑ → →→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗ → →→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ → →→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗ → →→ﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﻓ → →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺳ → →→ﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺷ → →→ﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳ → →→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻣ→ →→ﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۹‬ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۳‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺴﻘﻒ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺣﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ )ﮔﻮﺩﺍﻝ ﺑﺎﻏﭽﻪ( ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ‪۱۳‬‬

‫ﺣ→ →→ﺪﺍﻗ→ →→ﻞ ﻋ→ →→ﺮﺽ ﺣ→ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺧ→ →→ﻠﻮﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣ →→ﻴﻦﻫﺎ＾ ﺑ →→ﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲ΩΩ‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑ →→ﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ ‪۱℮‬‬
‫ﺭﻋ →→ﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺳ →→ﻄﺢ ﺍﻣ →→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ →→ﺎﻧ∂‪ ۳ ،‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺯﻣ →→ﻴﻦﻫﺎ＾ ﻛ →→ﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲ΩΩ‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ‪ ۲‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣ →ﻮﺍﺭﺩ＾ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻗ→→ﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﺻ→→ﻠ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺗ→→ﺼﺮﻑ ﻣ→→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﻣ→→ﺴﺘﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ ‪۱Ｑ‬‬
‫ﻳ‪ −‬ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺧ→ →→ﻠ∂ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫ→ →ﻮﺍ ﻣ→ →→∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓ →→ﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﺩﻳ →ﻮﺍﺭﻫ →→ﺎ＾ ﭘ →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ →→ﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺁﻧ →→ﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻫ →→ﻢ ﻧ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ⅛ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ → → →ﻮﺍﺭﺩ＾ ﻛ → → →→ﻪ ﻓ → → →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺁﺷ → → →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻗ → → →→ﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺗ → → →→ﺼﺮﻑ ﻣ → → →→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ ⅛‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣ →→ﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻭ ﻳ →→ﺎ ﺁﺷ →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﺁﻧ →→ﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺧ→ →→ﻠ∂ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫ→ →ﻮﺍ ﻣ →→∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓ →→ﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﺩﻳ →ﻮﺍﺭﻫ →→ﺎ＾‬
‫ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ℮‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ →→ﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ →→ﺎ＾ ﻣ →→ﻮﺭﺩ ﻧ →→ﻴﺎﺯ ﺑ→ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺧ →→ﻠﻮﺕ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﺍﻓ →ﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻃ →→ﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ ‪۱۷‬‬
‫ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ→→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ،۷‬ﺿ→→ﻤﻦ ﺭﻋ→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→ﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﺑ→ﻨﺪﻫﺎ＾ ‪℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ ‪۱Ｑ‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ ⅛‪ ، ۱‬ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑ→ﺎ ﻧ→ﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎ＾ ﻧ→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻃﺮﺍﺡ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ＾ ﻭ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧ↔ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪۲Ｑ‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺑﺎﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛ → → →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺗ → → →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→ → → →→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ → → →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻋ → → →→ﺪﻡ ﺩﺳ → → →→ﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﻣ → → →→ﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺑﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴ↔ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺑﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫ→→ﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻭ ﺗ→→ﺨﻠﻴ↔ ﺁﺏﻫ→→ﺎ＾ ﺳ→→ﻄﺤ∂ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﻧ→→ﻴﻤﻪﺑﺎﺯ ﺑ→ﻪﺳﻄﺢ ﻣ→ﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﻋ→ﻤﻮﻣ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻧﻤ∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ＾ ﻧ →→ﻴﻤﻪﺑﺎﺯ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻋ∂ ﺑ→→ﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ Ω/۷Ω‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴ↔ ﺟﺎﻥﭘﻨﺎﻩ ﺑﻪﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۱/۱Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷ →→ﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺟ →→ﺎﻥﭘﻨﺎﻩ ﻛ →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﻧ →→ﻴﻤﻪﺑﺎﺯ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻨﺪ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻦ‬

‫ﻣ → →→ﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺣ → →→ﺪﺍﻛ → →→ﺜﺮ ﭘ → →→ﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ ﺑ → →→ﺎﻟﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧ → →→ﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑ → →→ﺎ ﻣ → →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺷ → →→ﺸﻢ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺎﺯ＾ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟ→ﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭ＾ ﻭ ﻫ→ﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺁﺏ ﺑ→ﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﻴﺐﺑﻨﺪ＾ ﻭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۲‬‬

‫ﻛﻒﺷﻮ＾ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﻭﺩﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻦ ﺿﺮﻭﺭ＾ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺗ →→ﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻳ →ﻮﺍﻥ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺁﻓ→→ﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗ→→ﻨﻬﺎ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻣ→→ﺠﻮﺯ ﺷ→→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧ↔ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫⅛‪۲‬‬
 ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻦ ﻛﻢﻋﺮﺽ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ⅛‬

‫ﺑ→ﺎﻟﻜﻦ ﻛ→→ﻢﻋﺮﺽ ﻣ→→∂ﺗﻮﺍﻧ→ﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣ→ﺼﺎﻟﺤ∂ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺷﺒﻜ↔ ﻓﻠﺰ＾ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻑ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻒ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻬﺘﺎﺑ∂ )ﺗﺮﺍﺱ(‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ‪۷‬‬

‫ﺟ→ →→ﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭ＾ ﻭ ﻫ→ →→ﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺁﺏ ﺑ →→ﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺑ →→ﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺗ →→ﻮﺳﻂ ﺷ →→ﻴﺐﺑﻨﺪ＾ ﻭ ﻛ→ →→ﻒﺷﻮ＾ ﻳ→ →→ﺎ ﻧ →→ﺎﻭﺩﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ →→ﻬﺘﺎﺑ∂‬
‫)ﺗﺮﺍﺱ( ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ‪۸‬‬

‫ﺑ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﻧ→→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻓ→→ﻀﺎ＾ ﺳ→ﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻃ→ﺮﻳﻖ ﭘ→ﻨﺠﺮ↓ ﻭﺍﻗ→→ﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺍﻳ→ﻮﺍﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺳ→ﻄﺢ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯﻧﻤﺎ＾ ﺍﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻳ‪ −‬ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻒ ﺳﺮﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺷ→ﺪﻩ ﺑ→ﻪﺍﺿ→→ﺎﻓ↔ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺳﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻋﺮﺽ )ﻋﻤﻖ( ﺍﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻃﻮﻝ )ﻧﻤﺎ＾( ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭ＾ ﻭ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﻴﺐﺑﻨﺪ＾ ﻭ ﻛﻒﺷﻮ＾‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۲‬‬

‫ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭ＾ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ﻫﺎ＾ ﺑﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۷‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﺑﻪﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۷‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺳﺎﻳﺒﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻡ ﺑﻪﻋﺮﺽ ‪ Ω/۹Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪ ﺯﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻘﻄ↔‬
‫ﻛﻒ ﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۳/ＱΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺣﺪ ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺒـ↔ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﻗـﻞ‬
‫‪ Ω/۹Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﺍﻓﻘ∂ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﺩﺭﮔﺎﻫ∂ ﻭ ﻟﺒ↔ ﻛﻒ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﻢﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﭼﺴﺒﻴـﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﻧﻴﺰﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﻳـﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻋ →→ﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﻛ→→ﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۳/ＱΩ‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻛ→→ﻒ ﻣ→→ﻌﺒﺮ ﻣ→→ﺠﺎﻭﺭﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧ→→ﻤ∂ﺗﻮﺍﻧ→→ﻨﺪ‬

‫‪۲۷‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ Ω/۱Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺝ( ﺩﺭ ﻛﻠﻴ↔ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻠ↔ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ＾ ﻭ ﺷﻴﺒـﺮﺍﻫﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ Ω/۱Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺒـﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ( ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﻫﺎ＾ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪﺳﻤﺖ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺒـﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺿ →→ﻤﻦ ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﻧ →→ﺼﺐ ﻋ →→ﻼﻳﻢ ﺍﺣ →→ﺘﻴﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣ →→ﺎﻟﺖ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯ ﻧ→→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→→ﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ Ω/۱Ω‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺣ→→ﺮﻳﻢ ﻣ→→ﻌﺒﺮ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎ＾ ﻛﻠ∂ ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﻨﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ‪ ۷‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ﻫﺎ＾ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎ＾ ﺗﻮﺳﻌ↔ ﺷﻬﺮ＾‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺷﺸﻢ ﻭ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﻟﺒ↔ ﺧﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ ﺑﻨﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻳﺒـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺟـﺰ ﺁﻥ( ﺑﺎ ﻟﺒ↔ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﺭﻭ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ Ω/۹Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻓﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﺍﻓﻘ∂ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﻫﻴﭻﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸ∂ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺗ∂ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ↓ ﺧﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ( ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺳﺎﺑﺎﻁ ﻭ ﭘﻞ ﻫﻮﺍﻳ∂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭ＾ ﻛﻮﭼﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﻋ∂‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺧﺬ ﻣﺠـﻮﺯ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺷ →→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫ →→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ →→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ→ →ﺮﺍﺟ →→ﻊ ﺻـﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ →→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ →→↔ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ ﻣ →→ﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۳/ＱΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ﻫﺎ＾ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۷‬ـ‪۳‬‬

‫ﭘ →→ﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ ﺯﻳ →→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑ →→ﻪﺣﺮﻳﻢ ﻣ →→ﻌﺒﺮ ﻋ→→ﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻣ→→ﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗ→→ﻌﺒﻴ↔ ﻣ→→ﺠﺮﺍﻫ→→ﺎ＾ ﺧ→→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻧ→→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫ →ﻮﺍ‬
‫‪Ґ‬‬
‫ﺻ→→ﺮﻓﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣ→→ﺪﻭﺩ ﺩﺍﺧ→→ﻠ∂ ﻣ→→ﻠ‪ −‬ﻭ ﻧ→→ﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪ ﺍﺧ→→ﺬ ﻣ→→ﺠﻮﺯ ﺍﺯ ﺷ→→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ→ﺮﺍﺟ→ﻊ ﺻ→ﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ→↔‬
‫ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ →→ﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳ→ →→ﻦ ﻣ →→ﺠﺮﺍﻫ →→ﺎ＾ ﺧ→ →→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﺟ →→ﻬﺖ ﺗ →→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫ→ →ﻮﺍ＾ ﺯﻳ →→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ →→ﺎﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣ →→ﺠﺮﺍﻫ →→ﺎ＾ ﺧ→ →→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫ→ →ﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺴﺘﻪ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳ →→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﻧ →→ﻴﺎﺯ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۷‬ـ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫‪۲۸‬‬
 ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺑ →→ﻪﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧ →→ﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→∂ﺗﻮﺍﻧ→→ﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻃ→→ﻮﻝ ﺧ→→ﻂ ﺯﻣ→→ﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻛ→→ﻨﺎﺭ ﺑ→→ﻨﺎ ﺍﺩﺍﻣ→→ﻪ ﻳ→→ﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛ→→ﻒ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﻣ→→ﺠﺮﺍﻫ→→ﺎ‬
‫ﻧ→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺟ→ﺰﻳ∂ ﺍﺯ ﻣ→ﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺯﻳ→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻣ→ﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷ→ﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻧ→→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ＾ ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪ＾ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﻓ→ﻮﻗﺎﻧ∂ ﻣ→ﺠﺮﺍ＾ ﺧ→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻧ→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫ→ﻮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻣ→ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋ→ﺒﻮﺭ ﻭﺳ→ﺎﻳﻞ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۷‬ـ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﻧ →→ﻘﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻫ →→ﻤﺴﻄﺢ ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻮﺳﻂ ﺷ →→ﺒﻜ↔ ﻣ →→ﺴﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓ →→ﻠﺰ＾ )ﺑ →→ﺎ ﺭﻋ →→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ→→ﻂ ﻋ→→ﺒﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ( ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘ→→ﻴﺶﺁﻣﺪﮔ∂ﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﻣ→→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻋ→→ﻼﻡ ﺷ→ﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻣ→ﻐﺎﻳﺮﺕ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۷‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻣ→→ﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻋ→→ﻤﻮﻣ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﻪﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺷ→→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ→ﺮﺍﺟ→→ﻊ ﺻ→ﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ→↔ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ→→ﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬‬

‫ﺗ→ → →→ﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→ → →→∂ ﻣ → →→ﺤﻞ ﺗ → →→ﻮﻗﻒ ﺧ → →→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺑ→ → →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺗ → →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ → →→ﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑ→ → →→ﺮﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎ＾ ﺗﻮﺳﻌ↔ ﺷﻬﺮ＾ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗ → →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺧ→ →→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﻭ ﻣ→ →→ﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ＾ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺧ→ →→ﺮﻭﺝ ﺁﻥ ﻧ→ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →→ﻮ ﻳ→ →→ﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﻭﺻﺪﺍ＾ ﻧﺎﺷ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺰﺍﺣﻢ ﺁﺳﺎﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣ→ﻌﺒﺮ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ＾ ﻭ ﻋ→ﺮﺽ ﺷ→ﻴﺒﺮﺍﻫ→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺑ→ﺰﺭﮒ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ Ｑ‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺗ → → →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ → → →→ﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻧ → → →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻛ → → →→ﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۳/ＱΩ‬ﻣ → → →→ﺘﺮ ﺑ→ → →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣ→ → →→ﺪﺍﻗ→ → →→ﻞ ﻋ→ → →→ﺮﺽ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ＾ ﺑ → → →ﺮﺍ＾‬
‫ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻛﻮﭼ‪ ۲/ＱΩ −‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ→→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺑ→ﺰﺭﮒ ﻭ ﻣ→ﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﺩﻭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺧ→ﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻓ→ﺮﺍﺩ ﭘ→ﻴﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺍﺷ→ﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪℮‬‬

‫‪۲۹‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫‪Ґ‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎ ﻳﻜ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣ→→ﻴﻦﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺑ→→ﺮ ﺑ→→ﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲Ｑ‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﻋ→ﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﺗ→ﻌﺒﻴ↔ ﺩﻭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ＾‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪Ｑ‬‬
‫ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺗ→ﺼﺎﻝ ﺣ→ﻴﺎﻁ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﺑﻪﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺍﺯ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬ـ⅛‬
‫ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺭﻋ→→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ→→ﻂ ﺷ→→ﻬﺮﺳﺎﺯ＾ ﻭ ﺑ→ﺎ ﺷ→→ﻴﺒﺮﺍﻫ→ﻪ ﺑ→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑ→ﺎﻻﺭﻭﻧﺪﻩ ﻳ→ﺎ ﭘ→ﺎﻳﻴﻦﺭﻭﻧﺪﻩ ﺑ→ﻼﻣﺎﻧﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗ →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →→ﻪﺷﺮﻁ ﻋ →→ﺪﻡ ﺗ→ →ﺰﺍﺣ →→ﻢ ﺑ→ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺧ →→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ＾ ﺩﻳ →→ﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﭘ →→ﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﺩﻭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۷‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻼﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ → →→ﻮﻗﻒ ﺧ → →→ﻮﺩﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗ → →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻧ→ → →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ→ → →ﺰﺍﺣ→ → →→ﻤ∂ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺑ → →→ﺎﺯ ﺷ → →→ﺪﻥ ﺩﺭﻫ → →→ﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۸‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ＾ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺗ∂ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۹‬‬

‫ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﺑﻪﺁﺏ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻠﻴ↔ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭ＾ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۱Ω‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺑ→ →→ﺰﺭﮒ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗ→ →→ﻔﻜﻴ‪ −‬ﻋ →→ﺒﻮﺭ ﺳ→ →ﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻭ ﭘ→ →→ﻴﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻛ→ →→ﻨﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۱۱‬‬
‫ﻣ →→ﻌﺒﺮ ﺳ→ →ﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﮔ→ →→ﺬﺭﮔﺎﻩ ﻋ →→ﺎﺑﺮﺍﻥ ﺑ →→ﻪﻋﺮﺽ ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ‪ Ω/⅛Ω‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧ →→ﻈﺮ ﮔ →→ﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷ →→ﻮﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →→ﻪﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ Ω/۲Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﻣ→→ﺠﺎﺯ ﺗ→→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻛ→→ﻮﭼ‪ −‬ﺧ→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗ→ﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺧ→ﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻧ→ﺎﺷ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۱۲‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺣ →→ﺮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻛ →→ﻒ ﺗ→→ﺎ ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﺯﻳ→→ﺮﻳﻦ ﺳ→→ﻘﻒ ﻭ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟ→→ﻮﺩ ﺗ→→ﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﻋ→→ﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳ→→ﺎﺯﻩﺍ＾ ﺩﺭ‬

‫‪۳Ω‬‬
 ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺯﻳ →→ﺮ ﺳ →→ﻘﻒ‪ ،‬ﺗ →→ﺎ ﭘ →→ﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧ →→ﻘﻄ↔ ﺁﻧ →→ﻬﺎ ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ→ →→ﻞ ‪ ۲/۲Ω‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ ﻣ→ →→∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗ →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ →→ﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻒ ﺗﺎ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺳﻘﻒ ‪ ۲/℮Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗ→→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻋ→→ﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺧ→→ﺮﻭﺟ∂ ﺧ→→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺑ→ﻪﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۱۳‬‬
‫‪ ۲/۱Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺧ→ﺼﻮﺻ∂‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟ→ﻮﺩ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ＾ ﻣ→ﺠﺰﺍ＾ ﺩﻳ→ﮕﺮ＾ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ＾‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۱℮‬‬
‫ﺍﺷ→ﺨﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﭘ→→ﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ＾ ﺳ→ﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑ→→ﻪﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ‪ ۱/۸Ω‬ﻣ→ﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻏ→ﻴﺮ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﺻ→ﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻓﻀﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻨﺪ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ⅛ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﻣﺤﻞﻫﺎ＾ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۱Ｑ‬‬

‫ﺍﺑ →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺟ →→ﻬﺖ ﺗ →→ﻮﻗﻒ ﺩﻭ ﺧ →→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﻛ →→ﻨﺎﺭ ﻳ →→ﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪ ۱Ｑ‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﮔ→→ﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫ→→ﺮ ﻳ‪ Ｑ/ΩΩ* ۲/ＱΩ −‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﻣ→→∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫ→ﻨﮕﺎﻣ∂ﻛﻪ ﺧ→ﻮﺩﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻃ→ﻮﻝ ﻭ ﭘ→ﺸﺖ ﺳ→ﺮ ﻳ→ﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻗ→ → →ﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ→ → →→∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑ → →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﻣ → →→ﻮﺭﺩ ﻧ → →→ﻴﺎﺯ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ＾ ﻫ → →→ﺮ ﻳ‪ ⅛/ΩΩ * ۲/ΩΩ−‬ﻣ → →→ﺘﺮ ﻣ → →→∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗ → →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾‬
‫ﺳ→ →→ﺮﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ →→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﻓ→ →→ﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﻣ→ →→ﺤﻮﺭ ﺳ→ →→ﺘﻮﻥﻫﺎ ‪ Ｑ/ΩΩ‬ﻣ→ →→ﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻓ→ →→ﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﺩﺍﺧ→ →→ﻠ∂ ﺑ→ →→ﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺳ→ →→ﺘﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ‪ ℮/ＱΩ‬ﻣ→ﺘﺮ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﺧ→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﻣ→→∂ﺗﻮﺍﻧ→ﻨﺪ ﺑ→ﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺳ→ﺘﻮﻥ ﻗ→ﺮﺍﺭ ﮔ→ﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻓ→ﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗ→ﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺧ→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺳﺘﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺍﺯﺍ＾ ‪ ۲/ＱΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻪﺍﺯﺍ＾ ﻫﺮ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺑﻼﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗ → →ﺮﺍﺭﮔ → →→ﻴﺮ＾ ﺧ → →→ﻮﺩﺭﻭﻫﺎ＾ ﺑ→ →→ﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑ→ →→ﺴﺘﻪ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﺍﻓ → →ﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻓ→ →→ﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﺑ→ →→ﻴﻦ ﻣ→ →→ﺤﻮﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪ ۱Ｑ‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺳﺘﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺍﺯﺍ＾ ‪ ۲/ＱΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﻫﺮ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ → →→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻃ → →→ﺮﻑ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻣ → →→ﺤﻞ ﺗ → →→ﻮﻗﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺗ → →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﻳ → →ﻮﺍﺭ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪ ۱Ｑ‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۳/ΩΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ﻋ→ﺮﺽ ﻣ→ﺴﻴﺮ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺁﻣﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ⅛‪۱‬‬

‫‪۳۱‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫‪ Ｑ/ΩΩ‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ﺤﻞ ﺳ→ﺘﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ‪ ℮/ＱΩ‬ﻣ→ﺘﺮ ﻛ→ﻤﺘﺮ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺷ→→ﻌﺎﻉ ﻣ→ﻴﺎﻧ∂ ﻣ→ﺴﻴﺮ ﮔ→ﺮﺩﺵ ﺧ→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ Ｑ/ΩΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۱۷‬‬

‫ﻛﻒ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪ ۱۷‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗ → →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ → →→ﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭ ﺑ → →→ﺰﺭﮒ ﺳ → →→ﺮﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳ → →→ﺘﻮﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﻓ → →→ﻠﺰ＾ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪ ۱۷‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﻨ∂ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻧﻬﻢ ﻭ ﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺣﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ→→ﻒ ﺷ→→ﻴﺒﺮﺍﻫ→→ﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣ→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻏ→ﻴﺮﻟﻐﺰﻧﺪﻩ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ＾ ﺧ→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪ ۱۷‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۱۸‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ → →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→ → →→ﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭ ﺑ→ → →→ﺰﺭﮒ ﺑ → →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ → →→ﺪﺍﺑ → →→ﻴﺮ＾ ﺟ → →→ﻬﺖ ﺟ → →→ﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤ↔ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻃﻔﺎ＾ ﺣﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۱۹‬‬

‫ﻫ→ →→ﻨﮕﺎﻣ∂ﻛﻪ ﻃ→ →→ﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺩﻳ →→ﮕﺮ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠ↔ ﭘ →→ﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺗ →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﺧ →→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۲Ω‬‬
‫ﻗ →→ﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳ →→ﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ →→ﻴﻦ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ＾ ﭘ→ →→ﻠﻜﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺩﺭ ﺟ →→ﺪﺍﻛ →→ﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻳ →→ﺎ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ＾ ﻭﺍﺳ →→ﻂ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻛ→ﺜﺮ ﺷ→ﻴﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺒﺮﺍﻫ↔ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ‪ %۱Ｑ‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﺐ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۲۱‬‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻭ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ＾ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻭ＾ ﻳﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ %۱Ω‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۳۲‬‬
 ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﻋ→ﺮﺽ ﺷ→ﻴﺒﺮﺍﻫ→↔ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ＾ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻋ→ﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۲۲‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠ∂ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ → →→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ،۷‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ → →→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﻧ→ →→ﻴﺎﺯ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻳ‪−‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۲۳‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻭﻇﻴﻔ↔ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ＾ ﻭ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪﻩ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ→ →ﺮﺍﻳ →→ﺪﺍﺭ＾ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ＾ ﺟ →→ﺪﺍﮔ →→ﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻣ →→ﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﻳ →→ﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺳﺮﺍﻳﺪﺍﺭ＾ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬ـ‪۳‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ → → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ → → →→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ۷‬ﺍﻳ → → →→ﺠﺎﺩ ﻓ → → →→ﻀﺎ＾ ﺳ→ → → →ﺮﺍﻳ → → →→ﺪﺍﺭ＾ ﺗ → → →→ﻮﺻﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣ→ → →→ﺤﻞ ﺍﺳ → →→ﺘﺨﺮ ﻭ ﺩﻳ → →→ﮕﺮ ﺍﻣ → →→ﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺭﺯﺷ → →→∂ ﺩﺭ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺳ→ → →→ﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬ـ‪Ｑ‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻜ∂ ﻣﺠﺰﺍ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛ→ →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺍﺳ→ →→ﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺗ→ →→ﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺳ→ →→ﺘﺨﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣ→ →→ﺴﻴﺮ ﺣ→ →→ﺮﻛﺘ∂ ﻏ→ →→ﻴﺮﻟﻐﺰﻧﺪﻩ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬ـ⅛‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۱۲Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪۳۳‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛ→→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺳ→→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺧ→ﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻓ→ﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺧ→→ﻞ ﺍﺳ→ﺘﺨﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬ـ‪۷‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﻠﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺮﺩﺑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺍﺳ →→ﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎ＾ ﺷ →→ﻨﺎ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ →→ﻪﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺗ →→ﺼﻔﻴ↔ ﺁﺏ ﻣ→→ﺠﻬﺰ ﺑ→→ﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﺨﺮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬ـ‪۸‬‬
‫ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ →→ﺠﻬﺰ ﺑ →→ﻪﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺗ →→ﺨﻠﻴ↔ ﺁﺏ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺁﺏ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ →→ﻪﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺗ→→ﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷ→→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣ→ﺮﺍﺟ→ﻊ ﺻ→ﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ→↔ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺪﻭﻥ ﻫ→ﻴﭻﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﺑﻪﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﮕﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﺷﻬﺮ＾ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃ →ﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﺳ →→ﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎ＾ ﺷ →→ﻨﺎ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻭﺳ→→ﺎﻳﻞ ﻧ→→ﺠﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣ→→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺣ→→ﻠﻘ↔ ﻧ→→ﺠﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣ→→ﻬﻴﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬ـ‪۹‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭼ→ﻨﺎﻧﭽﻪ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺳ→ﻮﻧﺎ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺩﺭ ﺑ→ﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۹‬ـ ‪۱Ω‬‬
‫ﺑ→ﺎﺯ ﺷ→ﺪﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻫ→ﺮ ﺩﻭﺳ→ﻮ‪ ،‬ﻳ‪ −‬ﭘ→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺍﺑ→ﻌﺎﺩ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ‪ ۳Ω * ＱΩ‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺩﺭﻳﭽ↔ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ،۷‬ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺣ→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺁﻧ→ﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻣ→ﺤﻞ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۹‬ـ ‪۱۱‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﺑﺎﺯ＾ ﺑﭽﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﺎﺯ＾ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ۷‬ﻛﻪ ﻓﺎﻗـﺪ ﺯﻣﻴـﻦ ﺑـﺎﺯ＾ ﺑﭽﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﺧﺬ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺗ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱Ω‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻗ → →ﺮﺍﺭﮔ→ →→ﻴﺮ＾ ﻛ→ →→ﻨﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ＾ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺮﻕ ﻭ ﮔ →→ﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ →→ﺎﺑﻊ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣ →→ﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣ →→ﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺳ →→ﻴﺰﺩﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷ →→ﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﻭ ﻫ→ →→ﻔﺪﻫﻢ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ →→ﻠ∂ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣ →→ﺤﻞ ﻧ →→ﺼﺐ‬
‫ﻛ →→ﻨﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻗ →→ﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳ →→ﺘﺮﺱ ﺗ →→ﻮﺳﻂ ﻛ →→ﻮﺩﻛﺎﻥ ﻧ →→ﺒﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻗ →→ﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳ →→ﺘﺮﺱ ﺗ →→ﻮﺳﻂ ﻣ →→ﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺻﺪﻣﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﮕﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪۳℮‬‬
 ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﻣ→ﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﻓ→ﻀﺎ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋ →→ﺎﻳﻖﺑﻨﺪ＾ ﺻ →→ﻮﺗ∂ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻟﺮﺯﺵ ﺩﺭ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→→ﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→ﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻧ→ﺎﺷ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺗ→ﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﻣ→ﻮﺗﻮﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑ→ﺎ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﻫ→→ﺠﺪﻫﻢ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭﮔ →→ﻴﺮ＾ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ＾ ﻣ →→ﻮﺗﻮﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ→→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ۷‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺑﺎﺯ )ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎ＾ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪ ۲۳‬ﻭ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪ (۹‬ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻃ→ﺮﺍﺣ→→∂ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎ＾ ﻣ→ﻮﺗﻮﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻣ→ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺧ→ﺮﻭﺝ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ →→ﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺧ →→ﻨ‪−‬ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻛ →→ﻮﻟﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ →→ﺎ ﺣ →→ﺪ ﻣ →→ﻤﻜﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣ →→ﺤﻠ∂ ﻧ →→ﺼﺐ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﮔ →→ﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺗ →→ﺎﺑﺶ ﻣ→→ﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻧ→→ﻮﺭ ﺁﻓ→→ﺘﺎﺏ ﻣ→→ﺤﻔﻮﻅ ﺑ→→ﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧ→→ﻤﺎ＾ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ→→ﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻧ→→ﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛ →→ﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎ＾ ﻛ →→ﻮﻟﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ＾ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯ ﻧ →→ﻴﺰ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣ →→ﺪ ﺍﻣ →→ﻜﺎﻥ ﻛ →→ﻮﺗﺎﻩ ﺑ →→ﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﻋ →→ﺎﻳﻖ ﺣ →ﺮﺍﺭﺗ →→∂ ﻣ →→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ )ﻫﻮﺍﺩﻫ∂(‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎ＾ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺗ∂ )ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻓﻘ∂(‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ‪℮‬‬

‫ﻣ →→ﺤﻞ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭﮔ→→ﻴﺮ＾ ﺩﺳ→→ﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺗ→→ﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻃ→→ﻮﺭ＾ ﺩﺭ ﻧ→→ﻈﺮ ﮔ→→ﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷ→→ﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →→ﻮ ﻭ ﺧ →→ﺎ∑ ﺭﺍ ﺑ →→ﻪﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﻳ →→ﮕﺮ ﻣ →→ﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻧ→→ﻜﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺟ→→ﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧ→→ﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺻ→→ﺪﺍ ﺑ→→ﻪﺍﻧ→→ﺪﺍﺯ↓‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋﺎﻳﻖﺑﻨﺪ＾ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۳Ｑ‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﻣ→ﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺑ→ﻨﺪ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎ＾ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺗ∂ ﺍﻓﻘ∂ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺻﺎﺩﻕ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫ → →→ﻤ↔ ﺑ → →→ﺎﺯﺷﻮﻫﺎ＾ ﻛ → →→ﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭼ → →→ﻪ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ＾ ﻭ ﭼ→ →→ﻪ ﺧ→ →→ﺮﻭﺟ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ→ →→ﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺷ → →→ﺒﻜﻪ ﻳ → →→ﺎ ﻛ → →→ﺮﻛﺮ↓ ﻣ → →→ﺤﻜﻤ∂ ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﺟ → →→ﺴﻤ∂ ﺑ → →→ﻪﻗﻄﺮ ‪ ۱۲/Ｑ‬ﻣ→ →→ﻴﻠ∂ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻧ→ →→ﮕﺬﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻗ→ →→ﺎﺑﻞ ﺟ→ →→ﻮﻳﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠ↔ ﻣﻮﺵ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺫ＾ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻳﻖﻛﺎﺭ＾ ﻭ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱۱‬‬

‫ﻋ → →→ﺎﻳﻖﻛﺎﺭ＾ ﺣ→ → →ﺮﺍﺭﺗ → →→∂ ﭘ → →→ﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺧ → →→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﺑ → →→ﻨﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻳ → →→ﮕﺮ ﻋ → →→ﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۱‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﻧﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛ→ →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺣ→ →→ﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍﺑ→ →→ﺮ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﺭﺵ ﻧ→ →→ﺰﻭﻻﺕ ﺟ→ →→ﻮ＾ ﻭ ﺭﻃ →→ﻮﺑﺖ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۱‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺧ→→ﺎ∑ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→→∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑ→→ﺎﻡﻫﺎ＾ ﺗ→→ﺨﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳ →ﻮﺍﻥﻫ→→ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛ→ﻒﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→→ﻤﺎﺱ ﺑ→ﺎ ﺯﻣ→ﻴﻦﻫﺎ＾ ﻧ→ﻤﻨﺎ∑‪ ،‬ﻛ→→ﻒ ﻛ→ﻠﻴ↔‬
‫ﻓ→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺑ→ﻬﺪﺍﺷ→ﺘ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻃ→→ﺒﻘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳ→ﻮﺍﺭﻫ→ﺎ＾ ﺯﻳ→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺳ→ﺎﻳﺮ ﺩﻳ→ﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺑﺎ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻨﺎ∑‪،‬‬
‫ﺑ→→ﺪﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻛ→→ﻒ ﺩﻳ →ﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﺨﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻋ→ﺎﻳﻖ ﺭﻃ→ﻮﺑﺘ∂ ﺷ→ﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑ→ﺎﻡﻫﺎ＾ ﺷ→ﻴﺐﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻗ→ﻮﺳ∂ ﻭ‬
‫ﮔ→→ﻨﺒﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧ→→ﻤﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→→ﻌﺮﺽ ﺑ→→ﻮﺭﺍﻥﻫ→→ﺎ＾ ﻣ→→ﻮﺳﻤ∂ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭ ﻣ→→∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻣ→→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺣ→→ﻔﺎﻇﺖ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛ→ﻠﻴ↔ ﻓ→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﺍﺧ→ﻠ∂ ﺑ→ﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔ→ﺮ ﺷ→ﻴﺮ ﺑ→ﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺁﺏ ﺗ→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷ→ﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛ→ﻒ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۱‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻋ →→ﺎﻳﻖ ﺭﻃ →→ﻮﺑﺘ∂ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻛ →→ﻒﺷﻮ＾ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺳ →→ﻴﻔﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻤﻬﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺩﻳ →→ﮕﺮ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺩﻓ→→ﻊ ﻓ→→ﺎﺿﻼﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺷﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ→ﻒ ﺁﺷ→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧ↔ ﻣ→ﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻓ→ﻀﺎ＾ ﻛ→→ﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧ↔ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ＾ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۱‬ـ ‪℮‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺷ∂ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫⅛‪۳‬‬
 ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺩﻳ → →ﻮﺍﺭﻫ→ →→ﺎ＾ ﺍﻃ → →ﺮﺍﻑ ﻇ→ →→ﺮﻓﺸﻮﻳ∂ ﻭ ﺍﺟ→ →→ﺎﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺷ→ →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ →→ﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۱‬ـ ‪Ｑ‬‬
‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ＾ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۱/ＱΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺷ∂ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛ→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳ→ﻮﺍﺭﻫ→ﺎ＾ ﺩﺳ→ﺘﺸﻮﻳ∂ ﻭ ﺗ→ﻮﺍﻟﺖ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ→ﺎ ﺍﺭﺗ→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۱‬ـ ⅛‬
‫‪ ۱/۲Ω‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣ→→ﻤﺎﻡ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ‪ ۲/ΩΩ‬ﻣ→ﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻛ→ﻒ‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻛ→ﺎﺷ∂ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﻣ→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻣ→ﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﭘ→ﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺷ→ﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛ→ﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻳ→ →→ﻦ ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻧﺤﻮ ﻣ→ →→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻋ→ →→ﺎﻳﻖﻛﺎﺭ＾ ﺭﻃ→ →→ﻮﺑﺘ∂ ﺷ →→ﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﻛ →→ﺎﺷ∂ ﻳ→ →→ﺎ ﺩﻳ →→ﮕﺮ ﻣ →→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻗ →→ﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮ ﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋ →→ﺎﻳﻖﻛﺎﺭ＾ ﺳ→ →→ﻄﺢ ﻛ →→ﻒ ﻭ ﺩﻳ→ →ﻮﺍﺭﻩﻫ →→ﺎ＾ ﺯﻳ →→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺟ →→ﻬﺖ ﺟ →→ﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﺍﺯ ﻧ →→ﻔﻮﺫ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۱‬ـ ‪۷‬‬
‫ﺁﺏﻫﺎ＾ ﺳﻄﺤ∂ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨ∂ ﻭ ﻧﺸﺖ ﺁﺏ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛﺸ∂‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ→ →→ﻒ ﺗ→ →→ﻤﺎﻣ∂ ﺣ→ →→ﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﺍﺧ→ →→ﻠ∂ )ﺣ→ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺧ →→ﻠﻮﺕ ﻭ ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﻣ →→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ(‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۱‬ـ ‪۸‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺷﻴﺐﺑﻨﺪ＾ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺁﺏﻫﺎ＾ ﺳﻄﺤ∂ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﺏﻫ→ →→ﺎ＾ ﺳ→ →→ﻄﺤ∂‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣ →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺷ →→ﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ →→ﻠ∂ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۱‬ـ ‪۹‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻴﺐﺑﻨﺪ＾ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺰﺍ＾ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱۲‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻛ→ →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺩﻳ → →ﻮﺍﺭﻫ →→ﺎ＾ ﺧ →→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻭﺍﺣ →→ﺪﻫﺎ＾ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺟ →→ﻬﺖ ﻣ→ →→ﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑ→ →ﺮﺍﺑ →→ﺮ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺣ→→ﺮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧ→→ﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻣ→→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺳ→→ﻮﻡ ﻣ→→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ→ﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﻣ→→ﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻛ→→ﺎﻓ∂ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑ → →ﺮﺍﺑ→ →→ﺮ ﺿ→ →→ﺮﺑﻪ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣ →→ﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺻ →→ﺪﺍﺑ→ →→ﻨﺪ＾ ﺁﻧ →→ﻬﺎ ﻧ →→ﻴﺰ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ →→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﻣ →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﻫ →→ﺠﺪﻫﻢ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ →→ﻠ∂‬
‫ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳ→ﻮﺍﺭﻫ→ﺎ＾ ﺁﺟ→ﺮ＾ ﻭ ﺑ→ﻠﻮ∑ ﺳ→ﻔﺎﻟ∂ ﺿ→ﺨﺎﻣﺖ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﺩﻳ→ﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﻪﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ‪ Ω/۲Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪۳۷‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺩﻳ → →ﻮﺍﺭﻫ → →→ﺎ＾ ﺧ→ →→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻛ→ →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→ →→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣ→ →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﻧ→ →→ﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻳﻖ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗ∂ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛ→ →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺩﻳ → →ﻮﺍﺭﻫ→ →→ﺎ＾ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟ→ →→ﻬﺖ ﻣ→ →→ﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍﺑ→ →→ﺮ ﺯﻣ→ →→ﻴﻦﻟﺮﺯﻩ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺿ → →ﻮﺍﺑ→ →→ﻂ ﻣ→ →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺷ →→ﺸﻢ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ →→ﻠ∂ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺁﻳ →→ﻴﻦﻧﺎﻣ↔ ﻃ→ →ﺮﺍﺣ →→∂ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑ→ →ﺮﺍﺑ →→ﺮ ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪ‬
‫)‪ (۲۸ΩΩ‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻘﻒﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺳ →→ﻘﻒﻫﺎ＾ ﺷ→ →→ﻴﺒﺪﺍﺭ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ →→ﻪﻧﺤﻮ＾ ﻃ→ →ﺮﺍﺣ →→∂ ﻭ ﺍﺟ →ﺮﺍ ﮔ →→ﺮﺩﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻳ →→ﺰﺵ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻳﺦ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺟﺰﺍ＾ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﻘﻒﻫﺎ＾ ﺷ→ﻴﺐﺩﺍﺭ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ→ﺪﺍﺑ→ﻴﺮ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺣ→→ﻔﻆ ﺟﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭ＾ ﺑﺎﻡ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ→ﻘﻒﻫﺎ＾ ﺷ→→ﻔﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﻣ→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳ→ﻘﻒ ﮔ→ﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﭘ→ﺎﺳﻴﻮ ﻭ ﻗ→ﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎ＾ ﻧﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻘﻒﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﻳﻤﻦ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﺭﻳﺰﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻃ → →ﺮﺍﺣ→ →→∂ ﻭ ﺍﺟ→ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺳ →→ﻘﻒﻫﺎ＾ ﺷ →→ﻔﺎﻑ ﻣ →→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮔ→ →→ﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﭘ →→ﺎﺳﻴﻮ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺗﺪﺍﺑﻴﺮ＾ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖﻛﺎﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻳﻤﻨ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﻩﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻭﺩ＾‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻫﺮﻭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﺒﺮﺍﻫﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻥﭘﻨﺎﻩﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪۳‬‬

‫ﻟﺒﻪ ﻭ ﻛﻒ ﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﺎﮔﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻟﻐﺰﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﮔﺮﺩ＾ ﻟﺒ↔ ﻛﻒﭘﻠﻪ )ﻧﻮ∑ ﭘﻠﻪ( ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۱۳‬ﻣﻴﻠ∂ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫‪۳۸‬‬
 ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﭘ→ →→ﻠ↔ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ﺍﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﻋ →→ﺮﺽ ﻛ →→ﻒ ﭘ →→ﻠﻪ ‪ Ω/۲۸‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﭘ →→ﻠﻪ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ →→ﻪﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧ →→∂ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﻣ →→ﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻛ→→ﻒ ﭘ→→ﻠﻪ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺑ →ﺮﺍﺑ→→ﺮ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺁﻥ ﺑ→→ﻴﻦ ‪ Ω/⅛۳‬ﺗ→→ﺎ‬
‫‪ Ω/⅛℮‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻋ →→ﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ →→ﻔﺎﺩ ﻣ →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺳ →→ﻮﻡ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ →→ﻠ∂ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣ →→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺭﺍﻩﭘ→→ﻠﻪ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪℮‬‬
‫ﭘﻠﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ۱‬ﺗ→ﺎ ‪ ۳‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻋﺮﺽ ﭘﻠ↔‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪Ｑ‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ‪ Ω/۹Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻋﺮﺽ ﭘﻠﻪﺍ＾ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺎﮔﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ۱/۱Ω ،‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﮔ→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ℮‬ﺗ→→ﺎ ‪ ۷‬ﺑ→ﺎ ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑ ﻣ→→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ⅛‬
‫ﻋ→→ﺮﺽ ﭘ→→ﻠ↔ ﻣ→→ﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ‪ ۱/۱Ω‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﻋ→→ﺮﺽ ﻗ→→ﻔﺴ↔ ﭘ→→ﻠﻪﺍ＾ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﭘ→→ﺎﮔﺮﺩ ﺑ→→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ۲/℮Ω ،‬ﻣ→ﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺗ→→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﻳ→→ﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣ→→ﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﻋ→→ﺮﺽ ﭘ→→ﻠ↔‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۷‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→∂‪ ،‬ﻣ→→ﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺗ→ﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺗ→ﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣ→→∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫ→ﺮ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻗﻔﺴﻪ ﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ＾‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﭘﺎﮔﺮﺩ＾ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲/℮Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﭘﺎﮔﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺎﻭ＾ ﻋﺮﺽ ﭘﻠﻪ ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۸‬‬

‫ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﭘﺎﮔﺮﺩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ۱۲‬ﭘﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۹‬‬

‫ﻋ→ﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﺻ→→ﻠ∂ ﻭ ﻣ→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻣ→ﺼﺮﻓ∂ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱Ω‬‬
‫ﻣ→ﻨﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺳ→ﻮﻡ ﻭ ﭘ→ﻨﺠﻢ ﻣ→→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﻣ→→ﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻣ→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺑ→ﺮﺍﺑ→ﺮ ﺣ→ﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﺵ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۳۹‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺍﺳ→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷ→→ﻴﺸ↔ ﺍﻳﻤﻦ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﺭﻳﺰﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻥﭘﻨﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺖﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻫﺎ＾‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱۱‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﻪﻫﺮ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ﺍﺭﺗ→ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﻏ →→ﻴﺮ ﺳ →→ﺮﮔﻴﺮ ﭘ →→ﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗ →→ﻤﺎﻡ ﻃ →→ﻮﻝ ﻣ →→ﺴﻴﺮ ‪ ۲/ΩＱ‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱۲‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘ →→ﻠﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧ→ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﻫ→ →→ﻴﭻ ﻭﺳ →→ﻴﻠﻪ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺗ →→∂ ﻣ →→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷ →→ﻴﺮ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱۳‬‬
‫ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺟﻌﺒ↔ ﺁﺗﺶﻧﺸﺎﻧ∂ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺴﺪﻭﺩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣ→→ﺤﻞﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺍﺧ→→ﺘﻼﻑ ﺳ→→ﻄﺢﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ‪ Ω/۷Ω‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﺑ→→ﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱℮‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠ↔ ﺩﺳﺖﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﻥﭘﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ →→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺟ →→ﺎﻥﭘﻨﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﻘﻒﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→→ﺴﻄﺢ ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟ→→ﻮﺩ ﺭﺍﻩﭘ→→ﻠﻪ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ＾‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱Ｑ‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪﺑﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺟ→ﺎﻥﭘﻨﺎﻩ ﺑ→→ﺎﻟﻜﻦﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﻬﺘﺎﺑ∂ )ﺗ→ﺮﺍﺱ( ﻫ→ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣ→ﺤﻔﻈﻪﻫﺎ＾‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ⅛‪۱‬‬
‫ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻥﭘﻨﺎﻩ ﺣﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﺍﺧﻠ∂ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ۱/۱Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺭﺗ→ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺳﺖﺍﻧ→ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻫ→ →→ﺎ＾ ﺷ→ →→ﻴﺐﺩﺍﺭ ﭘ→ →→ﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺒ→ →→↔ ﭘ →→ﻠﻪ ‪ ۱/۱Ω‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱۷‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓ → →→ﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﺧ → →→ﺎﻟ∂ ﺑ → →→ﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻧ → →→ﺮﺩ↓ ﻋ → →→ﻤﻮﺩ＾ ﺩﺳﺖﺍﻧ → →→ﺪﺍﺯ ﻭ ﺟ → →→ﺎﻥﭘﻨﺎﻩ ﻧ → →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ـ ‪۱۸‬‬
‫ﺑ→→ﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ Ω/۱۱‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﺑ→→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟ→→ﻮﺩ ﻧ→→ﺮﺩﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺗ→→ﺰﻳﻴﻨ∂‪ ،‬ﻧ→→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻫ→ﻴﭻ ﻗ→ﺴﻤﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻛ→ﺮﻩﺍ＾‬
‫ﺑﻪﻗﻄﺮ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ Ω/۱۱‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪℮Ω‬‬
 ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺁﺳﺎﻧﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﺑﺮﻗ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪℮‬‬

‫ﺍﺑ →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻇ→→ﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﺎﻳﺮ ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ→→ﻂ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→→ﺎﺕ ﺁﺳ→→ﺎﻧﺴﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘ→→ﻠﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﺑ→→ﺮﻗ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭘﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪Ｑ‬‬

‫ﻣ→ →→ﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻛ →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺩﺭﻫ →→ﺎ ﻭ ﭘ→ →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﺍﺳ→ →→ﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫ →→ﺎ＾ ﻣ →→ﻠ∂ ﺍﻳ→ →ﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﭘ→→ﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺧ→→ﺮﻭﺝ ﻭ ﺍﻣ→→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→→ﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ﻮﺍﻗ→ﻊ ﺣ→ﺮﻳﻖ ﻭ ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣ→→∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣ→→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻣ→ﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺑ→ﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧ→ﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺳ→ﻮﻡ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ﻠ∂‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻫ→ﺎ＾ ﺷ→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﻛ→ﺸﻮﻳ∂ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻫﺎ＾ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷ→→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺵ‪ ،‬ﻗ→ﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺷ→→ﻴﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃ→ﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ＾ﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﺻﻠ∂ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟ∂ ﺑﻨﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ґ‬‬
‫ﺷ→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﺩﺭﻫ→ﺎ＾ ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻗ→ﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺑ→ﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻨﺪ )‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ (۸‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻫﺎ＾‬
‫ﺷ → →→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﻭ ﻛ → →→ﻠﻴ↔ ﺩﺭﻫ → →→ﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﺷ → →→ﻴﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧ → →→ﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗ → →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﭘ → →→ﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۱/ΩＱ‬ﻣ→ →→ﺘﺮ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﻓ→ →→ﺘﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻳﻤﻦ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﺭﻳﺰﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣ → →→ﺤﻞﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﭘ → →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗ → →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﻗ → →ﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷ→ →→ﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﺑﺎﻟﻜﻦ ﻳ→ →→ﺎ ﺍﻳ → →ﻮﺍﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ ‪℮‬‬
‫ﻣﻬﺘﺎﺑ∂ ﻣﺸﺮﻑ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺟﺎﻥﭘﻨﺎﻫ∂ ﺑﻪﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۱/۱Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ→→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﭘ→→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ﺤﻞﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺧ→ﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺣ→ﺪﻭﺩ ﻣ→ﺠﺎﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ ‪Ｑ‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﻪﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻣ →→ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺷ →ﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﺯ ﻣ →→ﻌﺒﺮ ﻣ→→ﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﺑ→→ﻪﺩﺍﺧ→→ﻞ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻗ→→ﺎﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ ⅛‬

‫‪℮۱‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ →→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﺗ→ →→ﺪﺍﺑ→ →→ﻴﺮ＾ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺗ→ →→ﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎ＾ ﺍﻧ→ →→ﺒﺎﺭ ﭘ→ →→ﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﻧ→ →→ﺸﺪﻩ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ ‪۷‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭ＾ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳ→ → → →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺏ ﻭ ﭘ → → →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺑ → → →→ﺎ ﺍﺑ → → →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﻣ → → →→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ ﺗ → → →→ﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺻ → → →→ﻨﻌﺘ∂ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ ‪۸‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ⅛‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛ→ →→ﻠﻴﻪ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ →→ﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﺍﻳ →→ﻦ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ →→ﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺑ →→ﺮﻗ∂ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺗ →→ﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻛ→ →→ﺸ∂ ﺗ →→ﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﮔ →→ﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺩﻓ →→ﻊ ﻓ →→ﺎﺿﻼﺏ ﻭ ﺁﺏﻫ →→ﺎ＾ ﺳ →→ﻄﺤ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧ →→ﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑ →→ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺳﻴﺰﺩﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﻭ ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺖ ﺩﻭﺩﻛﺶ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒ∂ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻧﺸﺖ ﮔﺎﺯ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑ→→ﻪﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﺍﺧ→→ﻞ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ→ﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧ→ﻴﺎﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻋ→→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺿ→ﻮﺍﺑ→ﻂ ﻣ→ﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻔﺪﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺩﻭﺩﻛﺶﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛ → → →→ﻠﻴﻪ ﺳ → → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺑ → → →→ﺎ ﺗ → → →→ﻮﺟﻪ ﺑ → → →→ﻪﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺗ → → →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﺑ → → →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→ → →→ﺤﻞﻫﺎ＾‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﻧ→ﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ＾ ﻭ ﺩﻓ→ﻊ ﺯﺑ→ﺎﻟﻪ ﺑ→→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺗ∂ ﭘ→→ﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﺷ→ﻮﺩ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﻣ→→ﺸﻜﻼﺗ∂ ﺍﺯ ﻧ→ﻈﺮ ﺑ→→ﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﻼﻣﺘ∂ ﺑﺮﺍ＾‬
‫ﺳ→ →→ﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳ→ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﻳ→ →→ﺠﺎﺩ ﻧ→ →→ﮕﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻻﻧ→ →→ﻪﺳﺎﺯ＾ ﺣ→ →→ﻴﻮﺍﻧ→ →→ﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺣ→ →→ﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻣ→ →→ﻮﺫ＾ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ →→ﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻞﻫﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ→→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ،۷‬ﺍﻳ→→ﺠﺎﺩ ﺳ→ﺎﻣﺎﻧ↔ ﺩﻓ→→ﻊ ﺯﺑ→→ﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺧ→ﻞ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪℮‬‬
‫ﻃ → →→ﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑ → →→ﻪﻧﺤﻮ＾ ﻛ→ →→ﻪ ﻣ → →ﺰﺍﺣ→ →→ﻤﺖ ﻭ ﺧ→ →→ﻄﺮ＾ ﺍﺯ ﻧ→ →→ﻈﺮ ﺑ→ →→ﻮ‪ ،‬ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔ→ →→∂ ﺻ→ →→ﻮﺗ∂ )ﺩﺭ ﻫ→ →→ﻨﮕﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺟ → →→ﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳ∂ ﺯﺑ → →→ﺎﻟﻪ( ﻭ ﺑ → →→ﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺳ → →→ﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳ → →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﻳ → →→ﺠﺎﺩ ﻧ → →→ﻜﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺿ→ →→ﺮﻭﺭ＾ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪℮۲‬‬
 ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺭﻋ→→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ→→ﻂ ﻣ→→ﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑ→→ﻪﺗﻔﻜﻴ‪ −‬ﺯﺑ→→ﺎﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺁﻧ→→ﻬﺎ ﺗ→→ﻮﺳﻂ ﺷ→→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ →ﺮﺍﺟ→→ﻊ‬
‫ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭ＾ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ‪ ℮‬ﺗ→→ﺎ ‪ ،۷‬ﻧ→ﺼﺐ ﺻ→ﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﭘ→ﺴﺘ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ＾‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪Ｑ‬‬
‫ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ →→∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ →→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﻳ →→ﮕﺮ ﻧ→→ﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻋ→→ﺪﻡ ﻧ→→ﺼﺐ ﺻ→→ﻨﺪﻭﻕ‬
‫ﭘﺴﺘ∂‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷﻴﺎﺭ＾ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺟ→→ﻮﺩ ﻻﻧ→→ﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﺣ→ﻴﻮﺍﻧ→ﺎﺕ ﺧ→ﺎﻧﮕ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ→ﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺑ→ﻪﺁﻧﻜﻪ‪ ،‬ﻃ→ﺒﻖ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ⅛ ـ ⅛‬
‫ﻗ→ﻮﺍﻧ→ﻴﻦ ﻛ→ﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻧ→ﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ＾ ﺁﻧ→ﻬﺎ ﺑ→ﻼﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻳﮕﺎﻥ ﻣﺰﺍﺣﻤﺘ∂ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻧﻜﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗ∂‬
‫ﻣ →→ﺠﺎﺯ ﺷ →→ﻤﺮﺩﻩ ﻣ →→∂ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻗ →→ﻄﻌﺎﺗ∂ ﻣ →→ﺠﺰﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﻣ →→ﺼﺎﻟﺤ∂ ﺍﻳ →→ﺠﺎﺩ ﺷ →→ﻮﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ‬
‫ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺑ→ →→ﺨﺶ ﺍﺻ→ →→ﻠ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ→ →→ﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻧ →→ﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ→ →→ﻦ ﻣ →→ﺤﻞ ﺩﺳ →→ﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﺁﺏ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﻳﻢ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘ∂ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣ →→ﺤﻞﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﻧ→→ﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ＾ ﻭ ﭘ→→ﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﺑ→→ﺮﺧ∂ ﺣ→→ﻴﻮﺍﻧ→→ﺎﺕ ﻣ→→ﺠﺎﺯ ﺷ→→ﻤﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪۷‬‬
‫ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ＾ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﺟﺪﺍ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣ→→ﺪﺧﻞ ﻭ ﭘ→→ﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﺯﻳ→→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ﺎ ﺍﺗ→→ﺨﺎﺫ ﺷ→ﻴﻮﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→ﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۲‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪۸‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍ＾ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺫ＾‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺁﺏﻫﺎ＾ ﺳﻄﺤ∂ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱۳‬‬

‫ﺳﻮﺍﻧﺢ‬
‫ﺍﺳ→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗ→→ﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺣ→ﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑ→ﺮﺍﺑ→ﺮ ﺁﺫﺭﺧﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ⅛‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪ ۷‬ﻭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ＾ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻋﻠﺖ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ＾ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺿﺮﻭﺭ＾ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺁﺫﺭﺧﺶ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ⅛۲۱۳‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪℮۳‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺑ→→ﺎﺯﺷﻮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﭘ→→ﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﺪﺧﻞ ﺯﻳ→→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦﻫﺎ＾ ﻛ→→ﻠﻴﻪ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍ＾ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗ→→ﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻃ→→ﻮﺭ＾ ﻃ →ﺮﺍﺣ→→∂ ﺷ→→ﻮﻧﺪ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧ→→ﻬﺎ ﺍﻣ→→ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺍﻳ→→ﺠﺎﺩ ﺣ→→ﺮﻳﻖ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺗ→ﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺁﺗﺶ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺩ ﺑ→→ﻪﺣﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﺗ→ﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻳ→ﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺑ→ﺮﻭﺯ ﺁﺗﺶﺳ→ﻮﺯ＾‪ ،‬ﺍﻃ→→ﻔﺎ＾‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﻧﺠﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﻛﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛ→→ﻠﻴﻪ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗ→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺭﺍﻩﻫ→ﺎ＾ ﺧ→ﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻳ→ﻤﻦ ﻣ→→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑ→ﺎ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺳ→ﻮﻡ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪℮‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ＾ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ →→ﻠﻴﻪ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺗ →→ﺠﻤﻊ ﻣ →→ﻠﺰﻡ ﺑ →→ﻪﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪Ｑ‬‬
‫ﺧ→ →→ﺮﻭﺟ∂ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻋ→ →→ﻼﻳﻢ ﻫ→ →→ﺸﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫ→ →→ﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻳ→ →→ﻤﻨ∂ ﻣ→ →→ﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ →→ﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺳ →→ﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺑ →→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ →→ﻠ∂‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣ→→ﺤﻞﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻩﻫ→→ﺎ＾ ﺧ→→ﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻳ→→ﻤﻦ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻣ→→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ⅛‬
‫ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻃ →→ﻮﺭ＾ ﺗ→→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷ→→ﻮﻧﺪ ﻛ→→ﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋ→→ﻼﻭﻩ ﺑ→→ﺮ ﻫ→→ﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻣ→→ﺮﺩﻡ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻣ→→ﻦ )ﺩﺭ ﻫ→→ﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺁﺗﺶﺳ→→ﻮﺯ＾(‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﺭ＾ﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂ ﺑﻪﺳﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍ＾ ﻃ→ →ﺮﺍﺣ →→∂ ﻭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷ →→ﻮﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﻗ →→ﻮﻉ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪۷‬‬
‫ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪ ﺑ→→ﻪﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﻫ→ﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﺻ→ﺪﻣﻪ ﻧ→ﺰﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﻫ→ﻤﺴﺎﻳﻪ ﻧ→ﻴﺰ ﺑ→→ﻪﺁﻥ ﺁﺳ→ﻴﺐ ﻧ→ﺮﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻋ →→ﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ →→ﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣ →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺷ →→ﺸﻢ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ →→ﻠ∂ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣ →→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺗ →→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺩﺭﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪۸‬‬

‫ﺑ→ﻪﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪﺧ→ﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ＾ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ‬

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 ‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻛﻠ∂‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﮔ→ →→ﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣ →→ﺴﺌﻠ↔ ﺣ →→ﺮﻳﻖ ﻭ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ →→ﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣ →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺳ →→ﻮﻡ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ →→ﻠ∂ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ )ﻣ→ →→ﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺮﻳﻖ(‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀـﺎ＾ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻣﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ )ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﻳـﺎ‬
‫ﻣ →→ﻌﺎﺑﺮ ﻋ →→ﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻣ →→ﺠﺎﻭﺭ( ﻭ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ＾ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ →→∂ ﺍﻣ →→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ →→ﺎﻧ∂ )ﺩﺭ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ →→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂( ﺟ →→ﻬﺖ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻥ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ → →→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺭﺍﻩﻫ → →→ﺎ＾ ﺍﻣ → →→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ → →→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ → →→ﻪﻣﻨﺰﻟ↔ ﻧ → →→ﻔ∂ ﻣ → →→ﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ＾‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫ → →→ﺮ ﺗ → →→ﺼﺮﻑ ﺩﺭ ﻫ → →→ﻤﻪ ﮔ → →→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻳ → →→ﻦ ﻣ → →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺑ → →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺑ→→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ＾ ﻣ→→ﺠﺰﺍ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻣ→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻧ→ﻤﺎ ﻭ ﻣ→ﺸﺮﻑ ﺑ→ﺮ ﺟ→→ﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻣ→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →→ﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃ →→ﺮﻳﻖ ﺁﻥ ﻋ →→ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻧ →→ﺠﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧ →→ﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻋ →→ﺮﺽ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ＾ ﺍﻣ→→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ‪Ω/۹Ω‬‬
‫ﻣ→ﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺁﻥ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ‪ ۱/۳Ω‬ﻣ→ﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑ→ﺪﻳﻬ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻫﺮ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ＾ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻳ‪ −‬ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ → →→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ℮‬ﻭ ‪ ،Ｑ‬ﺟ→ →→ﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻣ→ →→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→ →→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺣ→ →→ﺪﺍﻗ→ →→ﻞ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺑ →→ﻪﻋﺮﺽ ‪ ۳/ΩΩ‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻃ→→ﻮﻝ ‪ Ｑ/ΩΩ‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﺑ→→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ→→ﺮﻭﻩ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ۷‬ﺑ→→ﻪﺍﺯﺍ＾ ﺍﻓ →ﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻫ→→ﺮ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ‪ Ω/ＱΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ )ﺗﺎ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ‪ Ｑ/ΩΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ( ﺑﻪﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂‬
‫ﻣ→→∂ﺗﻮﺍﻧ→→ﺪ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻧ→→ﻈﺮ ﺷ→→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ→ﺮﺍﺟ→ﻊ ﺻ→ﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ→ﻪ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ﻤﺎﻡ ﻃ→ﻮﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺿ→ﻠﻊ ﺑ→ﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﻫ→→ﺮ ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ℮‬ﺗ→ﺎ ‪ ۷‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺳ→→ﻄﺤ∂ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪℮‬‬
‫ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ＾ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺟ →→ﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻣ →→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ →→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻧ →→ﻈﺮ ﮔ →→ﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷ →→ﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳ→ →→ﻦ ﺟ →→ﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺑ→ →ﺮﺍ＾‬
‫ﺍﺳ→ → → →→ﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻓ → → → →ﺮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳ → → →→ﺎﻳﻞ ﻭ ﺧ → → →→ﻮﺩﺭﻭﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻣ → → →→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ → → →→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺍﺳ → → →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣ→ → → →→∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳ→ → → →→ﻦ ﺟ → → →→ﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺑ → → →→ﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑ→ﻪﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳ∂ﻫﺎ＾ ﺳ→ﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﺻ→ﻠ∂ ﺷ→ﻬﺮ ﻣ→ﺘﺼﻞ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ۷‬ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩ‬

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‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧ→ → →→ﺠﺎﻡ ﻓ→ → →→ﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﺍﻳ→ → →→ﻤ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺟ→ → →→ﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻣ→ → →→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→ → →→ﺎﻧ∂ ﻭ ﺗ→ → →→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪Ｑ‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮ＾ﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ →→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ℮‬ﻭ ⅛ ﺩﺭ ﭘ →→ﻼ∑ﻫﺎ＾ ﺷ →→ﻤﺎﻟ∂‪ ،‬ﻫ →→ﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺟ →→ﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ⅛‬
‫ﺍﻣ→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭﺣ→ﻴﺎﻁ ﺧ→ﻠﻮﺕ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﺟ→ﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻭ ﮔﺬﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫ →→∂ ﺑ →→ﻪﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﺍﺻ →→ﻠ∂ ﻣ →→ﺘﺼﻞ ﮔ →→ﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳ →→ﻦ ﻣ →→ﻌﺒﺮ ﺩﺭ ﮔ→→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ℮‬ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﻋ→→ﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﻓ →ﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺗ→→ﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ⅛ ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﻓ→→ﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ→→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ۷‬ﺍﺯ ﻣ→→ﺮﺯﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→→ﺠﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺕ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۷‬‬
‫ﻟﺰﻭﻡ ﺩﺳ → → →→ﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﺳ → → →ﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺑ → → →→ﻪﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺳ → → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑ → → →→ﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ۳/ΩΩ‬ﻣ → → →→ﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳ → → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ→ → →→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪،Ｑ‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ‪ ۱/ＱΩ ،‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ→ﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ℮‬ﺗ→ﺎ ‪ ۷‬ﺍﮔ→ﺮ ﻃ→ﺒﻘﻪ ﺁﺧ→ﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺯﻳ→ﺮ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺷﻴﺒﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪۸‬‬
‫ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣ →→ﺪﺍﺙ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻣ →→ﻬﺘﺎﺑ∂ ﻳ →→ﺎ ﺑ →→ﺎﻟﻜﻦ ﺣ →→ﺎﻭ＾ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ＾ ﺍﻣ →→ﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳ →→ﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﻘﻒ ﺷ →→ﻴﺒﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺣ →→ﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻳ →→ﻜ∂ ﺍﺯ ﻣ →→ﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ＾ ﻋ →→ﻤﻮﺩ＾ ﺁﻥ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯ ﺷ →→ﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ‪ Ω/۹Ω‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ ﻋ →→ﺮﺽ ﻭ ‪ ۱/۳Ω‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱۳‬ـ ‪۹‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻗ → →ﺮﺍﺭﮔ→ →→ﻴﺮ＾ ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎ＾ ﺗ →→ﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣ →→ﻮﺗﻮﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾‬
‫ﮔ→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ۷‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂‪) ،‬ﻃﺒﻖ ﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎ＾ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۸‬ـ ‪ ۲۳‬ﻭ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪(۳‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﺪﺍﺩﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫⅛‪℮‬‬
 ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﻨﺎ‬

‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺳ →→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺯﻳ →→ﺮﺑﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑ →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺍﺧ →→ﻠ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻗ →→ﺎﻣﺖ ﻭ ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺯﻳ →→ﺮ ﺳ →→ﻘﻒ ﺩﺭ ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﺷ →→ﺘﻐﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻧ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ →→ﺎ＾ ﻣ →→ﺸﺨﺺﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ→ →→ﻦ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻛ →→ﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ→ →→ﻞ ﺍﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ →→ﺎ＾ ﺳ →→ﻄﺢ ﻛ →→ﻒ ﻭ ﺍﺑ →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺧ →→ﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻗ →→ﻔﺴﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﻳ →ﻮﺍﺭ＾ ﺛ →→ﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﻛ→→ﻤﺪﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﻳ →ﻮﺍﺭ＾‪ ،‬ﺍﻧ→→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔ→ﻴﺮ＾ ﻭ ﻛ→ﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺷ→ﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﺷ→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳ→ﻮﺍﺭﻫ→ﺎ＾ ﺗ→→ﻤﺎﻡﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧ→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔ→ﻴﺮ＾‬
‫ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﺜﻨ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎ＾ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﻪﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬‬

‫ﻫ→→ﺮ ﺗ→→ﺼﺮﻑ ﻣ→→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻓ→→ﻀﺎ＾ ﺍﻗ→→ﺎﻣﺖ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺯﻳ→→ﺮﺑﻨﺎ＾‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫‪ ۱۲/ＱΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪℮۷‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→ →→ﻪ ﻫ→ →→ﻢ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺍﻗ→ →→ﺎﻣﺖ ﻭ ﻫ→ →→ﻢ ﺻ→ →→ﺮﻑ ﻏ→ →→ﺬﺍ ﻣ→ →→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳ→ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗ → →ﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﻣ∂ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۱℮/ＱΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺯﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓ→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ＾ ﺍﻗ→ﺎﻣﺖ‪ ،‬ﺻ→ﺮﻑ ﻏﺬﺍ ﻭ ﭘﺨﺖ ﻭ ﭘﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎ＾ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۲Ω/ΩΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎ＾ ﺁﺷ→ →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ＾ ﭘ→ →→ﺨﺖ ﻭ ﭘ→ →→ﺰ ﻭ ﺻ→ →→ﺮﻑ ﻏ→ →→ﺬﺍ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺯﻳ→ →→ﺮﺑﻨﺎ＾‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۷/ＱΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ＾ ﺁﺷ →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﺍﺣ →→ﺪ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑ ﻣ →→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ‪ Ｑ/ＱΩ‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Ｑ‬‬
‫ﻣ→ﺴﺎﺣﺖ ﺩﺍﺷ→ﺘﻪ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﺯﻳ→ﺮﺑﻨﺎ＾ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻔﺴﻪﺑﻨﺪ＾ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ۲/۷Ｑ‬ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺘ∂ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ⅛/ＱΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺯﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛‬

‫ﺁﺷ→→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧ↔ ﻭﺍﺣ→→ﺪﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ‪ ۱/۸Ω‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﻋ→→ﺮﺽ ﺩﺍﺷ→ﺘﻪ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ﻮﺍﺭﺩ＾ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ＾ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪﻋﺮﺽ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬
‫‪ Ω/۹Ω‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ＾ ﻛ →→ﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻧ →→ﻈﺮ ﮔ →→ﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷ →→ﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳ →→ﻦ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ＾ ﻛ→→ﺎﺭ ﻣ→→∂ﺗﻮﺍﻧ→→ﺪ ﺩﺍﺧ→→ﻞ ﻣ→→ﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﺁﺷ→→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧ↔‬
‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ＾ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۲/۱Ｑ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬‬

‫ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ﺍﺑ →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺑ →→ﻬﺪﺍﺷ →→ﺘ∂ ﻣ →→ﺴﺘﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ →→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Ｑ‬‬
‫‪ Ω/۹Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻭ ‪ ۱/۲Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪℮۸‬‬
 ‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﻨﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪۳‬‬

‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ۲/℮Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→→∂ ﺭﻋ→→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺷ→→ﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﻘﻒ ﺷ→→ﻴﺒﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﻛ→→ﻮﺗﺎﻫﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻗ→→ﺴﻤﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻧ→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲/ΩＱ‬ﻣ→ﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓ→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﺷ→ﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۲/℮Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻒ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺑ→ﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺷﻴﺒﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﺘﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲/ΩＱ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣ→ → →→ﺪﺍﻗ→ → →→ﻞ ﺍﺭﺗ→ → →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭ ﻓ→ → →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→ → →→ﻪ ﺑ → → →ﺮﺍ＾ ﻣ→ → →→ﺪﺕ ﻃ→ → →→ﻮﻻﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧ→ → →→ﻬﺎ ﺗ → →→ﻮﻗﻒ‬
‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﻧﻤ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ＾ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻛﻮﭼ‪ −‬ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ‪ ۲/۲Ω ،‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗ → →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﺁﻣ → →→ﻮﺯﺷ∂ ‪ /‬ﺗ → →→ﺮﺑﻴﺘ∂‪ ،‬ﺗ → →→ﺠﻤﻌ∂ ﻭ ﺳ → →→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻓ → →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ＾‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺗ → →→ﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺑ → →→ﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۲Ω‬ﻧ→ →→ﻔﺮ ﭘ→ →→ﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﻣ→ →→∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗ→ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎ ﻧ→ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۳/ΩΩ‬ﻣ→ →→ﺘﺮ ﻛ→ →→ﻤﺘﺮ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺻ→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ＾ ﺳ→ﺨﻨﺮﺍﻧ→→∂ ﻭ ﻧ→ﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ＾‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻮﺭﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯ＾ ﻭ ﺁﻛﻮﺳﺘﻴ‪ −‬ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺭﺗ→ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺑ→ →→ﻬﺪﺍﺷ →→ﺘ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑ ﻣ→ →→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ‪ ۸Ω‬ﺩﺭﺻ→ →→ﺪ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Ｑ‬‬
‫ﺳ →→ﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ →→∂ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ‪ ۲/۲Ω‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﻘﻒ ﺷ →→ﻴﺒﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﻛ →→ﻮﺗﺎﻫﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻗ →→ﺴﻤﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻧ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫‪ ۲/ΩＱ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺯﻳ →→ﺮ ﭼ →→ﻬﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﺩﺭﻫ →→ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗ →→ﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﻛ→→ﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪۳‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛‬
‫ﻋ →→ﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳ →→ﺎﺯﻩﺍ＾ ﺩﺭ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻗ →→ﺎﻣﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺷ →→ﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﻛ→ →→ﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻳ →→ﺮ ﺁﻧ →→ﻬﺎ ﻋ →→ﺒﻮﺭ ﺻ→ →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻣ →→∂ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫‪ ۲/ΩＱ‬ﻣ→ﺘﺮ ﻛ→ﻤﺘﺮ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﺎﮔﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪℮۹‬‬
 ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬‬

‫‪Ґ‬‬
‫ﻫ→ﺮ ﻓ→ﻀﺎ＾ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ＾ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻪﻧﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻳ→→ﺎ ﭼ→ﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘ→ﻨﺠﺮ↓ ﺷ→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺑ→→ﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣ→→ﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺭﻭ ﺑ→→ﻪﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣ→ﻌﺒﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻳﺎ ﺣﻴﺎﻁ )ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑﺎ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺎﺯ＾( ﺑﺎﺯ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻋ →→ﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ →ﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣ →→ﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑ →→ﻨﺪ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪ ، Ｑ‬ﺩﺭ ﻣ →→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺑ →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ →→∂ ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ＾‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠ∂ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ→ → →→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ→ → →→ﻮﺭ ﻃ→ → →→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺑ → → →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺗ→ → →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻗ→ → →→ﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻃ→ → →→ﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺯﻳ→ → →→ﺮﻳﻦ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫)ﺯﻳ→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻳ→ﺎ ﻫ→→ﻤﻜﻒ( ﺗ→ﻮﺳﻂ ﺣ→ﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﺍﺧﻠ∂‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗ →→ﻮﺳﻂ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺳ →→ﻘﻔ∂ ﻓ →→ﺎﻗﺪ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺣ →→ﺪﻓﺎﺻﻞ ﺗ →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁ ﻣ →→ﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺳ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣ→→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬
‫ﺷﻔﺎﻑ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﺭﻳﺰﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪Ｑ۱‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳ→ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧ → →ﻮﺍﻉ ﺷ→ →→ﻴﺸﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→ →→ﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺁﺟ→ →→ﺮ ﺷ→ →→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﻭ ﭘ→ →→ﻼﺳﺘﻴ‪ ،−‬ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺤ∂ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺷﻴﺸ↔ ﺷﻔﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→∂ ﺳ→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺷ→ﻔﺎﻑ ﻧ→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ＾ ﻓ→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪۲‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Ｑ‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻨﺪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻗ→ﺎﻣﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳ→ﻄﺢ ﺷ→→ﻴﺸ↔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→→∂‪ ،‬ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ﻳ‪−‬ﻫ→→ﺸﺘﻢ ﺳ→ﻄﺢ ﻛ→→ﻒ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣ→ →→∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﮕﺮ ﺁﻧ →→ﻜﻪ ﭘ →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﺗ →→ﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺩﻳ →ﻮﺍﺭ ﺗ →→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷ →→ﺪﻩ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻓ →→ﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻳ →ﻮﺍﺭ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﺩﻳ →ﻮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ℮/ＱΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻳ‪−‬ﻫﻔﺘﻢ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫→ﺎﻻ＾ ﭘ →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻏ →→ﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻗ→ →→ﺎﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﻟﺒ→ →→↔ ﺑ → ‪ґ‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺳ→ﻘﻒ ﺷ→→ﻴﺒﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺯﻳ→ﺮ ‪ ۲/۱Ω‬ﻣ→ﺘﺮ ﻗ→ﺮﺍﺭ ﮔ→ﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑ→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳ→ﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺷﻔﺎﻑ ﻳ‪−‬ﺷﺸﻢ‬
‫ﺳ →→ﻄﺢ ﻛ →→ﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﮕﺮ ﺁﻧ →→ﻜﻪ ﻛ →→ﻠﻴﻪ ﺩﺭﻳ→→ﭽﻪﻫﺎ ﻧ→→ﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺩﻳ →ﻮﺍﺭ ﺗ→→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺷ→→ﺪﻩ ﺑ→→ﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻓ→→ﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺩﻳ →ﻮﺍﺭ ﻣ→→ﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑ→→ﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ℮/ＱΩ‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮ ﺑ→→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ→→ﻦ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→∂ ﺷ→ﻴﺸﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳ‪−‬ﭘ→ﻨﺠﻢ ﻛ→ﻒ ﻓ→ﻀﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﻫ →→ﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﻋ→→ﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻣ→→ﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﭘ→→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻧ→→ﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ﻮﺍﺭﺩ＾ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ۲‬ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬
‫‪ ۱/۸Ω‬ﻣ→→ﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﻳ‪−‬ﭼ→→ﻬﻠﻢ ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﻛ→→ﻒ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻏ→→ﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣ →ﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻓ→→ﻮﻕ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ﻳ‪−‬ﺑ→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺳ→ﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻛﻒ ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻳ‪−‬ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻒ ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪℮‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ﻮﺍﺭﺩ＾ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪Ｑ‬‬

‫‪Ｑ۲‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪℮‬‬

‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﻩﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ۲‬ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ Ω/۹‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺑﻪﺍﺯﺍ＾ ﻫﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﻣ∂ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣ→ →→ﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺳ→ →→ﻄﺢ ﻧ→ →→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮﻫﺎ＾ ﺳ→ →→ﻘﻔ∂ ﻭ ﭘ →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﻳ→ →ﻮﺍﺭ＾ ﺩﺭ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ⅛‬
‫ﺍﺷ →→ﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺑ →→ﻬﺪﺍﺷ →→ﺘ∂ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻃ→→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻧ→→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﺷ→→ﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→→ﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺳ→→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→→∂‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ۲‬ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺁﺷ→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۷‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻧ→ →→ﻮﺭ ﻣ→ →→ﺼﻨﻮﻋ∂‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻋ→ →→ﺪﻡ ﺍﻣ→ →→ﻜﺎﻥ ﺗ →→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻃ →→ﺒﻴﻌ∂‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﺷ →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧ↔ﻫﺎ＾ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ＾ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺯﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎ＾ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۱ΩΩ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۸‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ＾ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﭘ→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺭﻭ ﺑ→→ﻪﻳ‪ −‬ﺍﻳ→ﻮﺍﻥ ﺑ→ﺎﺯ ﺷ→ﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳ→ﻮﺍﻥ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺷ→ﺮﺍﻳ→→ﻂ ﺯﻳ→ﺮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ⅛‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ＾ ﺍﻳ→ →ﻮﺍﻥ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣ →→ﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑ →→ﻪﻃﺮﻑ ﺧ →→ﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣ →→ﻌﺒﺮ ﻋ →→ﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻳ →→ﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ⅛ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻫﻴﭻﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘ →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺷ→→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→→∂ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺗ→→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ→→ﻮﺭ ﻃ→→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻭ ﺗ→→ﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻗ→→ﺎﻣﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﺍﺑ→→ﻌﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺗ→→ﻌﻴﻴﻦﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺟ→→ﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ۲‬ﺑ→→ﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣ→→ﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺑ→→ﺪﻭﻥ ﻣ→ﺎﻧﻊ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺳﺮﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪ↓ ﺍﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑ→ﻴﻦ ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺍﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ⅛ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪Ｑ۳‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۷‬‬
‫ﺍﺗ →→ﺎﻕﻫﺎ＾ ﺗ →→ﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺗ →→ﻮ ﻭ ﺍﺗ →→ﺎﻕﻫﺎ＾ ﺯﻳ →→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺎ ﺭﻋ →→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺷ →ﺮﺍﻳ →→ﻂ ﺯﻳ →→ﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→∂ﺗﻮﺍﻧ →→ﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑ →→ﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ＾ ﺍﻗ →→ﺎﻣﺖ ﻭ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ＾ ﺍﺷ →→ﺘﻐﺎﻟ∂ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺗ →→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭ ﻃ →→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ →→∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎ＾ ﺗﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۷‬ـ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺍﺗ→ﺎﻕﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→ﻨﻀﻢ ﺑ→→ﻪﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ‪ ۸Ω‬ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﺸﺘﺮ∑ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺑ →→ﺎ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ＾ ﺍﺻ →→ﻠ∂ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯ ﺑ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧ →→ﻴﺎﺯ ﺑ →→ﻪﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫ →ﻮﺍ＾ ﻣ→→ﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻧ→→ﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﻣ→→ﺤﺎﺳﺒ↔ ﻧ→→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫ →ﻮﺍ＾ ﻻﺯﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻣﻨﻀﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺳﻄﺢ ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺍﺻﻠ∂ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۸‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﻛ →→ﻒ ﺁﻧ →→ﻬﺎ ﭘ →→ﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﺯﻣ→→ﻴﻦ ﺑ→→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ‪ ＱΩ‬ﺩﺭﺻ→ﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗ→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﻳ→ﻮﺍﺭﻫ→ﺎ＾ ﺁﻥ ﺑ→ﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳ→ﻄﺢ ﺯﻣ→ﻴﻦ ﺍﻃ→ﺮﺍﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑ→→ﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣ→→ﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾‬
‫ﻧ→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣ∂ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﺳ →→ﻘﻒ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎ＾ ﺯﻳ→→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﺯﻣ→→ﻴﻦ ﻃ→→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ )ﻣ→→ﻌﺒﺮ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺣ→→ﻴﺎﻁ( ﺩﺭ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺗ →ﺮﺍﺯ ﻗ →ﺮﺍﺭ ﮔ→→ﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺟ→→ﻬﺖ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺍﻗ→ﺎﻣﺖ ﻳ→ﺎ ﺍﺷ→ﺘﻐﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→ﺠﺮﺍﻫ→ﺎ＾ ﺧ→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻧ→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫ→ﻮﺍ ﺑ→ﻪﻋﺮﺽ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞ ‪۱/ＱΩ‬‬
‫ﻣ →→ﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﺍﺭﺗ →→ﻔﺎﻉ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻛ →→ﻨﺎﺭ ﺩﻳ →ﻮﺍﺭ ﺧ →→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺣ →→ﻴﺎﻁﻫﺎ ﭘ →→ﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﺷ→→ﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷ →ﺮﺍﻳ→→ﻂ ﺑ→→ﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺭﻓ→ →→ﻊ ﻛ→ →→ﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﺳ→ →→ﻄﺢ ﭘ→ →→ﻨﺠﺮ↓ ﺯﻳ→ →→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﺗ→ →→ﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﺷ→ →→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ ﻭ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ → →ﺮﺍﺟ→ →→ﻊ ﺻ →→ﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ →→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ →→↔‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣ∂ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﻣﺠﺮﺍ＾ ﺧﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﻣ→→ﺤﺎﺳﺒ↔ ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﻧ→→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→→ﺠﺮﺍ＾ ﺧ→ﺎﺭﺟ∂ ﻧ→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫ→ﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺗ→ﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ Ω/۹Ω‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﻻ＾ ﻧﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﺮﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ‪ ،۳‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﻮﺩﺍﻝ ﺑﺎﻏﭽﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﻴﺎﻁ ﺻﻠ∂‪،‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺟ→ﻬﺖ ﺗ→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗ→ﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻓ→ﻀﺎ＾ ﺳ→ﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺷ→ﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳ→ﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻧ→ﺪﺍﺷ→ﺘﻦ ﻣ→ﻐﺎﻳﺮﺕ ﺑ→→ﺎ‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﺼﻮﺏ ﻃﺮﺡﻫﺎ＾ ﺗﻮﺳﻌ↔ ﺷﻬﺮ＾ ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪Ｑ℮‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪℮‬‬

‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺳﻘﻔ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۹‬‬

‫ﺑ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺗ→→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ→→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗ→→ﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﺷ→→ﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺑ→→ﻬﺪﺍﺷ→→ﺘ∂ ﻭ ﭘ→→ﻠﻜﺎﻥﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﻧ→ﻮﺭ ﺁﻧ→ﻬﺎ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻃ→ → →→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺗ→ → →→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺷ → →→ﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ → →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻋ → →→ﺪﻡ ﺍﻣ → →→ﻜﺎﻥ ﺗ → →→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﭘ → →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺩﻳ→ → →ﻮﺍﺭ＾‪ ،‬ﺍﺳ→ → →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮﻫﺎ＾ ﺳﻘﻔ∂ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ→ →→ﻄﺢ ﺷ→ →→ﻔﺎﻑ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮﻫﺎ＾ ﺳ→ →→ﻘﻔ∂ ﻧ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳ→ →→ﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→ →→∂ ﺷ→ →→ﻴﺸ↔ ﭘ →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۹‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ → →→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ۷‬ﺩﺭ ﺻ → →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﻋ → →→ﺪﻡ ﺍﻣ → →→ﻜﺎﻥ ﻧ → →→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ＾‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۹‬ـ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﻩﭘ→ﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ＾‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻘﻒ ﺭﺍﻩﭘﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ＾ ﺑﺮﺍ＾‬
‫ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋ∂ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺳﻴﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺗ →→ﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛ →→ﺎﺭﺑﺮ＾ ﻳ→ →→ﺎ ﺗ →→ﻌﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﺳ →→ﺎﺳ∂ ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻗ →→ﺎﻣﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺷ →→ﺘﻐﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪℮‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۹‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﻣ →→ﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﻧ →→ﺴﺒﺖ ﺑ →→ﻪﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ →→∂ ﻛ →→ﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﺳ →→ﻄﺢ ﭘ →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧ→→ﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗ→→ﺎ ﺣ→→ﺪﺍﻛ→→ﺜﺮ ‪ ＱΩ‬ﺩﺭﺻ→→ﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻣ∂ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺳﻘﻔ∂ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻧ→→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﻭ ﺗ→→ﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→→∂ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﻗ→→ﺎﺑﻞ ﺳ→→ﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﻋ→→ﺎﻳﺖ ﻣ→ﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳ→ﺮ ﻣ→→∂ﺗﻮﺍﻧ→ﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃ→ﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ‪ ⅛Ω‬ﺩﺭﺻ →→ﺪ ﺳ →→ﻄﺢ ﺩﺍﺧ→ →→ﻠ∂ ﺩﻳ→ →ﻮﺍﺭﻫ →→ﺎ＾ ﻣ →→ﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺁﻓ →→ﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺷﻴﺸ↔ ﺷﻔﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ ‪ ＱΩ‬ﺩﺭﺻ→→ﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳ→ﻄﺢ ﺷ→ﻴﺸ↔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→∂ ﻣ→ﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺁﻓ→ﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ＱＱ‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺑ→ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺗ →→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧ →→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ →→∂ ﻳ‪ −‬ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ＾ ﺍﻗ →→ﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻃ →→ﺮﻳﻖ ﻣ →→ﺤﻔﻈ↔‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺁﻓ →→ﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳ→ →→ﻄﺢ ﺷ →→ﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﻣ→ →→ﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺁﻓ →→ﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ ﻧ→ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻳ‪−‬ﭼ →→ﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﺳ →→ﻄﺢ ﻛ →→ﻒ ﻣ →→ﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺑ →→ﻪﺍﺿ →→ﺎﻓ↔‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﺑ →ﺮﺍﺑ→→ﺮ ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→→∂ ﻣ→→ﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﻣ→→ﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺁﻓ→ﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻓ→ﻀﺎ＾ ﺍﻗ→ﺎﻣﺘ∂ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃ→ﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﻣ→→ﺤﻔﻈﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧ →→ﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﻣ →→ﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺁﻓ →→ﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ ﻧ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣ →→ﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻳ →→ﺎ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ＾ ﺳ →→ﺮﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪ↓‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ＾ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘ→ →→ﻨﺠﺮ↓ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺑ →→ﻬﺪﺍﺷ→ →→ﺘ∂ ﻭ ﺁﺷ →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻧ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ →→ﻪﻣﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺁﻓ →→ﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ ﺑ →→ﺎﺯ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ۱Ω‬ـ ‪Ｑ‬‬
‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳ → →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣ → →→ﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡﻫﺎ＾ ﻛ → →→ﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻧ → →→ﻮﺭ ﻃ → →→ﺒﻴﻌ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ→ → →→ﺎ ﻫ → →→ﺪﻑ ﺻ → →→ﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﻳ∂ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪۱۱‬‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺮﮊ＾ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫⅛‪Ｑ‬‬
 ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ＾ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻫﻮﺍ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۱‬‬

‫ﻛ→→ﻠﻴﻪ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻗ→→ﺎﻣﺖ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﻫ→→ﺮ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎ＾ ﺩﻳ→→ﮕﺮ＾ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﻣ→ﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳ→ﺘﻔﺎﺩ↓ ﺍﺷ→→ﺨﺎﺹ ﻗ→ﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣ→→∂ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻣ→→ﻨﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣ→→ﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﭼ→ﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ ﻭ ﻧ→ﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑ→→ﻪﻃﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ→ﻠﻴﻪ ﻓ→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻗ→ﺎﻣﺘ∂ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺗﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ＾ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗ→→ﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺳ→→ﻄﻮﺡ ﺑ→→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ＾ ﺯﻳ→→ﺮ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺗ→→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻃ→→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻫ→ﻮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧ→ﻮﺍﻉ ﻓ→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﻃ→ﺒﻖ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ۱‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭ＾ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬

‫‪Ｑ۷‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ＾ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ＾ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ‬

‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ )ﻣﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ(‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﻪﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻒ‬

‫ــ‬ ‫⅛‪۱ : ۱‬‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ‬

‫ــ‬ ‫‪۱ : ۱۲‬‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷ∂ ‪ /‬ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺘ∂‬

‫ــ‬ ‫⅛‪۱ : ۱‬‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ )ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﺴﺒ∂ ‪ /‬ﺗﺠﺎﺭ＾(‬

‫ــ‬ ‫‪۱ : ۱۲‬‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ )ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂(‬

‫ــ‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Ｑ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ‬

‫‪Ω/۱۸‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Ω‬‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘ∂‬

‫‪Ω/۹Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Ｑ‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﺮﻭﻫﺎ＾ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫‪Ω/۹Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Ｑ‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﺮﻭﻫﺎ＾ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﺷ →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺑ →→ﻪﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻗ →→ﺎﻣﺖ ﺧ →→ﺪﻣﺖﺭﺳﺎﻧ∂ ﻣ →→∂ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻳ‪−‬ﺷﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻒ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ→ﻄﺢ ﺑ→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﺳ→ﺮﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪ↓ ﺍﺗ→ﻮﻣﺒﻴﻞ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻳ‪−‬ﺑﻴﺴﺖﻭﭘﻨﺠﻢ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪Ｑ‬‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻒ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﺭﺍﻩﭘ→→ﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﺑ→→ﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻃ→→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺗ→→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ →ﻮﺍ ﺷ→→ﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗ→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ→ﻮﺍ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۱‬ـ⅛‬
‫ﺑﻪﻳﻜ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﮔ→ﺮ ﺗ→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ→ﻮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﻴﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺭﺍﻩﭘﻠﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۱‬ـ⅛ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣ→ →→ﻤﻜﻦ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳ→ →→ﻄﺢ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﻧ→ →→ﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻳ‪−‬ﺷ→ →→ﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﺳ→ →→ﻄﺢ ﺗ→ →→ﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻓ →→ﻘ∂ ﭘ →→ﻠﻪ ﻳ →→ﺎ ‪ Ω/℮Ｑ‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
‫)ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﻼ∑ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ( ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﮔ→→ﺮ ﺗ→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ→ﻮﺍ ﻓ→→ﻘﻂ ﺍﺯ ﺳ→ﻘﻒ ﻣ→ﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺭﺍﻩﭘ→ﻠﻪ ﺍﻧ→→ﺠﺎﻡ ﮔ→ﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳ→→ﻄﺢ ﺑ→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۱‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﺍﻩﭘﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻨﺪ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ۹‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪Ｑ۸‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ＾ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪Ｑ‬‬

‫ﺭﻋ →→ﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺑ →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﻛ →→ﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎ＾ ﻫ→ →ﻮﺍﺩﻫ →→∂ ﻳ→ →→ﺎ ﻫ→ →ﻮﺍﮔ →→ﻴﺮ＾ ﻣ →→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ →→ﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۷‬‬
‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ→→ﻠﻴﻪ ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺳ→ﺮﭘﻮﺷﻴﺪﻩ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ→→ﺎ ﺣ→ﺪ ﺍﻣ→ﻜﺎﻥ ﺑ→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻃ→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺗ→ﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۸‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﺎﻓ∂ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻥ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻬﻮﻳ↔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ→→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗ→ﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻣ→ﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂ ﺗ→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺧ→ﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧ→→ﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑ→ﺎ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ＾ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﺟ→ﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻗ∂ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۲‬‬

‫ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺗ→ →→ﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺗ∂ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍ＾ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﻳ→ →→ﺎ ﻣ→ →→ﺠﺮﺍ＾ ﻫ → →ﻮﺍ＾ ﻣ→ →→ﺘﺼﻞ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻓ →→ﻀﺎ＾ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺟ→ → →→ﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧ→ → →→ﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔ→ → →→∂ ﻫ→ → →ﻮﺍ＾ ﺩﺍﺧ → →→ﻞ ﺗ → →→ﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۸‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﺭﺍﻫﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻩﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﺍﻛﻨﻨﺪ↓ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ → →→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ،۷‬ﺍﺭﺗ → →→ﺒﺎﻁ ﺑ → →→ﻴﻦ ﻗ → →→ﻔﺴﻪ ﭘ → →→ﻠﻜﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻓ → →→ﻀﺎ＾‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۱‬ـ‪۹‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻗﻔﮕﺎﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺣﺎﺋﻠ∂ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺮ ﻭ ﺻﺪﺍ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ→ → →→ﻄﺢ ﺑ→ → →→ﺎﺯﺷﻮ＾ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ → →→∂ ﺩﺭ ﺻ → →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺗ → →→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ→ → →ﻮﺍ＾ ﻃ→ → →→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻓ → →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪۱Ω‬‬
‫ﺑ→ →→ﻬﺪﺍﺷ→ →→ﺘ∂ ﻃ→ →→ﺒﻖ ﺟ→ →→ﺪﻭﻝ ﺷ →→ﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ۲‬ﻭ ﺣ →→ﺪﺍﻗ →→ﻞ ‪ Ω/۱۸‬ﻣ →→ﺘﺮﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧ →→ﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ＾ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ→ →ﻮﺍ＾‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘ∂ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪Ｑ۹‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪۲‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨ∂ ﻧﻮﺭﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻓﻀﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻒ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎ＾‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﺍ＾ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‬
‫ﻳ‪ −‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﻪﻓﺎﺻﻠ↔‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻳ‪−‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ℮/Ｑ‬ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠ↔ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ‪℮/Ｑ‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂‬
‫ﺑﻪﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﺻﻠ∂‬ ‫‪۲/۱Ｑ‬‬ ‫‪۱۲/ＱΩ‬‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۷‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫‪۲/۱Ｑ‬‬ ‫‪⅛/ＱΩ‬‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۷‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﻨﻀﻢ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۷‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﻧﻮﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻔﻈ↔‬ ‫‪۲/۱Ｑ‬‬ ‫‪⅛/ＱΩ‬‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ℮‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ℮‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ＾‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۲/۱Ｑ‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Ｑ‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Ｑ‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧ↔ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‬ ‫‪۱/۸Ω‬‬ ‫‪Ｑ/ＱΩ‬‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧ↔ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ＾‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻧﺸﻴﻤﻦ ﻭ ﻏﺬﺍﺧﻮﺭ＾‬ ‫‪۲/۱Ｑ‬‬ ‫‪۱℮/ＱΩ‬‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۷‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫‪۲/۱Ｑ‬‬ ‫‪۷/ＱΩ‬‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۷‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﺨﺘﻦ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻥ‬ ‫‪۲/۱Ｑ‬‬ ‫‪۲Ω‬‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۷‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘ∂‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۲/۱Ｑ‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۱Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۱Ω‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﭘﺎﺭﻛﻴﻨﮓ ﻛﻮﭼ‪−‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۲/۲Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Ω‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﭘﺎﺭﻛﻴﻨﮓ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ )ﻛﺴﺒ∂‪ /‬ﺗﺠﺎﺭ＾(‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﺭﺍﻫﺮﻭﻫﺎ＾ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻭ‬
‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۲/۱Ｑ‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Ｑ‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Ｑ‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳ∂ﻫﺎ＾ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ‬

‫ﺭﺍﻩﭘﻠﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾‬
‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬
‫∗‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ‪ ۱‬ﺗﺎ ‪Ｑ‬‬

‫ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦﻫﺎ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Ｑ‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۲Ｑ‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﻓﺮﻭﺷﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ )ﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂(‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﻛـﻼﺱﻫﺎ＾ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﻪ‬

‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۳/ΩΩ‬‬ ‫‪۱ : Ｑ‬‬ ‫‪۱ : Ｑ‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫)ﺑﺎﻻ＾ ‪ ۲Ω‬ﻧﻔﺮ(‬

‫ﻣﺤﻔﻈ↔ ﺁﻓﺘﺎﺑﮕﻴﺮ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۲/℮Ω‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ℮‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ℮‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ )ﺑﺎﻻ＾‪ ۲Ω‬ﻧﻔﺮ(‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫‪۳/ΩΩ‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫‪۱ : ۸‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﺑ→ →→ﻠﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣ→ →→ﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﭘ→ →→ﻠﻪﺍ＾ ﻛ→ →→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺧ →→ﺮﻭﺝ ﻭﺍﻗ →→ﻊ ﺷ →→ﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻃ ﻮﺭ ﻣ→ →→ﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂ ﺗ →→ﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻭ ﻓ →→ﺸﺎﺭ ﻣ →→ﺜﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺷ →→ﺘﻪ‬ ‫∗‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪⅛Ω‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ＾ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪Ｑ‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ＾ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۲‬‬

‫ﻓ → →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﺗ → →→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ → →ﻮﺍ＾ ﺁﻧ → →→ﻬﺎ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑ → →→ﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣ → →→ﺎ ﻣ → →→ﻠﺰﻡ ﺑ → →→ﻪﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ → →ﻮﺍ＾‬
‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻧﺸﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ → → →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳ → → →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗ → → →→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ → → →ﻮﺍ＾ ﻣ→ → →→ﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂‪ ،‬ﺍﻳ→ → →→ﻦ ﺳ→ → →→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑ→ → →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵﻫ →→ﺎ＾ ﻣ →→ﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻣ →→ﻬﻨﺪﺳ∂ ﺑ →→ﻬﺮﻩ ﺑ →→ﺒﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺟ →→ﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺍﺳ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗ →→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ →ﻮﺍ＾ ﻣ →→ﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ →→∂‬
‫ﺷ→→ﺪﻩ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺑ→→ﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺟ→→ﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﺗ→ﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫ→ﻮﺍ＾ ﻃ→→ﺒﻴﻌ∂ ﻣ→ﻄﺮﺡ ﺷ→ﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→ﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻫ→ﻮﺍ＾ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ→ﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻫ→ﻮﺍﻛﺶﻫ→ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛ→ﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﺰﻳﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ→ﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻳ→ﺎ ﺳ→ﺮﻣﺎﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﻫ→ﻮﺍ＾ ﺑ→ﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﭼﺮﺧ↔ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ ﻫﻮﺍ＾ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ＾‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻮﺍ＾ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜ∂ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬‬

‫ﺳ →→ﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ＾ ﺗ→→ﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫ →ﻮﺍ＾ ﻫ→→ﻤ↔ ﺁﺷ→→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﻣ→→ﻠﺰﻡ ﺑ→→ﻪﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﻫ →ﻮﺍﻛﺶ‬

‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Ｑ‬‬
‫ﺭﻭ＾ ﺍﺟﺎﻕ )ﻫﻮﺩ( ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻝ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻮﺍﻛﺶ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﻪﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﻮﺍ＾ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ۷‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛‬

‫ﺗ → →→ﻤﺎﻡ ﻣ → →→ﺪﺕ ﻛ → →→ﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ ﺁﺷ→ →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻋ→ →→ﻤﻞ ﻛ→ →→ﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻋ→ →→ﺎﻳﻖﻛﺎﺭ＾ ﺣ → →ﺮﺍﺭﺗ→ →→∂ ﺍﻳ→ →→ﻦ ﻛ→ →→ﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻣ→ →→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳ →→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗ →→ﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫ→ →ﻮﺍ＾ ﺁﺷ →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗ →→ﺼﺮﻑﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ →→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۷‬‬

‫ﮔ →→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾ ⅛ ﻭ ‪ ۷‬ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﻛ→ →→ﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣ →→ﺮﻛﺰ＾ ﻳ →→ﺎ ﻛ →→ﻠﻴﺪ ﺑ →→ﺮﻕ ﺭﻭﺷ →→ﻨﺎﻳ∂ ﺁﺷ →→ﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻳ →→ﺎ ﻛ →→ﻠﻴﺪ ﻣ →→ﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺮﻕ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ＾ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪⅛۱‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺎﺭ＾ ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬‬

‫ﺳ→→ﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ＾ ﺗ→→ﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﻫ →ﻮﺍ＾ ﻓ→→ﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﺑ→ﻬﺪﺍﺷ→→ﺘ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ→ﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎ＾‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ‪Ｑ‬ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۹‬‬

‫⅛ ﻭ ‪ ۷‬ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﺑ→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣ→ﺮﻛﺰ＾ ﻭ ﻳ→ﺎ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻫ→ﻮﺍﻛﺶﻫ→ﺎﻳ∂ ﻣ→→ﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺗ→ﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ＾ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﻳ∂ ﺑﺮﻕ‬
‫ﻳ→ﺎ ﻛ→→ﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ＾ ﺟ→ﺪﺍﮔ→ﺎﻧﻪ ﺑ→→ﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗ∂ﻛﻪ ﻫﻮﺍ＾ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘ∂ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻳ‪ −‬ﻫ→ﻮﺍﻛﺶ ﺗ→ﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺷ→ﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﻫ→ﻮﺍﻛﺶ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺗ→ﻮﺳﻂ ﻛ→ﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→ﺠﺰﺍﻳ→→∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫ→ﺮﻳ‪ −‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧ→ﻬﺎ ﻗ→ﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣ→→∂ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﺑ→→ﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻓ→ﺘﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧ→ﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺑ→→ﺎ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺳ→ﻴﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣ→ﺘﺼﻞ ﺑ→ﻪﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻕ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭ＾ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓ→ →→ﻀﺎﻫﺎﻳ∂ ﻛ→ →→ﻪ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺁﻧ→ →→ﻬﺎ ﻣ→ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺧ→ →→ﺎﺻ∂ ﻭﺿ→ →→ﻊ ﻧ→ →→ﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟ∂ ﺍﻣ →→ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ‪ Ｑ‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ـ ‪۱Ω‬‬
‫ﺍﻳ →→ﺠﺎﺩ ﮔ →→ﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻏ →→ﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﮔ →→ﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺨﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻳ →→ﮕﺮ ﺷ →ﺮﺍﻳ→→ﻂ ﺯﻳ→→ﺎﻥﺁﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﺨﺎﻃﺮﻩﺁﻣﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧ→→ﻬﺎ ﻭﺟ→→ﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺣ→→ﻔﻆ ﺳ→→ﻼﻣﺖ ﺑ→→ﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳ→→ﺠﺎﺩ ﺣ→ﺮﻳﻖ ﻭ ﺧ→ﻄﺮ ﺍﻧ→→ﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣ→ﺠﺰﺍ‬
‫‪ẃ‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺳﻮﻡ ﻭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺩﻫﻢ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻬﻮﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪⅛۲‬‬
 ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ⅛ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎ＾ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ⅛ـ‪۱‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ۱‬ﺩﺭ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺖ ﺑ →→ﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣ →→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻭ ﻓ →→ﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫ →→ﺎ＾ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺻ →→ﻮﺭﺗ∂ ﻣ →→ﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺍﺛ →→ﺮ ﺯﻳ →→ﺎﻥﺑﺨﺸ∂ ﺑ →→ﺮ ﺳ →→ﻼﻣﺘ∂ ﻛ →→ﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳ →→ﺎﻛﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺁﺗ→→∂‬
‫ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﻣ→→ﺠﺎﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻋ→ﺎﺑﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻣ→ﺤﻞ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧ→ﺪﺍﺷ→ﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﭘ→ﻨﺠﻢ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ۲‬ﺍﺳ→ → →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵﻫ→ → →→ﺎ＾ ﻧ→ → →→ﻮﻳﻦ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﻓ → →→ﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣ → →→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺟ → →→ﺪﻳﺪ ﺑ → →→ﺎﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﻳﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ℮‬ـ ⅛ ـ ‪ ۱‬ـ ‪ ۳‬ﺩﺭ ﻫ →→ﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺑ →→ﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ ﻭ ﺣ →→ﻴﻦ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛ →→ﻠﻴﻪ ﻣ →→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻭ ﻋ →→ﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‬
‫ﭼ →→ﻮﻥ ﻧ →→ﺮﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺣ →→ﻔﺎﻅﻫﺎ ﻧ →→ﻴﺰ ﺑ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺷ →ﺮﺍﻳ →→ﻂ ﻣ →→ﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺯ ﭘ →→ﻮﺳﻴﺪﮔ∂ ﻧ →→ﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺷ →→ﺘﻪ ﺷ →→ﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑ →→ﺎ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪⅛۳‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺍﺳ→ → →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺟ → → →ﺰﺍ＾ ﺳ→ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺻ→ → →→ﻨﻌﺘ∂ ﻭ ﻣ→ → →→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ → →→ﺎ ﺭﻋ → →→ﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫‪℮‬ـ⅛ـ‪۱‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗ→ﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣ→→∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺿ→ﻮﺍﺑ→ﻂ ﻣ→ﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑ→ﻪﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘ→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺻ→→ﻨﻌﺘ∂ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬‬

‫ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗ → →→ﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻛ → →→ﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻃ→ →→ﻮﺭ＾ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ →→ﺤﻮﻃﻪ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣ →→ﻜﺎﻥﻳﺎﺑ∂ ﺷ →→ﻮﻧﺪ ﻛ →→ﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑ →ﺮﺍﺳ →→ﺎﺱ ﻗ →ﻮﺍﻧ →→ﻴﻦ ﻣ →→ﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣ →→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻳ →→ﻤﻨ∂ ﻭ ﺣ →→ﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻛ →→ﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺣ →→ﻴﻦ ﺍﺟ →ﺮﺍ‬
‫ﻣ→ﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺩﺭ ﻣ→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺩﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫ→→ﻢ ﻣ→ﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣ→ﻠ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺪﻭﻥ ﺧ→ﻄﺮ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﺰﺍﺣﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧ↔ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻫ→ﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺎﺩﻩﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺷﻬﺮ＾‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ ﻭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۲‬‬
‫ﺑ→→ﺮﻕ ﻭ ﮔ→→ﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻓ→→ﺎﺿﻼﺏ ﻭ ﺷ→→ﻴﺮﻫﺎ＾ ﺁﺗﺶﻧ→→ﺸﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﻋ→→ﻼﻳﻢ ﺍﺩﺍﺭ↓ ﻧ→→ﻘﺸﻪﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ ﻭ ﻏ→→ﻴﺮﻩ ﻣ →ﺮﺍﻗ→→ﺒﺖ ﮔ→ﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳ∂ ﻣﺄﻣﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﺫﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻪﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻫ→→ﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣ→ﺠﺮ＾ ﺫﻳ→ﺼﻼﺡ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻛ→ﭙ∂ ﭘ→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ→↔ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧ→ﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎ＾‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۳‬‬
‫ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﻭ ﺗ → →→ﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺗ∂‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﻓ → →→ﺘﺮﭼ↔ ﺍﻃ → →→ﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣ → →→ﺤﻞ ﻛ → →→ﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺷ → →→ﺘﻪ ﺑ → →→ﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮﻳ∂ ﺣﺎﻭ＾ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﻠ‪ ،−‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ )ﻣﺎﻟ‪ ،−‬ﻃﺮﺍﺡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺮ＾ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ(‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣ → →→ﺤﻞ ﻛ → →→ﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ ﺑ → →→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺗ∂ ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣ → →→ﻌﺒﺮ ﻋ → →→ﻤﻮﻣ∂ ﻗ → →→ﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﺅﻳﺖ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣ→ →→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﻣ→ →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺩﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻠ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣ→→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﺿ→→ﺎﻓ∂ ﻭ ﻧ→→ﺨﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→→ﺪﻭﻥ ﻟﻄ→→ﻤﻪ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳ→ﺴﺖ‪،‬‬

‫‪℮‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬ـ‪℮‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﻣﺤﻠ∂ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧ↔ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣ∂ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺧ→→ﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔ→→ﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻋ→→ﻨﺎﺻﺮ＾ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘ→→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ→→↔ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧ→ﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ＾ ﺁﻧ→ﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬ـ‪Ｑ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪⅛℮‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪ ℮‬ـ ⅛‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻ→ →→ﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻡ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻗﻄﻊ ﺩﺭﺧ→ →→ﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣ → →ﻮﺍﻓ→ →→ﻘﺖ ﺷ→ →→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫ→ →→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﻳﺮ ﻣ→ →ﺮﺍﺟ→ →→ﻊ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬ـ⅛‬
‫ﺻ →→ﺪﻭﺭ ﭘ →→ﺮﻭﺍﻧ →→ﻪ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧ →→ﺸﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺩﺭﺧﺖ ﻳ →→ﺎ ﺩﺭﺧ →→ﺘﺎﻥ ﺟ→→ﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻃ→→ﺒﻖ ﻧ→→ﻈﺮ ﺷ→→ﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﻧ↔ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫ→ﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣ→ﻴﻦ ﻋ→→ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﺁﺛ→ﺎﺭ＾ ﻣ→ﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑ→ﻪﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۷‬‬
‫ﻳ → →→ﺎﻓﺖ ﺷ → →→ﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑ → →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﻋ → →→ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﻣ → →→ﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻭ ﺑ → →→ﻪﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣ → →→ﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓ → →→ﺮﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﻛ → →→ﺸﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻳ → →→ﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻧ→ﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎ＾ ﺫﻳ→ﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻃ→→ﻼﻉ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷ→ﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺩﺍﻣ→→↔ ﻋ→ﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﻣ→ﻨﻮﻁ ﺑ→→ﻪﺍﺧ→ﺬ ﻣ→ﺠﻮﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛ→ → →→ﻠﻴﻪ ﺯﻣ → →→ﻴﻦﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﺧ → →→ﺎﻟ∂ ﺑ → →→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺷ→ → →ﺮﺍﻳ→ → →→ﻂ ﺳ → →→ﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳ → →→ﻤﻦ ﻭ‬ ‫‪℮‬ـ⅛ـ‪۲‬ـ‪۸‬‬
‫ﺑ →→ﻬﺪﺍﺷ →→ﺘ∂ ﻧ →→ﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭ＾ ﺷ →→ﻮﻧﺪ ﺗ→ →→ﺎ ﺑ →→ﻪﻭﻳﺮﺍﻧ →→ﻪ ﺗ →→ﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻧ →→ﺸﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺁﺛ →→ﺎﺭ ﻣ →→ﻨﻔ∂ ﺑ →→ﺮ ﺳ →→ﻼﻣﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻳ →→ﻤﻨ∂ ﻣ →→ﺮﺩﻡ‬
‫ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪⅛Ｑ‬‬
 ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ‬
 ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺳ→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤ∂ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ＾ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺗ→ﻮﻟﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧ→ﺼﺐ ﻭ ﺍﺟ→ﺮﺍ＾ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺟ→ﺰﺍ＾ ﺍﻥ ﺑ→→ﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﻣ∂ﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭ ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻋ→→ﺮﺻﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ→→ﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﻃ →ﺮﺍﺣ→∂ ﻭ ﺍﻧ→ﺒﻮﻩﺳﺎﺯ＾ ﻭ ﺗ→ﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺻ→ﻨﻌﺘ∂‪ ،‬ﻛ→→ﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ＾ ﮔ→ﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﭘ→→ﻴﺪﺍ‬
‫ﻧ→→ﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣ→→ﺪﻭﻝ ﻳ→→ﺎ ﭘ→→ﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﭘ→→ﺎﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧ→→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﺍ＾ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫ→→ﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﻣ→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﺳ→→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣ→→∂ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣ →→ﺪ ﺍﺻ →→ﻠ∂ ﻭ ﺍﺳ →→ﺎﺳ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻧ →→ﻈﺎﻡ ﻣ →→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ →→ﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳ →→ﻦ ﺳ→→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑ →ﺮﺍﺳ→→ﺎﺱ ﻣ→→ﺪﻭﻝ ﭘ→→ﺎﻳﻪ ﻳ→→ﺎ‬
‫ﺿ→ →→ﺮﻳﺒ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻧ→ →→ﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣ→ →→∂ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣ →→ﺪﻭﻝ ﭘ →→ﺎﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺿ→ →ﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﻫ→ →→ﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﻧ →→ﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﮔ→ →→ﺎﻡﻫﺎ ﻳ →→ﺎ‬
‫)ﻓﺎﺻـﻠﻪﻫﺎ( ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺴﺘـﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ＾ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﻛﻨﻨﺪ↓ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ＾‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ＾ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺻ→→ﻨﻌﺖ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺯ ﻣ→→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳ→→ﺮﻋﺖ ﺑ→→ﺨﺸﻴﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓ→ﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ＾ ﺍﺯ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→→ﻞﻫﺎ＾‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ＾ ﺍﺭﺗ→→ﻘﺎ ﻛ→→ﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺿ→ﺎﺑﻄﻪﻣﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣ→ﺮﻛﺰ ﺗ→ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣ→→ﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺳ→→ﺎﻝ ‪ ۱۳⅛۹‬ﺗ→→ﺎﻛﻨﻮﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑ→ → →→ﺎ ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﺍﺟ → → →ﺮﺍ ﺩﺭﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﺑ→ → →→ﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۱۲‬ﻃ→ → →→ﺮﺡ ﺗ→ → →→ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗ∂ ﻛ→ → →→ﻪ ﻧ→ → →→ﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣ→ → →→ﺪﻭﻥ ﺁﻧ→ → →→ﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ → →→ﻪﺷﻜﻞ ﺗ → →→ﺄﻟﻴﻒ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺳ→→ﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌ→→ﻤﻞ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻫ→→ﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﻳ→ﻪ ﺷ→ﺪﻩﺍﻧ→ﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳ→→ﻌ∂ ﻧ→ﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗ→→ﺎ ﺑ→ﺎ ﺍﺳ→ﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺿ→ﻮﺍﺑ→ﻂ ﺍﺯ ﻣ→→ﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻧ→→ﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ＾ ﺍﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ۱‬ـ ﺭﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﻋﺪﺩ＾ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻖ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ۲‬ـ ﺍﺑﻌـﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫـﺎ＾ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻳـﺮﺍﻧ∂ )ﺁﻧﺘﺮﻭﭘﻮﻣﺘـﺮ＾ ﻭ ﺍﺑﻌـﺎﺩ ﺑـﺪﻥ ﺍﻧﺴـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫـﺎ＾‬
‫ﻋ→ →→ﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ＾ ـ ﺑ→ →→ﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧ→ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ→ →→ﺎ＾ ﺑ→ →→ﺪﻥ ‪ ۱ＱΩΩ‬ﻧ→ →→ﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺯﻥ ـ ﻣ→ →→ﺮﺩ ﺍﻳ → →ﺮﺍﻧ →→∂(‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺎ ﺗ →→ﻮﺟﻪ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻋﻮﺍﻣ →→ﻞ‬
‫ﻣ →→ﺤﻴﻄ∂ ﻭ ﻗ →→ﺎﺑﻞ ﺯﻳ →→ﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣ →→ﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﺟ→ →→ﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺣﺲ‪ ،‬ﺣ →→ﺮﻛﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓ→ →→ﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺳ →→ﺎﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﺎ ﺑ →→ﻬﺮﻩ ﺑ →→ﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳ∂ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧ∂ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺭﮔﻮﻧﻮﻣ∂‬
‫‪ ۳‬ـ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻓﻀﺎ ـ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺍﺯ ‪ ۳ΩΩ‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫‪ ℮‬ـ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻋﻤﻠ∂ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂‬
‫ﻧﺘﺎﻳـﺞ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶﻫﺎ＾ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨ↔ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﺍﺭﮔﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴ‪ −‬ﺑـﺮﺍ＾‬

‫‪⅛۹‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺗ→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺷ→ﺮﺍﻳ→ﻂ ﺁﺳ→ﺎﻳﺶ ﺟ→→ﺴﻤ∂ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ＾ ﺍﻧ→ﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻳ→ﺮﺍﻧ→∂‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣ→→ﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺍ＾ ﺍﺯ ﺿ→ﻮﺍﺑ→ﻂ ﺍﺑ→ﻌﺎﺩ＾ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ＾‬
‫ﻃ →ﺮﺍﺣ→→∂ ﻣ→→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺗ→→ﻬﻴﻪ ﺷ→ﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗ→ﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﺿ→ﻮﺍﺑ→ﻂ ﻋ→→ﻼﻭﻩ ﺑ→ﺮ ﺗ→ﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﺷ→ﺮﺍﻳ→→ﻂ ﺣ→ﺪﺍﻗ→ﻞ‬
‫ﺟ → →→ﻬﺖ ﻃ → →ﺮﺍﺣ → →→∂ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺁﺳ→ →→ﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﻧ→ →→ﺴﺎﻥ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﺑ→ →→ﻌﺎﺩ＾‪ ،‬ﻛ→ →→ﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺑ→ →→ﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﮔ→ →→ﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣ→ →→ﺘﻨﻮﻋ∂ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺯﻣ → →→ﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﮔ → →→ﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﻃ → →ﺮﺍﺣ → →→∂ )ﻣ → →→ﻌﻤﺎﺭ＾‪ ،‬ﺳ → →→ﺎﺯﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟ → →ﺰﺍ ﻭ ﻗ→ →→ﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺳ→ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﻣ→ →→ﺒﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺛ→ →→ﺎﺙ‪،‬‬
‫ﭼ → →→ﻴﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻏ → →→ﻴﺮﻩ( ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛ → →→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗ → →→ﻤﺎﻣ∂ ﺍﻧ→ → →ﻮﺍﻉ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﺑ → →→ﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻣ → →→ﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂ ﻭ ﻣ → →→ﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﭼ → →→ﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪﺷﻜﻞ ﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺰﺍﻳـﺎ＾ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺷﺎﻣـﻞ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﻩﺳﺎﺯ＾ﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﺗـ‪−‬ﺳﺎﺯ＾ ﺑﻪﺗﻌـﺪﺍﺩ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻫ→→ﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑ→→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻳ→→ﺠﺎﺩ ﻫ→→ﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻃ →ﺮﺍﺣ→→∂ ﻭ ﺗ→ﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻟﻮﺍﺯﻡ ﻭ ﺍﺛ→→ﺎﺙ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺑ→→ﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻧ → →→ﻔﺮﺍﺩ＾ ﺩﺭ ﻛ → →→ﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﺗ → →→ﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣ → →→∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻧ → →→ﻴﺰ ﻛ → →→ﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺑ → →→ﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺷ → →→ﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛ→ →→ﻪ ﺍﻧ→ →→ﺒﻮﻩﺳﺎﺯ＾ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘ → →→ﻴﺶﺳﺎﺯ＾ ﺑ → →→ﺪﻭﻥ ﺳ → →→ﻴﺴﺘﻤ∂ ﺟ → →→ﻬﺖ ﻫ → →→ﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ＾ ﺍﺑ→ →→ﻌﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑ→ →→ﺎﺯﺩﻫ∂ ﻭ ﺳ→ →→ﻮﺩﺩﻫ∂ ﭼ→ →→ﺸﻤﮕﻴﺮ＾‬
‫ﻧ →→ﺨﻮﺍﻫ →→ﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗ →→ﺪﻭﻳﻦ »ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ →→ﻂ ﻃ →ﺮﺍﺣ →→∂ ﻣ →→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ـ ﻣ →→ﺒﺤﺚ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘ →→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ« ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑ →→ﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳ →→ﻜ∂ ﺍﺯ ﻣ →→ﺒﺎﺣﺚ‪ ،‬ﺟ→→ﻬﺖ ﺗ→→ﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻫ→→ﺮﭼﻪ ﺑ→→ﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺿ →ﻮﺍﺑ→→ﻂ ﺍﺑ→→ﻌﺎﺩ＾ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﻃ →ﺮﺍﺣ→→∂ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑ → →→ﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳ → →→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣ → →→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻳ → →ﺮﺍﻥ ﺧ → →ﻮﺍﻫ → →→ﺪ ﺑ → →→ﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺟ → →→ﻬﺖ ﺍﻃ → →→ﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺗ → →→ﻜﻤﻴﻠ∂ ﺑ → →→ﻪﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺗ→ →→ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺳ → → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣ → → →→ﺴﻜﻦ ﺑ → → →→ﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ‪ ،‬ﺷ → → →→ﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺽ ـ ‪ ، ℮۷Ω‬ﮒ ـ ‪ ،℮⅛۳‬ﮒ ـ ⅛‪،۲۱Ｑ ،۲Ｑ۷ ،۲⅛۸ ،۳۳‬‬
‫⅛‪ ۳۳۳ ،۳۹۸ ،۳۱⅛ ،۳۱۲ ،۳⅛۱ ،۲۱‬ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖﭘﺬﻳﺮ＾ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻣ→ → →→ﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺗ → →→ﻐﻴﻴﺮﭘﺬﻳﺮ＾ ﺍﺑ → →→ﻌﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺟ→ → →ﺰﺍ＾ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺿ→ → →ﻮﺍﺑ → →→ﻄ∂ ﻛ→ → →→ﻪ ﻣ → →→ﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺁﻧ → →→ﻬﺎ ﭼ → →→ﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺗ→ →→ﻐﻴﻴﺮﭘﺬﻳﺮ＾‪ ،‬ﺷ→ →→ﻜﻞ ﻛ→ →→ﻤﻴﺘ∂ ﺑ→ →→ﻪﺧﻮﺩ ﻣ→ →→∂ﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑ →→ﺎ ﺍﻋ →→ﺪﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻗ →→ﺎﻡ ﻣ →→ﺸﺨﺺ ﻣ→ →→∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺗ →→ﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻋ→ﻮﺍﻣ→ﻠ∂ ﻛ→→ﻪ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺯﻳ→ﺎﺑ∂‪ ،‬ﺗ→ﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻭ ﺑ→ﺮﺭﺳ∂ ﺭﻭﺍﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫ→ﺎ＾ ﺍﺟ→ﺰﺍ＾ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻛ→→ﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻛ→ﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻧ→ﻈﺮ ﮔ→ﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ＾ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺪﻧﻈﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺑ→ﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳ→ﻦ ﺿ→ﻮﺍﺑ→ﻂ ﺑ→ﺮﺍ＾ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺟ→ﺰﺍ＾ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺳ→ﺘﻪ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺑ→ﺮﺍﺳ→ﺎﺱ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻫ→→ﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﻣ→→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻃ →ﺮﺍﺣ→→∂ ﻭ ﺍﺟ →ﺮﺍ ﻣ→→∂ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺗ→→ﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻧ→→ﺒﻮﻩ ﻭ ﺻ→→ﻨﻌﺘ∂ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑ→→ﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺑ→ﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣ∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖﭘﺬﻳﺮ＾ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤـ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺑﻪﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۷Ω‬‬
 ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ‬

‫ﻣﺪﻭﻝ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ـ ﻣﺪﻭﻝ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﻭ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﺏ ﻣﺪﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻣﺪﻭﻝ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪. M = ١٠٠mm‬‬

‫ﺏ( ﻣﺪﻭﻝ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭﮔﺎﻫ∂ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪= ١٠mm‬‬
‫‪٣M‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﭖ( ﺷﺒﻜ↔ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭﮔﺎﻫ∂ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬
‫‪٣M‬‬ ‫‪٣M‬‬
‫× ‪= ١٠mm‬‬ ‫‪= ١٠mm‬‬
‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﺕ( ﺷﺒﻜ↔ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭ＾ ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ‪ ، ٣ M × ٣ M‬ﻳﺎ ‪. ٣٠٠× ٣٠٠mm‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻄﺒـﺎﻕ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎ＾ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂ ﺍﺟﺰﺍ＾ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺷﺒﻜ↔ ﻣﺪﻭﻝ ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺷﺒﻜ↔ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘـﻢ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕـ∂ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺨﻮﺍﻧـ∂ ﺍﺟﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻧ→ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻭ ﻣ→ →→ﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺑ→ →→ﺮﺭﺳ∂ ﻣ→ →→∂ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧ→ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ→ →→ﺎ＾ ﻫ→ →→ﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻣ→ →→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻫ→ →→ﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑ→ →→ﺎ ﺷ→ →→ﺒﻜﻪﻫﺎ＾‬
‫ﻣ→ →→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺑ → →ﺮﺍ＾ ﻃ → →ﺮﺍﺣ→ →→∂ ﻣ→ →→ﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣ→ →→∂ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑ →→ﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺑ→ →→ﺎﻻ ﺑ →→ﺮﺩﻥ ﺳ →→ﻄﺢ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧ →→ﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔ →→ﺬﺍﺭ＾‪ ،‬ﻫ →→ﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺍﺭﺍﻳ→→ﻪ ﺍﻧ→→ﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﻣ→→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻧ→→ﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﺍﺟ →ﺮﺍﻳ→→∂ ﺑ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﻳ‪ −‬ﺟ→→ﺰﺀ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﺑ→→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→→ﻪﻧﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫﺎ＾ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺟﺰﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ‬

‫ﺑ→ﺮﺍ＾ ﻃ→ﺮﺍﺣ→∂ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘ→ﻨﺠﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳ→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣ→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻧ→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ→ﺎ＾ ﻫ→ﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ ﺑ→ﺎﻳﺪ ﺑ→ﻪﺳﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪Ґ‬‬
‫‪ ۱‬ـ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﺍﺳﻤ∂ ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﺩﻫﺎﻧ↔ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻﻮﻻ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮ ﻭﻟ∂ ﺑﻪﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﻳ‪ −‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ۲‬ـ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧـﻪﺍ＾ ﻛﻪ ﻣـﺮﺯﻫﺎ＾ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪.(۱‬‬
‫‪Ґ‬‬
‫‪ ۳‬ـ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﺍﺳﻤ∂ ﺑـﺮﺍ＾ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻨﺠـﺮﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻﻮﻻ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳـﺎﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭼﻜﺘﺮ ﻭﻟ∂ ﺑﻪﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﻳ‪ −‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪۷۱‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻳﺎ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ ﻳـﺎ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﻓﻀﺎ＾ ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫـﺮ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺗ→→ﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻣ→→ﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑ→→ﻪﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣ→→ﺸﺨﺺ ﻣ→→∂ﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧ→→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ→→ﺎ＾ ﻣ→→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻣ→→ﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻧ→→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ→→ﺎ＾ ﺍﺟ→ﺮﺍﻳ→∂ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻧ→→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ→ﺎ＾ ﺩﻭ ﺣ→ﺎﺷﻴﻪ ﻛ→ﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛ→→ﻨﺎﺭ ﺟ→ﺰﺀ ﺳ→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂ )ﺑ→ﺮﺍ＾ ﺍﺗ→ﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫ→ﺎ ﻭ ﺳ→ﺎﻳﺮ( ﺩﺭ ﻧ→ﻈﺮ‬
‫ﮔ → →→ﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣ→ → →→∂ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑ → →→ﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣ → →→∂ﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧ → →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ → →→ﺎ＾ ﺍﺟ → →ﺮﺍﻳ → →→∂ ﺑ → →→ﺴﺘﻪ ﺑ → →→ﻪﻧﻮﻉ ﻃ → →→ﺮﺡ‪ ،‬ﺟ → →→ﻨﺲ ﻣ → →→ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﻳ → →→ﮋﮔ∂ﻫﺎ＾ ﻓ → →→ﻴﺰﻳﻜ∂ ﻣ → →→ﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺗ → →→ﻮﺳﻂ ﺳ → →→ﺎﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗ → →→ﻮﻟﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻣ → →→ﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺑ → →→ﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍ＾‬
‫ﺗ →→ﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣ →→∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﺟ →→ﺰﺀ ﺳ →→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧ∂‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﻣ →→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺗ →→ﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷ→→ﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳ→→ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻧ→→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ→→ﺎ＾‬
‫ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺒﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷـﻜﻞ ‪ ۲‬ﺳـﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣ∂ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻔـﺎﻭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ →→ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑ →→ﻪﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﺟ →→ﻮﺩ ﺑ →→ﺮﺧ∂ ﺭﻭﺍﺩﺍﺭ＾ﻫ →→ﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻧ →→ﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧ →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻭ ﻣ →→ﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻛ →→ﻪ ﻣ →→ﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﻭ＾‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﻣ∂ﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﻩ ﻭ ﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫ→→ﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﺻ→→ﻠ∂ ﻃ →ﺮﺍﺣ→→∂‪ ،‬ﺗ→→ﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺟ →ﺮﺍ＾ ﺳ→→ﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧ→→ﻈﺎﻡ ﻫ→→ﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕ∂ ﺍﻧ→→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ→→ﺎ ﻭ ﺑ→→ﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺑ→→ﺴﺘﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻧ → →→ﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫ → →→ﺎ＾ ﻫ → →→ﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻣ → →→ﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺗ → →→ﻮﺳﻌ↔ ﻫ → →→ﺮﭼﻪ ﺑ → →→ﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﻧ → →→ﺒﻮﻩﺳﺎﺯ＾ ﺑ → →→ﺎ ﺍﺳ→ →→ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣ→ →→ﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘ∂ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﻧـﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﺳﺎﺯ＾ ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻧﺪ＾ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘـ∂ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ﻣ→ﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺟ→ﺰﺍ＾ ﺁﻥ ﺑ→ﻨﺎ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺰﺍ＾ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺶﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻃﺮﺍﺣ∂‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤ∂ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣ∂ ﻣ∂ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪۷۲‬‬
 ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺩﻫﺎﻧ↔ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮ‬ ‫‪١‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ‬
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‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧ∂ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ‬
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‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓﺳﺎﺯ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪۲‬‬

‫‪۷۳‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺩﻫﺎﻧ↔ »ﺩﺭ« ﻓﻀﺎﻫﺎ＾ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‬ ‫
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‫‪۷℮‬‬
 ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ‬

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ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ↓ ﻣﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍ＾ ﻧﺼﺐ ﻛﻤﺪ‬ ‫
ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻛﻤﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺴﻜﻮﻧ∂‬

‫‪۷Ｑ‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ‬

‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺩﻫﺎﻧ↔ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺁﺷﭙﺰﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻧﺸﻴﻤﻦ‬ ‫
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‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻗﺪ＾‬ ‫
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‫⅛‪۷‬‬
 ‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺩﻫﺎﻧ↔ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩ ﺳﺮﻭﻳﺲ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘ∂‬ ‫
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‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻗﻮﺳ∂‬ ‫
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‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﭘﻨﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ＾ ﻣﺜﻠﺜ∂‬ ‫
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