Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Toi-Uu-Hoa-Van-Hanh-He-Thong-Dien - Vo-Ngoc-Dieu - Chapter-5 - Opf-Optimal-Power-Flow - (Cuuduongthancong - Com)
Toi-Uu-Hoa-Van-Hanh-He-Thong-Dien - Vo-Ngoc-Dieu - Chapter-5 - Opf-Optimal-Power-Flow - (Cuuduongthancong - Com)
Chapter 5:
OPTIMAL POWER FLOW
Economic dispatch
L
A B C
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
Network
A D
B
A
LA LB
CA CB
50 $/MWh 100$/MWh
PA PB
PAMAX PBMAX
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
Acceptable ED solution
100 MW 0 MW
300 MW
B
A
Unacceptable ED solution
200 MW 0 MW
500 MW
B
A
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
Modified ED solution
100 MW 200 MW
300 MW
B
A
• Optimization problem
• Classical objective function
– Minimize the cost of generation
• Equality constraints
– Power balance at each node - power flow
equations
• Inequality constraints
– Network operating limits (line flows, voltages)
– Limits on control variables
8
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
• State variables
– Describe the response of the system to changes in
the control variables
– Magnitude of voltage at each bus
• Except generator busses, which are control variables
– Angle of voltage at each bus
• Except slack bus
• Vector of state variables:
10
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
• Parameters
– Known characteristics of the system
– Assumed constant
• Network topology
• Network parameters (R, X, B, flow and voltage limits)
• Generator cost functions
• Generator limits
• …
• Vector of parameters:
11
12
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
• Equality constraints:
– Power balance at each node - power flow
equations
• Compact expression:
13
• Inequality constraints:
– Limits on the control variables:
• Compact expression:
14
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
15
16
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
17
Subject to:
18
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
OPF Challenges
19
20
10
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
21
• Slow convergence
• Objective function and constraints must be
differentiable
• Difficulties in handling inequality constraints
– Binding inequality constraints change as the
solution progresses
– Difficult to enforce the complementary slackness
conditions
22
11
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
23
24
12
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
25
26
13
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
Sequential LP OPF
• Consequence of linear approximation
– The solution may be somewhat sub-optimal
– The constraints may not be respected exactly
• Need to iterate the solution of the linearized problem
• Algorithm:
1. Linearize the problem around an operating point
2. Find the solution to this linearized optimization
3. Perform a full ac power flow at that solution to find
the new operating point
4. Repeat
27
14
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
15
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
N
PkI − ∑ Vk Vi[Gki cos(θ k − θ i ) + B ki sin(θ k − θ i )] = 0
i=1
N
PkI − ∑ Vk Vi[Gki cos(θ k − θ i ) + B ki sin(θ k − θ i )] = 0
i=1
N
PkI − ∑ Vk Vi Bki sin(θ k − θ i ) = 0
i=1
16
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
N
PkI − ∑ Vk Vi Bki sin(θ k − θ i ) = 0
i=1
N
PkI − ∑ Bki sin(θ k − θ i ) = 0
i=1
N N
(θ k − θ i )
PkI − ∑ Bki (θ k − θ i ) = 0 or PkI − ∑ =0
i=1 i=1 x ki
17
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
Interpretation
N
(θ k − θ i )
PkI − ∑ =0
i=1 x ki P1I P2I
P12
θ1 θ2
N
x12
PkI − ∑ Pki = 0 x13 x 23
i=1 P31 P23
(θ k − θ i ) θ3
Pki =
x ki P3I
(θ 1 − θ 2 ) (θ − θ 3 ) (θ − θ )
P12 = ; P23 = 2 ; P31 = 3 1
x12 x 23 x13
18
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
Example of LPOPF
37
Example
A B CA
1 2 10 $/MWh
PA
PAMAX=390MW
3
CB
450 MW
Economic dispatch:
PA = PAmax = 390 MW 20$/MWh
PB
PB = 60 MW PBMAX= 150
MW
19
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
Fmax = 200MW
1 2
450 MW
39
1 2
3
450 MW
390 MW 60 MW
1 2 1 2
3 3
390 MW
60 MW
20
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
390 MW
FA FB
1 2
3
390 MW
FA + FB = 390 MW
FA = 260 MW
FB = 130 MW
60 MW
FD FC
1 2
3
60 MW
FC + FD = 60 MW
FC = 40 MW
FD = 20 MW
21
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
390 MW 60 MW
130 MW 20 MW
260 MW 40 MW
1 2 1 2
3 3
390 MW 60 MW
390 MW 60 MW
110 MW
280 MW 170 MW
1 2
Fmax = 260 MW
3
450 MW
280 MW
1 2
22
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
330 MW 120 MW
110 MW 40 MW
220 MW 80 MW
1 2 1 2
3 3
330 MW 120 MW
330 MW 120 MW
70 MW
260 MW 190 MW
1 2
Fmax = 260 MW
3
450 MW
Comments (1)
23
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
Comments (2)
24
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
330MW 120MW
A 70 MW B
1 2
260 MW 190 MW
450 MW
1 2
330 MW 120 MW
450 MW
25
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
26
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
u k − u0 ≤ ∆u max
• This formulation implements corrective security because the
control variables are allowed to change after the contingency
has occurred
• The last equation limits the changes that can take place to
what can be achieved in a reasonable amount of time
• The objective function considers only the value of the control
variables in the base case
27
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt
2/16/2014
28
CuuDuongThanCong.com https://fb.com/tailieudientucntt