(Nucleus)  (Mass Number)

1911 - 

'A'
Q. 232 90

10–14
10–10

  [Isotopes (Isoprotonic)]


Isobars


1836.1 Isotones
 

  1/3
 + 1.602 × 10–19 C  1.672 × 10–27 kg 1
RA 3
1.00727 amu
1
 (Z) R = R0 A 3

[ R0 = 1.2 × 10–15 m
Q. 1.27



1836.9
 (Automic Mass Unit(amu) : C12
  12 Atomic mass unit
–27
1 amu = 1.66 × 10 kg
 (Density of nucleus)
1.675 × 10–27 kg
  (Nuclear force):-

  (Properties of Nuclear force)

 (i)
 (ii)
 1 mev (iii)
1 ev (iv)
 (Atomic Number) (v)
 (vi)
(vii)
 'Z' (viii) N-N, P-P & P-N

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 (Radioactivity)  
 1886
 - 

 
1
 1898    
100

12
 1903    100 
1

100


 -
 
 -
 
 82 
 -
 X-

 
   -
  4
2 He 
 
   
 1 1
  + 3.2 × 10–19 C.   
10000 100
 6.645 × 10–27 kg.
 -   100  10000

 -   X-
- 

1
 -  (Radioactive Decay)
10 - 

  2.7 cm 8.62 cm.

   

1 1 238 U  4 He  234 Th
    92 2 90
100 10000
α-
 - 234 Th  0β  234 Th  v
 - 90 1 91

β-
NOTE:


 -


 
 (1.6 × 10–19 C)

 9.1 ×10–31 kg

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  (Binding energy)
(Half-life of Radioactive Substances)



 (Nuclear Reaction):-

 (Nuclear Fission) :–
0.6931
T


(Mean-life of Radioactive Substances)  1939
 ()
 (Z = 92, A = 238)
1
 (Z = 56) (Z = 36)


(Rutherford's and Soddy's Law regarding Radioactive
Decay) 238 U  1n   239 U   148 Ba  88Kr  3 01n  γ
 92 0  92  56 36


(Chain Reaction in Nuclear Fission)
dN
–N 
dt
dN = dt
N=t
N0 = (t = 0)
 (Critical Size)

 (Critical Mass)
dN
  – N =
dt
 (Types of Chain Reaction)
dN (i) (Uncontrolled Chain Reaction)
 – dt
N 
N
dN
  N
 –  0  dt
N0
(ii)
N (Controlled Chain Reaction)
 log e N   – t
  N0

logeN / N0  – t
N
 e– t
N0

N  N0 e– t

 (Mass Defect of Nucleus)



m  [ Z  m p  ( A – Z )  mn ] – M

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  (Nuclear Fussion) :–

(Nuclear Reactor or Atomic Furnace or Nuclear Power Plant)

Q. 5.2 × 10–3

= 5.2 × 10–3
0.693
 TK 
5.2  10 –3

1. (Active core) :– Q.
(fissionable material)  ( )  
A 
 A1  A2  A3
(reactor Fuel)
A 92 238
A3
(i) 235U, (ii) 239PU
2. (Moderator) :–
  
92 A238   90 A1
234
  91 A2
234
  91 A3
234

(i) (Ordinary water), (ii) (heavy water),

Q. 1622
(iii) (iv) (beryllium
oxide) 7
8
7 A0 A0
Ans. (Amount of radium left) = A0 – 
8 8

A0 1
8   1  T
(Hence)  
1/2

A0  2 

1
1  1  T1/2
 
3. (Coolant) :– 8 2
CO2 1
3
 1   1  T1/2
   
2 2

t
4. (Shield) :–  3
T1/ 2
(or) t = 3 × 1622 (years)
t = 4866 (years)
Q.
5. (Controller) :–

(i) (i)
 

(ii) (ii)

6. (Safety rods) :– (iii) (iii)

(iv) (iv)

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