Cao-Su-Hoa-Hoc-Va-Cong-Nghe - Rubber-Curing - (Cuuduongthancong - Com)

om
.c
ng
co
an
Rubber Curing
Systems th
o ng
du
u
cu
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
• Over the years three special types of cure
om
systems have been developed. They are:
.c
• efficient vulcanisation (EV) systems,
ng
co
• semi-efficient vulcanisation (SEV)
an
systems and
th
ng
• conventional vulcanisation (CV) systems.
o
du
u
cu
The levels of accelerator and sulfur in CV,
SEV and EV systems are shown in Table 1
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Measuring Cure
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
The curve exhibits a number of features
which are used to compare cure:
om
.c
- Maximum torque MH.
ng
- tS2, T2 or T5 : there is a delay or
co
induction time before the torque or
an
resistance value begins to rise.
th
ng
- T90 : is the time for the torque to
o
increase to:
du
u
90/100(MH − ML)+ ML
cu
om
.c
Cure rate: A rise in the value of torque
ng
with time, the slope of the curve, gives
co
the measure of cure rate. Sometimes cure
an
rates of various cure systems are
th
ng
compared with T90−ts2 data
o
du
u
cu
Test Equipment and Conditions
om
• Cure characteristics were determined
.c
ng
using an MDR 2000EA rheometer.
co
• Test specimens were vulcanised by
an
th
compression molding at temperatures and
ng
times indicated.
o
du
• Stress-strain properties were determined

u
cu
according to ISO 37
• tear strength according to ISO 34/1.
om
• DIN abrasion ISO 4649.
.c
• fatigue to failure ASTM 4482/85.
ng
co
• hardness according to ISO 48.
an
• Ageing of the test specimens was carried
th
ng
out in a ventilated air oven at 100 C for 3
o
du
days (ISO 188).

u
cu
om
• Heat build up and permanent set after dynamic
.c
ng
loading were determined using a Goodrich
co
Flexometer (Load 11 kg or 22 kg; stroke 0.445
an
cm, frequency 30 Hz, start temperature 100 C)
according to ISO 4666/3-1982.
th
ng
• Dynamic mechanical analysis was carried out
o
du
using a RDA-700 (prestrain 0.75%, frequency 15

u
Hz and temperature 60 C) according to ASTM D

cu
2231.
om
• Vulcanisate network structure was
.c
ng
determined by equilibrium swelling in
co
toluene using the method reported by Ellis
an
and Welding. The volume fraction
th
ng
• (Vr) obtained was converted into the
o
du
Mooney-Rivlin elastic constant (C1) and

u
finally into the concentration of chemical

cu
crosslinks.
• The proportions of mono-, di-, and
om
polysulfidic crosslinks in the vulcanisates
.c
were determined using thiol amine
ng
chemical probes.
co
an
th
• Following the cleavage of the poly- and
ng
disulfidic crosslinks, the samples were
o
du
treated with methyl iodide to distinguish

u
cu
carbon-carbon based crosslinks from

monosulfidic crosslinks.
om
• The rubber to metal adhesion
.c
ng
characteristics were determined according
co
to ASTM 2229-85.
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Curing Systems
om
.c
Curing systems can be classified into four
ng
categories.
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Sulfur Curing Systems
om
Accelerators
.c
ng
Accelerators may be classified in several
co
ways:
an
(a) inorganic or organic
th
ng
(b) acidic or basic
o
du
(c) by chemical type or

u
(d) by speed of the cure, giving rise to the

cu
terms slow, medium, semi-ultra and ultra.
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
Functionally, accelerators can also be
ng
classified into two broad categories:
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Primary accelerators:
om
Primary accelerators are mercapto based
.c
accelerators, generally efficient and confer
ng
good processing safety to the rubber
co
compounds, exhibiting a broad vulcanisation
an
th
plateau with relatively low crosslink density.
o ng
du
u
cu
• Secondary accelerators:
om
.c
Some rubber compounds use only one
ng
accelerator but most contain two, a primary at
co
about 1 phr and a secondary (or booster) at
an
0.1 to 0.5 phr.
th
ng
These combinations cause faster vulcanisation
o
than each product separately and a

du
considerable activation of cure which is positive

u
cu
for the general property spectrum of the

vulcanisates.
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
• NR and SBR compounds with MBTS/DPG
.c
ng
as the control. The secondary accelerators
co
also change the network structures. The
an
polysulfidic crosslinks are converted to
th
ng
monosulfidic exhibiting heat stability.
o
du
u
cu
Sulfur Donors
om
• Aside from the sulfur itself, sulfur bearing
.c
ng
compounds that liberate sulfur at the
co
vulcanisation temperature can be used as
an
vulcanising agents.
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Cures for Speciality Elastomers
om
• The curing systems used to vulcanise
.c
ng
speciality elastomers such as EPDM, CR,
co
IIR and NBR are different than those used
an
to cure NR, SBR, BR and its blends
th
ng
• The former elastomers are less
o
du
unsaturated and therefore need a high

u
ratio of accelerator to sulfur

cu
Cure Systems for EPDM
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Cure Systems for Nitrile
Rubber
om
• Cure systems for nitrile rubber are
.c
ng
somewhat analogous to those of NR, SBR
co
or BR except that magnesium carbonate
an
(MC) treated sulfur is usually used to aid
th
ng
sulphur dispersion into the polymer.
o
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Cure Systems for
Polychloroprene
om
• CR can be vulcanised in the presence of
.c
ng
zinc oxide alone, but magnesium oxide is
co
necessary to confer scorch resistance.
an
th
• Along with the metal oxides, TMTD, DOTG
ng
and sulfur are used. This is a good
o
du
method to obtain high resilience and

u
cu
dimensional stability.
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Cure Systems for Butyl and
Halobutyl Rubber
om
• The low degree of unsaturation
.c
ng
requires the use of ultra accelerators,
co
such as thiuram or dithiocarbamate.
an
th
Phenolic resins, bisazoformates , and
ng
quinone derivatives can also be employed.
o
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
• Sulfur crosslinks have limited stability at
.c
ng
elevated temperatures and can rearrange
co
to form new crosslinks.
an
• Resin cure systems provide C-C crosslinks
th
ng
and heat stability.
o
du
u
cu
Halobutyl Rubber
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Peroxide Cure Systems
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Peroxide Vulcanisation of
EPDM
om
• Peroxide vulcanisation of EPDM is growing
.c
ng
in popularity because of enhanced ageing
co
resistance.
an
• A comparison of sulfur and peroxide cure
th
ng
systems for EPDM is shown in Table 32 .
o
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
• Apart from peroxide type and the amount
.c
of peroxide incorporated in compounds,
ng
the efficiency of crosslinking depends on
co
an
coagents.
th
o ng
du
u
cu
• The commercially important ones are:
om
- Maleimide type: N,N -phenyl maleimide
.c
- Allylic type: triallyl cyanurate (TAC)
ng
co
triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC)
an
- Methacrylate type: zinc dimethacrylate
th
ng
- Acrylate type: ethylene glycol diacrylate
o
du
zinc diacrylate
u
- Polymeric coagents: liquid 1,2-

cu
polybutadiene resin
Sulfur Free Curing Systems
om
.c
Some special vulcanising agents can cure
ng
diene rubbers such as NR, SBR and BR.
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Phenolic Curatives,
Benzoquinone
Derivatives and Bismaleimides
om
.c
ng
• Diene rubbers can be vulcanised by the
co
an
action of phenolic compounds like phenol-
th
formaldehyde resin (5-10 phr). Resin
o ng
cured NR offers good set properties
du
and low hysteresis.

u
cu
om
• Resin curing of SBR and BR imparts
.c
ng
excellent cut growth and abrasion
co
resistance.
an
• Resin cured nitrile rubber shows high
th
ng
fatigue life and high relaxation.
o
du
• Resin-cured butyl rubber shows

u
cu
outstanding ozone and age resistance.
om
.c
A high diene rubber can also be vulcanised
ng
by the action of a dinitrosobenzene, made in
co
situ by the oxidation of a quinonedioxime
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Vulcanisation by Triazine
Accelerators
om
• The triazine accelerators are more
.c
ng
effective than the thiazole accelerators
co
and produce highly reversion resistant
an
vulcanisates.
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Urethane Crosslinkers
om
• Natural rubber can be crosslinked by a blocked
.c
diphenyl methane diisocyanate to produce
ng
urethane crosslinks.
co
• The crosslinking agent dissociates into two
an
th
quinonedioxime molecules and one diphenyl
ng
methane diisocyanate.
o
•
du
The quinone reacts with the rubber via a nitroso

group and forms crosslinks via a diisocyanate
u
cu
group.
Other Crosslinking Agents
om
• There exist a considerable number of
.c
ng
compounds containing labile chlorine
co
which bring about sulfurless vulcanisation
an
at levels of approximately 3 phr.
th
ng
• Basic chemicals such as lead oxides and
o
du
amines are needed.

u
cu
New Developments
om
• Maintaining properties and performance
.c
ng
throughout a rubber product’s service life
co
is directly related to maintaining the
an
integrity of the vulcanisate structure under
th
ng
both thermal and thermal oxidative
o
conditions.
du
u
cu
om
• Two additives have allowed compounders
.c
ng
to forget this compromise, namely
co
hexamethylene-1,6-bisthiosulfate (HTS), a
an
post vulcanisation stabiliser and 1,3-
th
ng
bis(citraconimidomethyl) benzene (BCI-
o
MX, Perkalink 900)

du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
Some Practical Examples with
an
Varying Cure Systems
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
Tyres
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Tread
Steel belts
om
Carcass plies
.c
Black sidewall
ng
Inner liner
co
an
Apex Veneer coverstrip
th
ng
Bead
o
du
u
White sidewall
Chafer
cu
Rim cushion
Tread
om
• Trying to balance the three main
.c
apparently conflicting needs of wear, wet
ng
co
grip and rolling resistance
an
• The cure system should be CV/SEV.
th
Accelerators used are sulfenamide class
ng
(TBBS, CBS, MBS).
o
du
• For improving heat resistance, the use of

u
cu
Perkalink 900 is recommended
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
RADIAL TRUCK TREAD FORMULATION
om
Ingredients phr
.c
NR 100
ng
ZnO 5
co
Stearic acid 2
an
TBBS 1.5
Sulfur
th 1.5
ng
N-234 55
o
du
Aromatic oil 8
6 PPD 2
u
cu
TMQ 1.5
PVI 0.1
Perkalink 900
om
• Perkalink 900 is an antireversion agent
.c
ng
which provides long term heat stability in
co
sulfur vulcanized compounds by
an
substituting stable, flexible carbon-carbon
th
ng
crosslinks for the sulfur crosslinks that are
o
du
destroyed by reversion in the mold or

u
during product service life.

cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
• Silica as a reinforcing filler is being used
om
more extensively in the tyre industry to
.c
provide improved tear resistance and
ng
decreased rolling resistance.
co
• In order to maximise these benefits the
an
silane coupling agent bis-(3-
th
ng
triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT) is
o
du
often employed.
u
cu
om
• A passenger tread containing silica needs a
.c
ng
cure system based on sulfenamide/sulfur
co
(SEV/CV system) and guanidine activators
an
(DPG).
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Aircraft tread requires a high modulus, better
abrasion resistance and low heat generation.
om
The above requirements could be satisfied by using
.c
a CV/SEV cure system with DCBS as accelerator
ng
and insoluble sulfur (IS) as crosslinker.
co
an
th
For achieving high modulus, HMT and a resorcinol
ng
system is used.
o
du
u
In order to reduce the heat generation, the use of

cu
Perkalink 900 has been suggested.
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Tread Base or Sub Tread
om
• A natural rubber rich undertread layer can
.c
ng
enhance the adhesion between belt or
co
cap-ply and tread.
an
• The cure system needs better flexibility
th
ng
and low heat generation. Typically the
o
du
cure system will be based on CV/SEV.

u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Belts
om
• In radial tyres, sets of belts or breakers made
.c
ng
from brass coated steel cords are layed at
co
alternate bias angles.
an
• to provide a trellising effect, to stiffen the area
th
under the tread and also to prevent growth
ng
under inflation or high speed rotation.
o
du
• These belts provide a rigid support to the tread

u
cu
offering a more controlled contact with the road.
• The design of the belt package should
om
give a smooth ride with minimum energy
.c
loss, but with sufficient stiffness to
ng
prevent undue movement within the
co
contact area causing irregular or rapid tyre
an
wear.
th
ng
• The cure package is composed of a slow
o
du
accelerator (DCBS, or TBSI) with a high

u
level of sulfur for improving the bond

cu
strength between the rubber and brass

layer.
om
• Addition of Duralink HTS (hexamethylene-
.c
ng
1,6- bis(thiosulfate), disodium salt dihydrate)
co
improves adhesion characteristics under
an
ageing environments.
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Sidewall
om
• Sidewall compounds cover the thinnest
.c
ng
part of the tyre where most flexing occurs
co
as the tyre deflects.
an
• They therefore need to have a high
th
ng
degree of flex resistance and good
o
du
dynamic properties, as well as excellent

u
cu
age resistance.
• Sidewall compounds contain additional
om
ingredients to prevent oxidative or ozone
.c
attack since this part of the tyre will be
ng
particularly exposed to the sun and the
co
an
elements.
th
• The cure system should be CV or between
o ng
du
CV/SEV.
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Carcass
om
• The cure system of choice for a carcass
.c
ng
compound is based on a scorch resistant
co
cure package.
an
• thermally stable, insoluble sulfur and
th
ng
bloom resistant adhesion additives are
o
du
required.
u
cu
om
• the cure system suitable for this
.c
ng
application is based on a slow accelerator
co
such as DCBS with a high amount of
an
insoluble sulfur (generally 4-5 phr).
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Bead
om
• require high modulus and good adhesion
.c
ng
to steel wires.
co
• High modulus is achieved by using
an
th
resorcinol/HMMM or phenol formaldehyde
ng
resins.
o
du
• The cure system is based on sulfenamide

u
cu
with a high amount of insoluble sulfur.
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Apex
om
• The apex components provide the gradual
.c
ng
shape and stiffness reduction from the
co
rigid bead coil to the flexible mid-sidewall
an
of the tyre.
th
ng
• These components need to be very hard
o
du
to provide good vehicle handling and to

u
reduce the risk of flexural fatigue at

cu
component endings.
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Cap-Ply
om
• act as a barrier layer between the tread and the
.c
casing to restrict migration of chemicals from
ng
the tread into the belt.
co
• requires high modulus and good adhesion
an
th
behaviour. ng
• The cure system used to achieve the target
o
properties is based on a combination of CBS and

du
DCBS with a high amount of insoluble sulfur.

u
cu
• A resorcinol/HMMM system is used to obtain the

required high modulus.
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Inner Liner
om
• Zinc oxide with MBTS and a small amount
.c
ng
of sulfur is used to crosslink halobutyl
co
rubber.
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Industrial Rubber Products
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Conveyor Belt Cover - NR
om
• flex resistance, abrasion resistance and low
.c
heat build up.
ng
co
• In order to achieve better flex resistance, a
an
conventional cure package is recommended
th
(however, such a system suffers from the
o ng
adverse effects of heat generation).
du
• In a recent study, the addition of Perkalink

u
cu
900 was recommended
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
• The antireversion agent has no effect on
om
scorch resistance and time to optimum cure.
.c
• The compound containing the antireversion
ng
agent maintains a torque level close to the
co
maximum.
an
th
• The antireversion effect is also evident in the
o ng
stability of vulcanisate properties following
du
overcure or air ageing at 100 C.

u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Engine Mount - NR
om
• The essential performance properties for an
.c
engine mount are low heat build up and low
ng
dynamic compression set.
co
• a cure system comprising of sulfenamide
an
•
th
(moderate loading, 1.2-1.7 phr) with sulfur (2-
ng
2.5 phr) is recommended.
o
•
du
A small amount of ultra accelerator might be

necessary to generate a crosslink network
u
cu
capable of improving dynamic compression set

as well as heat build up.
om
• In spite of this modified cure system
.c
(CBS/TMTD/S), the properties are still not
ng
co
optimum, particularly with regard to heat
an
build up.
th
• The addition of an antireversion agent
ng
might provide advantage and with this in
o
du
mind the effect of Perkalink 900 has been

u
cu
studied.
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Tank Pad – NR/SBR/BR Blend
om
• The required properties for a tank pad are heat
.c
ng
stability, low heat generation, improved flex and
co
good compression set.
an
• This can be achieved by selecting a cure
th
package between SEV and towards an EV cure.A
ng
combination of a sulfenamide with a thiazole is
o
du
suitable.
u
cu
• Generally the sulfenamide level should be low

and the thiazole accelerator should be high.
om
• The sulfur loading is generally high to
.c
address the improved flex requirements.
ng
co
• Because of high sulfur loadings, the
an
system suffers from the adverse effects of
heat and reversion resistance. th
ng
• Perkalink 900 is active in compounds
o
du
based on blends of NR with the synthetic

u
cu
elastomers SBR and BR.
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Oil Seal - NBR
om
• The general requirement for oil seal applications is
.c
ng
oil resistance, low compression set, high elongation
co
and good heat stability.
an
• In order to achieve this, a cure system comprising
th
of MBTS/TMTD and sulfur is preferred.
ng
•
o
TMTD is used in a small amount so that
du
elongation is not negatively affected.

u
cu
om
• In order to keep high elongation, the amount
.c
ng
of sulfur should not be too low.
co
• Compression can be negatively affected if
an
th
the sulfur loading is too high.
ng
• The heat stability can be improved by
o
du
incorporating antireversion agent

u
cu
Perkalink 900.
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
Concluding Remarks
om
• Cure systems play an important role in
.c
ng
achieving the performance requirements
co
of rubber articles.
an
• Antireversion chemicals constitute a class
th
ng
of such materials, and can improve service
o
du
performance.
u
cu
• Cure systems, however, paint only part of
om
the picture with regard to the manufacture
.c
of rubber articles.
ng
• polymers and fillers are equally important
co
in meeting performance requirements.
an
th
• In addition, compound mixing and
o ng
processing play a critical role in
du
achieving the final vulcanisate properties.

u
cu

Cao-Su-Hoa-Hoc-Va-Cong-Nghe - Rubber-Curing - (Cuuduongthancong - Com)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cao-Su-Hoa-Hoc-Va-Cong-Nghe - Rubber-Curing - (Cuuduongthancong - Com)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

om

• Stress-strain properties were determined

days (ISO 188).

using a RDA-700 (prestrain 0.75%, frequency 15

Hz and temperature 60 C) according to ASTM D

Mooney-Rivlin elastic constant (C1) and

finally into the concentration of chemical

treated with methyl iodide to distinguish

carbon-carbon based crosslinks from

(c) by chemical type or

(d) by speed of the cure, giving rise to the

terms slow, medium, semi-ultra and ultra.

than each product separately and a

considerable activation of cure which is positive

for the general property spectrum of the

unsaturated and therefore need a high

ratio of accelerator to sulfur

method to obtain high resilience and

- Polymeric coagents: liquid 1,2-

and low hysteresis.

• Resin-cured butyl rubber shows

outstanding ozone and age resistance.

The quinone reacts with the rubber via a nitroso

amines are needed.

MX, Perkalink 900)

• For improving heat resistance, the use of

Perkalink 900 is recommended

destroyed by reversion in the mold or

during product service life.

In order to reduce the heat generation, the use of

Perkalink 900 has been suggested.

cure system will be based on CV/SEV.

• These belts provide a rigid support to the tread

offering a more controlled contact with the road.

accelerator (DCBS, or TBSI) with a high

level of sulfur for improving the bond

strength between the rubber and brass

dynamic properties, as well as excellent

• The cure system is based on sulfenamide

with a high amount of insoluble sulfur.

to provide good vehicle handling and to

reduce the risk of flexural fatigue at

properties is based on a combination of CBS and

DCBS with a high amount of insoluble sulfur.

• A resorcinol/HMMM system is used to obtain the

• In a recent study, the addition of Perkalink

900 was recommended

overcure or air ageing at 100 C.

A small amount of ultra accelerator might be

capable of improving dynamic compression set

mind the effect of Perkalink 900 has been

• Generally the sulfenamide level should be low

based on blends of NR with the synthetic

elastomers SBR and BR.

elongation is not negatively affected.

incorporating antireversion agent

achieving the final vulcanisate properties.

You might also like