Review

READING TEXT

TOPIC >> represents what a paragraph or selection is about.

Strategies :
1. looking for a title
2. looking for repeated words or phrases related to topics

MAIN IDEA >> The sentence making the central point about the topic or
subject of a paragraph.
Strategies :
1. read the title and headings
2. read the first sentence or topic sentence
3. read the last sentence or the concluding sentence
4. look for keywords
5. read the supporting details

PURPOSE
1. To Inform (Expository) >> shows or explains facts.
2. To Persuade (Persuasive) >> Attempts to influence the reader.
3. To Entertain (Narrative or Poetry) >> A story may have a lesson, but the author’s
main purpose is to entertain.

DETAILED QUESTIONS >> Should be able to find the answer without

drawing a conclusion.
Types Of Detail Questions
1. Stated detail questions (the answers are often in the form of restatement)
2. Unstated detail questions (the answer is not stated, mentioned, or true in the
passage)
3. Pronoun reference questions
VOCABULARY
- Guessing meaning from context
- Using grammar to guess

REFERENCE
- Locate the pronoun in the passage
- Look before the pronoun for nouns that agree with the pronoun
- Try each of the nouns in the context in place of the pronoun
- Eliminate any definitely wrong answers and choose the best answer from the
remaining choices

AUTHOR’S ATTITUDE (TONE)

Tone indicates the writer’s attitude.
Often an author's tone is described by adjectives, such as: cynical, depressed,
sympathetic, cheerful, outraged, positive, angry, sarcastic, prayerful, ironic, solemn,
vindictive, intense, excited.

GRAMMAR
MODAL OF ASSUMPTION >> must, can’t/couldn’t, will, should

MODAL OF ADVISABILITY >> should, ought to, had better

MODAL OF NECESSITY >> must, have to, have got to

RELATIVE PRONOUN >> that, which, who, whom, whose, where, when

REPORTED SPEECH
Changes for past tense main clause:
- Pronoun
- Tenses (present to past , past to past perfect)
 - Adverb (today – that day, now – at the moment, yesterday – the day before,
etc)
- Yes/No questions >> IF / Whether

PASSIVE
To be + Past Participle (V3)
V1 = is / am / are
V2 = was / were
V3 = been
Ving = being
Will / modal + be
Example:
Active : He eats the fish
Passive : The fish is eaten by him
Active: Our neighbors have invited us to dinner.
Passive: We have been invited by our neighbors to dinner.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
- Type 0 (General Truth)
If V1(s) + V1(s)

- Type 1 (Hope in the future - not happened yet)

If V1(s) + will V1

- Type 2 (Fact is in present)

If V2 + would V1

- Type 3 (Fact is in Past)

If had V3 + would have V3

SIMPLE PRESENT VS SIMPLE PAST

Simple Present : To tell general truth, facts, and talk about habit
Form:
S + V1 s/es
 S + is / am / are + compliment (noun, adjective, adverb)
Time signals signal words:
Every day, every night, Sometimes, Rarely, Usually, Always, Often, Never, Seldom,
etc

Simple Past: To tell events happening in the past

Form:
S + V2
S + was / were + compliment (noun, adjective, adverb)
Time signals/signal words:
This morning, just now, …ago, last…, yesterday, etc.

CONJUNCTION
to connect words, phrases, and clauses
- Coordinating conjunction
FANBOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So)
- Subordinating Conjunction
As, after, before, because, if, that, while, when, until, because of, unless, in
spite of, though, due to, since
- Correlative Conjunction
Either - or, neither - nor, such – that, whether – or, not only - but also, both –
and, as many – as, no sooner - than

SUBJUNCTIVE
the verb form used to express a wish opposite to fact.
Rules when using “wish.”
- Always use ‘were,’ never use ‘was.’
- Form : Subject + wish + Simple Past Tense
Examples:
I wish I were taller.
They wish they moved to a big house.
I wish I could come to your wedding.