OPIOID ANALGESIC DRUGS Methadone
- use: relief of pain, analgesia for minor
surgery, cough suppression, tx of
secretory diarrhea
- PK: readily absorbed, distribute (but not persist)
in parenchymatous tissues
Undergoes glucuronidation
Excreted in urine
- Adv fx: respiratory depression, sedation
Excitement (cats: sensitive); addiction
Affects thermoregulation, causes panting
Central PS: salivation, defecation, vomiting,
bradycardia, hypotension
OPIOID AGONISTS
Opium – naturally-occurring; controlled substance
- used for diarrhea (calves, foals)
Morphine
- main alkaloid of opium
- most powerful naturally occurring analgesic drug
- DoC for severe pain; also a pre-anesthetic agent
- Receptors: mu, kappa
- fx: analgesia up to 4 hours; miosis,
vomiting, peripheral VD, resp depression,
bradycardia
- adv fx: high dose → excitement (cats)
→ tachycardia (horse, dog)
Etorphine
- synthetic, 1000x more potent than morphine
- PK: extremely long acting
- Fx: produce CNS excitation → depression
- use: DART GUNS (zoo, wild game)
- antagonist: DIPRENORPHINE
Fentanyl
- synthetic, 80-100x more potent than morphine
- Ix: mod to severe intra-operative pain
analgesic/tranquilizer; minor
surgical/dental procedures
- PK: very short acting (10-20min duration)
- NOT approved for use in food animals
- more commonly used in neuroleptanalgesia with
DROPERIDOL (but no longer available)
- TRANSDERMAL PATCH extralabel in dogs and cats for
post- op and chronic pain
Oxymorphone
- Ix: perioperative pain, pre-anesthetic (dogs)
- 10x more potent than morphine; similar actions
Buprenorphine
- synthetic, equipotent to morphine
- Ix: severe pain, COLIC (horses)
- produces LESS sedation than morphine
Meperidine (pethidine: UK)
- synthetic, mu agonist
- controlled substance
- 10x LESS analgesic potency than morphine
- Ix: mod to severe pain; sedation
- LESS respiratory depression than morphine
- Antagonist: LEVALLORPHAN
NEUROLEPTANALGESIA
- quiescence, reduced awareness
- OPIOID ANALGESIC + NEUROLEPTIC (tranquilizer)
- induce a light plane of anesthesia, use LOW
dose Fentanyl-droperidol, etorphine-
acepromazine, etorphine-methotrimeprazine
NEUROLEPTANESTHESIA
- produced using HIGH dose of combination
- associated with SEVERE respiratory depression
- best result: tranquilize –when fully effective→
analgesic Acepromazine-morphine, acepromazine-
methadone, acepromazine-meperidine, meperidine-
medetomidine
OPIOID AGONIST-ANTAGONIST DRUGS
Butorphanol
- Synthetic; agonist kappa & sigma receptors
- analgesic effect 4-7x that of morphine
- with ANTI-TUSSIVE effect (non-productive
cough in dogs)
- Ix: restraint, pre-anesthetic sedation, analgesia
- Adv fx: respiratory depression*
*reversed with NALOXONE
Pentazocine
- controlled substance; antagonist at mu receptor
- analgesic effect 0.33-0.5x that of morphine
- Ix: mod pain (horse, dog)
*NOT used in cats
- controlled substance; partial agonist w very high
affinity for mu receptors
-10-20x more potent than morphine
- LONG-TERM analgesia (8-10 hours post-op)
- cause LESS sedation and respiratory depression
*reversed with NALOXONE
OPIOID ANTAGONISTS
Nalorphine, naloxone*, diprenorphine, levallorphan,
nalmefene, naltrexone**
* reverses meperidine, oxymorphone, morphine
** for behavior disorders, excessive licking of pruritic dermatitis
- Ix: reverse effect of opioid analgesics
(esp. neuroleptanalgesia, respiratory
depression)
Nalorphine
- 1st drug used as opioid antagonist
Naloxone
- reversal agent of opioid analgesics
- recommended in the event of self-
administration of etorphine
Diprenorphine
- structurally similar to etorphine → antagonist
Levallorphan
- antagonizes meperidine
Other pain control agents
a2 adrenergic agonists – xylazine, medetomidine
Ketamine
Tramadol – opiate-like agonist; mu receptor
- inhibits reuptake of NE and serotonin → acts like
ssa2 adrenergic agonist
NSAIDs
 TRANQUILIZER-SEDATIVES
- use: restraint, modify behavior, pre-anesthetic
agent (anticholinergic, sedatives, opioids)
PHENOTHIAZINES
- MoA: block central dopamine-2 (D2) receptors →
sedation, tranquilization
- Major effects:
CNS effects – antiemesis, ↓ thermoregulation,
lowers threshold to seizures
Respiratory effects – negligible therapeutic
doses, ↓ ventilation at large dose,
additive respiratory depression when
combined with opioids
Cardiovascular effects – hypotension,
anti- arrhythmic
Other effects – skeletal mm. relaxation, ↓ BT
- CIx: hypotensive px (ie. In shock, dehydrated,
hypovolemic, and/or bleeding), px with
seizures, BREEDING STALLIONS (→
paraphimosis)
Acepromazine, chlorpromazine,
propionylpromazine, promazine, triflupromazine
Acepromazine
- most commonly used phenothiazine in VetMed
*may cause paralysis of retractor penis mm →
paraphimosis (stallions)
*boxers: severe bradycardia, hypotension, collapse
(reduce dose to 0.01-0.025 mg/kg)
Chlorpromazine
- Ix: treatment of non-specific vomiting
(dogs, cats), prevent motion sickness
- CIx: horse → ataxia
Triflupromazine
- Use: sedative, anti-emetic (dogs, cats) IM
Promazine
- oral dosage formulations
BUTYROPHENONES
- MoA: block central D2 receptor in
mesolimbic- mesocortical pathways of
the brain
- Use: pre-anesthetic, behavior medication
- Fx: minimal respiratory effects, minimal reduction
in arterial BS (slight a-adrenergic blockade),
anti- emetic, minimal analgesic effect Azaperone
*as sedative: phenothiazines > butyrophenones
- mainly in pigs; wildlife
- use: control fighting, aggressiveness when
mixing weanlings, prevent maternal
rejection
*OD → penis extrusion in boars
*avoided in horses → sweating, muscle tremors, panic
reaction, CNS excitement
Droperidol
- used in combination with fentanyl →
neuroleptanalgesia
BENZODIAZEPINES
Diazepam, lorazepam, zolazepam, midazolam, alprazolam
- MoA: bind to CNS gamma aminobutyric acid
(GABA) receptor sites → enhanced GABA
activity → enhanced opening of Cl channels
- use: sedation (benzodiazepines > phenothiazine),
relief of anxiety and behavioral disorders, tx of
seizures
- fx: mild to moderate sedation, minimal
cardiovascular & respiratory effects, appetite
stimulation (enhance perceived palatability)
Diazepam
- widely used in VetMed
- Ix: convulsions, behavior problems, restlessness
post-operative, preferred pre-anesthetic before
ketamine (↓ hallucination assoc. with ketamine)
- AVOID use in C-sections
(poorly metabolized by neonates)
Lorazepam
- very long acting; slow onset (max. effect at
30- 40min IV or 40-50min PO
- 4x as potent as diazepam
- also premedication before ketamine anesthesia
Midazolam
- fx: minimal cardiovascular effects
- more respiratory depressant than diazepan
- effective 3mins post-IM
*CROSSES PLACENTA → CNS depression in
neonates delivered by C-section
Zolazepam
- zolazepam + tiletamine → anesthesia
 HYPONOTIC- Romifidine
SEDATIVES - use: sedative to facilitate handling, exam, tx
ALPHA-2 (horses); premedication before GA
AGONISTS Sedative antagonists
A2-adrenergic antagonists: atipamezole, yohimbine
- MoA: stimulates alpha-2 adrenergic benzodiazepine antagonist: flumazenil
receptors in CNS; ↓ epinephrine release from
presynaptic nerve endings → sedation
- use: sedation, restraint, analgesia, emesis,
minor surgical procedures
- fx: CNS – mod to heavy sedation,
analgesia, emesis, hypothermia,
good mm relaxant
Cardiovascular – marked bradycardia*,
initial transient hypertension →
prolonged hypotension
*counteracted by
atropine Respiration – minimal decrease in
RR Metabolism – hyperglycemia
(eventually
polyuria), ↓ intestinal motility
Reproductive system - ↑ uterine contractions
→ may lead to premature delivery/abortion
Xylazine
- 2% : small animals :: 10% : large animals
- emetic effects in cats; occasionally in dogs
- ruminants: most sensitive to effects of xylazine
(sheep, goat: small dose; cattle: 1/10 equine dose)
- combined with ketamine for short-term field
procedures in horses (castration, wound
suture)
- do NOT repeat dose → prolong DoA
- avoid concurrent adrenergic stimulants (e.g. epi)
(leads to ↑ sensitivity to epi → arrhythmia)
Detomidine
- specifically used in horses; more potent
*deeper sedation: detomidine + opioids (eg. butorphanol)
- use: sedation, analgesia
- less ecbolic effect (preferred over xylazine in late
pregnancy)
- side fx: sweating, muscle tremors, penile prolapse
Medetomidine
- more potent; used in dogs and cats
- combined with butorphanol → deeper sedation
- use: facilitates clinical examination, minor surgical
procedures, minor dental procedures
- adverse fx: pain at injection site
 Dopamine GROUP 2: INDIRECTLY ACTING ON RECEPTORS A2-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS
- MoA: stimulates B1 receptors, - MoA: causes NE release from secretory vesicles Yohimbine – reverse sedative effects of a2-agonist
dopamine receptors on renal on nerve terminals Atipamezole – reverse sedative effects of
arterioles - Ix: human use (therapy for depression, medetomidine
- Ix: ARF (dopamine dilates renal arterioles, ↑ blood
hyperactivity, narcolepsy, appetite control)
flow, GFR) BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS
Amphetamine
Dobutamine - Ix: cardiac arrhythmia (dogs, cats)
- Fx: stimulates mood & alertness, appetite
- MoA: acts on B1-receptors
suppression (inc dose → hallucinations, NONSELECTIVE B-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS
- Ix: cardiogenic shock, DCM (horse, dog, cat)
violent behavior, psychosis) Propanolol – most commonly used in VetMed; atrial
Hydroxyamphetamine arrhythmias
NONCATECHOLAMINES Metamphetamine Carvedilol
SPECIFIC A1 AGONISTS - similar but greater CNS effects SELECTIVE B1 ADRENERGIC BLOCKER
Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) Metoprolol, atenolol, sotalol, esmolol
- Ix: urinary incontinence (dogs) secondary GROUP 3: DUAL ACTING
to urinary sphincter incompetence *EPINEPHRINE REVERSAL EFFECT
- MoA: NE release from secretory vesicles &
- fx: improve urethral tone - effect of Epi: VC (a1) and VD (b2)… however, net effect is
*may cause stroke stimulate receptor directly
VC and ↑ BP
Phenylephrine Ephedrine
- when epi given with a1-blockers → B2-stimulation →
- Fx: nasal decongestant, topical hemostatic - Ix: chronic tx of asthma severe hypotension → usual VC effect reversed
- Use: nasal decongestant, ↑ BP
SPECIFIC A2 AGONISTS Metaraminol
- Ix: tx of shock, acute hypotension
Clonidine
- Ix: diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency (dogs)
GROUP 4: BLOCKING RE-UPTAKE OF NE
Xylazine
- medetomidine, detomidine BACK TO NERVE TERMINAL
- Use: sedation, analgesia - MoA: NE stays longer in synapse →
Amitraz prolonged receptor stimulation
- Ix: skin infestation w tick, lice, mites (dogs, cattle, *no significant use in VetMed
sheep, goat, swine) Imipramine: antidepressant
*Central A2 adrenergic receptor stimulants → sedation, analgesia, Cocaine: CNS stimulant → euphoria, ↑ energy
↓ sympathetic outflow, tranquilization
ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS
SELECTIVE B2 AGONISTS MoA: inhibit NE release in nerve endings, block
- Use: bronchodilators adrenergic receptors
- Ix: allergic respiratory disease, respiratory
infection/inflammation, recurrent airway INHIBITOR OF NE RELEASE
obstruction (RAO) in horses Bretylium – anti-arrhythmic agent
Clenbuterol, pirbuterol Ix: ventricular tachycardia & arrhythmia (horse)
Terbutaline (dogs, cats)
Salbutamol/albuterol NON-SELECTIVE ALPHA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS
Salmeterol – long-acting - MoA: block alpha-adrenoreceptors of smooth mm
*Beta-agonists → lipolytic effect → leaner meat
*illegal in food animals in PH (except ractopamine) of UB neck, proximal urethra →
RELAXATION of urethral sphincter
Beta-agonist toxicity: high residues in meat → shivering hands, - Ix: urinary retention
↑ HR, resp. effects, shaky/nervousness, Phenoxybenzamine, prazosin
headaches, muscle cramps
 INDIRECT-ACTING CHOLINOMIMETICS
(Cholinesterase enzyme inhibitors)
- MoA: Block Ach metabolism by cholinesterases
- fx: increase Ach concentration at the
cholinergic synapse
CARBAMATES
- MoA: reversibly inhibits cholinesterase
by carbamylation
- commonly used as insecticides (tick, flea, keds, lice)
Carbaryl, propoxur
ORGANOPHOSPHATES
- MoA: irreversibly inhibits cholinesterase
by phosphorylation
- commonly used in pesticides, anthelmintics
Malathion, dichlorvos, coumaphos, trichlorfon,
fenthion
*Some potent neurotoxins are OPs:
diisopropyl fluorophosphate, tricresylphosphate, sarin
Symptoms of toxicities of OP, carbamates
- exaggerated muscarinic signs: colic, diarrhea,
dyspnea, hypotension, miosis, excessive exocrine
secretions
- exaggerated nicotinic signs: muscle tremors
then paralysis, convulsion, mania then coma
- usual cause of death → respiratory failure
*Antidote: Atropine
Pralidoxime (2-PAM)
- can reactivate cholinesterase during early
stages of OP poisoning
- MoA: dephosphorylation of
cholinesterase enzyme
- only useful in early stages: after a long period,
OP poisoning becomes irreversible
SHORT-ACTING CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
- MoA: reversible cholinesterase inhibition
Physostigmine (eserine)
- source: plant-derived alkaloid,
calabar bean/ordeal bean
- Ix: glaucoma, antidote for atropine/deadly
nightshade poisoning, urine retention, GI
atony
Neostigmine ADRENERGIC STIMULANTS
- Ix: diagnosis of myasthenia gravis-like syndrome (sympathomimetic drugs)
(dogs) → ↑ Ach in MEP → stimulation of whatever - Ix: combat life-threatening disorders (e.g.
normal receptors are left acute attach of bronchial asthma, shock, cardiac
arrest, anaphylaxis)
CHOLINERGIC BLOCKERS
Atropine GROUP 1: DIRECTLY STIMULATING
- source: Atropa belladonna plant ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS
(deadly nightshade) ALPHA
- Fx: mydriasis (blocks ability of iris to A1/A2 *Epinephrine, *norepinephrine
constrict) Anticholinergic, antispasmodic A1 Phenylpropanolamine, phenylephrine
- Ix: Pre-anesthetic medication A2 Xylazine, medetomidine, detomidine
↓ salivary, respiratory secretions Amitraz
Prevent bradycardia, heart block associated Clonidine
with induction of general anesthesia BETA
Slows down hypermotile gut B1/B2 *Epinephrine
Control ciliary spasm, dilate pupils B1 *Epinephrine, *dopamine, dobutamine
- CIx: glaucoma B2 Salbutamol, terbutaline
- treatment of OP, carbamate poisoning: Clenbuterol, salmeterol
10.2- 2mg/kg; ¼ dose IV, rest SC/IM pirbuterol
Atropine-like drugs *endogenous CATs
Methscopolamine – controls diarrhea Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Propantheline – GIT antispasmodic drug - Major effects:
(horse – facilitate rectal exam) Excitatory effects (a-adrenergic receptors)
Homatropine – relief of URT hypersecretion, – VC (bv from skin, abdominal
bronchoconstriction in small viscera), mydriasis, mucoid & thick
animals Hyoscine – antiemetic effect in dogs saliva
Inhibitory effects (B2-adrenergic receptors)
Atropine Poisoning: – VD (bv of skeletal mm.), relaxation of
- Dry mouth, thirst, dysphagia, constipation gut smooth muscles, BD
- mydriasis Cardioexcitatory (B1-adrenergic receptors)
- tachycardia, hyperpnea, restlessness – ↑ HR (+ chronotropic), ↑ force of
- delirium, ataxia, muscle trembling myocardial contraction (+ inotropic)
- respiratory depression → failure → death Metabolic effects (a & b-adrenergic receptors)
*Antidote: physostigmine (cholinesterase inhibitor) – hyperglycemia (↑ glycogenolysis,
– 0.1 – 0.6mg/kg, slow IV, repeated inhibit insulin release), hyperlipidemia,
↑ blood lactic acid
every 10min until toxicity is reversed
CNS effects – wakefulness
Ix: anaphylaxis, severe allergic reactions, bronchial
asthma, cardiac arrest, asystole
*Epi + local anesthetic → VC (Epi ↑ duration of local
anesthetic, ↓ local anesthetic toxicity)
Norepinephrine
- Ix: shock cases characterized by
↓ blood vessel tone, asystole
 ANTINEOPLASTIC DRUGS ANTITUBULINS CHOLINERGIC STIMULANTS
- Toxicity, side fx often in GIT, hemopoetic systems - source: plant alkaloid (periwinkle plant, Vinca rosea) DIRECT-ACTING MUSCARINIC CHOLINOMIMETICS
(anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, bone marrow depression, loss of hair,
inflammation) → pre-tx of antihistamine, steroid, antiemetics, - MoA: M Phase → inhibition of mitosis, cell death (Ach receptor agonists)
and analgesics to reduce severity of side effects - Adv fx: skin irritation upon contact → use PPE CHOLINE ESTERS ALKALOIDS
Vinblastine (IV) - bethanechol - muscarine
ALKYLATING AGENTS - Ix: MCT - carbachol - pilocarpine
- MoA: cell cycle non-specific; - Myelosuppression perivascular vesicant - arecoline
inhibit replication of DNA Vincristine (IIV) - nicotine
via - Ix: lymphoma, MCT, TVT, immune-
cross-linking DNA strands mediated thrombocytopenia CHOLINE ESTERS
Cyclophosphamide (PO/IV) - myelosuppression perivascular vesicant, - Ix: clinical disorders involving depression of
- Ix: lymphoma, carcinoma, sarcoma peripheral neuropathy, constipation (cats) smooth muscle activity
- adv fx: marrow, GI, hemorrhagic cystitis Bethenecol
Chlorambucil (PO) MISCELLANEOUS AGENTS - Ix: urinary bladder atony, incontinence (dog, cat)
- Ix: lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic PLATINUM DRUGS e.g. detrusor hyporeflexia, bladder atony
leukemia, MCT, IgM myeloma - MoA: interrupt DNA replication in tumor cells Carbachol
- also used as immunosuppressant - Ix: solid tumors (osteosarcoma, carcinoma) - Ix: gut hypomotility (eg ruminal stasis in cattle),
- Mild marrow toxicity - Adv fx: renal toxicity, GI effect bladder paralysis
- Route: IV
ANTHRACYCLINES ALKALOIDS
- MoA: cell cycle non-specific; Cisplatin – do not use in cats Pilocarpine
bind with DNA, interfere with RNA, protein (fatal) Carboplatin - source: Pilocarpus jaborandi
synthesis ASPARGINASE - Ix: glaucoma
Doxorubicin (IV) - MoA: cell cycle specific enzyme from E. MoA: constricts pupil → open canal of Schlemm
coli; Catalyzes breakdown of → drains aqueous humor →
- Ix: lymphoproliferative neoplasm,
asparagine* decrease intraocular pressure
carcinomas, sarcomas *A.A. required by cancer cells
- myelosuppression, GI upset, hypersensitivity, Muscarine
- No effect on normal cells - source: toxin, Amanita sp., Clitocybe
myocardial toxicity, nephrotoxic (cats), perivascular - Ix: lymphoproliferative neoplasms
damage with extravasation sp. mushrooms
- Adv fx: hypersensitivity, GI disturbances - toxological important only
*used with other antineoplastic agents
GLUCOCORTICOIDS Arecoline
*premedicate with antihistamine (suppress hypersensitivity)
-MoA: cycle nonspecific; lympholytic - source: betel nut
- Ix: lymphoid neoplasms; Mgt of complications - Ix: once used for removal of intestinal
ANTIMETABOLITES
of neoplastic disease (e.g. hypercalcemia, worms (dogs, horse)
- MoA: S Phase (DNA synthesis) thrombocytopenia)
- analogue of purine, pyrimidines – incorporated Nicotine
- ↑ appetite, overall well-being - source: alkaloid derivative, tobacco plant
into DNA to inhibit protein, enzyme - used in combination protocols w - fx: ↑ HR, BP; VC(esp. skin), tremors, convulsions
synthesis other antineoplastic drug
- toxicity: Mild myelosuppression, GI upset NSAIDs
Methotrexate (PO/IV) SYMPTOMS OF EXCESSIVE CHOLINERGIC
- MoA: inhibit overexpressed COX-2 in tumors
- Ix: lymphoma - ↓ cell proliferation, ↑ apoptosis, (-) angiogenesis, STIMULATION (DUMB BELLS)
Cytosine arabinoside (SQ, IM, IV) module immune function [D] diarrhea [U] urination [M] miosis [B] BC
- Ix: myeloproliferative lymphoma [B] bradycardia [E] emesis [L] lacrimation [L] lethargy
Piroxicam – tx of transitional cell carcinoma [S] salivation
in bladder, SCC (dogs); GI effects *Treatment: Atropine
Newer COX-2 inhibitors (deracoxib, meloxicam) –
yield equal or improved effects
 SPINOSAD
- MoA: Ach-receptor agonist
→ seizure, paralysis, death of fleas
- For dogs 14 weeks or older
METAFLUMIZONE
- MoA: block Na influx in membrane
→ paralysis, death of adult fleas
- Activity: C. canis, C. felis
IMIDACLOPRID
- MoA: inhibit cholinergic activity → paralysis
- Activity: Controls less severe flea infestations;
kills newly emerged adult fleas
- Form: once-a-month topical
FIPRONYL
- MoA: interferes with Cl channels
→ overstimulation, death
- Activity: fleas (newly emerged
adults), ticks (all stages), lice
- Form: spray, spot-on
*Avoid in kittens < 12 weeks, puppies < 10 weeks,
debilitated, geriatric, pregnant, lactating
LUFENURON
- MoA: chitin* synthesis inhibitor
*chitin – flea exoskeleton
- Ix: flea management
- PK: absorbed in fatty tissues
*avoid in puppies/kittens < 6 weeks old
AVERMECTIN
- MoA: kills adult fleas → prevent flea eggs from
hatching
- Ix: Dogs – mites,
fleas Cats – mites,
fleas
Large animals – lice, mites, insect lava
Ivermectin, selamectin*, doramectin
*can be used in Collies
BANNED DRUGS
ISOXAZOLINES
CHLORAMPHENICOL
- MoA: inhibit GABA Cl channels,
- Public health danger: residue in meat, milk, egg
L-glutamate Cl channels
- Possibilities of aplastic anemia
- Ix: flea control, scabies
Fluralaner, soralaner, afoxolaner
OLAQUINDOX, CARBADOX
- Long withdrawal period (70 d)
SULFURATED LIME SOLUTION
- Genotoxic potential of parent compounds
- Ix: external treatment of mange, lice
- incidence of adrenal cortex adenomas
- Form: rinse, dip
*may stain light-colored animals
Lime sulfur NITROFURANS
- Carcinogenic at 0.15% w/w conc’n; Mutagen
SYNERGISTS
- MoA: inhibits microsomal enzymes BETA-AGOIST DRUGS USED IN HUMANS AS BD &
→ prolong activity of pyrethrin, pyrethroids TOCOLYTIC AGENTS (CLENBUTEROL,
- Adv fx: toxicity (cats) SALBUTAMOL, TERBUTALIN, PIRBUTEROL)
- Ix: fleas, ticks - no established safety profile
Piperonyl butoxide - banned in other countries as lean-enhancing
agent in food animals
INSECT GROWTH REGULATORS
- MoA: prevents maturation of larvae into adults
→ insect eventually dies
- Ix: flea control
Methoprene, pyriproxyfen, fenoxycarb
REPELLENTS
- Repel gnats, mosquitoes, flies
*MGK 326 – often formulated with pyrethroids and/or
synergists to be used as sprays, dips,
shampoo (horse, dog, cat)
Butoxypolypropylene glycol
OTHER INSECTICIDES
D-LIMONENE
- Source: citrus peel extract
- Quick killing, not residual
ROTENONE
- MoA: uncouples oxidative phosphorylation
- not commonly used
*TOXIC in fish, swine
 ANTIVIRALS AMANTADINE, RIMANTADINE ECTOPARASITICIDES
IDOXURIDINE, TRIFLURIDINE - Ix: prevention of respiratory infections
- Activity: DNA viruses (e.g. herpesvirus, poxvirus) by Influenza A ORGANOPHOSPHATES
- Formula: topical ophthalmic Amantadine – tx of pain syndromes in animals - MoA: irreversible cholinesterase inhibition
- Ix: Herpetic keratitis Proposed MoA: inhibit neurotransmitter - Adv fx: transient sedation, seizures, ↓ rectal temp,
*idoxuridine initially; if no response within 1 week → N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)
trifuldine ↑ blood glucose
INTERFERON
- Adv fx: toxic side effects Coumaphos, fenthion, malathion, dichlorvos,
- Glycopolypeptide molecules produced by
(leukopenia, hepatotoxicity, GI signs) trichlorfon, chlorvinphos
mammalian cells in response to viral infections;
CYTARABINE, VIDARABINE potent cytokines that possess anti-viral, Chlorpyriphos, phosmet – fleas, ticks, sarcoptic
- Ix: antineoplastic agent (dogs) immunomodulating, anti-cancer properties mange mites (dogs)
tx for leukemia, lymphoma (cats) L-LYSINE
- Adv fx: bone marrow suppression - blocks availability of arginine* CARBAMATES
*necessary for replication of herpesvirus - MoA: reversible cholinesterase
Vidaribine – topical, Herpes keratitis - prophylactic dose of 500mg 6 hrs prior to
*less potent against feline herpesvirus inhibitors
Carbaryl, propoxur – flea and tick collars (dog, cat)
RIBAVIRIN viral challenge, then continued 500mg PO q12h Bendiocard – for large animals
→↓
- strongest antiviral activity against RNA respiratory
severity of ocular lesions
viruses (influenza A, B) and herpesviruses PYRETHRINS, PYRETHROIDS
- myxovirus, paramyxovirus, arenavirus, - MoA: GABA-agonist → paralyze parasite
bunyavirus, retrovirus, adenovirus, - Ix: Control of tick, flea, lice, Cheyletiella
poxvirus mites, mosquitoes
Pyrethrin
Aerosolized ribavirin – preferred for tx of - extracted from chrysanthemum flowers
susceptible respiratory infections - Quick-kill effect, low residual activity
ACYCLOVIR, PENCICLOVIR, - usually combined with piperonyl
related prodrugs (VALACYCLOVIR, FAMCICLOVIR)
butoxide (synergist) for enhanced
Acyclovir – tx for Equine Herpesvirus Encephalitis* efficacy
*Equine herpesvirus type-1 – myoencephalopathy,
respiratory disease, abortion, neonatal infection Pyrethroids
Penciclovir – topical cream for herpesvirus infection in humans - synthetic; modeled from pyrethrin
Famciclovir – FHV-1 (fever, sneezing, - not always require synergist
bilateral nasal and ocular cypermethrin,tetramethrin
discharge) permethrin, decamethrin, allethrin,
Valacyclovir – cats at 60mg/kg PO q6hrs → FORMAMIDINE
depression, dehydration, severe bone marrow - MoA: a2-adrenergic agonist; overstimulates NS
suppression, hepatic and renal necrosis - Ix: Dogs – demodicosis, sarcoptic
ZIDOVUDINE (AZT)
mange Livestock – ticks, mange
- Ix: Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
Amitraz
- reduce CS for FIV-positive cats at 10mg/kg
- Antagonists: atipamezole, yohimbine
BID SC for 3 weeks
FOSCARNET
- MoA: inhibits DNA, RNA polymerases, NEONICOTINOID
reverse transcriptase - MoA: bind & inhibit nicotinic Ach receptors
- Ix: Avian myeloblastosis, Moloney murine →
leukemia, Rauscher leukemia, influenza, interfere w nerve conduction
bovine leukemia, African Swine Fever, - Nitenpyram,
kills adult fleas
dinotefuran
Baboon endogenous virus, Simian sarcoma,
 ANTIPROTOZOALS: ANTICOCCIDIALS
SULFONAMIDE
- Activity: 1st and 2nd stage schizonts; chicken,
turkey, cattle, dog, cat, rabbit
- Effect: Static (low dose); Cidal (high dose)
- Ix: Tx and Px of COCCIDIOSIS
Sulfaguanidine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfadiazine,
sulfadimethoxazole, sulfaquinoxaline
Sulfaquinoxaline + trimethoprim – tx in chickens
POLYETHER IONOPHORES
- Activity: prevent development of 1st gen schizonts
- Ix: prophylaxis
- CIx: toxic to horses, guinea fowl
*myotoxic when mixed with pleuromutilin antibiotics
→ growth retardation
Lasolacid – chicken, turkey, cattle, sheep, rabbit
Maduramicin – broilers
Monensin – broilers, turkeys
Narasin – poultry
Semduramicin – broilers
Salinomycin - poultry
GUANIDINE DERIVATIVES
Activity: late 1st gen schizonts
Robenidine
- do not give to layers (unpleasant taste in eggs)
- Px in chickens
TRIAZINE DERIVATIVES
- Activity: target various stages
Diclazuril – tx and px in poultry
Toltrazuril – tx in poultry; tx of I. suis in
swine Clazuril – tx, px in pigeons
DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE
- Ix: Coccidiosis, Toxoplasma sp., Neospora sp.,
Leucocytozoon sp.
- Adv fx: affects bone marrow
PYRIDINOLS
- Ix: Coccidiosis, Leucocytozoon sp.
Clopidol – 1st gen schizonts; Px of coccidiosis
(chicken, turkey)
THIAMINE ANALOGUES
- MoA: competitive inhibition of thiamine transport
into the parasite
Amprolium – 1st gen schizonts
Tx of Eimeria sp. infection (pigeon, turkey,
chicken, calves)
Tx of Coccidiosis (dog, cat)
HALOFUGINONE
- Activity: Coccidiosis, cryptosporidiosis
Halofuginone – Px of coccidiosis (poultry);
Tx and Px of Cryptosporidiosis (calves)
QUINOLONE ANTICOCCIDIALS
- MoA: interfere w e- transport system
→ prevent coccidial respiration
- Activity: Coccidia sp., Babesia sp., Hepatozoon,
Theileria sp., T. gondii., Eimeria sp.,
Pneumocystis carnii, Malaria
Decoquinate – px of Coccidiosis
(broilers, cattle sheep, goat)
Atovaquone
Buparvaquone
Parvaquone
OTHER ANTIPROTOZOALS
NITROIMIDAZOLES
- MoA: produce intermediates/free radicals
→ damage protozoal DNA
- Ix: Giardia, Balantidium, E. histolytica,
Tritrichomonas foetus, Trichomonas
gallidae,
H. maleagridis, Trypanosomas sp.
Metronidazole, tinidazole
BENZIMIDAZOLE
NITROFURANS
- Ix: Trypanosoma cruzi
- prohibited in food-producing animals →
mutagenic, carcinogenic effects
Nifurtimox
TETRACYCLINES
- Ix: Amoeba, flagellates, piroplasmas, ciliates
Babesia divergens, B. canis, B. equi, Theileria
sp, Anaplasma marginale, Ehrlichia
Oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline
LINCOSAMIDES
- Ix: Toxoplasmosis, Neosporosis
Clindamycin – for Toxoplasmosis (dogs, cats);
Canine Neosporosis
AZALIDES
- derivative of macrolide ATBs w
unknown antiprotozoal mechanism
- Ix: Cryptosporidiosis, Toxoplasmosis, Babesiosis
Azithromycin – Cryptosporidiosis (cattle)
B. gibsoni infection (dogs)
4-AMINOQUINOLINES
- Ix: Plasmodium sp.
Chloroquine – Avian Malaria
DIAMIDINE DERIVATIVES
- MoA: bind to DNA, affect parasite replication
- Ix: Piroplasmosis, Hepatozoon canis
 Diminazene diaceturate, Pentamidine isethionate,
Trimethoprim – coccidiosis, neosporosis,
Phenamidine isethionate
toxoplasma, malaria
Imidocarb diproprionate – Ix: Babesia sp.
Ormethoprim + sulfadimethoxine – px of
- Ix: Giardia sp. coccidiosis
- Adv Pyrimethamine
fx: teratogenic – toxoplasmosis
Fenbendazole, albendazole
 ANTHELMINTICS: ANTINEMATODAL DRUGS TETRAHYDROPYRIMIDINES Birds, snakes – endoparasites
BENZIMIDAZOLES - MoA: mimic action of Ach (cholinergic agonist) - Adv fx: in Collies/collie crosses*, Murray Grey cattle
- MoA: interfere with energy metabolism of worn → worm paralysis *MDR1/ABCB1 gene mutation for p-glycoprotein
- Activity: broad spectrum - Ix: Horses – ascarids, strongyles, efflux transporter [supposedly prevents entry of ivermectin
- Ix: Horses – strongyles, pinworms, ascarids pinworms Cattle, sheep, goat – in BBB] → CNS depression, ataxia, possible death
Cattle – ascarids, several strongyle strongyle
species Dog, cat – hookworms, roundworms ANTICESTODES
liver fluke & tapeworms (albendazole) Swine – roundworms, strongyle PYRAZINE DERIVATIVES
lungworm (fenbendazole) Pyrantel pamoate/embonate, pyrantel tartrate, - MoA: ↑ permeability of worm’s cell membrane
Sheep, goat – ascarids, several strongyles, morantel tartrate → disintegration of cestode
stomach worms, lungworm Praziquantel – against all cestodes
(fenbendazole) IMIDAZOTHIAZOLES Adv fx: lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia
Dog – hookworms, roundworms, pinworms, Epsiprantel – Taenia, Dipylidium sp.
- MoA: mimic action of Ach (cholinergic agonist)
Some effective against T. pisiformis, → worm paralysis
but not D. caninum - Activity: ascarid, whipworm, hookworm, ANTITREMATODAL DRUGS
Swine – strongyle, lungworm, strongyle (horse, cattle, sheep, goat,
lungworm Snakes, birds dog, cat, swine)
- Admn of repeated dose – advantageous - with immunostimulant, anti-inflammatory effects
(slow killing process) - Adv fx: cholinergic – salivation, ataxia, mm tremors
- Adv fx*: lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, hepatotoxicity** - Formula: PO (pellet, powder, paste, susp.)
*uncommon; **mebendazole Levamisole, tetramisole
Albendazole, thiabendazole,
oxibendazole, mebendazole,
PIPERAZINES
cambendazole, oxfendazole, fenbendazole
- MoA: muscle hyperpolarization → block
*PROBENZIMIDAZOLES
neuromuscular transmission in parasite
- prodrugs
→ worm paralysis
Febantel – transformed into fenbendazole
Netobimin – transformed into albendazole - Activity: nematodes; cat and dog roundworms,
exotic animals (birds, snakes)
 Clorsulon
- MoA: inhibit worm enzyme system → ↓energy
- Ix: adult, immature F. hepatica (cattle)
Albendazole
- MoA: interferes with worm’s energy metabolism
- Ix: adult F. hepatica (cattle)
- NOT approved for LACTATING (no
established withdrawal time)
Praziquantel
- Ix: lung trematodes (cats, dogs)
ORGANOPHOSPHATES
- MoA: inhibit acetylcholinesterase → worm paralysis
- Activity: nematodes, bots
- Ix: Horse – bots, strongyles, roundworms, pinworms
Cattle – strongyles
Dog, cat – hookworms, roundworms,
whipworms Swine – ascarids, whipworms,
nodule worms,
strongyles
- narrow margin of safety
- OD → muscarinic, nicotinic signs in the host
(SLUDGE → Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination,
Diarrhea, GI Upset, Emesis)
- Adv fx: muscle tremors, miosis
Dichlorvos, trichlorfon, coumaphos, haloxon
OT Plus (mebendazole + trichlorfon)
→ tx of parasitic infection caused by gastric bots
(Gastrophilus spp)
- Formula: PO
Piperazine dihydrochloride, piperazine sulfate
AVERMECTIN
- Source: Streptomyces avermitilis
- MoA: bind to glutamate-gated Cl channels in
neurons, myocytes → worm paralysis,
death
- PK: Does NOT cross BBB (unless at high dose)
- Activity: broad spectrum; ruminants, horse, pig, dog
*also affect HEARTWORM LARVAE, ECTOPARASITES
Ivermectin, moxidectin, doramectin, selamectin,
eprinomectin, milbemycine oxime*
*structurally related to avermectin
IVERMECTIN
- Ix: Horse – strongyle, pinworm, ascarid,
hairworm, stomachworm, threadworm,
bots, lungworm
Cattle – GIT roundworm, lungworm, grub, lice,
mange mites
Dog, cat – preventive (D. immitis), hookworms
HEARTWORM DISEASE
ADULTICIDES
- Thiacetarsamide – nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic,
coughing, gagging, lethargy
- Melarsomine – nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic (safer and more
effective than thiacertsamide), coughing, gagging,
depression, lethargy, anorexia, fever, vomiting
*Given deep IM epaxial (between L3-L5, once for 2 days)
MICROFILARICIDE
Ivermectin (50mcg/kg), Milbemycin, Levamisole
PREVENTIVES
-Ivermectin – not for puppies < 6 weeks, collies/collie
mixes; Adv fx: ataxia, depression, salivation
- Milbemycin – also heartworm preventive (cats);
hookworms, ascarids, whipworms
- Selamectin – also fleas, ear mites, sarcoptic mange
(dogs) nematodes, hookworms (cat)
- Moxidectin – 6-month injection
Adv fx: GIT signs, neurologic signs
- Diethylcarbamzine (DEC) – ascarids, hookworm,
whipworm; Adv fx: vomiting
 ANTIFUNGALS
POLYENES
- MoA: bind to ergosterol* → disrupt fungal cell
membrane (form pores →
leaky)
*membrane lipid of fungi
Nystatin
- Ix: oral, GIT C. albicans infection (dog, cat, bird)
- Form: oral, topical
- Adv fx: GI upset, hypersensitivity
Amphotericin B
- systemic antifungal
- Ix: progressive, disseminated deep mycosis
- Forms: IV (store in dark), topical forms
- PK: poor GI absorption; good parenteral (IV)
penetration (except into muscle, bone,
eye, synovial fluid)
- Adv fx: extremely nephrotoxic (dilute in
5% dextrose → reduce
nephrotoxicity)
*Lower dose recommended in cats (sensitive)
*diphenhydramine (0.5mg/kg IV), aspirin (10mg/kg PO), or
hydrocortisone Na succinate (0.5mg/kg IV) given before
administration – reduce severity of side effects
In combination with:
- Rifampin – potentiates effect of amphotericin on
Aspergilllus, Candida, Histoplasma
- Flucytosine – tx of Candida, Cryptococcus
AZOLES SUPERFICIALS
- MoA: cause leakage of fungal cell membrane - MoA: disrupt fungal cell division
- Ix: systemic & superficial mycoses - Ix: topical/superficial
- Activity: broad spectrum; delayed onset of effect mycoses; targets
(Trichophyton verrucosum, T equinum, T mentagrophytes, dermatophytes
Microsporum canis, M nanum; yeast: Malassezia
pachydermatis, Crpytococcus neoformans)
- Form: PO, topical forms
- Adv fx: hepatotoxic, teratogenic
Dogs – inappetence, vomiting, pruritus,
alopecia, reversible lighting of hair coat
Cats* - anorexia, fever, depression,
diarrhea,
↑liver enzymes, hepatotoxicity
Ketoconazole, miconazole, itraconazole,
clotrimazole
Ketoconazole – administer with food
→ reduce side effects
Miconazole – broad spectrum; topical formula
Clotrimazole – broad spectrum; topical formula
Itraconazole
- MoA: > potency, ↓ toxicity, wider spectrum
than ketoconazole
- Ix: systemic mycoses
- DoC for BLASTOMYCOSIS
- Forms: oral, IV
Fluconazole
- Ix: tx of CNS MYCOSES, fungal and
yeast infections
*limited use in small animals
- Forms: PO, IV, topical formulations
*combination with amphotericin B: serious systemic
disease; less nephrotoxic
ANTIMETABOLICS
- MoA: interfere with RNA & protein synthesis
- PK: well-absorbed PO
- Adv fx: bone marrow suppression
Terbinafine
- MoA: interferes with fungal sterol biosynthesis
at an early stage, causing deficiency of
ergosterol, intracellular accumulation of
squalene, fungal cell death
- dosage (cats): 10-30mg/kg/day
- forms: PO, topical
Griseofulvin
- Adv fx: teratogenic in all species
Dogs – vomiting, diarrhea,↑liver enzymes
Cats – anemia, leukopenia, vomiting,
diarrhea, depression, pruritus, fever, ataxia
Bone marrow suppression (usually manifests
as neutropenia) – occur idiosyncratically,
especially in FIV-positive cats and kittens*
*determine FIV status before use; avoid in kittens <8 wk old
Flucytosine – effective against yeast
(Cryptococcus neoformans)
*synergistic with Amphotericin B – tx of Cryptococcus sp.
infections
 PHENICOLS LINEZOLID NITROFURANS
(chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, florefenicol) - MoA: 50s → (-) initiation process of protein synthesis - MoA: inhibit bacterial enzyme systems
- MoA: bind to 50s ribosomal subunit - PK: well absorbed, high bioavailability - Effect: bactericidal
- Effect: usually bacteriostatic - Ix: G+ (drug-resistant enterococcus, Staph, pneumo); - Activity: broad spectrum
(chloramphenicol – bactericidal at high tx multidrug-resistant infection (humans)
conc’n) - PK: excreted unchanged; rapid elimination
- Activity: broad spectrum - Ix: UTI
(G+, G-, Rickettsia spp., Chlamydia spp.,
QUINOLONES - Adv fx: GIT, hepatic disturbance
Enterobacteriaceae, anaerobes) - MoA: inactivate DNA gyrase* for DNA replication Nitrofurantoin – UTI, wounds
*Florfenicol – contains fluorine → ↑ efficacy, ↓ toxicity, ↓ bacterial *DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) for supercoiling DNA Furazolidone – topical and ocular infections
resistance - Effect: Bactericidal Nitrofurazone
- PK: readily absorbed into tissues when administered - Activity: Broad spectrum *Banned in food producing animals → potential carcinogenic
*milk interferes with oral absorption of florfenicol - PK: rapid absorption PO, parenteral
50% plasma concentration of - Ix: local, systemic infections including those
chloramphenicol reaches CNS, ocular NITROIMIDAZOLES
caused by intracellular pathogens - MoA: disrupt DNA, nucleic acid synthesis
tissues, (less for florfenicol) Flumequine, nalidixic acid
Hepatic metabolism - Effect: Bactericidal
Urinary, biliary excretion - Activity: antibacterial (anaerobic), antiprotozoal
FLUOROQUINOLONES effects (Giardia, Trichomonas,
Cats: plasma half-life longer due to lack
- newer generation of quinolones amoebiasis)
of glucuronyl transferase
- MoA: inhibit DNA gyrase - CIx: PREGNANT
Chloramphenicol
*bound to fluorine → better potency, absorption, - Adv fx: anorexia, vomiting,
- Ix: systemic, local infections (SALMONELLOSIS,
broader spectrum diarrhea, neurologic signs
Bacteroides sp.)
- BANNED in food producing animals → dose - Effect: Bactericidal Metronidazole – DoC for canine DIARRHEA
dependent bone marrow suppression, irreversible - Activity: good against G- AMINOCOUMARINS
aplastic anemia (Enterobacteriaceae); variable - MoA: inhibit DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis, cell
Florfenicol against G+ wall synthesis, protein synthesis
- Ix: tx of bovine respiratory diseases *MRSA resistant to fluoroquinolones
- less likely to produce blood dyscrasias - Effect: Bactericidal/static
- PK: good oral absorption, complete IM
- Adv fx: diarrhea, inappetence, ↓ water - Activity: mainly G+
absorption Renal excretion
consumption - Ix: treatment of BOVINE MASTITIS*
- Ix: for pet birds and exotics, tx for infections *in combination with other agents
- milk interferes with oral absorption
in ornamental fish and aquaculture Novobiocin, clorobiocin
Thiamphenicol
- Adv fx: cartilage lesions in growing dogs;
- Activity similar to chloramphenicol
- less toxic than chloramphenicol high dose → retinal blindness in
cats RIFAMYCIN
STREPTOGAMINS Enrofloxacin*, difloxacin, marbofloxacin, - MoA: bind to subunits of sensitive DNA-
- 2 Groups: Group A – virginiamycin M, danofloxacin, ciprofloxacin dependent RNA polymerase → disrupts
*fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of Campylobacter sp. (poultry) RNA synthesis
dalfopristin Group B – virginiamycin S,
quinupristin - Effect: Bactericidal
*To discourage bacterial resistance: use as a reserve - Activity: Broad spectrum;
- Effect: Bacteriostatic (independent); -cidal (combo)
drug, limit use to intractable G- bacterial infections effective against intracellular organisms
Dalfopristin/quinupristin – for vancomycin-resistant
Staphylococcus and Enterococcus faecium (humans) *(G+, some mycobacteria, few G- (mostly
cocci), some anaerobes, chlamydiae, fungi)
Virginiamycin (M + S)
Rifampin, rifamycin, rifadin
- growth promotant in chicken, turkey, swine, cattle
Rifampin + erythromycin – tx of R. equi infxn (foal)
- prevent NECROTIC ENTERITIS (C.
perfringens), COCCIDIOSIS; Tx and control
SWINE
 TETRACYCLINES
- Source: Streptomyces auerofasciens, S.
rimosus; some are semi-synthetic
- Effect: Bacteriostatic
- Activity: Broad-spectrum*
*G+, G-, little activity against E. coli, Salmonella, Proteus,
Pseudomonas; Mycoplasma, some Mycobacteria, Chlamydia,
Ricketssia, Protozoa (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lambia,
Plasmodium falciparum, Trichomonas spp, T. gondii)
- MoA: reversibly bind, distort 30s → prevent - Ix: Mycoplasma infection (pig, poultry), hemorrhagic
addition of amino acids to peptide chain → block
translation
- Adv fx: TETRACYCLINE TEETH, Colitis
(horse), photodermatitis
- Ix: Borreliosis, Brucellosis, Chlamydiosis,
Ehrlichiosis, Leptospirosis, Listeriosis,
Rickettsiosis, Tularemia, Anaplasmosis,
Psittacosis; GI, respiratory, skin, genito-
urinary, sepsis, infectious ds of locomotive
organs
- CIx: PREGNANT, neonates up to 4
weeks (bone deformation, defect of
enamel)
Naturally-occurring: chlortetracycline,
oxytetracycline, tetracycline
Semi-synthetic: doxycycline, minocycline
PK: oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline
Irritating when given IM; rapid IV in cattle →
cardiovascular collapse
Variable absorption in GIT
Absorption impaired by milk, antacid, Ca, Mg, Zn
*Avoid milk, antacids, iron, salts 3 hours before & after
Excreted in urine
PK: doxycycline, minocycline
Lipophilic (lipid soluble), better PO absorption
Less affected by milk, Ca salts
Better distribution (e.g. bronchial secretion,
prostatic fluid)
DC – penetrates BBB, CSF; enters enterohepatic
circulation via bile → Colitis in
horses
MC – metabolized before biliary excretion
Excreted in feces; safer for animals w renal
problems
MACROLIDES
- MoA: bind to 50s ribosomal subunit
- Effect: Bacteriostatic, Bacteriocidal (at high doses)
- Adv fx: cross-reaction may occur macrolide ATBs
- PK: Basic compound; good PO absorption
Distributes well to body tissues (not
CNS);
effective for intracellular pathogens (e.g. Mycobacteria)
digestive disease (pigs), liver abscess (F.
necrophorum – cattle), respiratory infection (cattle)
Erythromycin
- source: Streptomyces erythreus
- activity: broad spectrum (Strep, S. aureus,
penicillin-resistant strains, G-, obligate
anaerobes)
- Adv fx: gastric irritation → vomiting
- alternative to PCN, DoC for Campylobacter,
Rhodococcus equi
- Formulation: PO, ointment
Tylosin
- in livestock; Mycoplasma, S. hyodysenteriae,
G+ aerobes
- cause FATAL DIARRHEA in horses
- feed, water additive
- Formulations: oral, injectable
Tilmicosin
- Ix: bovine, ovine tx for respiratory ds. of
Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella sp.;
Ovine mastitis due to S. aureus, M.
agalactiae; A. pleuropneumoniae, M.
hypopneumoniae, P. multocida (pigs)
- Stays in body for 3 days
- Adv fx: tachycardia, swelling at injection site
- Fatal if injected IV in primates, goat, horse, swine
Other macrolides
Azithromycin, clarithromycin – for human medicine
Spiramycin – similar spectrum of activity as
erythromycin; has activity against T. gondii,
Isospora sp.
Josamycin
Kitasamycin
LINCOSAMIDES
- MoA: bind to 50s bacterial ribosomal subunit
- Effect: bacteriocidal/bacteriostatic (depends on
drug concentration, bacterial species)
- Activity: moderate spectrum
(G+ aerobic, anaerobic, some Mycoplasma sp.)
- PK: basic compound (ion trapping in udder, prostate)
High lipid solubility, largely distributed
Hepatic metabolism
Binding to plasma proteins
- Ix: Swine – dysyntery, mycoplasma
infection, erysipelas, streptococcal
infections
Ruminant – intramammary infusion for mastitis
Dogs, Cats – abscess
Osteomyelitis, periodontal disease, soft
tissue/wound infection involving G+ cocci,
anaerobic
- Adv fx: serious GI problems (fatal enterocolitis –
horses and other herbivores e.g. rabbit, rodent)
Lincomycin
- source: Streptomyces lincolnensis
- Clindamycin – derivative of lincomycin; indicated
in Staphylococcal osteomyelitis
Lincomycin-Spectinomycin
PLEUROMUTILINS
- used exclusively in animals (esp. swine)
- MoA: bind to 50s
- Effect: bacteriostatic; may be bactericidal
- Activity: broad spectrum (G+, G-, anaerobes,
mycoplasma)
Tiamulin
- PK: lipophilic, weak base
Cellular penetration, concentrated in milk
Rapid absorption PO in pre-ruminant calves,
monogastric animals (inactivated in rumen flora
PO)
Tiamulin, Valnemulin
- exclusive in swine
- Ix: mycoplasma pneumonia, swine
dysyntery, proliferative ileitis,
leptospirosis
- as feed additive
- combination with ionophores (e.g.
salinomycin, monensin) – myotoxicity,
Tigecycline *used in humans
- glycylcycline, derived from minocycline
- broader spectrum (MRSA, Enterococcus, multi-
resistant Enterobacteriaceae)
- Only IV
- PK: Absorption – good absorption PO
Distribution – body tissues, placenta, milk
*few enter CSF, synovial fluid
* >80% protein binding ↑ half-life
Biotransformation – liver (acetylation)
*dogs: unable to acetylate sulfonamides
Excretion: renal
- Ix: Coccidiosis, Infectious coryza, Bacterial
cystitis, Diptheria, Fowl Cholera, Fowl Typhoid,
Bacterial enteritis, Bacterial pneumonia,
Pododermatitis, Pullorum disease, Bacterial
respiratory infection, skin & soft tissue
infection
- Adv fx: Crystalluria*
Dogs: KCS, idiosyncratic toxicosis (eg
Doberman Pinschers), inhibition of
thyroid hormone synthesis
Horse: severe cardiac arrhythmia, collapse
(if administered with sulfonamide +
sedative/anesthetic)
Poultry: hemorrhagic syndromes**, ↓ egg
production, ↓ growth
*sulfonamides insoluble in acidic urine → prevent by 1) maintaining
high urine flow, 2) hydrate animal 3) alkalinize urine if necessary
**Vit K antagonism
Sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamerazine,
sulfamethazine, sulfaquinoxaline, sulfanilamide,
sulfathiazole, sulfadiazine, sulfadimidine (sulfamethazine),
sulfadimerazine, sulfadoxine, sulfafurazole, sulfaguinidine,
sulfadimethoxazole
POTENTIATED SULFONAMIDES
(sulfonamides + diaminopyridines)
Diaminopyrimidines
- Source: synthetic
- MoA: dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors*
*inhibits conversion of dihydrofolic acid to
tetrahydrofolic acid
- Effect: bacteriostatic
Ormetoprim, trimethoprim, baquiloprim
*sulfonamide-diaminopyrimidine combination block sequential
stages in synthesis of bacterial folic acid (tetrahydrofolate)
*synergistic antibacterial action
- Activity: broad spectrum (G+, G-,
Chlamydophila, nocardia, some
protozoa (Toxoplasma spp.), some
anaerobes
- Effect: bacteriostatic - PK: diffuses well into body tissues
More rapidly cleared from plasma than
sulfonamides
Distributed throughout body, including CSF
Hepatic metabolism, Renal excretion
- Ix: Bacterial arthritis (pigs), prevention & tx of
coccidiosis (chicken, turkey), colibacillosis
(chicken, livestock), Enteric septicemia
(CATFISH), Bacterial enteritis, EQUINE
PROTOZOAL MYOENCEPHALITIS, Fowl
cholera tx/px, Furunculosis (salmon, trout),
Bacterial GIT infections, Infectious coryza, Mastitis,
Perioperative infections, Bacterial pneumonia,
Pododermatitis, Respiratory tract infections, skin and
soft tissue infections, STRANGLES, UTI
Adv fx: crystallization in urinary tract hypersensitivity
Horse: Blood dyscrasias
Dogs: KCS, idiosyncratic toxicosis (eg
Doberman Pinschers), inhibition of
thyroid hormone synthesis, neurologic
disorders – ataxia, aggression,
behavioral changes, polyarthritis, etc.
Combinations*:
- trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (cotrimazine)
- trimethoprim-sulfadoxine
- trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole)
- trimethoprim-sulfaquinoxaline
- trimethoprim-sulfadiazine
*usually 1 part trimethoprim/ormetoprim + 5 parts sulfonamide
AMINOGLYCOSIDES
- Source: Streptomyces sp. (streptomycin, neomycin)
Micromonospora sp. (gentamicin, netilmicin)
- MoA: binds to 30s ribosomal sub-unit → disruption of
normal bacterial protein synthesis → cell death
- Activity: broad spectrum* (except streptomycin)
*good for aerobic G- (e.g. Klebsiella, P. aeruginosa, E. coli),
some G+ (e.g. S. aureus), mycobacterium, mycoplasma,
spirochetes; ineffective against anaerobic bacteria
*resistance to aminoglycoside: plasmid-mediated enzymes
 - PK: active in alkaline media
Poor GI absorption (except neomycin); IM or
IV Low PP binding; distribute to ECF
Poor distribution in CSF, eye, brain, milk
Excreted unchanged in urine
*accumulate in proximal tubules, ear due to high phosphatidylinositol
- Adv fx: Nephrotoxic (neomycin – most; strepto- – least)
Ototoxic* (damage cochlear sensory, vestibular cells)
*avoid administration with ototoxic drugs (e.g. loop diuretics)
Neuromuscular blockade*
*↓ Ach release, sensitivity → curare-like paralysis
reversal agent: Ca gluconate or
neostigmine
- Avoid administration in animals with myasthenia gravis
- Ix: Septicemia, Digestive, Respiratory, Urinary ds*
*toxic AGs (e.g. neomycin): topical, oral
*less toxic AGs (e.g. gentamicin): parenteral (G- aerobes)
Streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, neomycin,
kanamycin, amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin
*Synergism w B-lactam ATB: Penicillin G salts+dihydrostreptomyins
- induce acute hepatitis at high dosage

SPECTINOMYCIN
- Source: Streptomyces spectabilis
- Effect: Bacteriostatic
- Activity: Effective against G+, G-,
Mycoplasma; ineffective against
G- anaerobes
- MoA: bind to 30s, inhibit CHON synthesis
- PK: Minimal GI absorption, rapid IM absorption
Excreted unchanged in urine
- Adv fx: lacks toxic effects of
aminoglycosides May cause
anaphylactic reactions,
neuromuscular blockade
Lincomycin-spectinomycin
- Ix: tx of enteric, respiratory infections in livestock
- Lincomycin – G+; marginally enhance
spectinomycin’s activity against
mycoplasma, Lawsonia intracellularis
- Spectinomycin – G-
 CARBAPENEMS (PENEMS)
- Source: thienamycin (from Streptomyces cattleya)
- broadest spectrum among B-lactam ATBs
- MoA: can penetrate porin channels of bacteria
- Ix: “last resort” ATB, bacterial infections resistant
to other ATBs
- PK: poor GIT absorption,
parenteral administration
- NOT APPROVED for VETERINARY USE
Impipenem, meropenem, doripenem, ertapenem
*Imipenem/cilastatin
- cilastatin decreases imipenem hydrolysis in renal tubules
MONOBACTAMS
- MoA: bind to PBPs → disrupt bacterial cell wall
- Activity: narrow spectrum ATB (wide range
of aerobic G- bacteria; little G+
effect)
- Ix: G- BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
- NO CROSS-SENSITIVITY with B-lactam ATBs
- PK: enters CSF after systemic administration
- Epileptogenic effects
Aztreonam – for serious bacterial infections
resistant to aminoglycosides or fluoroquinolones
PEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS
(polymyxins, Glycopeptides, Bacitracin, Fosfomycin)
POLYMYXIN
- source: Bacillus polymyxa
- 2 forms used clinically:
Polymyxin B (from B. polymyxa) – topical
Polymyxin E/Colistin (B. colistimus) – oral
- MoA: disrupt structure of cell
membrane phospholipid; detergent-
like action → permeability changes
→ cell death
- Activity: mostly G- (but does not affect Proteus
spp, Serratia spp.)
- Effect: Bactericidal
- PK: not absorbed PO or topical (colistin sulfate
PO used for local antibiotic effect)
undergoes urinary excretion
Systemic use → nephrotoxicity, neurotoxocity,
neuromuscular blocking effects
*Activity DECREASED in presence of pus
- Veterinary applications:
Cattle – colibacillosis, salmonellosis, mastitis
Swine – neonatal porcine colibacillosis
Horse – bacterial keratitis/metritis by Klebsiella
Dog, cat – local tx (bacterial keratitis, otitis
externa, skin infections)
Poultry – colistin used in China for G- infections
Polymyxin B
- usually combined with neomycin & bacitracin
in topical preparations* (for broader spectrum)
*skin, mucous membrane, eye, ear infections
- PO in intestinal infections
- bowel sterilization prior to abdominal
surgery, irrigation solutions to flush
peritoneal cavity
GLYCOPEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS
(vancomycin, teicoplanin, avoparcin)
- Activity: G+ bacteria (G+ cocci)
Vancomycin
- Source: Streptomyces orientalis
- Effect: bactericidal
- MoA: binds to pentapeptides of peptidoglycan
monomers → inhibit peptidoglycan
polymerization → inhibits cross-linking →
weakens cell wall
PK: given IV (poor oral absorption, painful IM)
*narrow TI if given parenterally
Adv fx: nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity
- effective against MRSA (VRE is a public health concern)
*not included in OIE veterinary antibiotics
*last resort
*prohibited by FDA in food-producing animals for fear of VRE
Teicoplanin
- resistance-resistant drugs
- Adv fx: hypersensitivity skin reactions, painful
IM, phlebitis (rarely nephro/ototoxicity – px
also
receiving aminoglycosides)
- may be given rapid IV
Avoparcin
- ATB growth promoter in poultry, swine – banned
due to residue and resistance issues
BACITRACIN
- Source: Bacillus subtilis var tracy
- Activity: G+, few G-, some spirochetes
- Effect: bactericidal*
*requires divalent cations (e.g. zinc)
- MoA: interferes with cell wall synthesis
(prevents bactoprenol dephosphorylation
→ (X) new monomers into growing cell
wall → lysis
- PK: poor oral absorption (PO only for local
effect) Not used systemically
Parenteral → nephrotoxicity
-often combined with neomycin & polymyxins to
enhance antibacterial spectrum
- Topical – for wounds, as ointments
- used against necrotic enteritis in poultry
FOSFOMYCIN
- source: Streptomyces fradiae →
produce fosfomycin, a
phosphonic acid
- Effect: bactericidal
- Activity: broad spectrum (G+, G-)
- MoA: cell wall inhibitor (irreversible inhibition
of pyruvyl transferase*)
*enzyme catalyzing first step of peptidoglycan synthesis
- Low toxicity
Oral Fosfomycin: UTI (E. coli, E. faecalis) in humans
- unlikely approved for food animals due to its
value of treating multidrug resistant bacteria in
humans
- limited use in intensive production of broilers, pigs
SULFONAMIDES
- Source: synthetic
- Activity: broad spectrum
G+, G-, Chlamydia, some protozoa
(e.g. coccidia, toxoplasma)
Ineffective against most obligate anaerobes
- Effect: bacteriostatic
- widespread resistance
- regarded as anti-metabolite*
*inhibitor of metabolic process
- MoA: inhibits dihydropteroate synthase (pteridine) →
interfere with synthesis of bacterial folic acid*
*important for DNA, RNA synthesis
*Blood, pus, tissue debris DECREASE antibacterial action
- (+) Cross sensitivity: hypersensitivity
 ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY PENICILLINS - Ix: respiratory, skin, soft tissue infections, UTIs,
- DoC in horse, cattle; limited use (AMR) in small osteomyelitis, pre/post-op
- Dosing: units - Adv fx: hypersensitivity, cross-sensitivity with PCNs,
- PK: poor oral absorption (hydrolyzed by gastric acid) vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite,
superinfection Low to moderate plasma protein binding - Species consideration: same as B-lactam
ATBs;
concentrations in kidney, synovial fluid, liver, crosses placenta & distribute into
milk lung, skin, soft tissues
Not penetrate BBB, may treat CNS infections at 1ST Generation
high doses - Activity: greater activity against G+ bacteria,
Natural PCNs moderate G- activity (E. coli, Shigella,
- extracted, purified from mold cultures Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Pasteurella, Proteus,
- narrow spectrum Salmonella)
- Activity: some G+ (staph, strep) - Susceptible to cephalosporinase
Selected G- (arcanobaterium, 2nd Generation
L. - Activity: active against G+, G-
monocyotogenes, P. multocida) - more resistant to B-lactamases
Withdrawal period if not stated:
Penicillin G: degraded by stomach acid - Ineffective against: enterococci, Actinobacter spp.
Meat: 28 days
- Penicillin V: more stable for PO P. aeruginosa, many obligate anaerobes
- Milk, eggs: 7 days
Aminopenicillins (except cefoxitin)
- semisynthetic derivatives 3rd Generation
BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS - broad spectrum (E.coli, P.mirabilis, Salmonella) - Activity: more active against G-, less active against
(penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams)
*inactive: pseudomonas, B. fragilis, penicillinase-producing G+ cocci; variability in activity (Staph, Strep)
Staphylococcus spp. 4th Generation
MoA: bind to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) → *combined with B-lactamase inhibitors**: overcome resistance,
↑ spectrum - Activity: broadest spectrum (G+ cocci, G- bacilli,
inhibits transpeptidation → weakens bacterial cell wall
P. aeruginosa, B-lactamase resistant E. coli)
Amoxicillin, Ampicillin* + **clavulanic acid, sulbactam
Effect: bactericidal *poorly absorbed if administered after meal
PK: excreted via urine unchanged Anti-staphylococcal PCNs Cefquinome: evaluated in veterinary medicine
Adv fx: CNS reactions (excitement, seizures), allergic (B-lactamase stable/resistant penicillins) - licensed for use in cattle (also used in pigs)
reactions, predispose to superinfection - stable against B-lactamase by Staph - active against Enterobacteriaceae, staphylococci
- Activity: G+, minimal G- (including MRSA), enterococci
Species consideration: Oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin - resistant to B-lactamase
- Slow PCN clearance (long half-life) in REPTILES Synthetic: methicillin, nafcillin 1st Generation 2nd Generation
*infrequent dosing: once q3-5d Anti-pseudomonal PCNs - Cephalexin Cefaclor Cefprozil
(extended-spectrum PCNs) - Cefadroxil Cefoxitin* Cefmetazole
- high renal clearance and metabolic rate in BIRDS - Cephalothin Cefuroxime Cefotetan
*frequent dosing - Activity: G- aerobic, anaerobic (pseudomonas, - Cefazolin Cefonicid Cefamandole
- CIx in GERBILS, HAMSTERS, GUINEA PIG, RABBIT eneterobacteriaceae, proteus, bacteroides sp.) - Cephapirin Ceforanide
Piperacillin, ticarcillin, carbenicillin 3rd Generation 4th Generation
*cause dysbiosis, ATB-associated enteritis, ATB-
Ceftiofur Ceftriaxone - Cefepime
associated clostridial enterotoxemia, overgrowth of
Cefotaxime Cefixime - Cefquinome**
abnormal flora (E.coli, Clostridium sp.) CEPHALOSPORINS Ceftazidime Cefpodoxime
- Procaine Penicillin G (IM, IV) cause excitement in
HORSES -- MoA: bind to PBPs → disrupt cell wall Cefoperazone Cefovecin 5th Generation
Effect: Bactericidal effect Moxalactam - Ceftaroline***
 *procaine
use Racingmask pain + produce excitation; regulated in
Horses
- PK: Distribution – tissues and fluids; rd
Microbial resistance to B-lactam antibiotics via
3-
B-lactamases* (penicillinase, cephalosporinase)
*inactivate B-lactam ATBs via hydrolysis of B-lactam ring
*ok for P. aeruginosa, obligate anaerobes **ok for veterinary
***new cephalosporin with activity against MRSA
poor CNS distribution except some 3 Gen. drugs
Biotransformation – short half-life (given
4x/day); minimal hepatic metabolism
Excretion – renal excretion
(newer: biliary excretion)
 Desmopressin TYPES OF FLUID FOR INFUSION
Hypertonic crystalloids
- MoA: release of VWF* CRYSTALLOIDS (3%, 4%, 7% NaCl)
*VWF – mediate plt adhesion in subendothelial spaces - similar with plasma in composition - high Na concentrations → ↑ Na in ECF
→ 1st step in clot formation - Na-based/glucose electrolyte solution → H2O from cells into ECF
- Ix: VON of
- replacement WILLEBRAND’S
lost fluids DISEASE
- Ix: hypovolemic shock
Isotonic crystalloids *cause movement of fluid into intravascular space → tx
Protamine sulfate 0.9% NaCl/isotonic saline/NSS/physiologic saline of shock, reduction of edema
- MoA: strongly basic protein → combines solution - Adv fx: phlebitis, tissue irritation, rehemorrhage
with acidic heparin → stable salt that - Ix: hyponatremia, conditions that require in traumatic shock, electrolyte
prevents anti-coagulant activity of expansion of plasma volume (e.g. imbalances;
heparin shock), bathe tissues during surgery *hypotension, bronchoconstriction, and bradycardia with
- Ix: heparin-induced too fast administration
- CIx: heart failure (due to Na content)
hemorrhage, BRACKENFERN
POISONING Lactated Ringer’s Solution COLLOIDS
- Given slow IV - Salt (Na, K, Cl, Ca) + 28mEq lactate + electrolytes aka Plasma Expanders
ANTI-HEMOSTATIC AGENTS/ANTICOAGULANTS -MoA: large molecules → ↑ blood oncotic pressure
- fluid of choice in many diseases
- interfere with blood clot mechanism - liver: lactate → bicarbonate* →
Systemic Anticoagulants *buffer in acidotic situations (e.g. severe dehydration) fluid to intravascular space
Heparin - CIx: liver disease, cancer, hypercalcemia, - Ix: hypovolemic shock, severe chronic
- MoA: activate antithrombin III → inactivate blood transfusions (Ca – clot blood) disease with hypovolemia, hypoproteinemia
thrombin
- Ix: anticoagulant for BLOOD TRANSFUSION, Normosol® Natural colloids: plasma, albumin, whole blood
PULMOnary EMBOLISM, venous - all purpose replacement fluid Synthetic colloids: dextrans, hydroxylethyl starch
THROMBOSIS (e.g. DIC) - less NaCl, more K & Mg, No Ca (compared to LRS) (hetastarch/HES), oxyglobin (purified solution of bovine Hg)
- (+) acetate and gluconate – dual buffering
Vitamin K antagonists (warfarin, coumarin derivatives) - Ix: px with liver disease Signs of overhydration:
- toxicological importance - compatible for blood transfusion Nasal discharge, chemosis, restlessness, cough
- MoA: inhibit utilization of Vit K & dyspnea, exophthalmos, diarrhea, vomiting
- Ix: long term tx for THROMBOEMBOLISMS Plasmalyte A ®
In vitro Anticoagulants - balanced replacement solution
Na oxalate, Na citrate, Disodium - less Cl, more Mg, no Ca (compared to LRS)
EDTA - (+) acetate and lactate – buffer components
- MoA: chelates Ca from clotting process - irritating to tissues (cannot be given SQ)
*Na citrate – anticoagulant for blood collection for transfusion Hypotonic crystalloids
Dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
Heparin Na
- non-balanced; 50g/L dextrose in water
- anticoagulant for blood sample collection
- equivalent to administering pure water*
Antithrombotics *dextrose immediately metabolized
Aspirin - Ix: hypernatremia, CHO source, fluid
- MoA: cause irreversible, long lasting prevention supplement in px that cannot tolerate Na
of plt agg → prolonged bleeding time - CIx: not given SQ*; not for maintenance
*activity observed even at low doses
*no electrolytes, intracellular, IV electrolytes drawn to SC
- Ix: THROMBOEMBOLISM associated with
heartworm (canine px undergoing adulticide Dextrose 2.5% with 0.45% saline
tx – however, no longer recommended), - Ix: px at risk if given too much Na, those
Feline cardiomyopathies w potential fluid retention
- Adv fx: GIT bleeding, vomiting
- use with caution in CATS Half strength LRS with 2.5% dextrose
- slightly more balanced
 DIURETICS K-sparing diuretics HEMOSTATIC DRUGS/COAGULANTS
- Leads to reduction of preload, ascites, pulmo edema - may be used with thiazides/other potent
*requires a functional kidney
diuretics; avert excess K loss LOCAL HEMOSTATIC AGENTS
- Ix: conditions characterized by fluid retention - Ix: persistent capillary bleeding
(heart failure, inflammation or trauma, Spirinolactone - requires intact blood coagulation mechanism
hypoproteinemia, renal failure, high blood - aka aldosterone antagonist - usually absorbable
pressure - MoA: aldosterone antagonist in the collecting duct
*most commonly used in VetMed: Natriuretic agents (thiazides), K-
Clotting factors
- usually combined with loop diuretic/thiazide
sparing diuretics (spironolactone), loop diuretics (furosemide) Topical thromboplastin
- MoA: thromboplastin → thrombin; ↑ coagulation
triamterene, amiloride
Cardiovascular diuretics (xanthine derivatives) - Ix: surgery
- mild diuretics, acts on the collecting duct
- MoA: ↑ renal blood flow → ↑ rate of urine prod’n - not associated with aldosterone
- mild diuretic potency; CNS, cardiac stimul’n, BD Thrombin
- MoA: reduce entry of Na in distal tubule
- MoA: fibrinogen → fibrin
- Diuretic effect usually enhanced by simultaneous Loop diuretics
administration of another diuretic (e.g. thiazide) - Ix: bleeding from parenchymatous
- Site: Loop of Henle
Theophylline, aminophylline tissue, Cancellous bone, dental
- rapid onset
Osmotic diuretics socket, laryngeal/nasal surgery
Adv fx: hypokalemia, hyponatremia, dehydration,
- hypertonic/isotonic solutions, neither metabolized - white sterile powder of bovine origin
weakness, shock, OTOTOXICITY (avoid
nor reabsorbed - must NOT be injected (else, intravascular clotting)
with aminoglycosides)
- MoA: osmotically attracts H2O → ↑ urine volume bumetanide, ethacrynic acid, muzolimine
Fibrin foam
Furosemide/frusemide
- absorbable gelatin applied directly
Mannitol - MoA: inhibit Na, Cl reabsorption (ascending LoH) - Ix: capillary/venous bleeding
- Ix: cerebral edema, renal shutdown (e.g. acute - extremely potent Artificial matrices
renal ischemia, acute changes in renal - Ix: edema
Absorbable gelatin sponge
tubular permeability), ARF
- sterile, water-insoluble, gelatin-based; absorbable
- CIx: Heart failure*, cardiovascular shock** UROLITH TREATMENT
*may worsen pulmonary edema - Ix: capillary, venous bleeding
**excessive mannitol admn → severe hypovolemia
Acidifier Dissolve struvite Methionine
Natriuretic Agents Ammonium Cl Oxidized cellulose
- drugs that promote natriuresis, not reabsorb Na Alkalinizer Ca oxalate, cystine, Potassium - surgical gauze
ammonium urate citrate - rxn of Hg and cellulosic acid → gummy matrix
Thiazides Xanthine ↓ uric acid → Allopurinol - Ix: temporary packing in bleeding points
- MoA: inhibit Na, Cl reabsorption in early oxidase ↓ ammonium urate (interferes with bone regeneration,
distal tubule inhibitor urolith formation epithelialization)
(preventive)
- Ix: edema Microcrystalline collagen
- Adv fx: hypokalemic (may be given with K- - quickly adheres to wet surfaces
sparing diuretics), hypomagnesia, URINARY INCONTINENCE - Ix: surface hemostatic agent during surgery
Bladder hypercalcemia,Cholinergic agonist(inhibits
hyperglycemia Vitamin SYSTEMIC
K1 (phytonadione)
HEMOSTATIC AGENTS
hypocontractility (Bethanechol)
insulin secretion) - co-factor for factors II, VII, IX, X
Bladder Anticholinergic
Chlorthiazide, hydrochlorthiazide, agent
bendrofluazide - Ix: Vit K deficiency*, ingestion of Vit K antagonists**
hypercontractility (Propantheline, *prolonged adm’n of sulfonamides
**anticoagulant rodenticides: blocks epoxide reductase
butylhyoscine)
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors 1st gen (warfarin, indanedione), 2nd gen (bromadiolone,
Urethral incompetence a-adrenergic
- MoA: inhibit carbonic anhydrase agonist
in renal brodifacoum – more toxic and persistent in the liver)
(phenylpropanolamine)
tubular cells → reduces availability of H - Adv fx: anaphylaxis, bleeding from injection site
Urethral hyperreflexia
for exchange with a-adrenergic
Na → less Na blocker - PK: effects 6-12 hrs
reabsorbed (phenoxybenzamine)
- Ix: systemic acidosis, txskeletal muscle relaxant
of GLAUCOMA
(dantrolene)methazolide,
Acetazolamide*, dichlorphenamide,
 ACE INHIBITORSANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS
- MoA: block Angiotensin II production → VD, ↓BP
- other effects: ↓ capillary pressure, edema
formation; ↑ tissue perfusion
- Ix: treatment of hypertension from CHF
- Adv fx: renal failure
Ix: ventricular tachycardia,
Captopril, enalapril atrial tachycardia,
maleate*, benazepril PVC
*active form: enalaprat
VASODILATORS
- MoA: peripheral VD → ↓ workload (↓ LV
afterload), smooth mm relaxation in vv.
and aa.
*venodilators: ↑ venous capacitance, ↓ edema
*arterial dilators: ↓ systemic arteriolar resistance
Prazosin: block a1 ad. receptor → vv and aa dilator
Hydralazine: arteriolar dilator
Nitrovasodilators (nitroprusside, nitroglycerin):
vv and aa dilator
Ca-channel blockers
- MoA: block Ca influx, inhibit Ca release
from SR → ↓ myocardial contractility,
VD, slow AV impulse conduction
- Ix: HF, HCM, hypertension (cats),
circulatory shock & trauma
Amlodipine, diltiazem, verapamil
Sildenafil (Viagra)
- MoA: PDE V* inhibitor → VD
*high conc’n in pulmonary hypertension
Carvedilol
DIURETICS
- Ix: Relief of pulmonary congestion and
peripheral edema
CLASS I
(Local anesthetic agents – Membrane stabilizers)
MoA: block fast Na channels in myocardial cell
membrane → impede depolarization
CLASS IA
- MoA: ↓ excitability, prolong refractory period →
↓ rate of depolarization
Quinidine sulfate
- horse (oral route), large dogs
- Ix: atrial arrhythmia
- Adv fx: cardiac depression, ↓ cardiac output,
hypotension, vomiting, diarrhea, CNS effects
Procainamide
- less GIT effects
- Ix: intravenous control of atrial arrhythmia
Disopyramide
CLASS IB
- MoA: block Na influx into cell,
prevents depolarization
Lidocaine (without epinephrine)
- with local anesthetic activity, IV
- Ix: ventricular tachycardia, PVCs
Tocainide
- also an anti-epileptic drug, PO
- Ix: ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular
tachycardia, PVCs)
- Adv fx: ataxia, vomiting, hypotension
Mexiletine
- PO
- Ix: ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular
tachycardia, PVCs)
- Adv fx: vomiting, unsteadiness
CLASS II
(Beta-adrenergic blockers)
MoA: block B-adrenergic receptors → ↓ myocardial
requirement for oxygen
Ix: supraventricular, ventricular tachyarrhythmias
Propanolol, oxyprenolol, alprenolol
Propranolol
- non-selective beta-blocker
- of value in conditions where the heart has
been sensitized to the actions of
catecholamines (eg halogenated anesthetics,
digitalis overdose, myocardial infarcts
- Ix: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy,
ventricular arrhythmias
- Adv fx: bradycardia, lethargy, depression
CLASS III
(Agents that prolong AP duration)
MoA: inhibits NE release → lengthen time bet AP
(↑ AP duration, refractory pd in purkinje fibers,
ventricular myocardium)
Ix: emergency tx for ventricular tachycardia, fibrillation
Adv fx: vomiting, hypotension
Bretylium, amiodarone, sotalol
CLASS IV
(Calcium entry blockers, Ca channel blockers/antagonist)
MoA: block Ca entry into myocardial cells → slows
down conduction rate, frequency via AV node
Ix: supraventricular tachyarrhythmias
Verapamil
- PO, IV
- Ix: supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter
nifedipine, diltiazem
- PO
- Ix: atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia
- Adv fx: edema, hypotension

Phenytoin
CLASS IC
- slow conduction, little effect on AP duration, rarely
used
Encainide, felacainide
 EXPECTORANTS
- MoA: dilution and liquefaction of secretions to ↑ flow
aids in removal of secretion by ciliary
action/cough
- Ix: presence of productive cough
- Adv fx: mild drowsiness, nausea
Ethylenediamine dihydroiodide (EDDI)
- MoA: vagal-mediated reflex action on gastric
mucosa → stimulate bronchial mucus
secretions
- Ix: mild resp. disease (horse, cattle)
Hypertonic saline
- aerosol form
- MoA: attracts fluid via osmosis
Guaifenesin (glyceryl guaiacolate)
- MoA: irritant action on vagus nerve → ↑ secretion
- more commonly used in horses
MUCOLYTICS
- MoA: breakdown of disulfide bonds →
decrease viscosity of mucus
Acetylcysteine
- Ix: respiratory ds with tenacious mucus
*used for paracetamol/acetaminophen poisoning in cats
DECONGESTANTS
- MoA: stimulate a-adrenergic receptors in m.m. →
local VC → reduce swelling → ↓ congestion
Topical: phenylephrine, oxymetazoline,
xylometazoline
Systemic: pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine
ANTITUSSIVES (cough suppressants)
- Ix: persistent, unproductive cough that interferes
with rest or causes muscle fatigue and
exhaustion
- CIx: excessive respiratory secretion
Locally-acting antitussives
- MoA: soothes irritated resp. m.m.
menthol, tincture of benzoin, benzonatate
Centrally-acting antitussives: Narcotic
- Ix: harsh, non-productive cough
- relatively toxic to cats; addiction in humans
- Adv fx: sedation, constipation
Codeine, morphine, hydrocodone (controlled opiates)
Centrally-acting antitussives: Non-narcotic
- Ix: non-productive cough
- non-addicting
Dextromethorphan (opiate derivative), butorphanol
tartrate (opiate)
BRONCHODILATORS
B2-receptor agonists
- functional antagonists of airway
obstruction regardless of stimulus
- MoA: direct stimulation (B2 adrenergic receptors)
- Adv fx: tachycardia, hypertension
Selective: terbutaline, albuterol (salbutamol),
metaproterenol, pirbuterol, clenbuterol, salmeterol
Non-selective: epinephrine, pseudoephedrine,
isoproterenol
Ractopamine: lipolytic effect (livestock, lean meat)
*leaves low levels of residue in food
Methylxanthines
- MoA: inhibit PDE in smooth mm cells →
cAMP accumulation → BD, mild cardiac
stimulation, diuresis
- Ix: resp and cardiac ds that would benefit
from BD; myocardial stimulation
Theophylline, etamiphylline, camsylate,
aminophylline, caffeine, theobromine
Antihistamines
- MoA: H1 receptor inverse agonist
- Ix: allergic and resp conditions (HEAVES,
pneumonia, feline asthma, insect bites)
Pyrilamine, tripelennamine, diphenhydramine,
doxylamine, clemastine, cetirizine, cyproheptadine*
*appetite stimulant
Anticholinergics
- MoA: block Ach receptors
Ipatropium bromide: bronchospasm in RAO
RESPIRATORY STIMULANTS (ANALEPTICS)
- MoA: stimulate carotid/aortic chemoreceptors →
stimulate respiratory center in medulla →
↑ rate and depth of respiration
- Ix: RESP DEPRESSION from anesthesia,
sedatives, hypnotics; APNEIC
NEONATES, preterm animals; TX OF
HYPERCAPNIA (hypoxic-ischemic
encephalopathy (foals))
Digitalis glycosides
- Source: derived from foxglove plant
- MoA: inhibit Na-K ATPase → ↑ intracellular
Na; Ca accumulation in myocardium →
stronger contraction
- Fx: ↓ BP, small direct diuretic effect
- PK: SI – main site of absorption
Enterohepatic recycling, urine
excretion
*Digoxin: 25% plasma protein bound
- Ix: CHF, atrial arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation)
- CIx: circulatory shock, renal failure, hepatic
failure, ventricular tachycardia, heart block,
ventricular premature contraction
- Adv fx: cardiac arrhythmia, K-depletion in
cells, mild GI disturbance (diarrhea,
vomiting, inappetence)
- administered by BSA
- high toxic/therapeutic dose ratio
- tablet/injectable
*large dog breeds require less digitalis/kg BW
*recommended BID digoxin dose: 0.22mg/m2
*10kg dog: 0.011mg digoxin/kg q12h
Digoxin, digitoxin, ouabain
Bipyridine compounds
- nonglycoside, noncatecholamine inotropic drug
- mild systemic arteriolar dilation
- MoA: inhibits PDE-3 → ↑ intracellular cAMP →
↑ cardiac inotropy, VD
Amrinone/Inamrinone: short-term inotropic support
w myocardial failure; incompatible with dextrose
Milrinone: incompatible w furosemide
- MoA: VD (PDE-3 inhibition),
positive inotropic (↑ intracellular Ca)
- Ix: CHF secondary to DCM, CVD, endocarditis
- PK: bioavailability reduced by food (give
1hr before intake)
- well tolerated with px with heart failure
- formulation: hard gelatin capsule
Pimobendan
Doxapram DRUGS FOR CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
Methylxanthines *alters sensitivity of resp center

POSITIVE INOTROPES
- MoA: ↑ force of myocardial contraction

INODILATORS
 Proton Pump Inhibitor
- MoA: binds to proton pump at luminal surface
of the parietal cell that pumps H ions into
gastric lumen → suppression of HCl production
- Adv fx: constipation, sedation, ileus, pancreatitis,
CNS effect
Omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole,
rabeprazole
Synthetic prostaglandin E1 analog
Misoprostol
- MoA: inhibits HCl secretion from parietal cell
into stomach → stimulates gastric mucus
secretion
- Ix: NSAID-induced ulceration
- Adv effect: abortion, diarrhea,
flatulence, vomiting, abdominal pain
ANTIDIARRHEALS
Narcotic analgesics (opiates)
- MoA: ↑ segmental contraction
↓ intestinal secretion
Enhance intestinal absorption
- CIx: infectious diarrhea
- Adv fx: ileus, constipation, sedation,
CNS excitement (horse, cats)
Diphenoxylate (Lomotil), loperamide (Imodium)
Anticholinergic drugs (antispasmodics)
- MoA: ↓ intestinal motility & peristalsis
↓ reduce gastric secretions
-Ix: relief of pain & tenesmus (large bowel
inflammatory disease), relief of spasms in gut
spasms, stress-induced colitis (with cholinergic
involvement)
Aminopentamide, hyoscine, propantheline,
clindinium
N-butylscopolammonium bromide (Buscopan)
- treatment of COLIC in horses
- CIx in horses with IMPACTION or ILEUS
PROTECTANTS
Kaolin/pectin: may also adsorb or bind other
administered drugs
Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol): anti-
inflammatory, inhibit PG production, coats GIT
mucosa
ADSORBENT
LAXATIVES
Ix: relieve constipation or intestinal impaction, remove
toxic materials from GIT, soften stool during
rectal/vaginal/uterine prolapse, prevent straining
during post-op care, remove gut edema fluid, clean
bowel before x-ray/endoscopy
Osmotic agents
- MoA: increase H2O → soften stool,
stimulate stretch receptors for peristalsis
- Adv fx: cramping,
nausea MgOH, Lactulose
Stimulant (irritant) laxatives
- MoA: irritate GIT mucosa → ↑ peristalsis
*seldom used in Vet Medicine
Emodin, castor oil, bisacodyl (Dulcolax)
Bulk-forming laxatives
- MoA: indigestible plant material → absorbs
water, swells → increase bulk & fluidity of
intestinal content → peristalsis
- Ix: SAND IMPACTION, constipation
(horses) Psyllium, bran, methylcellulose,
Metamucil
Lubricants
- MoA: soften stool for easier passage
- Ix: constipation, fecal impaction
Mineral oil: constipation, COLIC, IMPACTION
(horses)
Petrolatum: HAIRBALLS (cats)
Stool softeners
- MoA: reduce surface tension → water enters
GI contents
- Ix: hard dry feces, impaction, digestive
upset Docusate Na, Docusate Ca (Enema
SA)
CARMINATIVES/ANTIFOAMING AGENTS
Ix: FROTHY BLOAT
MoA: surfactant (reduce surface tension) →
bubbles break down → gas passed via eructation
Polaxalene
Tx of IBD
- sulfasalazine
- glucocorticoids (prednisone/prednisolone)
- azathioprine: purine antagonist
metabolite, immunosuppressive
PROKINETICS
- MoA: increase movement of ingesta
(coordinated motility patterns)
- Ix: intractable vomiting associated with
metabolic disorders, gut infections
Dopaminergic antagonists
Metoclopramide
- Ix: gastroesophageal reflux, delayed gastric
emptying, GIT motility disorders (dogs, cats),
GIT stimulation (foal)
Domperidone: regulate GIT motility
Serotonergic antagonist
Cisapride
- MoA: enhance Ach release → motility (esophagus
→ colon)
- Ix: gastroesophageal reflux, GI stasis (horse,
dog, cat)
DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
- Ix: pancreatic exocrine insufficiency
- Adv fx: diarrhea, nausea, cramps
Pancrelipase: fat, protein, CHO
digestion
ANTIBIOTICS
Ix: bloody diarrhea, sepsis
*may destroy intestinal microflora and allow growth
of bacterial pathogens
Metronidazole – antibacterial, antiprotozoal
Amoxicillin, clavamox, tylosin
APPETITE STIMULANTS
Cyproheptadine – antihistamine used as an
appetite stimulant in cats
Mirtazapine: used in dogs and cats
Diazepam: produce transient appetite stimulation
Oxazepam
Activated charcoal: used to treat poisoning
 GLUCOCORTICOIDS
EMETICS
Ix: allergic reactions, musculoskeletal inflammatory *vomiting center: medulla
ANTIULCER DRUGS
conditions, laminitis, ocular inflammatory conditions, Ix: prior to induction of anesthesia, emergency Ix: gastritis, gastric ulcers, duodenal
shock/toxemia, lymphocytic neoplasms, autoimmune (poisoning: non-corrosive poisons) ulcers, esophagitis
diseases, ADDISON’S Centrally-acting emetics Antacids
- stimulate the CRTZ → excites vomiting center - Ix: gastric hyperacidity, peptic/gastric ulcers,
Parenteral preparations gastritis, esophagitis, HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA
Short acting (< 24 hr) hydrocortisone, Apomorphine in small animals (antacids chelate intestinal
*emergencies, fast acting cortisone, prednisolone, - dopamine receptor agonist; *CNS stimulation (cats) phosphorus), RUMINAL ACIDOSIS
methylprednisolone - effect 5-10min within IM injection - MoA: reduce HCl levels in the stomach
Intermediate acting dexamethasone Al hydroxide, Mg hydroxide, Ca
(24-48 hr) Xylazine carbonate
Long acting (<48 hr) triamcinolone acetonide - a2-adrenergic agonist; sedative+analgesic - Adv fx: Mg – laxative effect
*skin and joints methylprednisolone - effect 3-5min in cats *monitor for sedation & Al – constipation
**acetonide: makes it long acting *combined: lowers stomach acid w/o side effects
acetate hypotension
Locally-acting emetics H2 receptor antagonists
- Directly stimulate the pharynx (via CN 9) or - suppress HCl production by histamine, ↓ irritation
Oral preparations
visceral afferent nerves of stomach and intestines of eroded mucosa, promotes healing
Short duration prednisolone,
- Ix: tx of NSAID-induced ulcers
*acute & chronic conditions prednisone,
*alternate day therapy Syrup of Ipecac Cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, nizatidine
methylprednisolone
- active component: emetine (must be removed - potency: Famotidine > Ranitidine > Cimetidine
Slow onset, triamcinolone acetonide
intermediate duration dexamethasone in by gastric lavage if no vomiting, may cause
*acute ds process toxicosis) Cimetidine
propylene glycol
*once a day therapy - effect 15-30 min; *cardiotoxic at high doses - Ix: tx gastric/abomasal/duodenal ulcers,
hypersecretory conditions of stomach,
Adverse fx: PUPD (from ADH suppression), skin 3% Hydrogen Peroxide esophagitis, gastric reflux
thinning, muscle wasting (due to gluconeogenesis), - Direct irritant on oropharynx, gastric mucosa - Adv fx: inhibit hepatic microsomal enzymes (rare)
- dosage: 5mL/5lb (not exceed 45mL)
depressed healing, polyphagia, iatrogenic
- risk of aspiration pneumonia Ranitidine
hyperadrenocorticism, iatrogenic cushing’s ds, gastric
- promotes emptying
ulceration (due to COX1 inhibition), osteoporosis Warm saltwater
(antagonist of Vit D and Ca absorption), iatrogenic ANTIEMETICS Nizatidine
hypoadrenocorticism from chronic tx, predispose px *use not more than 3 days - mainly used as prokinetic for constipation, delayed
to diabetes mellitus Ix: motion sickness, metabolic disease, gut infection gastric emptying
Metoclopramide Antihistamines
Considerations: - block H1 receptors in vestibular apparatus, CRTZ
- D2 receptor antagonist, short half life
- NOT for use in PREGNANT animals -- Ix:
Ix: motion
relief ofsickness,
nausea,inner ear abnormalities
vomiting assoc. with
(fetal abnormalities, abortion) -chemotherapy,
Adv fx: sedation parvoviral enteritis, gastric
- alternate day therapy to reduce side effects Diphenhydramine,
motility disorders dimenhydrinate, promethazine,
- NOT used concurrently with vaccines meclizine
- Adv fx: constipation
Phenothiazine
*may be antagonized by atropine,tranquilizers
opioids
-Maropitant
block D2 receptors
citrate in CRTZ
- Ix:
NK-1prevent motion
receptor sickness block receptors in
antagonist;
-emetic
Adv fx:center,
hypotension, sedation afferent
CRTZ, peripheral
Chlorpromazine,
nerves prochlorperazine
- dogs,Serotonin
extralabel(5-HT3)
in cats receptor antagonist
- inhibit
Adv fx:5HT3 receptor
diarrhea, in CRTZ
bloody stool, endotoxic
Ondansetron,
shock, otitis Dolasetron,
Granisetron
 Gastromucosal protectant
Sucralfate: binds to ulcer, promote ulcer
healing
 ANTIHISTAMINES (H1-antihistamines) NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFAMMATORY DRUGS Naproxen
- Inverse agonists - Fewer adverse side effects, less - non-selective COX inhibitor
effective anti-inflammatory effect, - Ix: musculoskeletal pain and inflammation in
Ix: pruritus, urticaria, dermatitis, insect stings, relieve slight to moderate pain horses, TYING UP SYNDROME
URT conditions, LAMINITIS, motion sickness - Analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory Side fx: documented GI ulceration in dogs
Anaphylactic shock → PK: weak acids (well absorbed PO) Piroxicam
EPINEPHRINE PK: PO absorption: 20- hepatic biotransformation, urine excretion - non-selective COX inhibitor
45min - Ix: osteoarthritis (dogs), musculoskeletal condition
Side fx: gastric ulceration (inhibition of COX1),
Duration: 3-12hr Tepoxalin
bleeding (inhibition of TXA), hepatotoxicity,
*IV → immediate onset (acute - COX and LOX inhibition
nephrotoxicity, inhibit cartilage metabolism (COX2 - Ix: pain and inflamm assoc. w osteoarthritis (dogs)
anaphylaxis) rapid IV: CNS excitation inhibition), bone marrow suppression. - Side fx: GI and renal problems
Side fx: sedation, CNS excitement, GI
OTHER COX-2 INHIBITORS
disturbance, parasympatholytic action, dry MM, Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) Deracoxib
local anesthetic effect, teratogenic (some) *salicylic acid → willow tree
- Ix: post-op pain and inflamm due to
- non-selective COX inhibitor; wide margin of safety
orthopedic surgery, osteoarthritis (dogs >
1st Generation 2nd Generation - analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, ↓ plt agg
14lb)
chlorphenamine maleate *Pgp-mediated efflux →limited - Ix: osteoarthritis, fever, pain, cardiomyopathy,
BBB penetration → lacks CNS
- Side fx: ↑ kidney and liver values
(Telodron, Teldrin) *
# endotoxic shock
side effects
diphenhydramine HCl - undergoes glucuronidation → CAUTION in CATS
Firocoxib
(Benadryl, Caladryl lotion)*## astemizole Phenylbutazone
- Ix: pain and inflamm assoc. w osteoarthritis (dogs)
dimenhydrinate cetirizine* - non-selective COX inhibitor
(Dramamine) desloratadine - mild-mod.analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory Robenacoxib
clemastine fexofenadine - Ix: musculoskeletal pain & inflammation - Ix: relief of pain and inflamm in dogs and cats
hydroxyzine (Allegra) loratadine (osteoarthritis, osteoporosis in horses, dogs),
- Side fx: vomiting, diarrhea
meclizine (Bonamine)* (Claritin) terfenadine lameness, pain relief from colic (horses)
mepyramine Flunixin meglumine
Tolfenamic acid
pyrilamine maleate - non-selective COX inhibitor
- Ix: pain and inflamm (cattle MASTITIS, pigs,
trimeprazine - potent analgesic; anti-inflammatory, antipyretic
dogs), FEBRILE SYNDROME in cats
tripelennamine - Ix: musculoskeletal pain, visceral pain (ie
*anti-motion sickness effect #
sedation (# moderate, ## marked) colic), endotoxic shock, surgical pain
Meloxicam
- side fx: sweating, swelling ay injection
- Ix: post-op pain, arthritis, other causes (dogs), SC
Plumbs: site, vomiting, diarrhea, nephrotoxicity,
injection for surgical pain (cats), acute respiratory
As antihistamine: 2-4mg/kg BID-TID PO (dogs) gastric ulceration (chronic use)
infection (cattle, combo w atb), MASTITIS (cattle)
1mg/kg BID-TID IM, IV, SC (dogs) Propionic acid derivatives Prevent NSAID-related GIT problems:
Carprofen - give w drugs that improve mucosal protection (ie misoprostol) or
0.5mg/kg BID PO (cats) reduce gastric acid (H2-receptor antagonist, protom pump inhibitors)
- COX-2 inhibitor; anti-inflammatory, analgesic
As antiemetic: 2-4mg/kg TID PO, IM (dogs, cats)
*prevention of motion sickness
- Ix: osteoarthritis, post-op pain
- Side fx: liver toxicities (Labrador retrievers) PARACETAMOL (ACETAMINOPHEN)
AUTOCOIDS: local/tissue hormones, mediate inflamm. process - Analgesic, anti-pyretic; not an NSAID (weak
Vascular fx: VC → VD, ↑ BF → ↑ v. permeability → exudation Ketoprofen anti- inflammatory properties)
Cellular events: PMN into inflamed tissue via margination
- Strong non-selective COX inhibitor - Toxicity → IN CATS (lack glucuronyl transferase)
and
diapedesis - Ix: musculoskeletal pain, inflammation - Metabolism: drug → NAPQI → depletion
(horses), post-op and chronic pain (dogs, cats) of glutathione in cells → cell death
HISTAMINE: IgE + Ag → allergic rxn → mast cells*
degranulation → physiologically active amine (histamine) → VD
- Tx: N-acetylcysteine (+ascorbic
Ibuprofen acid/methionine), cimetidine
(→ hypotension “histamine shock”), ↑ v. permeability, smooth
mm spasm, ↑ glandular secretion, pruritus, BC, mucus - reversible COX inhibition → less analgesic effect DMSO – anti-inflammatory only, topical
secretions, mucus viscosity - not recommended for dogs and cats
*GIT mucosa (parietal cells, H2), bronchial mucosa, skin PSGAGs – from bovine tracheal cartilage; IM,
IA