Lecture # ___ If-then STATEMENTS SW#____. Write the possible conclusion (q) on second statement 5.
the possible conclusion (q) on second statement 5. The intersection of two lines is a point.
• An If-then statement is composed of two clauses: the if-clause and
then-clause.
• We can denote a letter for each clause, p (hypothesis) for the if-
clause and q (conclusion) for the then-clause.
• The statement is in the form, “If p then q.”
• Conditional statements are formed by joining two statements p and q
using the words if and then.
• The logical connector in a conditional statement is denoted by the
symbol ⟶
• The p statement is called the hypothesis that tells us what is the given
information, or the condition (or assumed)
• The q statement is called the conclusion that tells us what to follow
from the assumption or what is the result of the given information.
Examples:
1: If we turn off the water in the shower, then the water will stop pouring.
Hypothesis: we turn off the water in the shower
Conclusion: the water will stop pouring
2: If two angles are supplementary, then the sum of their measures is 180.
Hypothesis: two angles are supplementary
Conclusion: the sum of their measures is 180
3: I’ll wash the car if the weather is nice.
can be written as: If the weather is nice, then I’ll wash the car.
Hypothesis: the weather is nice
Conclusion: I’ll wash the car
4: I’ll be good in Math when I study hard.
can be written as: If I study hard, then I will be good in Math.
Hypothesis: I study hard
Conclusion: I will be good in Math.
5: All equilateral triangles are equiangular.
can be written as: If a triangle is equilateral then it is equiangular.
Hypothesis: a triangle is equilateral
Conclusion: it is equiangular
SW#___
I. Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of the following conditional
statements.
1. If two even integers are multiplied, then the product is also even.
Hypothesis ____________________________________
Conclusion _____________________________________
2. If the quadrilaterals are rectangle, then they are equiangular.
Hypothesis ____________________________________
Conclusion _____________________________________
3. If the triangles are equilateral, then the triangles are isosceles.
Hypothesis ____________________________________
Conclusion _____________________________________
Rewriting statements in the if-then form
Examples:
1. I bring my umbrella when it is raining.
(Rewrite in if-then form, considering what causes what. In this situation, it is
the rain that causes me to bring umbrella.)
If-then form: If it is raining, then I bring my umbrella.
2. The angles in a triangle add up to 180 degrees.
If-then form: If a shape is a triangle, then its angles add up to 180
degrees.
based on the first statement.
1. a. Students who are good in Mathematics are smart.
b. If Josiah is good in mathematics, then ________________________.
2. a. Young actresses are health conscious.
b. If Liza is a young actress, then ______________________________.
3. a. Two points determine a line.
b. If there are two points then it will ____________________________.
4. a. Parallel lines do not intersect.
b. If line m and line n are parallel lines then they __________________.
5. a. A triangle is a polygon with 3 sides.
b. If it is a triangle then ___________________________.
• The conditional is defined to be true unless a true hypothesis leads to a
false conclusion.
• The implication 𝒑 ⟶ 𝒒 is always true except in the case that p is true,
and q is false.
• See the truth table for the implications.
Example 1. Given: (p) 8 is an odd number. false
(q) 9 is composite. true
Problem: What does 𝒑 ⟶ 𝒒 represent?
Solution: Since hypothesis p is false and conclusion q is true, the
conditional 𝒑 ⟶ 𝒒 is TRUE.
Example 2: Given:(p) 8 is an odd number. true
(q) 9 is composite. false
Problem: What does 𝒑 ⟶ 𝒒 represent? Solution: Since hypothesis p is true
and conclusion q is false, the conditional 𝒑 ⟶ 𝒒 is FALSE.
SW#____. Write the following statements in the if-then form then
identify the hypothesis and conclusion.
1. Perpendicular lines form right angles.
If-then form:__________________________________
Hypothesis:___________________________________
Conclusion:___________________________________
2. The sum of the measures of complementary angles is 90o.
If-then form:__________________________________
Hypothesis:___________________________________
Conclusion:___________________________________
3. A triangle is a polygon with three sides.
If-then form:__________________________________
Hypothesis:___________________________________
Conclusion:___________________________________
4. The intersection of two lines is a point.
If-then form:__________________________________
Hypothesis:___________________________________
Conclusion:___________________________________
If-then form:__________________________________
Hypothesis:___________________________________
Conclusion:___________________________________
Lecture # ___ DIFFERENT TYPES OF STATEMENTS
• The converse of a statement is formed by exchanging the hypothesis
and the conclusion.
• The inverse of a statement is formed by negating both the hypothesis
and conclusion.
• The contrapositive of a statement is formed by negating the hypothesis
and conclusion of the converse of the given statement.
If-then statement: "If it rains, then they cancel classes."
p q
Converse: "If they cancel classes, then it rains.”
Q p
Inverse: "If it will not rain, then they will not cancel classes.”
~p ~q
Contrapositive: "If they will not cancel classes, then it will not rain."
~q ~p
SW#____
A. Complete the statements below by supplying the missing terms.
1. If a number is a whole number, then it is an integer.
a. Converse: If a number is an ______________, then it is a whole
number.
b. Inverse: If a number is ___________ a whole number, then it is ______
an integer.
c. Contrapositive: If a number is not an integer, then it is not a
__________.
2. If you live in Llano, then you live in Caloocan.
a. Converse: If you live in Caloocan, then you live in
___________________.
b. Inverse: If you _______________ live in Llano, then you do not live in
Caloocan.
c. Contrapositive: If you do not live in ______________, then you do not
live in Llano.
B. Given the if-then statements, write its converse, inverse, and
contrapositive.
Ex: If-then form: If two angles are adjacent, then they form a linear pair.
Converse: If two angles form a linear pair, then they are adjacent.
Inverse: If two angles are not adjacent, then they do not form a linear
pair.
Contrapositive: If two angles do not form a linear pair, then they are not
adjacent.
3. If-then form: If a polygon is a quadrilateral, then it is a four-sided B. Directions: Complete the table below by using deductive
polygon. reasoning.

Converse: _______________________________________________
Inverse: _________________________________________________
Contrapositive: ___________________________________________

4. If-then form: If two lines are perpendicular, then they form right angles.
Converse: _______________________________________________
Inverse: _________________________________________________
Contrapositive: ___________________________________________

5. If-then form: If two lines intersect at a right angle, then they are
perpendicular.
Converse: _______________________________________________
Inverse: _________________________________________________
Contrapositive: ___________________________________________
Lecture #___TYPES OF REASONING: INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE
Inductive reasoning uses specific examples to arrive at a general rule,
generalization or conclusion. The conclusion may be true or
false.
Illustrative examples:
1. My Math teacher is strict.
My previous Math teacher was strict.
All Math teachers are strict.
2. Determine the next term of the given sequence.3, 5, 8, 12, 17, _____.
The next term is 23.
Deductive reasoning uses general statements or accepted facts to
reason in a step-by-step manner in order to arrive at a specific and valid
conclusion. It includes hypothesis and conclusion. A statement or logical
argument that is supported or justified by accepted facts or reasons is
known as proof.
Here are the steps TO PERFORM a direct proof:
1. You need to identify the hypothesis and conclusion of the conjecture that
you are going to prove
2. Assume that the hypothesis is true.
3. Use definitions, properties, theorems, etc. to make a series of
deductions that eventually prove the conclusion of the conjecture to be true
4. State that by direct proof, the conclusion of the statement must be true.
Lecture #____ DIRECT AND INDIRECT PROOFS
• A direct proof assumes that the hypothesis of a conjecture is true, PARAGRAPH FORM
Example:
and then uses a series of logical deductions to prove that the
conclusion of the conjecture is true.
• Direct proof can be done in two ways: paragraph form and two
column form.
In writing proofs, the properties of equality and congruence are used as
basis for reasoning
Aside from the properties, you should remember this:
A postulate is a statement that is accepted without proof.
A theorem is a statement accepted after it is proven deductively.

Illustrative examples:
1. Statement: Grade 8 learners are good in Math.
Marikit is a grade 8 learner.
Conclusion: Therefore, Marikit is good in Math.
TWO-COLUMN PROOF
2. Statement: Congruent angles are angles whose measures are equal.
∠A and ∠B are congruent angles.
Conclusion: Therefore, ∠A and ∠B are angles whose measures are
equal.
SW# ___ INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE REASONING
A. Make a conclusion based on the given situation using inductive
reasoning.
1. 1, 10, 100, 1000. The next number is ____________.
2. Acute angles are angles whose measure is greater than 0º but less than
90º. ∠A and ∠B are acute angles. Therefore,
__________________________________.
3. Amanda is a Caloocan resident. Caloocan residents follow the rules and
regulations of the city.
Therefore,_______________________________________________.
4. 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, ..…..

5. Study the pattern and draw the next figure. ____