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공학석사학위논문
2012년 8월
서울시립대학교 대학원
에너지환경시스템공학과
조 용 범
공학석사학위논문
지도교수 박 영 권
2012년 6월
서울시립대학교 대학원
에너지환경시스템공학과
조 용 범
조용범의 공학석사학위 논문을 인준함.
심사위원장 인
심사위원 인
심사위원 인
2012년 6월
서울시립대학교 대학원
폐자원 및 고체촉매를 이용한
바이오디젤 제조 연구
조 용 범
요 약 문
2012년 8월
서울시립대학교 대학원
에너지환경시스템공학과
조 용 범
목 차
제1장 서론 ··············································································································· 1
제1절 연구 배경 ································································································· 1
제2절 연구 목적 ································································································· 3
1) 유리지방산과 수분 ··············································································· 9
2. 초임계 공정 ····························································································· 19
3. 효소 공정 ································································································· 20
제 3 절 국외 및 국내 현황 ·········································································· 21
1. 국외현황 ··································································································· 21
2. 국내현황 ··································································································· 22
- i -
1. 불가사리 ··································································································· 24
2. KF/MgO ··································································································· 24
3. KOH/KLZeolite ······················································································ 25
5. 그 외 촉매 ······························································································· 26
1. 산가 및 유리지방산의 함량 측정 ······················································· 27
2. 바이오디젤 제조 ····················································································· 28
3. FAME 함량 분석 방법 ·········································································· 29
제4장 결과 및 고찰 ···························································································· 31
4. 바이오디젤의 합성 및 분석 ································································· 43
1) 소성온도별 영향 ················································································· 43
2) 반응시간에 따른 영향 ······································································· 45
3) 몰비에 따른 영향 ··············································································· 46
4) 촉매 투여량 ························································································· 47
- ii -
5) 촉매 재이용 ························································································· 48
1. 촉매 특성분석 ························································································· 50
1. 촉매 특성분석 ························································································· 56
2. 바이오디젤 제조 및 분석 ····································································· 57
2. 촉매 특성 분석 ······················································································· 60
3. 바이오디젤 제조 및 분석 ····································································· 62
제 5장 결론 ·········································································································· 63
참고문헌 ················································································································· 65
Abstract ················································································································· 71
- iii -
List of Tables
Table 4.3.4. The effect of the loading ratio on the reaction ·········· 55
- iv -
Table 4.4.2. Effect of repeated use of KOH/KLZ on FAME contents ···
59
Table 4.5.2. The effect of the loading ratio on the reaction ·········· 62
- v -
List of Figures
- vi -
제 1 장 서론
제 1 절 연구배경
- 1 -
에너지의 생산과 이용으로 인한 환경파괴 요인을 최소화하여 지속가능한
경제발전이 구현될 수 있도록 대체에너지의 보급을 확대하기로 하고, 다
양한 신재생에너지원에 대한 연구가 이루어지고 있다.
- 2 -
한편 현재 바이오디젤의 제조에는 균질촉매(homogeneous catalyst)가
사용되고 있다. 그러나 균질계 촉매는 알코올에 용해되어 촉매의 회수 및
재사용이 어렵고, 생성물의 중화, 세척과정이 필요하게 된다. 결과적으로
제 2 절 연구목적
- 3 -
제 2 장 문헌고찰
제 1 절 바이오디젤의 특성
- 4 -
의 감소효과가 뛰어나 환경 친화적인 것으로 알려져 있다.
바이오디젤의 이산화탄소는 배출에 관련된 기본 개념은 탄소중립
(Carbon Neutral)으로 설명된다. 바이오매스에서 얻은 연료는 대기 중의
- 5 -
배출량 도 줄어든다. 또한 식물성 원료로 만들어진 바이오디젤은 높은 생
화학적분해도로 유출시 환경오염 문제점을 최소화할 수 있는 등 대표적인
환경친화적 연료로 인식되고 있다[4].
- 6 -
제 2 절 바이오디젤의 생산기술
- 7 -
하기 위한 침강, 촉매를 제거하기 위한 중화공정, 수세척공정, 건조 공정
등의 복잡한 분리정제 공정이 필요하다[18]. 전이에스테르화 반응은 다음
에 서술하는 다양한 인자에 의해 영향을 받을 수 있다.
- 8 -
1) 유리지방산과 수분
- 9 -
Fig. 2.2.3. Triglycerides saponification reaction
- 10 -
2) 촉매의 종류와 양
(1) 균질계 촉매
- 11 -
(2) 비균질계 촉매
- 12 -
등에 대한 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 산촉매를 통한 에스테르화 반응에서
는 물이 부산물로 생성되므로 고체산 촉매의 용해 또는 leaching 문제가
발생하게 된다. 따라서 물에 대한 촉매 활성 안전도가 높은 고체 산촉매
- 13 -
Fig 2.2.6. Homogeneous base-catalyzed mechanism for the
transesterification : (1) production of the active species, RO−
(2) nucleophilic attack of RO−o carbonyl group on triglycerides,
forming a tetrahedral intermediate; (3) intermediate
breakdown;(4) regeneration of the RO−ctive species. The
sequence is repeated twice for R2 and R3[23].
- 14 -
Fig. 2.2.7. Homogeneous acid-catalyzed reaction mechanism for
the transesterification : (1) protonation of the carbonyl group by
the acid catalyst; (2) nucleophilic attraction of the alcohol,
forming a tetrahedral intermediate; (3) proton migration and
breakdown of the intermediate. The sequence is repeated twice
for R2 and R3.[23].
- 15 -
Fig. 2.2.8. CaO as heterogeneous base catalyst mechanism in
transesterification : (1) abstraction of proton from methanol by
the basic sites to form methoxide anion; (2) methoxide anion
attacks carbonyl carbon in a molecule of the triglyceride leading
to the formation of alkoxycarbonyl intermediate; (3)
alkoxycarbonyl intermediate further transformed into a more
stable form: FAME and anion of diglyceride; (4) methoxide
cation attracts the anion of diglyceride leading to the formation
of diglyceride. The sequence is repeated twice for R2 and R3
[23].
- 16 -
3) 반응비 및 알코올의 형태
- 17 -
과 비극성인 탄화수소사슬을 지니고 있다. 이들은 강한 계면활성제이다.
가능한 한 반응을 종결시키기 위해 모노, 다이글리세라이드의 농도를 낮추
어야 함을 알 수 있다.
4) 반응온도 및 혼합강도
- 18 -
2. 초임계 공정
- 19 -
3. 효소 공정
- 20 -
제 3 절 국외 및 국내 현황
1. 국외현황
- 21 -
2. 국내현황
하였다.
동물성 바이오디젤을 상용화하여 폐식용유와 마찬가지로 버려지던 자원
인 동물성 유지를 재활용함으로써, 바이오 디젤 보급에 따른 폐자원 재활
용 및 에너지 자립도 제고 효과를 한층 더 강화할 수 있을 것으로 기대된
- 22 -
다. 또한 2011년을 끝으로 일몰되는 바이오디젤 유류세 면제 제도를 감
안하여 2012년부터는 바이오디젤의 의무혼합제도를 도입하도록 명시하고
있다.
- 23 -
제 3 장 실험방법
제 1 절 촉매의 제조 및 분석
1. 불가사리
2. KF/MgO
- 24 -
액을 80℃로 가열한다. 80℃의 증류수 20 ml에 위에 서 제조한 두 용액
을 pH10 으로 유지시켜 주면서 한 방울씩 떨어뜨리면서 잘 섞어주어서
두 용액이 효과적으로 반응하여 침전이 생길 수 있도록 한다. 침전물을
3. KOH/KLZeolite
- 25 -
4. Ca/미역 Char
5. 그 외 촉매
- 26 -
제 2 절 바이오디젤의 제조 및 분석
1. 산가 및 유리지방산의 함량 측정
과 같이 나타 낼 수 있다.
× ×
m= 검체의 중량 (g)
나타낼수 있다.
× × ≒ ×
- 27 -
2. 바이오디젤 제조
- 28 -
Fig. 3.1.1. Apparatus of biodiesel synthesis
3. FAME 함량 분석 방법
- 29 -
: C14의 메틸에스터부터 C24:1 까지의 메틸에스터까지의 피크 전체
면적
: 메틸 헵타데카노이트에 해당하는 피크 면적
- 30 -
제 4 장 실험 결과 및 고찰
- 31 -
Table. 4.1.1. Characterization of food waste leachate
시험항목 단위 탈리액 시험방법
BOD mg/l 61,500
COD mg/l 17,800
총인 mg/l 376
수질오염공정시험
부유물질 mg/l 21,800
기준:2009
총 노말헥산 추출물질 mg/l 5,060
노말헥산 추출물질중
mg/l 4,990
동식물성 유지류
TKN mg/l 1,680 KSI 3206:2008
수질오염공정시험
Cl- mg/l 2,670
기준:2009
TOC ppm 13,400 GE TOC Analyzer
- 32 -
2. 산촉매를 이용한 에스테르화반응
- 33 -
Table 4.1.2. Effect of reaction temperature on acid value
Temperature Acid value (mg KOH/g)
(℃) 0min 60min 120min
40 22.33 2.00 1.75
- 34 -
a
위의 실험에서 비슷한 수준의 산가를 가진 것으로 확인된 H2SO4
120min 과 Amberlyst15d 210min의 상층액을 증류수로 수세한 후
FAME의 종류 및 함량을 GC/MS로 분석하여 area%로 결과를 나타내었
- 35 -
Table 4.1.5. Product distribution after H2SO4 treatment
Compound area%
Caprylic acid methyl ester C8:0 0.178
Capric acid methyl ester C10:0 0.212
Lauric acid methyl ester C12:0 0.678
Myristic acid methyl ester C14:0 1.847
Palmitic acid methyl ester C16:0 23.19
Oleic acid methyl ester C18:1 42.145
Linoleic acid methyl ester C18:2 2.069
Linolenic acid methyl ester C18:3 1.999
Linolenic acid methyl ester C18:3 2.055
Eicosenoic acid methyl ester C20:1 2.184
Eicosupentaenoic acid methyl ester C20:4 4.133
docosahexaenoic acid methyl ester C22:6 2.954
Total 83.644
H2SO4/Oil=3/100 (w/w), Oil to methanol ratio 50g : 100ml, 120min, 60℃
- 36 -
Table 4.1.6. Product distribution after Amberlyst15 and KOH
treatment
Compound %
Octanoic acid methyl ester C8:0 0.02
Decanoic acid methyl ester C10:0 0.34
Dodecanoic acid methyl ester C12:0 1.54
12-Methyl-tridecanoic acid methyl ester C14:0 5.06
4,8,12-Trimethyl-tridecanoic acid methyl ester C14:3 0.09
Pentadecanoic acid methyl ester C15:0 0.97
Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester C16:0 17.66
7-Hexadecenoic acid methyl ester,(Z)- C16:1 09.52
Heptadecanoic acid methyl ester C17:0 0.83
11-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester C18:1 45.22
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester, (E,E)- C18:2 1.11
9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- C18:3 1.12
Nonadecanoic acid methyl ester C19:0 0.21
10-Nonadecenoic acid methyl ester C19:1 0.56
Eicosanoic acid methyl ester C20:0 1.17
11-Eicosenoic acid methyl ester C20:1 3.87
5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraenoic acid methyl ester, (all-Z)- C20:4 1.04
5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic acid methyl ester C20:5 1.51
Docosanoic acid methyl ester C22:0 0.27
13-Docosenoic acid methyl ester, (Z)- C22:1 1.46
4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic acid methyl ester C22:6 2.13
15-Tetracosenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z)- C24:1 0.12
Total 95.82
KOH/Oil=1/100 (w/w), Oil to methanol ratio 50g : 100ml, 30min, 60℃
- 37 -
Table 4.1.7. Product distribution after H2SO4 and KOH treatment
Compound %
Octanoic acid methyl ester C8:0 0.17
Decanoic acid methyl ester C10:0 0.26
Undecanoic acid methyl ester C11:0 0.01
Dodecanoic acid methyl ester C12:0 1.11
Tridecanoic acid methyl ester C13:0 0.03
4,8,12-Trimethyl-tridecanoic acid methyl ester C13:3 0.06
Methyl tetradecanoate C14:0 3.68
Methyl-Z-11-tetradecenoate C14:1 0.34
Pentadecanoic acid methyl ester C15:0 0.8
Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester C16:0 20.30
7-Hexadecenoic acid methyl ester,(Z)- C16:1 0.03
7-Methyl-6-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester, (Z)- C16:1 0.16
9-Hexadecenoic acid methyl ester, (Z)- C16:1 6.68
14-Methyl-hexadecanoic acid methyl ester C16:1 0.17
Heptadecanoic acid methyl ester C17:0 0.55
Octadecanoic acid methyl ester C18:0 6.86
9-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester, (Z)- C18:1 0.43
10,13-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester C18:2 40.83
9,12-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester, (E,E)- C18:2 0.43
9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- C18:3 0.74
Nonadecanoic acid methyl ester C19:0 0.12
10-Nonadecenoic acid methyl ester C19:1 0.17
Eicosanoic acid methyl ester C20:0 0.87
11-Eicosenoic acid methyl ester C20:1 2.22
7,10,13-Eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester C20:3 0.15
5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic acid methyl ester C20:4 0.1
5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic acid methyl ester C20:5 1.85
Heneicosanoic acid methyl ester C21:0 0.02
Docosanoic acid methyl ester C22:0 0.1
13-Docosenoic acid methyl ester, (Z)- C22:1 0.83
4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic acid methyl ester C22:6 2.78
Tricosanoic acid methyl ester C23:0 0.01
15-Tetracosenoic acid methyl ester C24:1 0.14
Total 93.00
KOH/Oil=1/100 (w/w), Oil to methanol ratio 50 g : 100 ml, 30 min, 60℃
- 38 -
제 2 절 불가사리를 이용한 바이오디젤
1. 불가사리 폐기물
2. 건조 폐불가사리의 열분석
20ml/min으로 주입되었다.
열중량분석 그래프를 Fig. 4.2.1.에 나타내었다. 100℃부근에서 수분의
- 39 -
기화가 일어났고 150-650℃ 사이는 유기물이 분해되었으며, 650℃부터
CaCO3에서 CO2의 탈착이 일어나면서 급격한 중량의 감소를 보인다.
780℃ 이상에서도 지속적인 중량의 감소가 일어나는데, 이는 기타 무기
3. 소성 폐불가사리 특성분석
- 40 -
CaCO3와 동일 피크를 확인 할 수 있다. 또한 750℃이상에서 소성한 불
가사리는 CaO의 피크와 거의 동일한 것을 확인 하였다. 일반적으로,
CaO에 흡착된 CO2와 수분을 제거하기 위해서는 700℃ 정도의 온도에
- 41 -
가지로,고온에서 소성할 경우 기타 무기성분이 감소하면서 상대적으로 증가
한 것으로 보인다.
- 42 -
4. 바이오디젤의 합성 및 분석
1) 소성온도별 영향
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Table 4.2.2. Effect of calcination temperature on FAME contents
Calcination Temp. Reaction time
Catalyst FAME (wt%)
(℃) (min)
Starfish 650 60 <1
CaO - 60 8.32
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2) 반응시간에 따른 영향
- 45 -
3) 몰비에 따른 영향
Oil:MeOH
Calcination Temp. (℃) FAME (%)
Mole ratio
850 1:6 71.23
850 1:9 87.10
850 1:12 88.72
850 1:16 90.08
Reaction Temp. 60℃, Reaction Time 60min, Catalyst/Oil wt Ratio 0.1
- 46 -
4) 촉매 투여량
- 47 -
5) 촉매 재이용
Ca diglyceroxide피크(▽)를 확인 하였다.
CaO의 경우 leaching으로 인하여 촉매의 기대수명에 영향을 미치고,
바이오디젤이 오염되는 문제가 지적되고 있다. 유럽기준에서 바이오디젤
내부의 칼슘 함량은 5ppm 이하로 규정하고 있으며, 따라서 금속을 제거
하기 위하여 바이오디젤을 추가적으로 정제하는 연구가 이루어졌다.
- 48 -
라서 바이오디젤로 사용하기 위해서는 추가적인 정제가 필요할 것으로 보
인다.
- 49 -
제 3 절 KF/MgO
1. 촉매 특성분석
- 50 -
Table 4.3.1. BET surface area of catalysts
2
KF loading (wt%) Calcination temp. (℃) BET surface area (m /g)
10 - 23
20 - 21
30 - 8
- 500 29
KF loading (wt%) Mg K
10 74.5 25.5
20 64.6 35.4
30 43.0 57.0
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Wan, T. 등 의 연구결과에 의하면 KF를 포함하는 염기촉매에서 충분
하게 배위되지 않은 fluoride 이온 (F-)이 활성점으로서의 역할을 한다고
주장하였다[36]. 또한 이 활성점은 700℃ 이상의 온도에서 손실된다고
- 52 -
가하면 이산화탄소 탈착량이 감소하는 것을 알 수 있다. 즉MgO 촉매에
비해 KF/MgO 촉매의 염기점의 양이 많지만 KF를 10wt% 담지한 촉매
가 염기점의 양이 최대를 보이는 것을 알 수 있다. 이러한 현상은 BET
- 53 -
Table 4.3.3. Total basicity determined by CO2-TPD of KF/MgO
Calcination CO2
KF loading (wt%)
Temp. (℃) Consumption(mmol/g)
10 - 8.12×10-2
-2
20 - 5.87×10
-2
30 - 4.83×10
- 500 1.21×10-2
- 54 -
2. 바이오디젤의 FAME 분석
- 55 -
제 4 절 KOH/KL Zeolite
1. 촉매 특성분석
- 56 -
2. 바이오디젤 제조 및 분석
- 57 -
Table 4.4.1. Determination of FAME content for Biodiesel
KL Zeolite 5 30 N/D
KL Zeolite 10 60 N/D
- 58 -
Fig. 4.4.1. Determination of FAME content for Biodiesel
- 59 -
제 5 절 Ca/미역 Char
1. 해조류 Char
2. 촉매 특성 분석
- 60 -
여 염기의 세기 및 양을 분석하였다. (Fig 4.5.1.) 3% 및 5%를 담지한
촉매의 경우 10%담지한 촉매 보다 최대 피크가 약간 높은 온도인 127℃
를 보여 염기의 세기가 약간 증가한 것을 확인 할 수 있다.
- 61 -
3. 바이오디젤 제조 및 분석
1 - 10 N/D
2 3 10 70.21
3 5 10 80.79
4 10 10 67.79
Reaction Temp. 60℃, Catalyst 10wt%, Methanol/Oil Mole Ratio 12
- 62 -
제 5 장 결론
- 63 -
감소하는 것을 확인 하였다. 이는 제올라이트 표면에 다량으로 결정화
된 KOH가 메탄올에 용해된 결과로 보인다.
- 64 -
참고문헌
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- 69 -
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- 70 -
Biodiesel Production Using Waste Resource
and Heterogeneous Catalyst
Yong Beom Jo
Abstract
- 71 -
starfish, seaweed char and alkaline earth metal oxides zeolite have
been also used as the solid base catalysts and the synthesized
catalysts were characterized by using N2 adsorption-desorption,
activity.
- 72 -