Professional Documents
Culture Documents
KUNAL PAL
Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
ANGANA SARKAR
Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
PREETAM SARKAR
Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, India
NANDIKA BANDARA
Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, Richardson Centre for Food Technology and Research,
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
VEERIAH JEGATHEESAN
Water: Effective Technologies and Tools (WETT) Research Centre, School of Engineering, RMIT University,
Melbourne, Australia
Elsevier
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the
Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance
Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other
than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become
necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using
any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods
they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a
professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability
for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or
from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-12-822858-6
v
vi Contents
1 Introduction 493
2 Biosensor 495
Contributors
ix
x Contributors
1
Fabrication of nanomaterials
Vaidhegi Kugarajaha,∗, Hushnaara Hademb,∗, Atul Kumar
Ojhab, Shivendu Ranjanc,d, Nandita Dasguptae, Bhartendu Nath
Mishrae, and Sangeetha Dharmalingama
a
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India bCentre
for Nano Sciences and Technology, Pondicherry University, Chinna Kalapet, Kalapet,
Puducherry, India cFaculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg,
Johannesburg, South Africa dAnimal Cell and Tissue Culture Lab, Gujarat Biotechnology
Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar,
Gujarat, India eDepartment of Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dr. A.P.J.
Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
O U T L I N E
∗
Authors contributed equally.
Food, Medical, and Environmental Applications of Nanomaterials 1 Copyright # 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822858-6.00001-7
2 1. Fabrication of nanomaterials
1 Introduction
Nanotechnology deals with materials with 1–100 nm dimension in size. The concept of
nanotechnology was introduced by Richard P. Feynman (Nobel Laureate in Physics, 1965)
in “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom.” He introduced the concept of the possibility to
arrange the atoms in the nanoscale (Feynman, 1960). Nowadays, most electronics, optical
communications, and biological systems are based on nanotechnology (Enescu et al., 2019;
Mathew et al., 2019; Shang et al., 2019; Kumar et al., 2020). This is due to the unique physical,
chemical, and thermal properties and high surface area to volume ratio. It was found that
using nanotechnology, billions of transistors can be packed in computer chips (Srivastava
and Kotov, 2008). In biomedical, nanotechnology has been used to achieve targeted drug de-
livery (Oroojalian et al., 2020; Saxena et al., 2020), gene replacement (Pandey et al., 2019;
Cheng et al., 2020), tissue regeneration (Yang et al., 2019), etc. Optical lithography is another
best application of nanotechnology (Crucho and Barros, 2017; Karaballi et al., 2020), which
has been used for printing small objects (Albisetti et al., 2016; Bose et al., 2018). Also, nano-
technology has various applications such as in flat display devices (Lim, 2019), medical im-
aging (R€ othlisberger et al., 2017; Tibbals, 2017), paint (Lutz, 2019), additives, automobile
components (Werner et al., 2018), satellite components (Pourzahedi et al., 2017), high-energy
storage system, fuel cells (Elumalai and Sangeetha, 2018; Kugarajah and Dharmalingam,
2020), optical devices (Wang et al., 2019), electromagnetic interference shielding, food and
beverage packaging (Enescu et al., 2019), sensors (Farzin et al., 2020), aircraft components, etc.
Various methods are being used to fabricate nanomaterial-based products such as sol-gel
synthesis, plasma synthesis, chemical synthesis, hydrothermal synthesis, alloying, blending,
mechanical, and mechanochemical synthesis, etc. (Crucho and Barros, 2017; Dastan, 2017;
Jamkhande et al., 2019; Karaballi et al., 2020). In order to explain the fabrication, design,
and application of nanomaterials, nanoscience uses the basic concepts of properties and
mechanisms of nanomaterials used (Zhong, 2009). The historical aspect of nanotechnology
is mentioned in Table 1.
Crystallization process (nucleation and growth) has a great impact on the crystal structure
and shape during nanoparticle synthesis. The LaMer theory and Sugimoto model can be used
to study the kinetics of nucleation and growth mechanism of nanomaterials (Sugimoto, 2007;
Mehranpour et al., 2010). According to LaMer theory, when the solute concentration reaches
the critical concentration (which is the minimum concentration for nucleation), it starts nu-
cleating. Then, the solute concentration reaches its maximum, which decides the consump-
tion rate for the nucleation and the growth of the generated nuclei. However, a further
increase in the solute concentration for the growth of the generated nuclei results in the dec-
lination of the curve. It indicates the end of nucleation (as shown in Fig. 1) of the concentration
vs time curve. This theory was only proposed for monodisperse particle formation. The basic
assumptions of this theory were
(1) Mass balance between the supply rate of solute and its consumption rate for nucleation
and growth of the generated nuclei;
(2) The supply rate of solute is independent of the subsequent precipitation events;
(3) The nucleation rate is controlled only by the growth of the preformed nuclei at a fixed supply
rate of solute when precursor solute is transferred by slow irreversible generation in a closed
system or by a continuous feed from outside in an open system (LaMer and Dinegar, 1950).
1 Introduction 3
TABLE 1 Historical aspects of nanotechnology (Horikoshi and Serpone, 2013).
Year Remarks Country/people
1200–1300 Discovery of soluble gold Egypt and China
BC
290–325 Lycurgus cup Alexandria or Rome
AD
1618 The first book on colloidal gold F. Antonii
1676 Book published on drinkable gold that contains J. von L€
owenstern-Kunckel (Germany)
metallic gold in neutral media
1718 Publication of a complete treatise on colloidal Hans Heinrich Helcher
gold
1857 Synthesis of colloidal gold M. Faraday (The Royal Institution of Great
Britain)
1902 Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) R. W. Wood (Johns Hopkins University, United
States)
1908 Scattering and absorption of electromagnetic G. Mie (University of G€
ottingen, Germany)
fields by a nanosphere
1931 Transmission electron microscope (TEM) M. Knoll and E. Ruska (Technical University of
Berlin, Germany)
1937 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) M. von Ardenne (Forschungslaboratorium f€
ur
Elektronenphysik, Germany)
1959 Feynman’s Lecture on “There’s Plenty of Room R. P. Feynman (California Institute of Technology,
at the Bottom” Pasadena, CA, United States)
1960 Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) I. Igarashi (Toyota Central R & D Labs, Japan)
1960 Successful oscillation of a laser T. H. Maiman (Hughes Research Laboratories,
United States)
1962 The Kubo effect R. Kubo (University of Tokyo, Japan)
1965 Moore’s Law G. Moore (Fairchild Semiconductor Inc., United
States)
1969 The Honda–Fujishima effect A. Fujishima and K. Honda (University of Tokyo,
Japan)
1972 Amorphous heterostructure photodiode created E. Maruyama (Hitachi Co. Ltd., Japan)
with bottom-up process
Continued
4 1. Fabrication of nanomaterials
Ccrit
C¥
l ll lll
Time
FIG. 1 LaMer diagram as a schematic explanation for the formation process of monodisperse particles, where C∞
and Ccrit are the equilibrium concentration of solute with the bulk solid and the critical concentration as the minimum
concentration for nucleation, respectively. The regions I, II, and III represent the prenucleation, nucleation, and growth
stages, respectively. Reproduced from Sugimoto, T., 2007. Underlying mechanisms in size control of uniform nanoparticles. J.
Colloid Interface Sci. 309, 106–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2007.01.036.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
minuuttiakaan, pani laatikkonsa piirongin päälle ja kylmenneenä ja
tyrmistyneenä hän suuntasi kulkunsa siniseen huoneeseen seuraa
kohti.
7.
Entinen ja kiistämätön
— Sillä tavoin hän aina puristaa, aina sillä tavoin! — lausui iloisesti
ja vielä arasti hymyillen Grušenjka, joka luultavasti heti oli tullut
Mitjan ulkonäöstä vakuutetuksi, että tämä ei rupea mellastamaan, ja
katseli häntä hirveän uteliaana ja yhä vielä levottomana. Mitjassa oli
jotakin, mikä tavattomasti hämmästytti Grušenjkaa, eikä Grušenjka
ollenkaan ollut odottanut, että Mitja tämmöisellä hetkellä tulee sisälle
tuolla tavoin ja alkaa puhua noin.
Hän oli melkein läkähtyä; paljon, paljon hän tahtoi sanoa, mutta
suusta tuli vain omituisia huudahduksia. Herra katseli
liikkumattomana häntä, hänen setelitukkuansa, katseli Grušenjkaa ja
oli ilmeisesti ymmällä.
Vaikeata oli käsittää, mistä Kalganov oli niin tulistunut, mutta hän
oli vilpittömästi tulistunut. Mitja eläytyi kokonaan hänen
harrastuksiinsa.
— Herralla oli huono onni, herralla voi taas olla hyvä onni, —
huomautti häneen päin käännähtäen sohvalla istuva herra.
— Mistä Podvysotskista?
— Varsovassa pankista vastaa se, joka tulee sisälle. Tulee
Podvysotski, näkee tuhat kultarahaa, panee: va banque.
Pankinpitäjä sanoo: »Herra Podvysotski, panet kultaa, kunnianko
päälle?» »Kunniani kautta, herrat», sanoo Podvysotski. — »Sen
parempi, herra.» Pankinpitäjä jakaa kaksi korttipinkkaa, Podvysotski
ottaa tuhat kultarahaa. — »Odota, herra», sanoo pankin pitäjä, otti
esille laatikon ja antaa miljoonan: »Ota, herra, tämä on sinun
laskusi.» Se oli miljoonan pankki. — »Minä en tietänyt sitä», sanoo
Podvysotski. »Herra Podvysotski», sanoo pankinpitäjä. »Sinä panit
kunnian päälle, me teemme samoin.» Podvysotski otti miljoonan.