14-Mar-24

Chapter 4

TRANSISTOR

Introduction
 A transistor is a multipolar device capable of:
 Increase (amplify) the current
 Increase (amplify) the voltage
 Increase (amplify) signal - Power
 Bipolar Junction Transistor BJT (BJT-Bipolar Junction Transistor)
is the first generation transistor invented in 1947 by Bardeen,
Brattain and Shockley

1
 14-Mar-24

Transistor development process

Types of transistors
 Types of transistors (TST): BJT, FET
 BJT: Bipolar Junction Transistor: NPN conjunction transitor
 Structure: 2 p-n contact layers facing each other
 Classification: pnp & npn
 Symbols: 3 poles B, C & E
 Polarizing operation: off, saturation, amplification

2
 14-Mar-24

NPN transistor

BJT iv characteristics includes four parameters

3
 14-Mar-24

Currents on BJTs
 With npn BJT

 With pnp BJT

Applications: Transistor As Switch

4
 14-Mar-24

Applications: Transistor As Relay (Switch)

Applications: Transistor As Amplifier

5
 14-Mar-24

Applications: Transistors in Radio

Applications: Transistor in Oscillator

6
 14-Mar-24

 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

Operation modes
 Depending on the value of the IB current, the Transistor works as
follows:
Modes BE CB
Off Reverse bias Reverse bias
Active Forward bias Reverse bias
Saturation Forward bias Forward bias

7
 14-Mar-24

BJT MODES OF OPERATION

 Saturation denotes operation (with VCE ~ 0.2 V and VBC ~ 0.5 V for Si devices)
such that maximum collector current flows and the transistor acts much like a
closed switch (i.e. shortcircuit) from collector to emitter terminals.
 Cutoff denotes operation with near zero current, where the transistor acts much
like an open switch. Only leakage current (of reverse-biased diode) flows in this
mode of operation. Thus, IC = ICEO = 0 for Common-Base connection, and IC =
ICBO = 0 for Common-Emitter connection.
 Active or linear mode describes transistor operation in the region to the right of
saturation (VCE > 1 V) and above cutoff (IC >> ICEO). Here, near-linear
relationships exist between the output and input terminal currents, thus used
in amplifier circuits.
 Inverse mode is a little-used, inefficient active mode with the emitter and
collector interchanged.

8
 14-Mar-24

Operation modes

 Transistor operates like a “valve:” iC & vCE are controlled by iB

9
 14-Mar-24

The principle of operation of the transistor

Cut-off operation

10
 14-Mar-24

BJT operation in the “active” mode

Active mode (Chế độ khuếch đại)

 α factor

 β factor

11
 14-Mar-24

Example
 With the circuit above, assume βdc factor
=150. find IC, IB , IE and voltage VCE , VCB
 Using Kirchoff law

BJT operation in saturation mode

12
 14-Mar-24

Saturation mode

 Transistor saturate when:

 IC > ICSAT
 Notes: When the above

conditions is satify, the actual

current flow is ICSAT

Example
 With the following circuit, assume saturation volt VCESAT =0.2V, what is
operation status of transitor
 Current Ic if not saturate

 Current Ic if saturate

 Due to Ic > IcSat transitor staturated, real current through is I cSat

13
 14-Mar-24

DC load line
 DC load line (đường tải tĩnh)
 One-way load line is a straight line
drawn on the characteristisc through
two defined points:
 Stop point, IC = 0
 VCE= VCC (point M)
 Saturation point: VCE = 0
IC = VCC/ RC (point N)
 Connecting 2 points M and N, we get a
load line.
 Equation for one-way load:
VCC=ICRC+VCE
 Or

BJT iv characteristics:

 iB = f(vBE) & iC = g(iB , vCE)

14
 14-Mar-24

 Early Effect modifies iv characteristics in the active mode

1-way Load Line Role

 Transistor circuit resolution.

 Determine the static operating point Q.
 Indicates the operating status of the transistor (active, saturated,
discontinued).
 Amplification circuit is linear or not.
 Amplified circuit design according to intention (pre-select static Q
point, calculate component values)

15
 14-Mar-24

NPN BJT iv equations

Recipe for solving BJT circuits

 (State of BJT is unknown before solving the circuit)

 1. Write down BE-KVL and CE-KVL:
 2. Assume BJT is OFF, Use BE-KVL to check:
 a. BJT OFF: Set iC = 0, use CE-KVL to find vCE (Done!)
 b. BJT ON: Compute iB
 3. Assume BJT in active. Set iC = β iB . Use CE-KVL to find vCE .
 If vCE ≥ VD0 , Assumption Correct, otherwise in saturation:
 4. BJT in Saturation. Set vCE = Vsat . Use CE-KVL to find iC. (Double-
check iC < β iB )
 NOTE: For circuits with RE , both BE-KVL & CE-KVL have to be
solved simultaneously

16
 14-Mar-24

Example

Static operating point Q

 The intersection point of the electric
line and the line of polarization IB gives
us the value of static operating points
(Q).
 The current gain varies with the
position of the operating point Q.
 The static operating point Q changes
position according to the transistor
polarization voltage and also changes
the ac signal (AC) acting on the circuit.

17
 14-Mar-24

Static operating point Q

Example
 Find point Q with the following circuit and draw DC load line,
assume β=200

18
 14-Mar-24

Transitor Bias

 BJT has many applications in electronic devices, depending on the specific

application. BJT needs to provided proper voltage and current for each pin.
Polarization (bias) is the asign of voltage on BJT poles. BJT polarization is to
choose DC power and resistance so that IB, IC, VCE have appropriate values
according to BJT's operation requirements according to the operating areas of
the transistor.
 The general method for polarization circuit involves 3 steps
 B1: Use the input circuit to determine the input current (IB or IE)
 B2: Inferred the output current from the relation IC = βIB or IC = αIE
 B3: Use output circuit to find the remaining parameters (voltage at the pins, between the
pins of BJT ...)

Fixed bias
 Input circuit for BE (Base-Emitter):

 With VBE = 0.7V

 If BJT is Si and
 VBE = 0.3V If is Ge.
 Result : IC=βIB

19
 14-Mar-24

 Output circuit for BC(collector based)

 This is DC load line equation

 Saturated collector current

Example
 With the circuit as follows. Find IB , IC , IE , VCE

20
 14-Mar-24

Stable Bias the transmitter

 Basically is the same as a fixed bias circuit, but at the emitter pole is added an
additional resistor RE to mass. The calculate method also has the same steps as
the fixed bias circuit.
 Input circuit BE

 Replace
 Result

 Referece IC = βIB

 Ouput circuit BC (collector-based)

 Saturation collector current ICSat

21
 14-Mar-24

Example
 Give the following circuit. Find IB, IC, IE VCE

Bias By Volt Dividing Bridge

 Input circuit BE

 Or

 Ouput circuit BC

 The saturation collector current

22
 14-Mar-24

Example
 Give the following circuit. Find IB, IC, IE, VCE . Assume VBE =0.7,
IE ≈IC

Bias With Voltage Feedback

 Input circuit for BE

 Replace IC = βIB

 Output circuit CE

23
 14-Mar-24

Example
 With the circuit as following, find IB, IC, IE, VCE . Assume VBE =0.7
 Solution :
 Input circuit for BE

 Replace IC = βIB

 Output circuit CE

BJT Small Signal Amplifier Circuit

 Define
 Amplification is the process of converting a quantity (current or voltage)
from a small amplitude to a large amplitude without changing its form.
 When considering BJT operating under small signal condition (the
change of input signal is small enough), BJT can be considered as AC
amplifier

24
 14-Mar-24

Linear analog amplifier

49

Notation

50

25
 14-Mar-24

Basic Characteristics Of An Amplifier

51

Basic Characteristics Of An Amplifier (Cont’d)

52

26
 14-Mar-24

Basic BJT amplifier

53

Graphical analysis of BJT amplifiers

54

27
 14-Mar-24

Graphical analysis of BJT amplifiers (Cont’d)

55

Analysis of BJT amplifiers

56

28
 14-Mar-24

Dc Analysis And Equivalent Circuit

57

ac analysis and equivalent circuit

58

29
 14-Mar-24

Small-signal hybrid-π equivalent circuit

59

Small-signal hybrid-π equivalent circuit (Cont’d)

60

30
 14-Mar-24

Small-signal voltage gain

61

Input and output resistances

62

31
 14-Mar-24

Example: dc circuit analysis

63

Example: dc circuit analysis (Cont’d)

64

32
 14-Mar-24

Example: dc circuit analysis (Cont’d)

65

Small-signal hybrid-π equivalent circuit with Early effect

66

33
 14-Mar-24

Example: determine BJT amplifier parameters

 Determine the small-signal voltage gain, input resistance, and output resistance of the
BJT amplifier circuit in previous example with the early effect. Assume that the early
voltage is 50V.

67

Common-emitter amplifiers (with voltage-divider biasing &

coupling capacitor)

68

34
 14-Mar-24

Common-emitter amplifiers (with voltage-divider biasing

& coupling capacitor)- Cont’d

69

Common-emitter amplifiers (with voltage-divider biasing &

coupling capacitor & emitter resistor)

70

35
 14-Mar-24

DC & AC LOAD LINES

 Dc load line is used to find Q-point

 Ac load line is used to determine graphically the operation of a
BJT amplifier
 Dc and ac load lines are essentially different since capacitors
appear as an open circuit for a de operation but a short circuit for
an ac operation

71

DC LOAD LINE

72

36
 14-Mar-24

AC LOAD LINE

73

Maximum output symmetrical swing

74

37
 14-Mar-24

Saturation

75

Cutoff

76

38
 14-Mar-24

Example: Calculate BJT circuit parameters

 Determine the small-signal voltage gain, input resistance, and output

resistance of the circuit shown in attached Figure. Assume the transistor
parameters are: β=100, VBE(on) =0.7V, and VA=100V

77

78

39
14-Mar-24

79

40