*  Preceptors' Digest

Identification of Clauses
Subject Ges Finite verb mgš^‡q MwVZ GKwU Sentence hLb GKwU e„nËi Sentence Gi Ask wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq, ZLb
Zv‡K Clause e‡j|
GK ev GKvwaK clause wb‡q sentence MwVZ nq| GKwU clause-G GKwU subject I GKwU finite verb _v‡K| "He
became the president of the country." GLv‡b GKwU subject I GKwU finite verb _vKvq GwU GKwU clause| Ab¨w`‡K
"The children enjoying a lot." GLv‡b GKwU subject _vKv m‡Ë¡I finite verb bv _vKvq GwU †Kv‡bv clause bq|

†h‡nZz finite verb clause-Gi gyL¨ Dcv`vb, †m‡nZz finite verb I non-finite verb-Gi cv_©K¨ Aek¨B eyS‡Z n‡e|
verb-Gi wewfbœ iƒc¸‡jv j¶ Kiv hvK:
v1 v2 v3 v4 v5
go  went  gone  going  to go
see  saw  seen  seeing  to see
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, v1 I v2 iƒc `ywU sentence-G memgq finite verb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Ab¨vb¨ iƒc¸‡jv—†hgb: v3 (verb-
Gi past participle), v4 (participle ev gerund) Ges v5 (infinitive)—non-finite verb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Z‡e v3 ev
v4-Gi Av‡M auxiliary verb emv‡bv n‡j 'auxiliary+v3, auxiliary+v4, auxiliary+v5' finite verb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

 Kinds of Clause: Clause cÖavbZ wZb cÖKvi| h_v:

1. Principal/Independent †h clause Zvi A_© cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Ab¨ †Kvb clause Gi Dci wbf©ikxj bq A_©vr †h
Clause clause wU‡K g~j sentence †_‡K wew”Qbœ Kiv n‡jI ¯^vaxbfv‡e A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i
Zv‡K Principal Clause e‡j|
2. Sub-ordinate/Dependent GKwU subject Ges GKwU Finite verb _vKv m‡Ë¡I †h Clause, principal clause
Clause Gi mvnvh¨ Qvov GKvKx A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Zv‡K e‡j subordinate clause|
Subordinate clause, principal clause Gi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q complex sentence MVb
K‡i| subordinate clause mvaviYZ principal clause m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ †`q|
3. Co-ordintae Clause hLb `yB ev Zvi AwaK GKB RvZxq mgvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Clause ‡Kvb Co-ordinating
Conjunction (†hgb: and, both.... and, also, too, as well as, not only.... but
also, either.... or, neither.... nor, otherwise, or, but, yet BZ¨vw`) Øviv mshy³ nq
ZLb Zv‡K Co-ordinate Clause e‡j| Co-ordinate clause Øviv mvaviYZ
compound sentence MwVZ nq| †hgb:
I sent him an email and he replied.
He is poor but honest.
wb‡gœv³ sentence-wU‡Z `ywU clause Av‡Q|
The president kept none of the promises that he had made.
"The president kept none of the promises" clause-wU wb‡RB GKwU grammatically correct sentence n‡Z cv‡i|
ZvB GwU Principal/Independent clause|
"that he had made" clause-wU wb‡R GKwU grammatically correct sentence n‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB GwU Sub-
ordinate/Dependent clause|
GKwU sentence wbf©yj nIqvi Rb¨ sentence-wU‡Z Kgc‡¶ GKwU Principal/Independent clause _vK‡Z nq| hLb
GKwU sentence-G GKvwaK clause _vK‡e, ZLb Zv‡`i mshy³ Kivi Rb¨ relative pronoun (who, which, that
etc), subordinating conjunction (when, while, although, if etc) ev coordinating conjunction (and, but, or
etc) _v‡K| relative pronoun I subordinating conjunction-†K GK‡Î clause marker ejv nq|
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Clause marker Øviv GKvwaK clause hy³ n‡j complex sentence MwVZ nq| complex sentence-G clause
marker hy³ clause-wUB dependent clause Ges clause marker Qvov clause-wUB independent clause|
When he comes, I will talk to him.

Sub-ordinate clause Principal clause

 Subordinate clause/Dependent Clause-‡K Avevi wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
a) Noun Clause
b) Adjective Clause
c) Adverbial Clause.
Noun Clause
†h dependent clause noun-Gi KvR K‡i Zv‡K noun clause e‡j| GLb Avgv‡`i Rvbv `iKvi noun-Gi KvR Kx Kx|
Sentence-G noun g~jZ wZbfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K:
(1) verb-Gi subject wn‡m‡e
(2) verb-Gi object wKsev complement wn‡m‡e
(3) preposition-Gi object wn‡m‡e
GKwU m¤ú~Y© dependent clause hw` Dc‡i DwjøwLZ †Kv‡bv KvR K‡i Zvn‡j D³ dependent clause-wU noun clause n‡e|
wb‡gœv³ sentence-¸‡jv j¶ Kiv hvK:
What he has done is wrong.
subject
I thought that he would pass the exam.
object
He was criticized for what he had done.
object of preposition
Noun clauses g~jZt wZbfv‡e MwVZ n‡q _v‡K|
(1) wKQz noun clause MwVZ nq statement †_‡K| G mg¯Í noun clause ¸‡jv clause marker `that' w`‡q ïiæ nq |

That Rahim is a good student is known to all.

I believe that Tanvir can arrange this program.
(2) wKQz noun clause MwVZ nq yes/no questions †_‡K| G mg¯Í noun clause ¸‡jv clause marker whether ev if
w`‡q ïiæ nq |
I do not know whether he will join us.
My plan depends on if he will co-operate with us.
(3) wKQz noun clause MwVZ nq information questions †_‡K| G mg¯Í noun clause ¸‡jv wh-words: what, where,
when etc. w`‡q ïiæ nq|
Tell me where he lives.
I know how he solved the problem.
 The following is a list of noun clause markers.
Noun clause markers Examples
That indicates a fact I know that he will go.
What focuses on a fact instead of expressing it completely What he did is unknown.
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Who indicates a person I know who did it.
Whom indicates a person I know whom you called.
Whose indicates a possession I have found out whose book you stole.
Which indicates a choice Tell me which pen you want.
When indicates a time He told us when he would reach home.
Where indicates a place I do not want to tell where I found this book.
Why indicates a reason I do not know why he left so early.
How indicates a manner He showed us how he solved the problem.
How many/ How much indicates a quantity/ an amount Can you tell me how many boys you saw here?

Adjective Clause
†h dependent clause †Kv‡bv word ev phrase-Gi c‡i e‡m D³ word ev phrase -wU‡K modify K‡i Zv‡K adjective
clause e‡j|
Dhaka, which is our capital city, is a densely inhabited city.
GB ev‡K¨ ' which is our capital city' bvgK sub-ordinate/dependent clause wU 'Dhaka' bvgK noun Gi c‡i e‡m
Dhaka †KB modify Ki‡Q †Kbbv which is our capital city (†hwU Avgv‡`i ivRavbx kni) Øviv c~‡e©i noun 'Dhaka'
†KB eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wb‡¤œ Av‡iv KZ¸‡jv adjective clause-Gi D`vniY †`Iqv n‡jv-
The man who works in this office is my classmate.
The University of Dhaka, which is an extremely competitive place, is the prime university of the country.
The woman is filling the glass that she put on the table.
The glass that is on the table contains milk.
Adjective clause-†K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
(1) Restrictive clause
(2) Non-restrictive clause
 Restrictive Clause:
†h adjective clause word-Gi c‡i e‡m word-Gi A_©‡K wbw`©ó K‡i, Zv‡K restrictive clause e‡j| †hgb: wØZxq
D`vni‡Y "who works in this office" clause-wU †Kvb man-Gi K_v ejv n‡”Q Zv wbw`©ó Ki‡Q| ZvB GwU
restrictive clause|

 Non-restrictive Clause:
†h adjective clause word-Gi c‡i e‡m word m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ †`q, Zv‡K non-restrictive clause e‡j| †hgb:
cÖ_g D`vni‡Y "which is our capital city" clause-wU Dhaka m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ w`‡”Q| GLv‡b Dhaka-†K wbw`©ó
Kivi wKQz †bB| ZvB GwU non-restrictive clause|
 The following is a list of adjective clause markers.
Clause
Use Example
Markers
who Subject (e¨w³evPK) She needs a secretary who types fast.
whom Object (e¨w³evPK) This is the patient whom the doctor treated.
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whose Possessive (e¨w³evPK/e¯‘evPK) Mr. Rahman is the man whose house I rented.
which Subject/Object (e¯‘evPK) That is a topic which interests me. (which as subject)
I liked the book which you recommended. (which as object )
that Subject/Object Art that is in public places can be enjoyed by everyone.(that as subject)
(e¨w³evPK/e¯‘evPK) The painting that Mr. Karim bought was very expensive (that
as object).
where Adverb (place) Here is the site where the bank plans to build its new headquarters.
when Adverb (time) This is the hour when the children usually go to bed.

Ab¨vb¨ clause Gi b¨vq adjective clause-GI GKwU subject I GKwU finite verb _v‡K| ‡Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î clause
marker wU wb‡RB subject Gi KvR K‡i| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î Ab¨ GKwU subject _v‡K|
She needs a secretary who types fast. (clause marker who wb‡RB subject-Gi KvR Ki‡Q)
This is the patient whom the doctor treated. (clause marker 'whom' subject-Gi KvR Ki‡Q bv eis 'the doctor'
subject-Gi KvR Ki‡Q)
hLb clause marker which, whom Ges that 'adjective clause'-G object-Gi KvR K‡i ZLb clause marker-wU‡K
ev` †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i|
This is the patient whom the doctor treated.
 This is the patient the doctor treated.
I liked the book which you recommended.
 I liked the book you recommended.
Adverb Clause
†h 'dependent clause' principal clause-Gi time, place, reason, condition, purpose, result, manner wKsev
contrast cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K adverb clause e‡j|
If you work hard, you can pass the exam. (Condition)
Although he studied hard, he was unable to pass the exam. (Contrast)
 GK bR‡i Adverb clause-Gi e¨envi
Type Clause Marker Example
when,while,before,after,
Time I went out after I had finished the work.
as long as, etc.
Place where, wherever Wherever I looked, I found you.
Reason because, as, since Since he was ill, he could not join the party.
Condition if, only if , unless If you come, I will go.
Purpose in order that, so that I work hard so that I can prosper in life.
Result so.....that, such ... that He is so weak that he can't walk.
Manner as,just as, as though, as if, Do it as I have said.
Contrast though, although, even though Though he is poor, he is happy.
Note: Adverb Clause-wU Sentence Gi ïiæ‡Z ev †k‡l _vK‡Z cv‡i| ïiæ‡Z _vK‡j Kgv (,) Øviv Zv Sentence
n‡Z c„_K _vK‡e| †hgb:
I forget to eat when I work. (Kgv e¨envi Ki‡Z nq wb)
When I work, I forget to eat. (Kgv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q)
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Practice Questions
1. Simple sentence consists of-
A. Two clauses B. One clause C. Three clauses D. Four clauses
2. Identify the sentence with adjective clause.
A. I know what he said. B. He is the boy who came here yesterday.
C. That she died is not true. D. She reads hard so that she can pass.
3. Life is what you make it. The underlined part is a/an-
A. Noun clause B. Adjective clause C. Adverb clause D. Noun phrase
4. "People who are involved in politics try to get power." The underlined part is a/an-
A. noun clause B. adjective clause C. adverbial clause D. none of the above
5 "He asked whether I would help him." The underlined part is a/an-
A. an adjective clause B. an adverbial clause C. a noun clause D. a prepositional phrase
6. Which part of the sentence "Rahim said that he was good" is Subordinate Clause?
A. Rahim said B. that he was good C. was good D. he was good
7. I took no notice of him, so he flew into rage. The underlined part is a/an-
A. Co-ordinate Clause B. Noun Clause C. Adjective Clause D. Adverbial Clause
8. That he is very intelligent is known to me. The underlined part is a/an-
A. Adverbial Clause B. An adjective clause C. A main clause D. A noun clause
9. I know where he lives. In this sentence the underlined part is a/an-
A. a main clause B. a noun clause C. adjective clause D. an adverbial clause
10. 'One fine morning' is-
A. an idiom B. a phrase C. a clause D. a sentence
11. The underlined part of the sentence 'The question is how he will respond' is-
A. an adverb clause of manner B. an adjective clause
C. a noun clause D. an adverb clause of time
12. This is the man who called you yesterday. The underlined part is a/an-
A. Independent clause B. Adjective clause C. Adjective clause D. Principal clause
13. I remember the place where I was born. The underlined part is a/an-
A. Noun clause B. Co-ordinate clause C. Adjective clause D. Adverbial clause
14. I shall go where he lives. The underlined part of the sentence is-
A. a noun clause B. an adjective clause C. an adverbial clause D. a co-ordinate clause
15. This is the book I lost. Here 'I lost' is-
A. A noun clause B. An adverbial clause C. An adjective clause D. None of the three
16. I often wonder how you are getting on. Give the correct name of the underlined class of the
sentence using any of the four names of the clauses give below-
A. adverb clause B. noun clause C. adjective clause D. relative
17. He tells a tale that sounds untrue. Give the correct name of the underlined clause of the sentence
using any of the four names of the four names of the clauses given below.
A. Adjective clause B. Adverb clause C. Noun clause D. Pronoun and Antecedent
18. IF YOU MAKE A PROMISE, you must keep it. The underlined part is a/an-
A. an adverbial clause B. a noun clause C. an adjective clause D. a principal clause
19. He can go where he wants. The underlined part is a/an-
A. a noun clause B. a verb clause C. an adjective clause D. an adverb clause
20. Find the correct name of the underlined clause in the following sentence: The book which you
gave me has been lost.
A. Restrictive Adjective Clause B. Non- Restrictive Adjective Clause
C. Adverbial clause D. Co-ordinate clause