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om

.c
Mô hình hóa, mô phỏng và tối ưu hóa

ng
co
các quá trình hóa học

an
th
Modeling, simulation and optimization for chemical process
o ng
Instructor: Hoang Ngoc Ha
du
u

Email: ha.hoang@hcmut.edu.vn
cu

Bộ môn QT&TB
Curriculum/syllabi
Seminar group
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Outline

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• General introduction

.c
– Structure and operation of chemical

ng
engineering systems

co
an
– What is a chemical process?

th
– Motivation examples
ng
• Part I: Process modeling
o
du

• Part II: Computer simulation


u
cu

• Part III: Optimization of chemical


processes

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General introduction

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• Structure of chemical engineering system

.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu

(Copyright © by Prof. Paul Sides at CMU, USA)

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General introduction

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• Conservation laws:
– Give some balance equations such as mass balance (or the molar

.c
number by species), energy balance and momentum equation of the
system under consideration

ng
• Equilibrium thermodynamics

co
– The extensive variables/intensive variables

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– The laws of thermodynamics
• Reaction engineering

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– Reaction mechanism
– The rate of a chemical reaction
o ng
• Transport processes
du

– How materials and energy move from one position to another (heat
conductivity, diffusion and convection…)
u
cu

• Biological processes
– Transform material from one form to another (enzyme process) or
remove pollutants (environmental engineering)

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General introduction

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• References (complements) :

.c
ng
1. Sandler S. I. (1999). Chemical and Engineering

co
Thermodynamics. Wiley and Sons, 3rd edition.

an
2. H.B. Callen. Thermodynamics and an introduction to
thermostatics. JohnWiley & Sons Inc, 2nd ed. New York,

th
1985.
3.
ng
De Groot S. R. and P. Mazur (1962) Non-equilibrium
o
du

thermodynamics. Dover Pub. Inc., Amsterdam.


4. Vũ Bá Minh. (tập 4) Kỹ thuật phản ứng. NXB ĐHQG Tp. Hồ
u
cu

Chí Minh, 2004


5. Nguyễn Bin, (tập 5) Các quá trình hóa học. NXB Khoa học
và Kỹ thuật, 2008

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General introduction

om
• Conservation laws:
– Give some balance equations such as mass balance (or the molar

.c
number by species), energy balance and momentum equation of the
system under consideration

ng
• Equilibrium thermodynamics

co
– The extensive variables/intensive variables

an
– The laws of thermodynamics
• Reaction engineering

th
– Reaction mechanism
– The rate of a chemical reaction
o ng
• Transport processes
du

– How materials and energy move from one position to another (heat
conductivity, diffusion and convection…)
u
cu

• Biological processes
– Transform material from one form to another (enzyme process) or
remove pollutants (environmental engineering)

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General introduction

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„ Operation of a chemical engineering plant

.c
ng
co
an
th
ng
(Σ)
o
du
u
cu

Dynamical behavior
Copyright © by T. Marlin

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General introduction

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„ Oil and gas production plant

.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu

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General introduction

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„ The system may be

.c
ng

‰ Isolated: There is no transfer of

co
mass or energy with the

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environment

th ∑
‰
o ng
Closed: There may be transfer of
mechanical energy and heat
du
u
cu

Open: There is mass transfer with



‰
the environment

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General introduction

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Question: determinate physical volume of

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the following systems?

ng
co
an
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Gas o ng
du

.
u

QJ
cu

υ A A → υB B A, B

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General introduction

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„ What is a chemical process?

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‰ Process: A set of actions performed intentionally in order to reach
some result (Longmans Dictionary of Contemporary English)

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‰ Processes that involve energy conversion, reaction, separation

co
and transport are called chemical processes (Prof. Erik Ydstie at

an
CMU, USA)
‰ Definition: Chemical processes are a special subclass of

th
processes since their behavior is constrained by a range of
ng
laws and principles which may not apply in other
o
circumstances (mechanical/electrical systems…)
du

‰ Properties:
u

Highly nonlinear
cu

„
„ Complex network
„ May be distributed

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General introduction

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„ Chemical processes

.c
ng
co
‰ Thermal conductivity process

an
th
‰ Transport (reaction) process
o ng
du

‰ …
u
cu

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General introduction

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„ Why we need informations about dynamical

.c
behavior?

ng
co
Process modeling,
computer

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‰ Research and development simulation and optimization

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Process design
‰

‰ Process control
o ng (Σ)
du

‰ Plant operation
u
cu

Ordinary Differential Equations


‰ … (ODEs) or Partial Differential
Equations (PDEs) or
Differential and Algebraic
Equations (DAEs)

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Motivation examples

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„ Example 1: Gravity-flow tank

.c
ng
F0

co
an
th
The higher the flow rate F̄ , the higher h̄ will be
h
o ng
du

F F
u
cu

F0 = F0 (t), h = h(t) and F = F (t) Overshoot

F̄0 , h̄ and F̄ : steadystate values

How to understand dynamical behavior to design the


system avoiding « Overshoot »?
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Motivation examples

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„ Example 2: Heat exchanger

.c
ng
Temperature controller

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Final control element

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th
Temperature transmitter
o ng
du
u
cu

Thermocouple

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Motivation examples

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„ Example 3: Typical chemical plant and control system

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¾Two liquids feeds are pumped into

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a reactor

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¾They react to form products

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¾Reactor effluent is pumped through
a preheater into a distillation

th
o ng To specify the various pieces
of equipment:
du

•Fluid mechanics
u

•Heat transfer
cu

•Chemical kinetics
•Thermodynamics and mass
transfer

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Motivation examples

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„ Example 4: Optimization of a silicon process

.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu

The silicon reactor

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Motivation examples

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„ Example 4: Optimization of a silicon process

.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu

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Outline

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„ General introduction

.c
‰ Structure and operation of chemical engineering

ng
systems

co
What is a chemical process?

an
‰

th
‰ Motivation examples
„ Part I: Process modeling
o ng
du

„ Part II: Computer simulation


u
cu

„ Part III: Optimization of chemical processes

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Process modeling

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„ Introduction

.c
ng
co
„ Fundamental laws

an
‰ Continuity equations

th
o ng
‰ Energy equation
du
u
cu

‰ Equations of motion

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Introduction

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„ Uses of mathematical models

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‰ Can be useful in all phases of chemical engineering, from
research and development to plant operations, and even in

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business and economic studies

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„ Research and development:

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‰ Determinating chemical kinetic mechanisms and parameters from
lab. or pilot-plant reaction data

th
‰ Exploring the effects of different operating conditions

„
‰
Design
o ng
Adding in scale-up calculations…
du

‰ Exploring the sizing and arrangement of processing equipment


‰ Studying the interactions of various parts…
u
cu

„ Plant operation
‰ Cheaper, safer and faster
‰ Troubleshooting and processing problems…

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Introduction

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„ Scope of course

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‰ A deterministic system is a system in which no

ng
randomness is involved in the evolution of states

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of the system

an
th
‰ A stochastic system is non-deterministic system
o ng
Random effects such as noise…
du
u


cu

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Introduction

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„ Principles of formulation

.c
‰ Basis

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Fundamental physical and chemical laws such as laws

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„
of conservation of mass, energy and momentum

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Assumptions

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‰

„
o ng
Impose limitations « reasonable » on the model
Mathematical consistency of model
du
‰

„ Number of variables equals the number of equations


u
cu

(degrees of freedom)
„ Units of all terms in all equations are consistent

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Introduction

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‰ Solution of the model equations

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„ Initial and/or boundary conditions

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„ Available numerical solution techniques and tools

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„ Solutions are physically acceptable…?

an
th
‰ Verification
o ng
du

„ The mathematical model is proving that the model


u

describes the “real-world” situation


cu

‰ Real challenge

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Fundamental laws

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„ Continuity equations

.c
‰ Total continuity equations (total mass balance)

ng
co
an
th
‰ Component continuity equations (component balance)
o ng
du
u
cu

EXERCISE ?

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Fundamental laws

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„ Energy balance

.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu

EXERCISE ?

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Fundamental laws

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„ Equations of motion

.c
³ ´

ng

→ d M→

v

co
F = dt

an

th


Where v = velocity, F = total force and M = mass
o ng
du

„ Pushing in the i direction (i=x,y,z)


³ ´
u
cu

d M vi
Fi = dt

EXERCISE ?

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Fundamental laws

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„ Consider a system with n components

.c
‰ Number of equations obtained from the

ng
fundamental laws

co
„ n balance equations by species ⎫

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⎬ Not independent
1 total mass balance equation ⎭

th
„

„ 1 energy balance equation


o ng
„ 3 equations of motion (if the system is under
du

movement)
u
cu

⇒ n + 1 + (3) equations

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Constitutive equations

om
Transport equations

.c
ng
co
an
th
Reaction kinetics of
o ng (bio)chemical reaction…
du

k = k(T, C)
u
cu

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Other equations

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„ As we saw, we need equations that tell us how the

.c
physical properties, primarily density and enthalpy,

ng
change with temperature, pressure, and

co
composition to rewrite alternative mathematical

an
models

th
‰ Equations of state o ng
du
u
cu

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Other equations (cont.)

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„ In some cases, simplification can be made without

.c
sacrificing much overall accuracy

ng
co
H = Cp T (liquid)

an
H = Cp T + λv (vapor)
th
„
o ng
Or more complex, Cp is considered as a function of
temperature
du
u

RT
cu

H= Tref
Cp (T )dT

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Other equations (cont.)

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„ A polynomial in T is used for Cp

.c
ng
Cp (T ) = A1 + A2 T

co
an
„ We obtain

th
h i
2 T
o ng
H = A1 T + A2 T2
du

Tref
u
cu

A2 2
= A1 (T − T0 ) + 2 (T − T02 )

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Other equations (cont.)

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„ If the mixture is composed of components

.c
(which we know the pure-component

ng
enthalpies) then the total enthalpy can be

co
averaged

an
P N

th
j=1 xj hj Mj
H= ng PN
j=1 xj Mj
o
xj
du

- mole fraction of jth component


u
cu

Mj - molecular weight of jth component

hj - pure-component enthalpy of jth component (energy per unit mass)

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Other equations (cont.)

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„ Liquid densities can be assumed constant in

.c
many systems

ng
Vapor densities usually cannot be considered

co
„
invariant in many systems and the PVT

an
th
relationship is almost always required.
‰
o ng
The simplest and most often used case is the
du

perfect gas law


u
cu

nM PM
P V = nRT ⇒ ρv = V
= RT

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Examples of mathematical modeling of
chemical process

om
.c
ng
(Distributed) Transport reaction systems

co
an
De Groot S. R. and P. Mazur (1962) Non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Dover Pub. Inc.,

th
Amsterdam.
o ng
du
u
cu

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Examples of mathematical modeling of
chemical process

om
„ Distributed reaction systems (reactor tubular

.c
for example)

ng
co
an
(Σ) V, Ω

th
Inlet material and/or
energetic flux
o ng dV
n chemical species
P
du

Outlet material
k νk Sk = 0 and/or energetic flux
u
cu

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Examples of mathematical modeling of
chemical process

om
„ Mass conservation by species

.c
ng
dmk
R R ∂ρk
Total material flux

co
d
dt
= dt V
ρk dV = V ∂t
dV

an
R

th
Jk = vk ρk ν Mk rv dV
V k ng
R R
o
du

− Ω Jk · dΩ = − V div(Jk )dV Gauss theorem


u
cu

∂ρk
⇒ ∂t
= −div(Jk ) + νk Mk rv

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Examples of mathematical modeling of
chemical process

om
P P
∂( k ρk )
= −div( Jk )

.c
∂t k
P

ng
P
Jk
ρ= k ρk

co
v= k
ρ

an
v = ρ−1

th
∂ρ
∂t
= −div(vρ) ng ∂v →

o
+ v · ∇v = vdiv(v)
du

∂t
Jck = ρk v
u
cu

Dv
Dt
Jdk = ρk (vk − v) ⇒ Jk = Jdk + Jck

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Examples of mathematical modeling of
chemical process

om
dU
R ∂ρu R

.c
dt
= V ∂t
dV =− Ω
Ju · dΩ

ng
co
∂ρu
∂t
= −divJu

an
th
Ju = ρuv + pv + Jq = ρ (u + pv) v + Jq
ng
| {z }
o
du

=h
u

P P
cu

c 0 d
k hk Jk Jq h J
k k k

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Examples of mathematical modeling of
chemical process

om
„ Seminar:

.c
ng
Nonisothermal CSTR

co
‰

an
th
‰ Batch reactor
o ng
du

‰ pH systems
u
cu

‰ Distillation column

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Examples of mathematical modeling of
chemical process

om
„ Seminar:

.c
ng
co
‰ Nonisothermal CSTR

an
th
‰ Batch reactor o ng
du

‰ pH systems
u
cu

‰ Distillation column

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Phương trình dòng
„ Sự vận chuyển trong thiết bị phản ứng của

om
hỗn hợp phản ứng, bao gồm:

.c
‰ Dòng vật liệu (khối lượng/nồng độ)

ng
‰ Dòng nhiệt năng (năng lượng)

co
Dòng động lượng (xung)

an
‰

⇒ Được đặc trưng bởi mật độ dòng Γ (lượng/thể tích)

th
„
o ng
Có dòng đối lưu, dòng dẫn, dòng cấp và
du

dòng phát sinh


u
cu

‰ Dòng đối lưu hoặc dòng dẫn có thể tồn tại độc lập hoặc
đồng thời nhưng chỉ trong một pha
‰ Sự vân chuyển xảy ra qua lớp biên của hai pha là dòng
cấp

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Phương trình dòng

om
„ Các quá trình vận chuyển trong thiết bị

.c
‰ Dòng đối lưu

ng
Sự thay đổi vị trí trong không gian của mật độ dòng

co
„
được gọi là đối lưu (dòng vận chuyển vĩ mô)

an
„ Mật độ dòng đối lưu được biểu thị

th


j c = Γ−

v ng (lượng/thời gian/diện tích)
Dòng dẫn (khuếch tán)
o
‰
du

„ Chuyển động phân tử trong lòng pha khí hoặc pha lỏng
u

là chuyển động vi mô tạo thành dòng dẫn


cu


→ −−→
j d = −DgradC (lượng/thời gian/diện tích)

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Phương trình dòng

om
„ Các quá trình vận chuyển trong thiết bị (tt)

.c
‰ Dòng cấp

ng
Sự vận chuyển của đại lượng đặc trưng từ pha này

co
„
sang pha khác gọi là sự cấp

an
„ Các quá trình xảy ra giữa các pha thường được mô tả

th
bằng các đại lượng quảng tính
ng


o
du

j = ²f ∆Γ (lượng/thời gian/diện tích)


u
cu

² - hệ số cấp, f - bề mặt riêng (xét trên một đơn vị thể tích)


∆Γ- động lực

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Phương trình dòng
„ Các quá trình vận chuyển trong thiết bị (tt)

om
‰ Dòng phát sinh

.c
„ Dòng phát sinh vật chất do phản ứng hóa học
Pm

ng
Gj = νji ri

co
i=1

an
„ Dòng phát sinh cuả nhiệt năng do phản ứng hóa học

th
o ng
Gi = (−∆Hi )ri
du

„ Dòng phát sinh của động lượng do chênh lệch áp suất


u

‰ Được hình thành do sự thay đổi của áp suất trong hệ, tức
cu

là có tác dụng của xung lực


−−→
G = gradP

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Phương trình dòng

om
„ Xét trường hợp hệ tổng quát (đồng thể hay

.c
dị thể) có phản ứng hóa học

ng
co
an
th
Inlet material and/or
energetic flux
o ng dV
n chemical species
P
du

Outlet material
j νij Sj = 0 and/or energetic flux
u
cu

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Phương trình dòng

om
‰ Phương trình cân bằng tổng quát có dạng của

.c
phương trình vi phần riêng phần được

ng
Damköhler thiết lập (1936)
−−→

co
∂Γ −

= −div( v Γ) + div(δ gradΓ) − ²f ∆Γ + G

an
∂t

th
o ng

→ −
→ Dòng
du

Dòng cấp
jc jd phát sinh
u
cu

Γ = ρ Cj −

ρCp T ρ v

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Phương trình dòng
∂Γ −
→ −−→
∂t = −div( v Γ) + div(δ gradΓ) − ²f ∆Γ + G

om
„ Viết lại các phương trình cân bằng

.c
∂ρ −
→ ? −−→
= −div( v ρ) + div(D gradρ) − β ? f ∆ρ + G

ng
∂t

co
∂Cj →
− −−→
= −div( v C ) + div(D gradC )

an
∂t j j

th
−βj f ∆Cj + Gj
−−→ ng


o
∂ρCp T
= −div( v ρCp T ) + div(αT gradρCp T )
du

∂t
u

?
−α f ∆ρCp T + G
cu

∂ρ→−v →
− →
− −−→ −→
∂t =
−div( v ◦ ρ v ) + div(ν gradρ v )


−γf ∆(ρ v ) + G
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Phương trình dòng
∂Γ −
→ −−→
∂t = −div( v Γ) + div(δ gradΓ) − ²f ∆Γ + G

om
„ Example: xem chương 5, tập 5 (sách Các

.c
quá trình, thiết bị TRONG CÔNG NGHỆ

ng
HÓA CHẤT VÀ THỰC PHẨM, Nguyễn Bin)

co
an
th
‰ Mô hình toán cho hệ khuấy lý tưởng
‰ Chuỗi thiết bị khuấy lý tưởng
o ng
du

‰ Thiết bị khuấy gián đoạn


u

Thiết bị đẩy lý tưởng


cu

‰ Các bài toán thực tế

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Outline

om
„ General introduction

.c
‰ Structure and operation of chemical engineering

ng
systems

co
What is a chemical process?

an
‰

th
‰ Motivation examples
„ Part I: Process modeling
o ng
du

„ Part II: Computer simulation


u
cu

„ Part III: Optimization of chemical processes

Ref.: Burden R. L. and Faires J. D. Numerical analysis.

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