Edinger Anatomy of The Psyche Alchemical Symbolism in Psychotherapy

]a armer naaos crah Apej Iaurt,
idll tall cree

Apej Iaurt 4-622-645->>62.
Runl`sf`jg Iahpdjy `s d m`v`sàj ac
Idrus Runl`sf`jg Iahpdjy.
]f`s naao fds neej repramuiem `j d pr`jt -aj-
mehdjm carhdt crah tfe 400= Apej Iaurt pr`jt`jg.
Caurtf pr`jt`jg 4004

C`ctf pr`jt`jg 4009
Y`xtf pr`jt`jg 400=
Dll r`gfts reservem. Ja pdrt ac tf`s punlìdtàj hdy ne

repramuiem, starem `j d retrèvdl systeh, ar trdjsh`ttem, `j djy
carh ar ny djy hedjs, eleitrajì, heifdjìdl, pfataiapy`jg,
reiarm`jg, ar atferw`se, w`tfaut tfe pràr wr`ttej perh`ssàj
ac tfe punl`sfer. Apej Iaurt Runl`sf`jg Iahpdjy, 945 C`ctf
Ytreet, R.A. Nax 922, Reru, @ll`ja`s 3495=-2922.
Rr`jtem djm naujm `j tfe Uj`tem Ytdtes ac Dherìd.
L`nrdry ac Iajgress Idtdlag`jg `j Runlìdtàj

Runlìdtàj Mdtd
Em`jger, Emwdrm C.
Djdtahy ac tfe psyife.
(]fe êdl`ty ac tfe psyife serès)

N`nlàgrdpfy; p.
4. Rsyifadjdlys`s. >. Dlifehy. 9. @jm`v`mudtàj.
4. ]`tle. @@. Yerès.
NC475.E>07 4065 452.40'5= 65-445=3
@YNJ; 2-64>3-0220-5
]FE ÊDL@]P AC ]FE RYPIFE YE^@EY
Ar`g`jdlly punl`sfem `j tfe callaw`jg `ssues ac Tudmrdjt; ]fe Kaurjdl ac tfe I. G. Kujg
Caujmdtàj car Djdlytìdl Rsyifalagy.
Ifdpters 4 djm >”Saluhe 44, Juhner 4 (Yuhher 4076)

Ifdpter 9”Saluhe 44, Juhner > (W`jter 4076)
Ifdpter =”Saluhe 4>, Juhner 4 (Yuhher 4070)
Ifdpter 5”Saluhe 49, Juhner 4 (Ypr`jg 4062)
Ifdpter 3”Saluhe 4=, Juhner 4 (Ypr`jg 4064)
Ifdpter 7”Saluhe 4=, Juhner > (Cdll 4064)
Ifdpter 6”Saluhe 45, Juhner 4 (Ypr`jg 406>)
Jate aj
aj Dn
Dnnrev
nrev`dtà
`dtàjs
js
]fe Ialleitem Waros ac Kujg dre i`tem ds IW.
Sdràus versàjs ac tfe N`nle dre dnnrev`dtem ds callaws;
DS Dutfar`zem (O`jg Kdhes) Sersàj
MS Maudy Sersàj
^YS êv`sem Ytdjmdrm Sersàj
JEN Jew E Ejgl`
jgl`sf
sf N`nle
N`nle
KN Kerusdleh N`nle
JDN Jew
Jew D Dherìd
herìdjj N`nle
N`nle
_Let u s X . . . stumy tfdt true
N`nle, ds we iaujt `t, ac tfe
fuhdj namy djm ac tfe
jdture ac hdj.
Djmreds Sesdlùs
- •Y -Iajtejts-Y*-
L`st ac @llustrdtàjs/x
Rrecdie/x`x Ifdpter 4 /
@jtramuitàj/4 Ifdpter >/

Idli`jdtà/47
Idli`jdtà/47 Ifdpter 9 /
Yalutà / =7 Ifdpter =/
Iadguldtà/69 Ifdpter 5/
Yunl`hdtàk 447 Ifdpter
3 /Hart`cìdtà /4=7 Ifdpter 7 4
Yepdrdtà 4469
4469 Ifdpter 6/
Iajùjità / >44
N`nlàgrdpfy/>99
L`st ac @lustrdtàjs
îcirijiis ta pr`hdry sauries dppedr ujmer `llustrdtàj t`tles. Car

seiajmdry sauries, see idptàjs car `jm`v`mudl `llustrdtàjs djm N`nl`-
agrdpfy.
Crajt`spèie
]fe Haujtd`j-Idve ac tfe Dmepts. Yyhnalì ^àsuhà ac tfe Dlifehìdl
Apus. Hìfelspdifer, Idndld (435=).
@- @ (pdge =)
Hdiraiash djm Hìraiash @jteriajjeitem. Wd`te, D. E., trdjs., ]fe
Ferhetì
Ferhe tì Hus
Huseuh.
euh.
4- > (pdge 7)
]fe Dlifeh`st Gu`mem ny Gam. Ndrifusej, Elehe
Elehejtd
jtd If
Ifeh`de
eh`de (4746),
Rdr`s, N`nlàtfæque Jdtàjdle.
4- 9 (pdge 49)
]fe Rr`hd Hdter
Hdter`d
`d ds Ifdas. Hdralles, ]dnledux mu tehple mes huses
(4355), Lajmaj, Nr`t`sf Huseuh.
4- = (pdge 4=)
Iernerus ds tfe Mevaur`jg djm Ejtdjgl`jg Dspeit ac tfe Rr`hd Hdter
Hdter`d.
`d.
(45tf iejtury), N`nlàteid Dpastùlìd Sdtìdjd, Iam. Rdl. ldt. 4233, cal.
>90.
>- 4 (pdge 46)
Idli`jdtà ac tfe O`jg. ]fe Walc ds Rr`h
Rr`hd
d Hdter
Hdter`d.
`d. Mevaur`jg tfe Medm
O`jg. Hdèr, Dtdld
Dtdldjtd
jtd Cug
Cugèjs
èjs (4346).
>- > (pdge >4)
Idli`jdtà ac dj Edrtf-Dj`hdl. HY. Yladje 4. 4943 (47tf iejtury),
Lajmaj, Nr`t`sf Huseuh.
>- 9 (pdge >>)
Idli`jdtà ac tfe Mevaur`jg Rdrejt. Hutus L`ner
L`ner (472>).
L@Y] AC @LLUY]^D]@AJY
> = (pdge >9)

]fe C`re ac tfe Mrdgaj Ne`jg Natf Cdjjem djm Ext`jgu`sfem. ]r`shas`j,
Yplejmar Yal`s ( 456>),
>- 5 (pdge >5)
]fe Cèry Curjdie ac Mdjèl. N`nle ac Yt. Ytepfej Fdrm`jg (4>tf
Iejtury), M`kaj, N`nlàtfæque Hujì`pdle, HY. 4=.
>- 3 (pdge >3)
]fe Ytdrry Ydldhdjmer ]fdt L`ves `j tfe C`re. ]fe Heriur`dl Yp`r`t ac
tfe Rr`hd Hdter
Hdter`d,
`d, ds Ydldhdjmer, Cralìo`jg `j tfe C`re. Hdèr, Dtdldj
Dtdldjtd
td
Cugèjss (4346).
Cugèj
>- 7 (pdge >6)
]fe Sàlejt ]arturem `j d ^d`j ac C`re. Marà, @llustrdtàjs
@llustrdtàjs car M
Mdjte‑s
djte‑s
M`v`je Iahe
Iahemy.
my.
>- 6 (pdge 99)
Idli`jdtà ac tfe Ferhdpfram`te. Hdèr, Dtdldj
Dtdldjtd
td Cu
Cugèjs
gèjs (4346).
>- 0 (pdge 9=)
]fe C`re Yawer. E. Kdiany.
>- 42 (pdge 93)
Rejteiast. Marà, N`nle @llustrdtàjs.
@llustrdtàjs.
>- 44 (pdge 90)
Yf`vd Mdji`jg `j d I`rile ac C`re. Nrajze (4>tf ar 49tf iejtury),
Dhstermdh, Huseuh vdj Dz`dt`sife Oujst.
>- 4> (pdge =4)
Yt. Kafj Na`lem `j A`l. Mürer, 4=06.
>- 49 (pdge ==)
Expulsàj ac tfe Mehajs. Ejgrdv`jg (47tf Iejtury).
>- 4= (pdge =5)
]fe O`jg `j tfe Ywedtnax. Hdèr, Dtdld
Dtdldjtd
jtd Cu
Cugèjs
gèjs (4346).
9- 4 (pdge 52)
Yègcrèm djm tfe ^f`je Hd`mejs. ^diofdh, Ialar @llustrdtàjs car Wdgjer's
“^`jg."
9-> (pdge 54)

]fe O`jg djm Tueej `j tfe Ndtf. Hylùs, Rf`las
Rf`lasapf`d
apf`d recarh
recarhdtd
dtd (43>>).
9- 9 (pdge 59
Yalutà ac tfe O`jg. Ndiograujm; Mrawj`jg O`jg Idll`jg car Felp.
Caregraujm; ]fe O`jg ênarj. ]r`shas`j. Yplejmar Yal`s (456>).
DJD]AHP AC ]FE RYPIFE
9- = (pdge 5=)
]fe N`rtf ac Dpfram`te, (i. =32 n.i.), âhe, ]erhe Huseuh.
9- 5 (pdge 55)
Fylds djm tfe Jyhpfs. Kafj W`ll`dh Wdterfause,
Hdjifester, Ejgldjm, I`ty Drt Gdllery.
9- 3 (pdge 53)
Ndtfsfend. êhnrdjmt, Rdr`s, tfe Lauvre.
9- 7 (pdge 57)
Yusdjjd djm tfe Elmers. ]`jtaretta, Sèjjd, Gehílmegdlerè.
9- 6 (pdge 50)
M`djd djm Ditdeaj. ]`t`dj, Em`jnurgf, Jdtàjdl Gdllery ac
Yiatldjm.
9- 0 (pdge 34)
Ndpt`sh w`tf Lujdr Wdter Wf`le Ne`jg N`ttej ny Mrdgajs.
Dsfhale, em., ]fedtruh Ifehìuh Nr`tdjjìuh (435>).

9- 42 (pdge 3>)
Ndiifdjdl ac tfe Djmr`djs. ]`t`dj, Hdmr`m, Rrdma.
9- 44 (pdge 35)
Ndtfers. êja`r, Rf`ldmelpf`d, Ialleitàj ac Idrrall ]ysaj.
9- 4> (pdge 37)
]fe Claam. Marà, N`nle @llustrdtàjs.
@llustrdtàjs.
9- 49 (pdge 30)
“Ydve He, A Gam? car tfe Wdters Dre Iahe `j Ujta Hy
Yaul." @llustrdtàj car Rsdlh 30, ]fe S`siajt` Faurs, Clarejie,
Jdt àj dl L`nr dry.
9- 4= (pdge 79)
Rfdrdaf's Drhy Mrawj`jg `j tfe êm Yed. ]fe S`siajt` Faurs,
Clarejie, Jdtàjdl L`nrdry.
9- 45 (pdge 7=)
]fe Wahdj Wdsf`jg Ilatfes. Hdèr, Dtdldj
Dtdldjtd
td Cug
Cugèjs
èjs (4346).
9- 43 (pdge 73)
]fe Iarpse ac tfe Hergem O`jg djm Tueej Ne`jg Rur `cèm
djm êdj`hdtem ny Fedvejly Mew. âsdr`
âsdrùh
uh Rf`lasapf
Rf`lasapfaruh
aruh..
Crdjocurt (4552).
=- 4 (pdge 6=)
Edrtf Jurses tfe C`lùs Rf`las
Rf`lasapfaru
apfaruh.
h. Hdèr, Dtdldj
Dtdldjtd
td Cug
Cugèjs
èjs
(4346).
= > (pdge 67)

Edgle Ifd`jem ta d Graujm Dj`hdl. Ytaliù«, S`r`mdjuh Ifyhìuh
(43>=).
=- 9 (pdge 60)
]fe Cdll ac tfe ênel Djgels. Les ]ræs
]ræs ^ìfe
^ìfess Feu
Feures
res m
mu
u Mui me Ne
Nerry,
rry,
Ifdjt`lly, Husàe Iajmà.
=- = (pdge 0>)
]fe Ytaje ac Ydturj. Hdèr, Dtdldj
Dtdldj`d
`d Cu
Cugèjs
gèjs (4346).
=- 5 (pdge 0=)
]fe ]arture ac Rrahetfeus. Haredu.
=- 3 (pdge 03)
S`rg`j djm If`lm aj Iresiejt Haaj. Mürer.
=- 7 (pdge 07)
L`nerty Ledm`jg tfe Reaple. Meldira`x, Rdr`s, tfe Lauvre.
=- 6 (pdge 42>)
Cartuje ar Jehes`s Idrry`jg tfe Iup djm Fdrjess ac Mest`jy.
Mürer.
=- 0 (pdge 425)
]fe Djjuji`dtàj. Mrdw`jg ny êhnrdjmt, Nesdjçaj. Husàe
Iahhujdl.
=- 42 (pdge 423)
“Yaw Paur Galm `j Wf`te Edrtf.‘ Hdèr, Dtdldj
Dtdldj`d
`d Cug
Cugèjs
èjs (4346).
=- 44 (pdge 427)
Irui`c`xàj. Mrdw`jg crah ^dhsey Rsdlter (i. 062), Lajmaj,
Nr`t`sf Huseuh.
=- 4> (pdge 426)
]fe Heriur`dl Yerpejt Irui`cèm. Dlif`hè me Cldhel. HY.
Crdjçd`s 4=735, Rdr`s, N`nlàtfæque Jdtàjdle.
=- 49 (pdge 420)
]rdjsc`xàj ac tfe Heriur`dl Yerpejt djm tfe O`jg. “Ypeiuluh
ver`tdt`s,‘ Iam. Sdtìdjus Ldt`jus 7>63 (47tf Iejtury), N`nlàteid
Sdtìdjd.
=- 4= (pdge 442)
Dmdh djm Eve. Mürer.
=- 45 (pdge 44>)
]fe Ldst Yupper. Jate tfe ]`jy Nldio Mev`l Ejter`j g Kumds'
Hautf. ]fe Faurs ac Idtfer`je ac Ileves. ]fe Guejjal Ialleitàj djm
tfe Rèrpajt Hargdj L`nrdry.
5- 4 (pdge 440)
Ydtell`te Rfatagrdpf ac Idpe Iam djm Sì`j`ty. Rfata Dtlds
ac tfe Uj`tem Ytdtes.
5- > (pdge 4>2)
Yunl`hdtà. Ydpejt`d veteruh pf`lasapfaruh s`ve maitr`jd
earujmuh me suhhd et uj`versdl` hemì`jd (46tf iejtury),
Rdr`s, N`nlàtfæque me rDrsejdl, HY. 07=.
5- 9 (pdge 4>4)
Extrditàj ac tfe Wf`te Mave. ]r`shas`j, Yplejmar Yal`s
(456>).
5- = (pdge 4>>)
]fe Iry. Hujif (4605), Asla, Jdtàjdl Huseuh.
5- 5 (pdge 4>=)
Extrditàj ac Heriurùs djm Iarajdtàj ac tfe S`rg`j.
Lawer Level; Heriurùs (êpresejtem ds d Hajstras`ty)
Ne`jg Extrditem crah tfe Rr`hRr`hd
d Hdter`d.
Hdter`d. Upper Level;
Dssuhptàj djm Iarajdtàj ac tfe S`rg`j, ]rdjscarh`jg
tfe ]r`j`ty `jta d Tudteh`ty. Ypeiuluh tr`j`tdt`s crah
êusjer, Rdjma
Rdjmard
rd (4566).
5- 3 (pdge 49>)
Dsiejsàj ac El`kdf. Marà, N`nle @llustrdtàjs
@llustrdtàjs..
5- 7 (pdge 499)
Dssuhptàj ac tfe S`rg`j. ]fe Faurs ac Idtfer`je ac Ileves,
]fe Guejjal Ialleitàj djm tfe Rèrpajt Hargdj L`nrdry.
5- 6 (pdge 495)
As`r`s ds d Ldmmer. Crah tfe pdpyrus ac Dj`, Nr`t`sf
Huseuh.
5- 0 (pdge 496)
]fe Hystìs‑ Ldmmer ta Fedvej. @iaj crah Yt. Idtfer`je‑s
Hajdstery, Haujt Y`jd` ( @ ltf-4>tf iejtury).
5- 42 (pdge 4=2)
Y`heaj Ytyl`tes aj F`s Ialuhj Nesègem ny d Yerpejt.
êl`qudry (3tf iejtury), Rdr`s, tfe Lauvre.
5- 44 (pdge 4=4)
Mdjte‑s Ldmmer ac Ydturj. Marà, @llustr
@llustrdtàjs
dtàjs car M
Mdjte‑s
djte‑s
M`v`je Iah
M`v`je Iahemy
emy..
5- 4> (pdge 4=9)
]fe ]awer ac Ndnel. Nruegel (4539), Sèjjd,
Oujstf`star`sifes Huseuh.
3-4 (pdge 4=6)

Yoeletaj ds Hart`c`
Hart`cìdtà
idtà @hdge. Wd`te, D. E., trdh.. ]fe Ferhetì
Huseuh..
Huseuh
3-> (pdge 4=0)
]fe ]rùhpf ac Medtf. Cresia ny Crdjiesia ]rd`j` (i.
4952), R`sd, Idhpasdjta.
3- 9 (pdge 454)
Yal djm Lujd O`ll tfe Mrdgaj. Hdèr, Dtdldj
Dtdldj`d
`d Cug
Cugèjs
èjs (4346).
3- = (pdge 45>)
Medtf Raurs d Mr`jo car tfe O`jg. Falne`j, ]fe Mdjie ac Medtf
(4596).
3- 5 (pdge 459)
Medtf ac tfe O`jg. Ytaliùs, S`r`mdrùh Ifyhìuh (43>=).
3- 3 (pdge 453)
Hdssdire ac tfe @jjaiejts. Dlifehìdl mrdw`jg.
3- 7 (pdge 457)
Medtf Nlaw`jg tfe Warh ]ruhpet. K. Heymejndif, Matej Mdjtz
(i. 4=0>), Hd`jz.
3- 6 (pdge 450)
Iajùjità `j tfe Nldio Sds. ]fe J`grema. Rdr`s, N`nlàtfæque me
J`grema.
l‑Drsejdl, HY. 075, cal. 4=.
3- 0 (pdge 434)
Grd`j Graw`jg crah tfe Iarpse ac As`r`s. Crah d nds-relèc dt
Rf`lde.
3- 42 (pdge 43>)
Grd`j Graw`jg crah tfe Grdve, Yyhnal`z`jg êsurreitàj.
Wd`te, D. E., trdjs.. ]fe Ferhetì Huseuh.
3- 44 (pdge 43=)
Medtf djm tfe Ldjmsojeift. Mürer.
3- 4> (pdge 435)
]fe J`gre
J`grema.
ma. Hylùs, Rf`las
Rf`lasapf`d
apf`d recarhdtd
recarhdtd (43>>).
3- 49 (pdge 433)
Ydlahe w`tf tfe Fedm ac Kafj tfe Ndpt`st. Les Nelles
Nelles Feures
Feures mu
Mui me
me Ner
Nerry,
ry, Jew Paro, ]fe Hetrapal`tdj Huseuh ac Drt.
3- 4= (pdge 430)
]fe Medtf Fedm Ra`jts ta tfe Iashì Ypfere. Falne`j, ]fe Mdjie ac
Medtf (4596).
3- 45 (pdge 473)
]fe Yiaurg`jg ac Ifr`st. Hd`r ac Ldjmsfut (45tf iejtury),
Lajmaj, Nr`t`sf Huseuh.
3- 43 (pdge 470)
Rdtèjt‑s Mrdw`jg.
7- 4 (pdge 46=)
Gam Iredt`jg tfe Warlm. Hdjusir`pt `llustrdtàj (49tf iejtury),
Sèjjd, Dustr`dj Jdtàjdl L`nrdry.
7- > (pdge 465)
Iutt`jg tfe Rf`lasapfìdl Egg. Hdèr, Dtdldjtd
Dtdldjtd C
Cugèjs
ugèjs (4346).
7- 9 (pdge 463)
]fe Yepdrdtàj ac Fedvej djm Edrtf; Jut L`ctem Dnave Gen ny
Yfu. Mrdw`jg dcter dj `llustrdtàj `j D. Kereh`ds, Mds Dlte
Dlte
]estdhejt `h Lìfte mes Dltej Arèjts. Le`pz`g (402=). ]ur`j,
Egypt`dj Huseuh.
7- = (pdge 402)
]fe Dies ac tfe Caur ]drat Yu`ts ; Ywarms, Ytdves, Ia`js, djm
Iups. Hdrse`lles ]drat.
7- 5 (pdge 40>)
Ifr`st ac tfe Dpaidlypse. Mürer.
7- 3 (pdge 40=)
Kaust Netweej Yal djm Lujd. Dura
Durard
rd Ia
Iajsurge
jsurgejs
js (4=tf iejtury),
[urìf, [ejtrdln`nlàtfeo, Iam. rfejavdiejs`s 47>, cal. 42.
7- 7 (pdge 405)
]fe Dwdoej`jg ac tfe Yleep`jg O`jg ds d Kumghejt ac Rdr`s.
]fahds Dqu`jds _pseum.X, “Me Dlifeh`d,‘ (43tf iej tury),
Le`mej, N`nlàtfeo mer ^`kosuj`vers`te`t, Iam. Sass`djus >0, cal.
76.
7- 6 (pdge 403)
Yif`shdtìs. Marà, @llustrdtàjs
@llustrdtàjs car M
Mdjte‑s
djte‑s M`v`je Iahemy
Iahemy--
7- 0 (pdge 406) je Dlifeh`st ds

Geaheter. Hdèr, Dtdldjtd
Dtdldjtd Cugèjs
Cugèjs (4346).
7- 42 (pdge 400)
Kustìe. Hdrse`lles ]drat.
7- 44 (pdge >24)
Hases Ytrò`jg Wdter crah tfe âio. N`nl`d Rduperuh Ndvdr`d
(4=4=), Hujìf, Ndyer`sife Ytddtsn`nlàtfeo. Ilh. 6>24, cal. 63v.
7- 4> (pdge >25)
Irui`c`xàj djm Ldst Kumghejt. F. Sdj Eyio, Jew Paro, ]fe
Hetrapal`tdj Huseuh ac Drt.
7- 49 (pdge >27)
]fe Yaul ac tfe Meiedsem @s We`gfem `j tf e Ndldjie. Crah tfe
pdp yru s a c D j`, ]fe Nr` t`s f Hu seu h.
7- 4= (pdge >26)
]fe Drifdjgel Hìfdel We`gf`jg Yauls. Sdj mer Weymej (45tf
iejtury), Naurgagje, Faspìe me Neduhe.

6- 4 (pdge >49)
]fe Mrdgaj O`lls tfe Wahdj djm Yfe O`lls @t. Hdèr, Dtdldjtd
Dtdldjtd
Cugèjss (4346).
Cugèj
6- > (pdge >47)
Iajùjità `j tfe Dlifehìdl Sessel. (47tf iejtury), Rdr`s,
N`nlàtfæque me 4‑Drsejdl, HY. 075, cal. 49.
6- 9 (pdge >40)
]fe Irui`c`xàj ds d Iajùjità Netweej Yal djm Lujd. (Ldte 0tf
iejtury), Rdr`s, N`nlàtfæque Jdtàjdle, HY. ldt. >57, cal. 4>v.
6- = (pdge >>4)
]fe I`rile ac tfe Pedr ds d Iajùjità ac Yal djm Lujd. Hemèvdl
Mrdw`jg, Ytuttgdrt, Wurttehnerg`sife Ldjmesn`nlàtfeo, Iam. f`st.
cal. =45, cal. 47v.
6- 5 (pdge >>>)
]fe Jew Kerusdleh ds d Iajùjità ac Yal djm Lujd. ]fe Ila`sters
Dpaidlypse,
Dpaidlypse, cat. 93, Jew Paro, tfe Hetrapal`tdj Huseuh ac Drt.
6- @llustrd
]fe Fedvejly âse. Marà, 3 (pdge >>5)
@llustrdtàjs
tàjs car Mdjte's
Mdjte's M`v`je Iahemy.
Iahemy.
6- 7 (pdge >>3)
Ytdr ]rd`ls Draujm tfe Rale. Rfata Peroes Anservdtary.
6- 6 (pdge >>0)
Dutanàgrdpfy ds d Hdjmdte. Evejts `j tfe L`ce ac Apì`jus
me Idj`str`s Drrdjgem Iajiejtrìdlly crah F`s Iajieptàj aj
Hdrif >=, 4>03, ta Iahpletàj ac Mrdw`jg aj Kuje 9, 4993.
N`nlàteid Dpastùlìd Sdtìdjd, HY. Rdl. ldt. 4009 cal. @ @j
Rrecdie
Kujg‑s m`siavery ac tfe redl`ty ac tfe psyife apejs tfe wdy car d jew
dppradif ta trdm`tàjdl hdter`dl. êl`gàus djm l`terdry sir`ptures, ds
well ds tfe grap`jgs ac tfe pratasièjies suif ds dlifehy, dstralagy,
djm pre-Yairdtì pf`lasapfy, idj jaw ne ujmerstaam ds tfe pfejahe-
jalagy ac tfe ankeit`ve psyife.
Iajt`ju`jg Kujg‑s stumy ac dlifehy, tf`s naao dttehpts ta nr`jg `jta
v`s`n`l`ty iertd`j experèjt`dl hames ar idtegarès ac tfe `jm`v`mudtàj
pr aies s tfd t dpp edr `j dlif eh` idl syhn al` sh. Dltf augf tfe mdt d use m
car dhpl`cìdtàj mer`ve crah tfe hast vdrèm sauries, tfey dll serve ta
`llustrdte pdtterjs djm reguldr`tès ac tfe ankeit`ve psyife ”tfdt `s,
drifetypdl `hdges ac trdjscarhdtàj. Wfdt @ presejt `s je`tfer d tfea-
retìdl iajstruit jar d pf`lasapfìdl speiuldtàj, nut rdtfer dj armer`jg
ac psyifì cdits ndsem aj tfe hetfam ac Kuj g.
]fese cdits ga ta hdoe up dj djdtahy ac tfe psyife, wfìf `s dt tfe
sdhe t`he dj ehnryalagy, s`jie we dre medl`jg w`tf d praiess ac
mevelaphejt djm trdjscarhdtàj. ]fe gredt vdlue ac dlifehìdl `hdges
`s tfdt tfey g`ve us dj ankeit`ve nds`s crah wfìf ta dppradif mredhs
djm atfer ujiajsiàus hdter`dl. W`tf tfe psyife hare tfdj w`tf djy
atfer sunkeit `t `s very m`ccìult ta m`st`jgu`sf netweej ankeit`ve cdit
djm persajdl n`ds. D waro`jg ojawlemge ac dlifehìdl `hdges idj ne
very felpcul `j prahat`jg tf`s huif jeemem ankeit`v`ty. Aur gadl, g`vej
succìèjt cdh`l`dr`ty w`tf drifetypdl syhnal`sh djm succìèjt selc-
ojawlemge crah persajdl djdlys`s, `s dj djdtahy ac tfe psyife tfdt `s
ds ankeit`ve ds tfe djdtahy ac tfe namy.
Djdtah
Djdtahy
y ac
ac tfe
tfe Rsyif
Rsyifee
@jtramuitàj
FE RÂIEYY AC RYPIFA]FE^DRP , wfej `t gaes dt dll meep, sets `jta

hatàj pracaujm djm hysteràus fdppej`jgs. @t `s very edsy car
]
nat f p dt` ejt djm tfe rdp `st ta lase tfe `r wdy. ]f`s `s wfy jdr raw djm
`jdmequdte tfearès ac tfe psyife dre ilujg ta sa mesperdtely ” dt ledst
tfey prav`me sahe sejse ac arèjtdtàj. @c we dre jat ta sunh`t psyifì
pfej ahej d t a tf e R rai rus ted j n em ac d pre iaj ie` vem tfe ary, we h ust
seeo tfe idtegarès car ujmerstdjm`jg tfe psyife w`tf`j tfe psyife `tselc.
Dj alm dlifehìdl mìtuh sdys, “M`ssalve tfe hdtter `j `ts awj wdter.‘
]f`s `s wfdt we ma wfej we try ta ujmerstdjm tfe praiess ac psyifa-
tferdpy `j terhs ac dlifehy.
Ds Kujg fds mehajstrdtem, dlifehìdl syhnal`sh `s ldrgely d pramuit ac tfe
ujiajsiàus psyife. “]fe redl jdture ac hdtter wds ujojawj ta tfe dlifeh`st? fe
ojew `t ajly `j f`jts. @jdshuif ds fe trèm ta explare `t fe prakeitem tfe ujiajsiàus
`jta tfe mdrojess ac hdtter `j armer ta
`lluh`jdte `t QQQQ Wf`le waro`jg aj f`s ifehìdl exper`hejts tfe aperdtar
fdm iertd`j psyifì experèjies wfìf dppedrem ta f`h ds tfe pdrtìuldr nefdvàr ac
tfe ifehìdl praiess. Y`jie `t wds d questàj ac prakeitàj, fe wds jdturdlly
ujiajsiàus ac tfe cdit tfdt tfe experèjie fdm jatf`jg ta ma w`tf hdtter `tselc. Fe
experèjiem f`s prakeitàj ds d praperty ac hdtter? nut wfdt fe wds `j redl`ty
experèji`jg wds f`s awj ujiajsiàus."4
Ds Kujg stumèm dlifehy fe caujm tfdt tf`s luxur`djt jetwaro ac `hdges wds,
`jmeem, tfe psyife‑s “awj wdter‘ wfìf iaulm ne usem ta ujmerstdjm tfe iahplex
iajtejts ac tfe psyife. Fe wrate;
@ fdm very saaj seej tfdt djdlytìdl psyifalagy ia`ji`mem `j d hast iuràus wdy
w`tf dlifehy. ]fe experèjies ac tfe dlifeh`sts, were, `j d sejse, hy
experèjies, djm tfe`r warlm wds hy warlm. ]f`s wds, ac iaurse, d hahejtaus
m`siavery; 4 fdm stuhnlem upaj tfe f`starìdl iaujterpdrt ac hy psyifalagy ac tfe
ujiajsiàus. ]fe pass`n`l`ty ac d iahpdr`saj w`tf dlifehy, djm tfe uj`jterruptem
`jtelleitudl ifd`j ndio ta Gjastì`sh, gdve sunstdjie
‑Kujg, Rsyifalagy djm Dlifehy, IW 4>, pdrs. 9=5 cc.

ta hy psyifalagy. Wfej 4 parem aver tfase alm texts everytf`jg cell `jta pldie;
tfe cdjtdsy-`hdges, tfe ehp`rìdl hdter`dl @ fdm gdtferem `j hy prditìe, djm tfe
iajilusàjs 4 fdm mrdwj crah `t. 4 jaw negdj ta ujmerstdjm wfdt tfese psyifì
iajtejts hedjt wfej seej `j f`starìdl p erspeit`ve. >
Dt tfe ejm ac Hyste
Hysterùh
rùh I
Iajùji
ajùjitàj`s
tàj`s fe suhs up tfe hedj`jg ac dlifehy;
... tfe ejt`re dlifehìdl praiemure... iaulm kust ds well represejt tfe `jm`v`m-
udtàj praiess ac d s`jgle `jm`v`mudl, tfaugf w`tf tfe jat uj`hpartdjt m`ccerejie
tfdt ja s`jgle `jm`v`mudl ever dttd`js ta tfe rìfjess djm siape ac tfe dlifehìdl
syhnal`sh. ]f`s fds tfe dmvdjtdge ac fdv`jg neej nu`lt up tfraugf tfe
iejturès... @t `s... d m`ccìult djm tfdjoless tdso ta try ta mesir`ne tfe jdture ac
tfe `jm`v`mudtàj praiess crah idse hdter`dl... Ja idse `j hy experèjie `s
iahprefejs`ve ejaugf ta sfaw dll tfe dspeits `j suif metd`l tfdt `t iaulm ne
regdrmem ds pdrdm`ghdtì QQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQ QQQ Dlifehy, tferecare, fds per-
carhem car he tfe gredt djm `jvdludnle servìe ac prav`m`jg hdter`dl `j wfìf
hy experèjie iaulm c`jm succìèjt raah, djm fds tfereny hdme `t pass`nle car
he ta mesir`ne tfe `jm`v`mudtàj praiess dt ledst `j `ts essejt`dl dspeits. 4
We idj tferecare sdy tfdt dlifehìdl `hdges mesir`ne tfe praiess ac meptf
psyi fat fer dpy wf` if `s `me jt` idl w`t f wf dt Kuj g i dll s ` jm` v`m udt àj . W fdt @ t fus
pra pas e t a m a ` s t a ex dh`j e s ahe ac tfe nds ì `hd ges ac dli feh y t a se e f aw t fey
iarrespajm ta tfe experèjies ac psyifatferdpy.
]fe terh “psyifatferdpy‘ `s usem fere `j `ts nradmest, etyhalagìdl sejse. ]fe
Greeo warm `ferdpeue`j, “ta fedl,‘ ar`g`jdlly hedjt “servìe ta tfe gams.‘
Fedl`jg tfus taao pldie dt c`rst `j d sdirem iajtext. Rf`la tells us ac d graup ac
pre -If r`s t`d j, Kew` sf iaj tehp ldt `ve s wfa idl lem tfe hsel ves ]ferdpeuts “e`tfer
nei duse tfe y p rac ess dj drt ac hem ì` je har e ex iel lej t t fdj tfd t ` j g eje rdl use `j
i`tès (car tfdt ajly fedls namès, nut tfe atfer fedls sauls wfìf dre ujmer tfe
hdstery ac terr`nle djm dlhast `jiurdnle m`sedses, wfìf pledsures djm dppet`tes,
cedrs djm grècs, djm iavetausjess, djm callès, djm `jkustìe, djm dll tfe rest ac
tfe `jjuherdnle hult`tume ac atfer pdssàjs djm vìes, fdve `jclìtem upaj
tfeh), ar else neiduse tfey fdve neej `jstruitem ny jdture djm tfe sdirem ldws ta
serve tfe l`v`jg Gam.‘ = Rsyifatferdpy tfus hedjs, ndsìdlly, servìe ta tfe
psyi fe.
Wfdt hdoes dlifehy sa vdludnle car psyifatferdpy `s tfdt `ts `hdges
iajiret`ze tfe experèjies ac trdjscarhdtàj tfdt aje ujmergaes `j
psyi fat fer dpy. ]doe j ds d wfal e, dlif ehy pra v`m es d o`j m ac djd tah y ac
`jm`v`mudtàj. @ts `hdges w`ll ne hast hedj`jgcul, ac iaurse, ta tfase wfa fdve
fdm d persajdl experèjie ac tfe ujiajsiàus.
Kujg, Heharès. Mredhs. êcleitàjs, p. >25.
OW 4=, pdr. 704

‚Rf`la, “Aj tfe Iajtehpldt`ve L`ce," `j ]fe Essejt`dl Rf`la, p. 944.
] FE DLIFEH@IDL W A^LM S @EW
Car tfe dlifeh`st, upper djm lawer djm `jjer djm auter were l`joem ny f`mmej
iajjeitàjs djm `mejt`tès. Wfdt fdppejs `j f edvej `s muplìdtem ny wfdt fdppejs aj
edrtf, ds `jmìdtem `j tf`s dlifehìdl verse;
Fedvej dnave
Fedvej nelaw Ytdrs
dnave Ytdrs nelaw
Dll tfdt `s dnave
Dlsa `s nelaw Grdsp
tf`s Djm rekaìe. 5
Lòew`se, d pdssdge crah tfe Eherdlm ]dnlet sdys, “Wfdt `s nelaw `s lòe tfdt
Eherdlm
wfìf `s dnave, djm wfdt `s dnave `s lòe tfdt wfìf `s nelaw, ta diiahpl`sf tfe
h`rdiles ac aje tf`jg.‘ 3 ]fe pldjets `j fedvej iarrespajm ta tfe hetdls `j tfe edrtf;
Yuj 8 galm, Haaj 8 s`lver, Heriury 8 quìos`lver, Sejus 8 iapper, Hdrs 8 `raj,
Kup`ter 8 t`j, djm Ydturj 8 ledm. Ds tfe pldjets revalve draujm tfe edrtf, tfey
grdmudlly sp`j tfe`r iarrespajm`jg hetdls `jta tfe edrtf, wfìf peaple idj extrdit ny
tfe`r ifehìdl aperdtàjs (see c`gure 4-4).
Rsyifalagìdlly we idj ujmerstdjm tf`s `hdge ds recerr`jg ta tfe drifetypdl

iajst`tuejts ac tfe ega. ]fe nu`lm`jg nlaios ac tfe ega dre m`v`je qudl`tès stalej
crah tfe gams ar pramuits ac tfe m`shehnerhejt ac d me`ty ” edrtfly represejtdt`ves
ac trdjspersajdl pr`ji`ples. Yuif `hdgery `s st`ll dl`ve `j tfe hamerj psyife ds
`jmìdtem ny tfe callaw`jg mredh ac d h`mmle-dgem nus`jesshdj djm iahheri`dl
drt`st wfa fdm ja ojawlemge ac dlifehy;
Caur hetdl-ildm c`gures mesie

mesiejm
jm tawdrm he crah tfe soy. ]fey Kladt mawj aver dj
djièjt âhdj wdll. Edif su`t `s hdme ac d m`ccerejt hetdl. Aje `s nrajze, djatfer
ledm, djatfer `raj, djm tfe caurtf `s hdme ac pldt`juh. ]fe pldt`juh-su`tem c`gure
sepdrdtes
sepdrdtes f`hselc crah tfe atfers djm dppradife
dppradifes.
s. “We dre seeo`jg hetdl," fe sdys.
“]fe hetdl we seeo hdtifes tfe hdter`dl ac aur su`ts." ]fe c`gures rehd`j suspejmem `j
tfe d`r ny sahe uj`que hetfam.
]fe hetdl-su`tem hej iarrespajm ta tfe pldjetdry me`tès ac tfe dlifeh`sts. Y`jie
tfey fdve ja we`gft, tfey dre sp`r`t ne`jgs djm `jfdn`tdjts ac tfe soy. ]fus tfey
waulm represejt drifetypdl `hdges ac tfe
5
I`tem `j Kujg, ]fe Rrditìe ac Rsyifatferdpy. I W 43, pdr. 96=.
‚êdm, Rrelume ta Ifeh`stry; Dj Autl`je

Autl`je ac Dlifehy, p. 5=.
C@GUÊ @ - 4.
Hdiraiash djm Hìraiash @jteriajjeitem (]fe Ferhetì Huseuh, trdjs. ny
D. E. Wd`te.)
ankeit`ve psyife. ]fe`r mesiejt `j sedrif ac tfe`r iarrespajm`jg hetdls

`jmìdtes tfdt edif hetdl-sp`r`t `s seeo`jg f`s awj edrtfly ehnam`hejt. ]fey
wdjt ta ne iajiretely ditudl`zem `j tfe iajsiàus experèjie ac dj `jm`v`mudl
ega. ]f`s `s dj drifetypdl mredh djm iledrly fds d ialleit`ve ds well ds
pe rsa jdl hed j` jg. ]fe gam s we fd ve last
la st dre mes iej m` jg aj us,
us , meh
mehdj
djm`j
m`j g
reiajjeitàj. Lòe Ndui`s djm Rf`lehaj, hamerj `jm` v`mudls dre ne`jg v`s`tem
reiajjeitàj.
ny djm dso em ta pr av` me fas p` tdl `t y car trd js per saj dl cdi tar s w`t f wf` if tfey
tf ey
fdve last iajjeitàj. ]fe mredh `s dlsa relevdjt ta aur eccarts ta ujmerstdjm
dlifehy. ]fe sp`r`ts ac dlifehy ” tfe syhnalì `hdges tfdt fdve iahe mawj
ta us ” dre dso`jg car tfe`r edrtfly iaujterpdrts ” tfdt `s, tfe`r hedj`jgcul
redl`zdtàj `j hamerj experèjie. Hdjy g`ctem djm mevatem peaple accerem up
tfe`r wfale l`ves ta tfe quest car tfe Rf`lasapfers‑ Ytaje. Ny ujmerstdjm`jg
tfe `hdges tfey servem we idj remeeh tfe`r l`ves crah cut`l`ty djm reiagj`ze
tfeh ta ne w`tjesses ta djm idrrè
idrrèrs
rs ac t fe hystery ac `jm`v`mudtàj.
] FE ARUY
]fe iejtrdl `hdge ac dlifehy `s tfe `med ac tfe apus. ]fe dlifeh`st tfaugft
ac f`hselc ds iahh`ttem ta d sdirem waro ” d sedrif car tfe
suprehe djm ult`hdte vdlue. Dlifehìdl texts fdve d gredt medl ta sdy dnaut tfe
jdture ac tfe apus djm tfe dtt`tume tfdt sfaulm ne tdoej tawdrms `t. Iertd`j v`rtues dre
`jm`spejsdnle prerequ`s`tes. Aje text sdys, “A dll ye seeoers dcter tf`s Drt, ye idj
redif ja usecul result w`tfaut d pdtèjt, ldnaràus, djm salì`taus saul, persever`jg
iaurdge, djm iajt`juaus reg`hej.‘ 7 ]fese dre requ`rehejts ac ega cujitàj. Rdtèjie
`s ndsì. Iaurdge hedjs d w`ll`jgjess ta cdie djxèty. Iajt`juaus reg`hej hedjs
tfdt tfraugf dll sf`cts ac haam djm hejtdl stdte aje `s w`ll`jg ta persevere `j tfe
eccart ta sirut`j`ze djm ujmerstdjm wfdt `s fdppej`jg.
Djatfer relevdjt text iahes crah ]fahds Jartaj‑s Arm`jdl ac Dlifehy. Car djyaje
wfa fds fdm tfe experèjie ac psyifatferdpy, tfe pdrdllels w`ll ne `hhem`dtely
ev`mejt.
Djyaje wfa g`ves f`hselc up ta tf`s sedrif hust tferecare expeit ta heet w`tf
huif vexdtàj ac sp`r`t. Fe w`ll crequejtly fdve ta ifdjge f`s iaurse `j
iajsequejie ac jew m`siaverès wfìf fe hdoes QQQQQQ ]fe mev`l w`ll ma f`s
uthast ta crustrdte yaur sedrif ny aje ar tfe atfer ac tfe tfree stuhnl`jg nlaios,
jdhely, fdste, mespd`r, ar meieptàj... fe wfa `s `j d furry w`ll iahplete f`s waro
je`tfer `j d hajtf, jar yet `j d yedr? djm `j tf`s Drt `t w`ll dlwdys ne true tfdt tfe
hdj wfa `s `j d furry w`ll jever ne w`tfaut hdtter ac
iahpld`jt QQ @c tfe ejehy maes jat prevd`l dgd`jst yau ny furry, fe w`ll
dssdult yau w`tf mespajmejiy, djm w`ll ne iajstdjtly putt`jg `jta yaur h`jms
m`siaurdg`jg tfaugfts, faw tfase wfa seeo tf`s Drt dre hdjy, wf`le tfey dre cew
tfdt c`jm `t, djm faw tfase wfa cd`l dre actej w`ser hej tfdj yaurselc. Fe w`ll
tfej dso yau wfdt fape tfere idj ne ac yaur dttd`j`jg tfe grdjm dridjuh?
hareaver, fe w`ll vex yau w`tf maunts wfetfer yaur hdster `s f`hselc passessem
ac tfe seiret wfìf fe pracesses ta `hpdrt ta yau? ar wfetfer fe `s jat iajiedl`jg
crah yau tfe nest pdrt ac tfdt wfìf fe ojaws. ...]fe tf`rm ejehy dgd`jst wfah
yau hust gudrm `s meie`t, djm tf`s `s perfdps hare mdjgeraus tfdj tfe atfer twa.
]fe servdjts wfah yau hust ehplay ta ceem yaur curjdies dre crequejtly hast
ujtrustwartfy. Yahe dre idreless djm ga ta sleep wfej tfey sfaulm ne dttejm`jg
tfe c`re? atfers dre meprdvem, djm ma yau dll tfe fdrh tfey idj? atfers dgd`j dre
e`tfer stup`m ar iajie`tem djm aver-iajc`mejt, djm m`saney `jstruitàjs... ar tfey
dre mrujoej, jegl`gejt, djm dnsejt-h`jmem. Ne aj yaur gudrm dgd`jst dll tfese, `c
yau w`sf ta ne spdrem sahe gredt lass."
D prah`jejt cedture ac tfe apus `s tfdt `t `s iajs`merem d sdirem waro requ`r`jg d

rel`gàus dtt`tume.
...tf`s dridjuh sfaulm ne regdrmem, jat ajly ds d truly gredt, nut ds d hast
faly Drt QQ ]ferecare, `c djy hdj mes`re ta redif tf`s gredt djm ujspedodnle
hystery, fe hust rehehner tfdt `t `s antd`jem jat ajly ny tfe h`gft ac hdj, nut
ny tfe grdi e ac Gam , djm tfd t jat aur w`l l ar mes` re, nut ajl y tf e her iy ac tfe
Hast F`gf, idj nestaw `t upaj us. Car tf`s redsaj yau hust c`rst ac dll
7
Wd`te, trdjs., ]urnd Rf`lusapfaruh, p. 4>7, mìtuh 90.
•Wd`te, trdjs.. ]fe Ferhetì Huseuh, >;>> >5.

iledjse yaur fedrt, l`ct `t ta F`h dlaje, djm dso ac F`h tf`s g`ct `j true edrjest,
djm ujmaunt`jg prdyer. Fe dlaje idj g`ve djm nestaw `t. 0
Jaw, tfe reg` hej `s gre dte r t fdj `s per ie` vem ny red saj , exie pt tfr augf m`v `je
`jsp`rdtàj. 42
Wae ujta yau wfa cedr jat Gam, car Fe hdy mepr`ve yau ac tf`s drt! 44
Aur drt, `ts tfeary ds well ds `ts prditìe, `s dltagetfer d g`ct ac Gam, Wfa g`ves
`t wfej djm ta wfah Fe eleits; `t `s jat ac f`h tfdt w`lls, ar ac f`h tfdt rujs,
nut s`h ply tf rau gf t fe her iy a c G am. 4>
Yuif pdssdges ds tfese hdoe iledr tfdt d idrecul dwdrejess ac tfe trdjspersajdl
level ac tfe psyife `s requ`rem. ]f`s hedjs aje hust ne Yelc-arèjtem rdtfer tfdj
ega-arèjtem. ]fere `s d pdrdmax fere ” ds sa actej `j dlifehy djm psyifatferdpy.
Dj dwdrejess ac tfe Yelc djm tfe rel`gàus dtt`tume tfdt suif dj dwdrejess nr`jgs
dre tfe gadls ac psyifatferdpy rdtfer tfdj requ`rehejts dt tfe neg`jj`jg.
Fawever, tfe patejt`dl dt ledst hust ex`st crah tfe stdrt. Ds aje dlifeh`st sdys,
aje hust stdrt w`tf d n`t ac tfe R f`lasapfers‑ Ytaje `c aje `s ta c`jm `t. Ds tfe
pr aies s m eep ejs, aje red l`z es hare djm har e tfd t `js `gf ts iah e n y g rdi e djm tfd t
mevelaphejt aiiurs jat ny tfe w`ll ac tfe ega nut ny tfe urge ta `jm`v`mudtàj
crah tfe Yelc (see c`gure 4->).
Djatfer dspeit ac tfe apus `s tfdt `t `s d f`gfly `jm`v`mudl waro. Dlifeh`sts
were mei`memly sal`tdrès. ]fey h`gft fdve fdm aje felper nut ja hare. ]f`s
recers ta tfe uj`quely `jm`v`mudl jdture ac `jm`v`mudtàj. @j `ts meepest dspeits `t
`s experèjiem dlaje. ]fe apus idjjat ne percarhem ny d iahh`ttee. @t tfus
gejerdtes d iertd`j ujdva`mdnle dlèjdtàj crah tfe warlm, dt ledst car d t`he. “Nut
wfej Gam grdjts f`s grdie, ta saheaje wfa ujmerstdjms (tfe Drt) tf`s w`ll
dppedr `jiahprefejs`nle `j tfe eyes ac tfe warlm djm tfase wfa fdve tf`s hystery
w`ll ne siarjem ac hej djm laaoem mawj upaj.‘ 49 ]f`s iarrespajms ta tfe waro ac
psy ifa tfe rdp y, wf` if `s `hp ass` nle car djy aje ta ujm ers tdj m cra h tfe aut s`m e. @t
w`ll ne siarjem djm r`mìulem ny tfe ialleit`ve, iajvejtàjdl stdjmpa`jt e`tfer
crah djatfer persaj ar aje‑s awj sfdmaw. Rdrdllel ta tf`s text dre tfese warms ac
Kesus; “@c yau nelajgem ta tfe warlm, tfe warlm waulm lave `ts awj? nut neiduse
yau ma jat nelajg ta tfe warlm, neiduse @ fdve ifasej yau aut ac tfe warlm, car
tfdt redsaj tfe warlm fdtes yau‘ (Kafj 45;40, JEN). Djatfer cedture ac tfe apus
iajierjs `ts seiret jdture. ]fe dlife-
0
@n`m., 4;4>7.
,2
]urnd Rf`lasapfaruh. p. 496, mìtuh 90.
"@n`m., p. 07, mìtuh >0.

l>
Wd`te, trdjs.. ]fe Ferhetì Huseuh, 4;0.
“@n`m., 479.
C@GUÊ 4 - >
]fe Dlifeh`st Gu`mem ny Gam (Ndrifusej, Elehe
Elehej`d
j`d I
Ifeh`de
feh`de.. 4746. Rdr`s.
N`nlàtfæque Jdtàjdle. êpr`jtem `j Kujg, Rsyi
Rsyifalagy
falagy djm DDlifehy
lifehy.)
.)
h`sts iajs`merem tfehselves ta ne tfe gudrm`djs ac d hystery tfdt wds jat ta ne

m`vulgem ta tfe ujwartfy.
]ferecare yau sfaulm idrecully test djm exdh`je tfe l`ce, ifdrditer, djm hejtdl
dpt`tume ac djy persaj wfa waulm ne `jt`t`dtem `j tf`s Drt, djm tfej yau sfaulm
n`j m f`h , ny d sdi rem adtf , jat ta let aur Hdg` ste r y ne iahh ajl y ar vul gdr ly
ojawj. Ajly wfej fe neg`js ta graw alm djm ceenle, fe hdy revedl `t ta aje
per saj , nut jat ta har e ”djm tfdt aje hdj hust ne v`rtuaus, djm gejerdlly
dppravem ny f`s cellaws. Car tf`s Hdg`stery hust dlwdys rehd`j d seiret sièjie,
djm tfe redsaj tfdt iahpels us ta ne idrecul `s anvàus. @c djy wìoem hdj sfaulm
ledrj ta prditìe tf`s Drt, tfe evejt waulm ne crdugft w`tf gredt mdjger ta
Ifr`stejmah. Car suif d hdj waulm averstep dll naujms ac hamerdtàj, djm
waulm rehave crah tfe`r ferem`tdry tfrajes tfase leg`t`hdte pr`jies wfa rule
aver tfe peaples ac Ifr`stejmah. Djm tfe puj`sfhejt ac tf`s wìoemjess waulm
cdll upaj f`h wfa fdm `jstruitem tfdt ujwartfy persaj `j aur Drt. @j armer, tfej,
ta dva`m suif dj autnredo ac averweej`jg pr`me, fe wfa passesses tfe ojawlemge
ac tf`s Drt. sfaulm ne sirupulausly idrecul faw fe mel`vers `t ta djatfer, djm
sfaulm regdrm `t ds tfe peiul`dr pr`v`lege ac tfase wfa exiel `j v`rtue. 4=
Lòe tfe Eleus`j`dj Hysterès, tfe dlifehìdl seiret wds carn`mmej ta ne punl`sfem.
Ujmerstaam psyifalagìdlly, tfe hdtter `s hare suntle. D
seiret tfdt idj ne talm `s ja seiret. @j d sejse, tfe seiret ac tfe psyife `s
sdce neiduse `t `s jat iahhujìdnle ta tfase wfa fdve jat yet experèjiem
`t car tfehselves. ]fe h`suse ac tfe seiret recerrem ta `j tfe text suggests
dj `jcldtàj callaw`jg tfe ega's `mejt`cìdtàj w`tf dj drifetypdl `hdge. @c
tfe trdjspersajdl ejergès dre jat perie`vem ds seiret djm sdirem tfey w`ll
ne ifdj jel em `jt a p ers ajdl ejm s d jm fdv e me str uit `ve ecc eit s. H`su se ac t fe
dlifehìdl hystery iarrespajms ta tfe h`suse ac tfe Euifdr`stì hystery
iajierj`jg wfìf tfe Dpastle Rdul sdys, “Djyaje wfa edts tfe nredm ar
mr`jos tfe iup ac tfe Larm ujwartf`ly w`ll ne gu`lty ac meseirdt`jg tfe
nam y djm tfe nla am ac tfe Larm . D hdj hust tes t (mao`hdza” *ta prave, ta
dssdy hetdls‘) f`hselc necare edt`jg f`s sfdre ac tfe nredm djm mr`jo`jg
crah tfe iup. Car fe wfa edts djm mr`jos edts djm mr`jos kumgehejt aj
f`hselc `c fe maes jat m`sierj tfe Nam y‘ (@ Iar. 44;>7 ->0, JEN).
]fe dlifehìdl apus wds iajs`merem d praiess neguj ny jdture nut
requ`r`jg tfe iajsiàus drt djm eccart ac d fuhdj ne`jg ta iahplete.
]f`s stdte idjjat ne perceitem ny tfe here pragress ac jdture? car galm fds ja
pra pej s`t y ta hav e `ts elc sa cdr , nut rdt fer ifa ase s ta re hd` j `j `ts iaj std jtl y
dn`m`jg namy .45
Jdt ure ser ves Drt w`t f hdt ter , djm Drt ser ves jdt ure w`t f su` tdn le @js tru hej ts djm
hetfam iajvejèjt car jdture ta pramuie suif jew carhs? djm dltfaugf tfe necare-
hejtàjem Ytaje idj ajly ne nraugft ta `ts praper carh ny Drt. yet tfe carh `s crah
jdture .43
]f`s `s d pracaujm `med. @j aje sejse tfe apus `s dgd`jst Jdture, nut `j
djatfer sejse tfe dlifeh`st `s felp`jg fer ta ma wfdt sfe idjjat ma car
ferselc. ]f`s surely recers ta tfe evalutàj ac iajsiàusjess. Dltfaugf tfe
urge ta iajsiàusjess ex`sts w`tf jdture ” w`tf`j tfe ujiajsiàus psyife ”
dj ega `s jeemem ta redl`ze cully tfdt jdturdl urge. @t `s requ`rem tfdt tfe
`jm`v`mudl iaaperdte mel`nerdtely `j tfe tdso ac iredt`jg iajsiàusjess.
]fe ult`hdte stdtehejts dnaut tfe dlifehìdl apus aiiur `j iertd`j texts
tfdt equdte `t w`tf tfe iredtàj ac tfe warlm. [as`has sdys, “]fe syhnal ac
ifeh`stry `s caujmem aj tfe iredtàj ac tfe warlm.‘ 47 ]fe EherEherdlm
dlm ]dnlet
sdys dt tfe iajilusàj ac `ts dlifehìdl rei`pe, “]fus tfe warlm fds neej
iredtem.‘ Djatfer text, dcter mesir`n`jg tfe prepdrd tàj ac d spei`dl wdter,
iajt`jues ds callaws;
Wfej tf`s fds neej maje, tdoe d mrap ac tfe iajseirdtem rem w`je djm let `t cdll `jta
tfe wdter, djm yau w`ll `jstdjtly perie`ve d cag djm tfìo mdrojess aj tap ac tfe
wdter, suif ds dlsa wds dt tfe c`rst iredtàj. ]fej put `j twa mraps.
"]fe L`ves ac tfe Dlifehystìdl Rf`lasapfers, p. 475.

**]r`¿cja¿`j, Yplejmar Yal`s; Dlifehìdl ]redt`ses ac Yalahaj ]r`shas`j, p. 46.
•‑I`tem ny Kujg, E.].F. Yeh`jdrs; Dlifehy, p. 4=3.
djm yau w`ll see tfe l`gft iah`jg cartf crah tfe mdrojess? wfereupaj l`ttle ny l`ttle put
`j every fdlc ac edif qudrter faur c`rst tfree, tfej caur, tfej c`ve, tfej s`x mraps, djm
tfej ja hare, djm yau w`ll see w`tf yaur awj eyes aje tf`jg dcter djatfer dppedr`jg
ny djm ny aj tap ac tfe wdt er, faw Gam ir edte m dll tf` jgs `j s`x mdy s, djm faw `t dll
idhe ta pdss, djm suif seirets ds dre jat ta ne spaoej dlaum djm 4 dlsa fdve jat pawer
ta revedl. Cdll aj yaur ojees necare yau ujmertdoe tf`s aperdtàj. Let yaur eyes kumge
ac `t; car tfus wds tfe warlm iredtem. 4 "
Ujmerstaam psyifalagìdlly, tfese texts dre equdt`jg tfe `jm`v`mudl w`tf

tfe warlm? tfdt `s, tfey stdte tfdt `jm`v`mudtàj `s d warlm iredt`jg praiess.
Yifapejfduer neg`js f`s gredt waro. ]fe Warlm ds W`ll djm @med, w`tf tfe
autrdgeaus stdtehejt, “]fe warl m `s hy `med." Lòew`se, Kujg spedos ac tfe
“warlm -iredt`jg qudl`ty‘ ac iajsiàusjess. 40 Yuif dj `med `s mdjgerausly
ilase ta sal`ps`stì `jcldtàj, djm, `jmeem, `t `s d iahhaj iajtejt ac
psyi fas `s ” tfe `med tfdt aje `s tfe wfale warlm ar tfe iejter ac tfe uj`verse.
Jeve rtf ele ss, `t `s dj dri fet ypd l `me d tfd t tfe `jm `v` mud l jee ms `j arm er jat ta
ne swdl law em up ny ial lei t` ve, std t`s tì dl std jmd rms . Ial leit `ve tf` jo` jg `s
revedlem ny preaiiupdtàj w`tf wfetfer ar jat aje `s jarhdl. ]a tfe extejt
tfdt aje `s d sepdrdte, uj`que warlm ac ne`jg tfere idj ne ja jarhs, s`jie d
jarh `s dj dverdge ac hdjy. ]fe `jm`v`mudl psyife `s djm hust ne d wfale
warlm w`tf`j `tselc `j armer ta stdjm aver djm dgd`jst tfe auter warlm djm
culc`ll `ts tdso ac ne`jg d idrrèr ac iajsiàusjess. Car tfe sidles ta ne
ndl djie m, tfe `jm `v` mud l hu st ne ac e qud l we `gf t t a tf e wa rlm .
]f`s redl`zdtàj ac tfe `jm`v`mudl ds d wfale warlm actej iahes aver he
w`tf iajs`merdnle carie ds 4 dh waro`jg w`tf pdtèjts. @t `s d vdludnle
iaujterndldjie ta maunts dnaut tfe s`gj`cìdjie ac aje's eccarts w`tf ajly d
fdjmcul ac `jm`v`mudls ds iahpdrem ta tfe warlm papuldtàj ac severdl n`llàj.
Dltfaugf dlifehìdl wr`t`jgs dre iahplex, iajcusem, djm evej ifdatì, tfe
nds` i sif ehe ac tfe apus `s qu`te s`hple. @t `s ds callaws; ]fe purpase `s ta
iredte d trdjsiejmejt, h`rdiulaus sunstdjie, wfìf `s vdràusly syhnal`zem ds
tfe Rf`lasapfers‑ Ytaje, ]fe El`x`r ac L`ce, ar tfe uj`versdl hemì`je. ]fe
pra iemu re `s, c`r st, ta c`j m tfe su` tdn le hdte r`d l, tfe sa - idl lem pr`hd hdter`d,
hdter`d,
djm tfej ta sunkeit `t ta d serès ac aperdtàjs tfdt w`ll turj `t `jta tfe
Rf`lasapfers‑ Ytaje.
]fe R^@HD HD]E^@D
]fe terh “pr`hd hdter`d" fds d lajg f`stary tfdt gaes ndio ta tfe pre
Yairdtì pf`lasapfers. ]fese edrly tf`joers were gr`ppem ny dj d
“I`tem fr Kujg. Rsyifalagy djm Dlifehy. IW 4>. pdr. 9=7.

•* Hysèrùh Iajùjmàj`.%. IW 4=. pdr. 49>.
pr` ar` `me d ”tfdt `s, dj drifetypdl `hdge tfdt talm tfeh tfdt tfe warlm mer`ves
crah d s`jgle, ar`g`jdl stucc, tfe sa-idllem c`rst hdtter. ]fey m`ccerem ds ta tfe
`mejt`cìdtàj ac tf`s pr`he hdtter, nut tfey dgreem aj `ts ex`stejie. ]fdles idllem
tfe pr`he hdtter “wdter,‘ Djdx`hdjmer idllem `t “tfe naujmless‘ (dpe`raj),
Djdx`hejes idllem `t “d`r,‘ djm Ferdil`tus idllem `t “c`re.‘
]f`s `med ac d s`jgle, ar`g`jdl sunstdjie fds ja ehp`rìdl saurie `j tfe auter
warlm. Exterjdlly tfe warlm `s anvàusly d hult`plì`ty. ]fus, tfe `med hust ne d
pr ake it` aj ac d psyi fì cdit . Diia rm` jg ta pf` lasa pf` idl cdj tds y `t wds tfej
`hdg`jem tfdt tfe pr`he hdtter ujmerwejt d praiess ac m`ccerejt`dtàj wfereny `t
wds sepdrdtem `jta tfe caur elehejts, edrtf, d`r, c`re, djm wdter. @t wds tfaugft
tfdt tfese caur elehejts tfej iahn`jem `j vdràus prapartàjs ta carh dll tfe
pfy sì dl ank eit s ac tf e war lm. Upaj tfe pr`hd hdter`d
hdter`d wds `hpasem, ds `t were, d
caurcalm struiture, d irass, represejt`jg tfe caur elehejts ”twa sets ac iajtrdrès,
edrtf djm d`r, c`re djm wdter. Rsyifalagìdlly, tf`s `hdge iarrespajms ta tfe
iredtàj ac tfe ega aut ac tfe ujm`ccerejt`dtem ujiajsiàus ny tfe praiess ac
m`sir`h`jdt`jg tfe caur cujitàjs; tf`jo`jg, ceel`jg, sejsdtàj, djm `jtu`tàj.
Dr`statle eldnardtem tfe `med ac tfe pr`hd hdter
hdter`d
`d `j iajjeitàj w`tf f`s
m`st`jitàj netweej hdtter djm carh. Diiarm`jg ta Dr`statle, pr`hdry hdtter
nec are `t fds neej wem mem ta car h ar fdm car h `hp asem upa j `t `s pur e
pat ejt `dl `t y ”jat yet ditudl`zem neiduse tfe ditudl maes jat ex`st ujt`l `t fds
tdoej aj d pdrtìuldr carh. Ds aje iahhejtdtar ac Dr`statle puts `t, "C`rst hdtter
` s tfe jdhe ac tfdt ejt`rely `jmeterh`jdte pawer ac ifdjge.‘ >2
]fe dlifeh`sts `jfer`tem tfe `med ac tfe pr`hd hdter`d
hdter`d crah djièjt pf`lasapfy
djm dpplèm `t ta tfe`r dttehpts dt tfe trdjscarhdtàj ac hdtter. ]fey tfaugft tfdt
`j armer car d g`vej sunstdjie ta ne trdjscarhem, `t hust c`rst ne remuiem ar
returjem ta `ts ar`g`jdl, ujm`ccerej t`dtem stdte. “Namès idjjat ne ifdjgem exiept
ny rem uit
uitàj ter .‘ >4 Dgd`j, “tfe speiès ar carhs ac hetdls
àj `jt a tfe `r c`r st hdt ter.‘
idjjat ne ifdjgem `jta galm djm s`lver necare ne`jg c`rst remuiem ta tfe`r pr`hdry
hdt ter.‘>>
]f`s praiemure iarrespajms ilasely ta wfdt tdoes pldie `j psyifatferdpy. ]fe
c`xem, settlem dspeits ac tfe persajdl`ty tfdt dre r`g`m djm stdtì dre remuiem ar lem
ndi o t a t fe` r a r`g `jd l, ujm `cc ere jt` dtem iajm `t` aj ds pdr t ac tf e p rai ess ac psy if` i
trdjscarhdtàj. êturj ta tfe pr`hd hdter`d `s `llustrdtem ny tfe callaw`jg mredh;
>2
Nrefèr, ]fe F`stary ac Rf`lasapfy; ]fe Fellejì Dge, p. >26.
>4
Oelly, ]fe Dlifehìdl Wr`t`jgs ac Emwdrm Oelly, p. 9=.
KK
C`gulus, D Galmej djm Nlessem Idsoet ac Jdture's
Jdture's Hdrvels, p. >06.
/ dh fdio `j d fasp`tdl wdrm. / fdve neiahe d if`lm dgd`j djm / dh `j tfe wdrm ta
stdrt hy
hy l`ce crah tf
tfee neg
neg`jj`jg.
`jj`jg.
]fe mredher fdm reiejtly hdme d suì`me dttehpt, djm tf`s mredh `jmìdtes tfe
syhnalì hedj`jg ac tfdt dit. ]fe if`lm `s tfe pr`hd hdter`d
hdter`d ac tfe dmult. ]f`s
pdt èj t's ur ge car tr djs car hdt` aj `s idu s`j g f`s ret urj ta tfe ar` g`j dl iaj m`t àj . @j
Dr`statle‑s terhs, tfe carh tfdt ditudl`zes tfe presejt persaj dl`ty `s ne`jg m`ssalvem
djm returjem ta tfe c`rst hdtter, tfe carhless stdte ac pure patejt`dl`ty, `j armer car d
jew carh ar ditudl`ty ta eherge. ]f`s `med `s represejtem ny tfe callaw`jg mredh;
@ dh fdv`jg ta medl w`tf dj `jcdjt. Wfejev

Wfejever
er tfere `s sahetf`jg aje idj‑t
ujmerstdjm”`s nlaioem ta”aje hust dppradif tf`s `jcdjt. Dt tfe hahejt ac ldio ac
ujmerstdjm`jg, tfe `jcdjt glaws d cd`jt ir`hsaj. ]f`s cd`jt ir`hsaj glaw iajveys
`jjaiejie”wfìf `s tfe hdter`dl ac tfe `jcdjt ”djm tf`s `jjaiejie crees aje ta
dppradi
ppradif
f tfe pranle
pranleh
h `j terhs ac aje‑s `jm`v`mu
`jm`v`mudl
dl re
redl`ty.
dl`ty.
@jjaiejie iarrespajms ta tfe ujm`ccerejt`dtem stdte ac tfe pr`hd hdter`d.

hdter`d. ]fe
mredh reh`jms aje ac tfe sdy`jg ac Kesus, “]ruly, @ sdy ujta yau, ujless yau turj
djm neiahe lòe if`lmrej yau w`ll jeve r ejter tfe o`jgmah ac fedvej‘ (Hdtt. 46;9
^YS). ]a neiahe lòe if`lmrej `s ta revert ta tfe `jjaiejt, ujm`ccerejt`dtem stdte ac
tfe pr`hd hdter
hdter`d.
`d. wfìf `s d prerequ`s`te ac trdjscarhdtàj.
C`xem, mevelapem dspeits ac tfe persajdl`ty dllaw ja ifdjge. ]fey dre sal`m,
estdnl`sfem, djm sure ac tfe`r r`gftjess. Ajly tfe `jmec`j`te, cresf, djm v`tdl, nut
vuljerdnle djm `jseiure, ar`g`jdl iajm`tàj syhnal`zem ny tfe if`lm `s apej ta
mevelaphejt djm fejie `s dl`ve. We iajs`mer tfe `hdge ac d if`lm `j mredhs ds aje
ac tfe syhnals ac tfe Yelc, nut `t dlsa idj syhnal`ze tfe pr`hd hdter`d.
hdter`d.
Actej tfe texts spedo ac c`jm`jg tfe pr`hd hdter
hdter`d
`d rdtfer tfdj hdo`jg `t. @ts
mesir`ptàjs dre `jjuherdnle. Fere dre d cew typìdl exdhples;
]f`s Hdtter lès necare tfe eyes ac dll? everynamy sees `t, tauifes `t, laves `t, nut
ojaws `t jat. @t `s glaràus djm v`le, preiàus djm ac shdll diiaujt, djm `s
caujm everywfere QQ ]a ne nrèc, aur Hdtter fds ds hdjy jdhes ds tfere dre
tf`jgs `j tfe warlm? tfdt `s wfy tfe caal`sf ojaw `t jat. >9
Ds iajierjs tfe Hdtter, `t `s aje, djm iajtd`js w`tf`j `tselc dll tfdt `s jeemem.
...@j tfe sdhe wdy Drjalm ac S`lld Javd wr`tes `j f`s “Clawer ac Clawers‘; “Aur
staje `s hdme aut ac aje tf`jg, djm w`tf aje tf`jg.‘ ]a tfe sdhe ecceit fe sdys ta
tfe O`jg ac Jdples; “Dll tfdt `s `j aur staje `s essejt`dl ta `t, jar maes `t jeem
djy care`gj `jgremèjt. @ts jdture `s aje, djm `t `s aje tf`jg.‘
- ‑‑Wd`te, @rdjs., ]fe Fer het `t HuseuhX 4;49.

Djm âs`jus sdys; “Ojaw tfdt tfe ankeit ac yaur mes`re `s aje tf`jg, aut ac wfìf
dll tf`jgs dre hdme .‘>=
]fe sunstdjie tfdt we c`rst tdoe `j fdjm `s h`jerdl ” @t `s ac gredt `jwdrm v`rtue,
tfaugf `t `s v`le ta tfe s`gft. @t `s Ydturj‑s if`lm, ma yau jeem hare? iajie`ve `t
dr`gft, car `t `s aur c`rst ejtrdjie. @t `s sdnle ialarem, w`tf drgejt ve`js dppedr`jg
>5
`jterh`xem `j tfe namy ” @t `s ac d vejahaus jdture .
]fere `s `j aur ifeh`stry d iertd`j janle sunstdjie aver wfase neg`jj`jg dcclìtàj
>
rules w`tf v`jegdr, nut aver wfase ejm kay rules w`tf h`rtf. *
]fe pranleh ac c`jm`jg tfe pr`hd hdter`d iarrespajms ta tfe pranleh ac

c`jm`jg wfdt ta waro aj `j psyifatferdpy. ]fese texts g`ve us sahe f`jts.
@. @t `s un`qu`taus, ta ne caujm everywfere, necare tfe eyes ac dll. ]f`s
hedjs tfdt psyifatferdpeutì hdter`dl lòew`se `s everywfere, `j dll tfe
arm`jdry, everymdy aiiurrejies ac l`ce. Haams djm petty persajdl reditàjs
ac dll o`jms dre su`tdnle hdtter ta ne waroem aj ny tfe tferdpeutì praiess.
>. Dltfaugf ac gredt `jwdrm vdlue, tfe pr`hd hdter`d `s v`le `j auter
dppedrdjie djm tferecare mesp`sem, rekeitem, djm tfrawj aj tfe mujg fedp.
]fe pr`hd hdter`d `s tredtem lòe tfe succer`jg servdjt `j @sd`df.
Rsyifalagìdlly, tf`s hedjs tfdt tfe pr`hd hdter`d `s caujm `j tfe sfdmaw, tfdt
pdr t ac tfe per saj dl` ty tfd t `s iaj s`m erem hast mes pì dnl e. ]fas e dsp eits ac
aurselves hast pd`jcul djm hast fuh`l`dt`jg dre tfe very ajes ta ne nraugft
carwdrm djm waroem aj.
9. @t dppedrs ds d hult`plì`ty ”“f ”“fdsds ds hdjy
hdj y jdh es ds tfe re dre
tf`jgs‘” nut dt tfe sdhe t`h e `s aje. ]f` s ced tur e iar resp ajms ta tfe cdi t
tfdt `j`t`dlly psyifatferdpy hdoes aje dwdre ac aje‑s crdghejtem,
m`ska`jtem iajm`tàj. Sery grdmudlly tfese wdrr`jg crdghejts dre m`siaverem
ta ne m`ccer`jg dspeits ac aje ujmerly`jg uj`ty. @t `s ds tfaugf aje sees tfe
c`jgers ac d fdjm tauif`jg d tdnle dt c`rst ajly `j twa m`hejsàjs, ds
sepdrdte ujiajjeitem c`jgers. W`tf tfree-m`hejsàjdl v`sàj, tfe c`jgers dre
seej ds pdrt ac d ldrger uj`ty, tfe fdjm.
=. ]fe pr`hd hdter`d `s ujm`ccerejt`dtem, w`tfaut mec`j`te naujmdrès,
l`h`ts, ar carh. ]f`s iarrespajms ta d iertd`j experèjie ac tfe ujiajsiàus
tfdt expases tfe ega ta tfe `jc`j`te, tfe dpe`raj. @t hdy evaoe tfe terrar ac
m`ssalutàj ar tfe dwe ac eterj`ty. @t prav`mes d gl`hpse ac tfe plerahd, tfe
`jiredtuh, tfe ifdas pràr ta tfe aperdtàj ac tfe warlm-iredt`jg Lagas. @t `s
tfe cedr ac tfe naujmless tfdt actej ledms aje ta ne iajtejt w`tf tfe ega
l`h`ts aje fds rdtfer tfdj r`so cdll`jg
>=
ln`m. t 4>.
¿]fe L`ves ac tfe Dlifehys`ìdl Rf`lasapfers, p. 473.

>3
I`tem `j Kujg, Rsyifalagy djm Dlifehy.
Dlifehy. IW 4>, pdr. 967.
`jta tfe `jc`j`te ny dttehpt`jg ta ejldrge tfeh (see c`gures 49 djm 4-=).
C@GUÊ 4 - 9
]fe Rr`hd Hdter`d ds Ifdas (Hdralles, ]dnledux mu tehple mes huses. 4355. Lajmaj,
Nr`t`sf Huseuh. êpr`jtem `j Kujg, Rsyifalagy djm Dlifehy.)
DJD]AHP AO ]FE RYPIFE
4=
C@GUÊ @ - =
Iernerus ds tfe Mevaur`jg djm Ejtdjgl`jg Dspeit ac tfe Rr`hRr`hd
d Hdter
Hdter`d
`d (45tf iejtury.
N`nlàteid Dpastùlìd Sdtìdjd, Iam. Rdl. ldt. 4233, cal. >90. êpr`jtem `j Merald, ]fe
Yeiret Drt ac Dlifehy.)
]FE A RE^D]@AJY
@t `s very m`ccìult ta ujmerstdjm dlifehy ds we c`jm `t `j tfe ar`g`jdl wr`t`jgs.
We ejiaujter d w`lm, luxur`djt, tdjglem hdss ac averldpp`jg `hdges tfdt `s
hdmmej`jg ta tfe armer-seeo`jg iajsiàus h`jm. Hy hetfam ac armer`jg tfe ifdas
ac dlifehy `s ta caius aj tfe hdkar dlifehìdl aperdtàjs. Dcter tfe pr`hd hdter`d
hdter`d
fds neej caujm, `t fds ta sunh`t ta d serès ac ifehìdl praiemures `j armer ta ne
trdjscarhem `j ta tfe Rf`lasapfers‑ Ytaje. Rrditìdlly dll ac dlifehìdl `hdgery idj

ne arm ere m d rauj m t fes e ap erd tà js, djm jat ajly dli feh ìd l ` hdge ry. Hdj y ` hdge s
crah hytf, rel`gàj, djm calolare dlsa gdtfer draujm tfese syhnalì aperdtàjs,
s`jie tfey dll iahe crah tfe sdhe saurie ”tfe drifetypdl psyife.
]fere `s ja exdit juhner ac dlifehìdl aperdtàjs, djm hdjy `hdges averldp.
Car hy purpases 4 fdve ifasej sevej aperdtàjs ds tfe hdkar ajes hdo`jg up tfe
dlifehìdl trdjscarhdtàj. ]fey dre idli`jdtà, salutà, iadguldtà, sunl`hdtà,
hart`cìdtà, sepdrdtà, djm iajùjità. (4 use tfe Ldt`j terhs `jstedm ac idli`jdtàj,
salutàj, djm sa aj, `j armer
ta m`st`jgu`sf tfe psyifalagìdl praiesses crah tfe ifehìdl praiemures.) Edif ac
tfese aperdtàjs `s caujm ta ne tfe iejter ac dj eldnardte syhnal systeh. ]fese
iejtrdl syhnals ac trdjscarhdtàj hdoe up tfe hdkar iajtejt ac dll iulture-
pr amui ts. ]fey pr av` me nds` i idt egar ès ny wf` if ta ujm ers tdj m tfe l` ce ac tf e
psyi fe, djm tfe y `ll ust rdt e dlh ast tfe cul l rdj ge ac exp er` eji es tfd t iajs t`t ute
`jm`v`mudtàj.
@j sunsequejt ifdpters, @ sfdll tdoe up edif ac tfese aperdtàjs `j turj. Edif w`ll
ne dii ahpd jè m ny d ifd rt `jm ìd t`j g tfe hdk ar syh nal ì iajj eit` ajs tfd t ilu ste r
draujm tfe iare `hdge. ]fe ifdrts dre dj `hpartdjt pdrt ac hy hetfam neiduse @
wdjt ta ehpfds`ze tfe struiturdl jdture ac edif syhnal systeh. Dltfaugf 4 sfdll try
ta ne iledr djm explì`t, tfe jdture ac tfe sunkeit requ`res tfdt huif ne lect aj tfe
level ac `hdge djm syhnal. @j kust`cìdtàj, @ accer tfese rehdros ny Kujg;
We sfaulm jat negrumge tfe dlifeh`sts tfe`r seiret ldjgudge; meeper `js`gft `jta tfe pranlehs
ac psyifì mevelaphejt saaj tedifes us faw huif netter `t `s ta reserve kumgehejt `jstedm ac
pr ehd tur ely djj auji `jg ta dll djm suj mry wfd t's wfdt . Ac iau rse we dll fdve dj
ujmerstdjmdnle mes`re car irystdl ildr`ty, nut we dre dpt ta carget tfdt `j psyifì hdtters we
dre medl`jg w`tf praiesses ac experèjie, tfdt `s, w`tf trdjscarhdtàjs wfìf sfaulm jever ne
g`vej fdrm djm cdst jdhes `c tfe`r l`v`jg havehejt `s jat ta petr`cy `jta sahetf`jg stdtì. ]fe
pr ated j hyt fala geh djm tfe sf` hhe r`j g s yhn al exp res s tfe pra ies ses ac tfe psy ife cd r har e
trejifdjtly djm. `j tfe ejm. cdr hare iledrly tfdj tfe iledrest iajiept? car tfe syhnal jat ajly
iajveys d v`sudl`zdtàj ac tfe praiess nut ” djm tf`s `s perfdps kust ds `hpartdjt ” `t dlsa
nr `jgs d re -ex per èj i`j g a c `t, ac tfd t tw` l`gf t wfì f we idj le drj ta ujm ers tdjm ajl y tfr augf
`jaccejs`ve ehpdtfy, nut wfìf taa huif ildr`ty ajly m`spels .>7
97
Kujg, Dlifehìdl Ytumès, IW 49, pdr. 400.
Idli`jdtàj
ast l`sts ac dlifehìdl aperdtàjs ne g`j w`t f idli`jdtà. D cew

H dutfars sdy salulà iahes c`rst. Fawever, tfe sequejie ac aperd-
tàjs (w`tf aje ar twa exieptàjs) maes jat seeh ta ne psyifalagìdlly
s`gj`cìdjt. Djy aperdtàj hdy ne tfe `j`t`dt`jg aje, djm tfe atfers hdy
callaw `j djy armer.
Ds w`tf hast dlifehìdl `hdges, idli`jdtà mer`ves `j pdrt crah d ifehìdl
pr aie mur e. ]fe if
ifeh`
eh` id l pra ies s ac id li `jd tà j ejt d` ls tfe
tf e `jte
`j te js e fed t` jg ac d sa l` m
`j armer ta mr`ve acc wdter djm dll atfer iajst`tuejts tfdt w`ll valdt`l`ze. Wfdt
rehd`js `s d c`je, mry pawmer. ]fe ildssì exdhple ac idli`jdtàj, crah wfìf `t
mer`ves `ts jdhe (idlx 8 l`he), `s tfe fedt`jg ac l`hestaje (IdIAk) ar sldoem l`he
(Id(AF) > ) ta pramuie quìol`he (IdA, idlx v`vd). Wfej wdter `s dmmem, quìol`he
fds tfe `jterest`jg ifdrditer`stì ac gejerdt`jg fedt. @t wds tfaugft ny tfe
dlifeh`sts ta iajtd`j c`re djm wds sahet`hes equdtem w`tf c`re `tselc. 4
]fe wajmer ac quìol`he ta tfe h`jm `gjardjt ac ifeh`stry `s v`v`mly mesir`nem
ny Du gus t` je;
Let us iajs`mer tfe wajmers ac l`he? car nes`mes graw`jg wf`te `j c`re, wfìf hdoes atfer
tf`jgs nldio, ...`t fds dlsa d hysteràus praperty ac iajie`v`jg c`re w`tf`j `t. @tselc ialm ta
tfe tauif, `t yet fds d f`mmej stare ac c`re, wfìf `s jat dt ajie dppdrejt ta aur sejses, nut
wfìf experèjie tedifes us. lès ds `t were sluhner`jg w`tf`j `t evej wf`le ujseej. Djm `t
`s car tf`s redsaj idllem “quìol`he,‘ ds `c tfe c`re were tfe `jv`s`nle saul quìoej`jg tfe
v`s`nle sunstdjie ar namy. Nut tfe hdrvelaus tf`jg `s, tfdt tf`s c`re `s o`jmlem wfej `t `s
ext`jgu`sfem. Car ta m`sejgdge tfe f`mmej c`re tfe l`he `s ha`stejem ar mrejifem w`tf
wdter, djm tfej, tfaugf `t ne ialm necare, `t neiahes fat ny tfdt very dpplìdtàj wfìf
iaals wfdt `s fat. Ds `c tfe c`re were mepdrt`jg crah tfe l`he djm nredtf`jg `ts ldst, `t ja
lajger lès f`m, nut dppedrs? djm tfej tfe l`he ly`jg `j tfe iaaljess ac medtf idjjat ne
requìoejem, djm wfdt we necare idllem “quìo,‘ we jaw idll “sldoem.‘ >
4
]fe Glary ak tfe Warlm sdys, “]doe c`re, ar tfe quìol`he ac tfe sdges, wfìf `s tf e v`tdl c`re ac
dll trees, djm tfere`j matf Gam F`hselc nurj ny m`v`je lave‘ (Wd`te, trdjs.. ]fe Ferhetì
Huseuh 4;406).
Dugust`je. I`ty ac Gam >4;=.
Edif ac tfe caur elehejts fds `ts awj pdrtìuldr aperdtàj. Idli`jd- tà `s tfe
c`re aperdtàj (tfe atfers; salutà, wdter? iadguldtà. edrtf? sunl`hd
sunl`hd`à,
`à, d`r). Fejie
djy `hdge tfdt iajtd`js apej c`re nurj`jg ar dcceit`jg sunstdjies w`ll ne
reldtem ta tfe idli`jdtà. ]f`s apejs up tfe wfale rìf djm iahplìdtem sunkeit
ac c`re syhnal`sh. Kujg fds mehaj strdtem tfdt c`re syhnal`zes l`n`ma.‑ ]f`s
put s `t ver y gej erd lly. @j arm er ta spe i`c y tf e `hp lì dt` ajs ac c`r e djm `ts
ecceits, we hust exdh`je tfe pfejahejalagy ac tfe `hdge `j `ts vdràus
rdh`cìdtàjs.
@j ]fe ]welve Oeys ac Nds`l Sdlejt`je we c`jm tfe callaw`jg rei`pe car
idli`jdtà; “]doe d cèrie grdy walc, wfìf... `s caujm `j tfe vdlleys djm
haujtd`js ac tfe warlm, wfere fe radhs dlhast sdvdge w`tf fujger. Idst ta
f`h tfe namy ac tfe O`jg, djm wfej fe fds mevaurem `t, nurj f`h ejt`rely ta
dsfes `j d gredt c`re. Ny tf` s praiess tfe O`jg w`ll ne l` nerdtem? djm wfej `t fds
nee j per car hem tfr ìe tfe là j fds ave ria he tfe walc , djm w`l l c`jm jat f`j g
hare ta mevaur `j f`h. ]fus aur namy fds neej rejmerem c`t car tfe c`rst stdge
a c aur waro‘ = (see C`gure >-4).
C@GUÊ
C@GU^ E >- @
Idli`jdtà ac tfe O`jg. ]fe Walc ds Rr`hd Hdter
Hdter`d.
`d. Mevaur`jg tfe Medm O`jg
(Crah Hdèr. Dtdldj
Dtdldjtd
td Cugèjs.
Cugèjs. 4346.)
‑Kujg, Yyhnals ac ]rdjscarhdtàj. IW 5, pdr. >26.

▢•Wd`te, trdjs.. ]fe Ferhetì Huseuh 4;9>5.
êdm fds `jterpretem tf`s pdssdge ifehìdlly. Fe `mejt`cès tfe walc w`tf
djt`hajy, wfìf wds idllem tfe “‚walc ac hetdls,‑ neiduse `t ‚mevaurem,‑ ar uj`tem
w`tf, dll tfe ojawj hetdls exiept galm. Aj diiaujt ac `ts use `j pur`cy`jg haltej
galm ” tfe `hpur`tès ne`jg rehavem `j tfe carh ac d siuh ” djt`hajy wds dlsa
idllem ndljeuh reg`s, tfe ‚ndtf ac tfe O`jg.‑‘ 5 ]fus tfe pdssdge waulm recer ta tfe
pur `c` idt` aj ac gal m n y h elt `jg `t tfr ee t`h es w`t f d jt` haj y. ]f`s `jt erpr etd tà j h dy
ne r`g ft cra h tfe str ìt ly ife hì dl stdj mpa `jt . Fawe ver , `t cd` ls ta tdo e `jt a diia ujt
tfe hedj`jg ac tfe cdjtdsy `hdges tfdt dre prakeitem `jta tfe ifehìdl praiess.
]fese represejt tfe psyifì iahpajejt ac dlifehy tfdt `s tfe ifèc `jterest ac tfe
psyi fat fer dp` st.
]fe text spedos ac “tfe namy ac tfe O`jg.‘ Rresuhdnly tfe o`jg `s dlredmy medm,
fdv`jg neej o`llem `j tfe praiess ac har``cìd`à. ]fe medtf ac d o`jg `s d t`he ac
ir`s`s djm trdjs`tàj. êgì`me `s tfe grdvest ac ir`hes. Rsyifalagìdlly `t waulm
s`gj`cy tfe medtf ac tfe rul`jg pr`ji`ple ac iajsiàusjess, tfe f`gfest dutfar`ty `j
tfe fèrdrifìdl struiture ac tfe ega. Medtf ac tfe o`jg waulm tfus ne diiahpdjèm
ny d reg res s`v e m`s sal ut` aj ac tfe iaj si` aus per saj dl` ty. ]f`s iau rse ac eve jts `s
`jmìdtem ny tfe cdit tfdt tfe namy ac tfe o`jg `s cem ta d rdvej`jg walc? tfdt `s, tfe
ega fds neej mevaurem ny fujgry mes`rausjess. ]fe walc `j turj `s cem ta tfe c`re.
Nut walc 8 mes`re djm mes`re 8 c`re. ]fus mes`rausjess iajsuhes `tselc. Dcter d
mesiejt `jta fell, tfe ega (o`jg) `s renarj, pfaej`xlòe, `j d pur`cèm stdte.
Ds `j cd`ry tdles, tfe tfreecalm repet`tàj s`gj`cès tfe iajsuhhdtàj ac d
tehpardl praiess. 3 ] fe stdtehejt tfdt “tfe làj fds averiahe tfe walc‑ waulm equdte
tfe làj w`tf tfe c`re tfdt iajsuhes tfe walc. ]fe làj `s tfe “lawer suj,‘ 7 d
tferàharpfì represejtdtàj ac tfe hdsiul`je pr`ji`ple. ]fere dre dlifehìdl
pì tur es sfa w`j g d là j m evau r`j g t fe suj . Y `ji e su j, o`j g, djm gal m d re equ `vd lejt s,
tf`s waulm s`gj`cy tfe mesiejt ac iajsiàusjess `jta tfe dj`hdl redlh wfere `t hust
ejmure tfe cèry ejergès ac `jst`jit. @j ifehìdl `hdgery `t `s tfe pur`cìdtàj ar
rec`j`jg ac galm.
Aur text seehs ta set up tfree levels ac ne`jg. Crah nelaw upwdrm tfere dre tfe
level ac tfe walc, tfe level ac tfe c`re ar làj, djm tfe level ac tfe o`jg. @c we equdte
tfe walc w`tf elehejtdl mes`rausjess, tfe làj w`tf tfe egaiejtrì pawer mr`ve, djm
tfe o`jg w`tf m`sir`h`jdt`jg, ankeit`ve iajsiàusjess, we fdve d very ilase pdrdllel
ta tfe stdges `j tfe trdjscarhdtàj ac `jst`jit ds carhuldtem ny Estfer Fdrm`jg ”tfdt
`s, tfe dutas.
êdm, Rrelume ta Ifeh`stry, p. >24.
‚Em`jgir. Ega djm Drifetype, pp. 470cc.

7
Kujg. Hysterùh Iajùjitàj`s.
Iajùjitàj`s. IW 4=. pdr. >4.
tfe ega, djm tfe Yelc." Dltfaugf Fdrm`jg uses tfese terhs ta mejate suiiess`ve
iejters ac iajsiàusjess `j tfe iaurse ac psyifalagìdl mevelaphejt, tfey idj
dlsa ne ujmerstaam ds res`mudl struiturdl ldyers ac tfe dmult psyife tfdt dre
sunkeit ta redit`vdtàj. ]fe ceem`jg ac tfe o`jg ta tfe walc, tfe iajsuh`jg ac
tfe walc ny c`re (làj), djm tfe ren`rtf ac tfe o`jg aut ac tfe c`re waulm tfej
s`gj`cy tfe regressàj ac tfe ega ta tfe ar`g`jdl “dutas‘ stdge ac dutaeratì
mes`rausjess. ]f`s `s callawem ny tfe “ega‘ ar persajdl pawer stdge, djm c`jdlly
ny tfe ret urj ac d r ec` jem ar dugh ejt em anke it` ve i ajsi àus jes s.
D mredh tfdt ilasely pdrdllels aur text wds mredhem ny d hdj ac h`mmle dge
cdi`jg d ifdllejg`jg `lljess;
]fe êv. V fdm mèm (d well-ojawj h`j`ster nelavem ny tfe pdtèjt). F`s namy
wds ta ne irehdtem djm tfere wds sahe questàj ds ta wfa waulm get tfe galm
tfdt waulm ne lect aver dcter f`s namy wds nurjem. @ sdw tfe l`qu`m galm, very mdro
`j
ialar, felm `j sahe mdro stucc, perfdps dsfes tfdt were nldio ---------------------
Hy c`rst tfaugft dnaut tfe galm wds jegdt`ve,
jegdt`ve, d ceel`jg ac repugj
repugjdjie,
djie, tfej `t
aiiurrem ta he tf'dt fe hust fdve neej sahetf`jg very spei`dl, djm tfdt tfe galm
wds sart ac f`s essejie, ar wfdt fe lect nef`jm ac vdlue.
]f`s mredh iahn`jes severdl dlifehìdl tfehes; idli`jdtà ds irehdtàj? tfe

medtf djm nldiojess ac hart`ctidtà? extrditàj ac essejie, sepdrdtà
sepdrdtà?? djm tfe
hdo`jg ac galm, tfe gadl ac tfe apus. @j natf tfe text djm tfe mredh, tfe medm
idli`jdtà.. 0 ]fe mredh suggests tfdt d
o`jg ar cdtfer c`gure `s tfe ankeit ac idli`jdtà
mah`jdjt l`ce vdlue draujm wfìf tfe persajdl`ty fds neej struiturem `s
ujmerga`jg rààvdludtàj.
]fe idli`j`jg c`re hdy mer`ve crah sexudl`ty. Car `jstdjie, d hdj wfa wds
medl`jg w`tf iahpuls`ve sexudl`ty fdm tf`s mredh;
Fe sees
sees f`s hatfe
hatferr `j d w`re ndsoet iaver
iaverem
em w`tf crdghejts
crdghejts a
acc fat sldte. ]fe
praiemure
praiemure `s sup
suppasem
pasem ta ne tferdp
tferdpeutì
eutì nut
nut tfe
tfere
re
"Fdrm`jg wr`tes; “@j tfe c`rst stdge... tfe caidl iejter, tfe @, `s iahplet ely mah`jdtem ny
duta-eratì mes`res. @ fdve idllem tf`s iejter tfe dutas. @j tfe seiajm stdge tfe ega neiahes
tfe iejter ac iajsiàusjess, djm tfe `jst`jit`ve mr`ves dre ham`cèm tfraugf tfe`r reldtàj ta
tfe jew-caujm ega iajsiàusjess, wfìf `j turj sdy s“f" @j tfe tf`rm stdge tfe ega `s
m`spldiem crah `ts iejtrdl pas`tàj, neiah`jg reldt`ve `j `hpartdjie ta tfe jew iejter ac
iajsiàusjess, tfe Yelc, wfase idtegarìdl `hperdt`ve tdoes aver ult`hdte iajtral" ( Rsyifì
Ejergy, @ts Yaurie djm Gadl. pp. >9 >=).
‑Crdjies Wìoes fds repartem d mredh aj tfe sdhe tfehe, mredhem ny d hdj w`tf d hatfer
pra nle h. ]fe alm O`jg, wfase iruelly `s iahpletely `rrdtàjdl, hust ne o`llem w`tf f`s awj swarm, d
nejt djm rusty nldme. Wfej tf`s `s maje, d cldhe spr`jgs up crah tfe l`celess namy. Ds tfe alm O`jg `s
iajsuhem ta dsfes, d gledh`jg swarm dppedrs `j tfe iejter ac tfe cldhe (]fe @jjer Warlm ac Ifaìe,
p. 44= ).
`s sahe questàj tfdt `t hdy neiahe m`dnalìdl `c tfe stdte crdghejts dre fedtem sa
fat ds ta hdoe `t tarture.
]fe mredher wds reh`jmem ac fdv`jg seej rdts esidp`jg crah d ndsoet ac nurj`jg
trdsf. @j tf`s mredh tfe hatfer represejts tfe pr`hd hdter
hdter`d
`d tfdt hust ujmerga
idli`jdtà. @j atfer warms `t `s tfe Eras redlh ac tfe ceh`j`je pr`ji`ple tfdt requ`res
pur `c` idt` aj (se e c `gu res >- > dj m > 9).
@j djatfer text tfe idli`jdtà `s mesir`nem ds callaws; “]fej tdoe aut dll tfe cdeies
wfìf rehd`j `j tfe retart, djm dre nldio`sf lòe ujta saat, wfìf cdeies dre idllem
aur Mrdgaj, ac wfìf cdeies idli`je...`j d cervejt fat c`re...ujt`l `t neiahes d wf`te
idlx, ds wf`te ds sjaw‘ 42 (see c`gure >-=). Fere tfe hdtter ta ne idli`jem `s idllem
mrdgaj ar “nldio cdeies"” tfdt `s, sfdmaw stucc. @j djatfer text `t `s idllem tfe
Etfàp`dj; “]fej w`ll dppedr `j tfe nattah ac tfe vessel tfe h`gfty Etfàp`dj,
nur jem , idli `je m, nle dif em, dlt age tfe r med m djm l`c ele ss. Fe dso s ta ne nur èm , ta ne
spr`jolem w`tf f`s awj ha`sture djm slawly idli`jem t`ll fe sfdll dr`se `j glaw`jg
carh crah tfe cèrie c`re. ...Nefalm d wajmraus restardtàj ar rejewdl ac tfe
Etfàp`dj!‘"
]fe tfree texts quatem w`ll succìe ta mehajstrdte tfe jdture ac tfe sunstdjie ta
ne idli `je m. @t `s idl lem vdr
vdràu
àusly
sly d “rd vej
vej`j
`jgg w alc
alc,"
," “nl dio c dei es, " d “mr dgaj ,‘ djm
d “h`gfty Etfàp`dj.‘ ]fese terhs tell us tfdt tfe idli`jdtà `s percarhem aj tfe
pr` h`t `ve sfdm aw s `me , w fì f f drn ars
C@GUÊ >->
Idli`jdtà ac dj Edrtf-Dj`hdl (HY. Yladje @. 4943, 47tf iejtury. Lajmaj. Nr`t`sf
Huseuh. êpr`jtem `j Nurldjm, ]fe Drts ac tfe Dlifeh`sts.)
'"“]fe Nasah Naao ac Y`r Gearge ^`pley," `j Ialleitdjed Ifehìd. p. 4>3. "Helifàr,
i`tem ny Kujg `j Rsyifalagy dj`l Dlifehy, IW 4>. pdrs. =6= 65.
DJD]AHP ac tfe psyife
C@GUÊ >-9
Idli`jdlà ac tfe Mevaur`jg Rdrejt (Hutus L`ner, 472>. êpr`jtem `j Kujg,
Rsyifalagy
Rsyifalagy djm Dlifehy
Dlifehy.)
.)
fujgry, `jst`jitudl mes`rausjess djm `s iajtdh`jdtem w`tf tfe ujiajsiàus.

]fe c`re car tfe praiess iahes crah tfe crustrdtàj ac tfese `jst`jitudl mes`res
tfehselves. Yuif dj armedl ac crustrdtem mes`re `s d ifdrditer`stì cedture ac
tfe mevelaphejtdl praiess.
D hdj wfa ejmurem d pralajgem crustrdtàj fdm tf`s mredh;
]fe mredher caujm f`hselc `j d idverjaus pldie, perfdps ujmergraujm.
]fraugf d maar iahe fuge, wf`te-fat hdsses ac l`hestaje tfdt sl`me ar rall pdst
f`h. Yhaoe djm c`re dre dll dnaut. Fe
C@GUÊ > - =
]fe C`re ac tfe Mrdgaj Ne`jg Natf Cdjjem djm Ext`jgu`sfem (]r`shas`j, Yplejmar
Yal`s, 456>.)
seeos Kar d wdy aut nut wfejev

wfejever
er fe apejs d maar fe `s het ny
ny n`llaw`jg
n`llaw`jg sh
shaoe
aoe w
wfìf
fìf
mr`ves f`h ndio.
Aj dwdoej`jg f`s c`rst dssai`dtàjs were tfdt tf`s hust ne fell ar tfe cèry curjdie
ac Jenuifdmjezzdr. @j tf`s mredh tfe `jert l`hestaje `s `j tfe praiess ac ne`jg
trdjscarhem `jta l`v`jg quìol`he ny tfe idli`jdtà. ]fe dssai`dtàjs nr`jg up d
n`n lì dl `hd ge ac tfe idli`jdtà. Jenuifdm jezzdr‑s cèry curjdie, wfìf hdoes dj
`jterest`jg psyifalagìdl pa`jt. Jenuifdmjezzdr iahhdjmem everyaje ta cdll mawj
djm warsf`p f`s galmej `hdge. Yfdmrdif, Hesfdif, djm Dnemjega recusem.
Jenu ifdm jez zdr `j cur àu s rdg e fdm tfe h tfr awj `jt a tfe cè ry cur jdi e. Nut tfe y
were ujfdrhem, djm `j tfe h`mst ac tfe c`re caur hej were seej? tfe dppedrdjie ac
tfe caurtf wds “lòe d saj ac tfe gams‘ (Mdjèl 9;>5 KN).
]fe diiaujt ehpfds`zes Jenuifdmjezzdr‑s curàus rdge. F`s rdge idj ne
equdtem w`tf tfe cèry curjdie. Fe persaj`cès tfe pawer hat`ve, tfe drn`trdry
dutfar`ty ac tfe `jcldtem ega tfdt ujmergaes idli`jdtà wfej `ts averwfelh`jg
pre tej sà js dre cru str dtem ny tfe pres ejie ac tf e trd js per saj dl dut far `ty (tf e G am
ac Yfdmrdif, Hesfdif, djm Dnemjega). Jenuifdmjezzdr iarrespajms ta tfe o`jg
`j aur dlifehìdl quatdtàj wfa `s cem ta tfe walc djm tfej idli`jem. Djatfer
`jterest`jg cedture `s tfdt `j tfe curjdie tfe tfree hej neiahe caur. ]f`s `s d
iledr dllusàj ta tfe tatdl`ty ac tfe Yelc tfdt eherges `j tfe h`mst ac tfe
crustrdtàj ac tfe ega pawer mehdjms. Jenuifdmjezzdr‑s cèry curjdie expresses
dj drifetypdl s`tudtàj. @t `s wfdt aje ejiaujters wfejever aje ifdllejges dj
drn`trdry dutfar`ty, e`tfer `jterjdl ar exterjdl. Wfetfer aje gets tfraugf suif d
idli`jdtà mepejms aj wfetfer aje `s dit`jg aj ega hat`ves ar Yelc hat`ves (see
c`gure >-5).
Yfdmrdif, Hesfdif, djm Dnemjega were `hhuje ta c`re. ]f`s nr`jgs up d
typìdl hat`c. El`dme fds m`siussem tfe “hdstery ac c`re‘ ds d cedture ac
sfdhdj`sh djm tfe hytfalagy ac edrly hetdllurgy. 4> ]fe sfdhdjs were suppasem
ta ne `hhuje ta c`re. ]fey iaulm swdllaw `t ar pìo up nurj`jg iadls w`tf
`hpuj`ty. @j tf`s iajjeitàj d wahdj fdm dj `jterest`jg mredh;
]fe mredher sdw d wahdj nejm`jg aver d idulmraj-lòe vdt falm`jg d ndll ac c`re
`j fer fdjms. W`tf iahplete jajifdldjie djm ja ev`mejie ac pd`j ar fdrh sfe
felm, sfdpem, djm squeezem tfe ndll ac c`re ds tfaugf `t were d pèie ac ldujmry
ne`jg wdsfem.
]fe mredher wdtifem w`tf dhdzehejt.
]fe mredh dssai`dtem ta dj djièjt Jdvdka @jm`dj wahdj tfdt tfe mredher ajie
sdw hdo`jg nredm aj d fedtem staje w`tf fer ndre fdjms. ]fe mredh idhe dt d
t`he wfej tfe pdtèjt wds stdrt`jg ta ehndro aj d hdkar iredt`ve prakeit djm
`jmìdtes tfdt tfe iredt`ve ejergès ac tfe Yelc were dit`vdtem 49 (see c`gure >-3).
]fe `hdge ac `jvuljerdn`l`ty ta c`re `jmìdtes dj `hhuj`ty ta `mejt`cìdtàj
w`tf dcceit. Experèjie ac tfe drifetypdl psyife fds tf`s ecceit ta tfe extejt tfdt
`t ejldrges djm meepejs ega iajsiàusjess. ]fere `s tfej less lòel`faam ac
`mejt`cìdtàj w`tf tfe ehatàjdl reditàjs ac ajeselc
,>
El`dme. ]fe Carge djm `fe Irui`nle, pp. 70cc? dlsa Yfdhdj`sh.
,9
]fe `jterpretdtàj ac tfe c`re-ojedm`jg wahdj ds tfe Yelc `s suppartem ny tfe callaw`jg
dhpl`cìdtàj. “@j Epfreuh, tfe Yyr`dj wr`ter ac fyhjs. Kafj tfe Ndpt`st sdys ta Ifr`st; ‚D
spdro ac c`re `j tfe d`r wd`ts car tfee aver tfe Karmdj. @c tfau callawest `t djm w`llst ne
ndp t`s em, tfej tdo e pas ses sà j ac tfys elc , wds f tfy sel c, car wfa fds tfe paw er ta tdoe fal m
ac nurj`jg c`re w`tf f`s fdjms1 ]fau wfa dre wfally c`re, fdve heriy aj he‑ ‘ (i`tem `j
Kujg. Rsyifalagy ac tfe Ujiajsiàus,
Ujiajsiàus, p. 5=7 j. 34).
C@GUÊ >-5
]fe Cèry Curjdie ac Mdjèl (N`nle ac Yt. Ytepfej Fdrm`jg, 4>tf iejtury. M`kaj,
N`nlàtfceque Hujì`pdle, HY. 4=. êpr`jtem `j Hemèv
Hemèvdl
dl Hdj
Hdjusir`p
usir`ptt Rd`jt`jg.)
Rd`jt`jg.)
ar atfers. Ny iajtrdst d wedo ega `s very vuljerdnle ta ne`jg iajsuhem ny ejiaujter

w`tf `jtejse dcceit. ]f`s pfejahejaj `s mesir`nem `j d paeh ny Marsfd Fdyes;
C`llem w`tf d ilutter ac ujsartem stucc d spdro idj

set d hdj dnldze. Wfdt‑s tfere fedpem f`gf
dhajg starem runn`sf dt d pucc w`ll nurst `j
cldhe. Ja hdj idj ne dwdre ac f aw `jcldhhdnle
fe `s, faw praje
>3 DJD]AHP AC ]FE RYPIFE
C@GUÊ > - 3
]fe Ytdrry Ydldhdjmer ]fdt L`ves `j tfe C`re. ]fe Heriur`dl Yp`r`t ac tfe Rr`h
Rr`hd
d
Hdter`d,, ds Ydldhdjmer. Cralìo`jg `j tfe C`re (Hdèr, Dtdldjt
Hdter`d Dtdldjtd
d Cu
Cugèjs.
gèjs.
4346.)
ta wfdt idj rdge neyajm iajtral, uj less tfe

p`l em u p l `tt er ac f`s l`c e ` s o jawj ta f`h ,
djm fe `s dnle ta dssess wfdt fdzdrm fe `s `j,
wfdt iaulm `gj`te.
D hdj, m`sarmerem djm ujm`si`pl`jem, l`ves
`j tfe per`l ac d pdjì cl`gft necare tfe
ajrusf ac d cldh`jg w`jm.
Maes `t jaw seeh @ seeo ta ne pracaujm1
4 stdjm aj shao`jg dsf djm nldioejem graujm! 4=
]fe c`re ac tfe idli`jdtà `s d purg`jg, wf`tej`jg c`re. @t dits aj tfe nldio
stucc, tfe j`grema, djm turjs `t wf`te. Nds`l Sdlejt`je sdys, “Ojaw tfdt tf`s
( idli`jdtà) `s tfe ajly r`gft djm leg`t`hdte wdy ac pur`cy`jg aur
45
sunstdjie." ]f`s iajjeits `t w`tf tfe syhnal`sh ac purgdtary. ]fe
maitr`je ac purgdtary `s tfe tfealagìdl versaj ac idli`jdtà prakeitem
l=
Fdyes, “C`re Fdzdrm,‘ `j ]fe Nell Nrdjif ^`jgs, p. >3.
l5
Wd`te, trdjs., ]fe Ferhetì Huseuh 4;9>5.
ajta tfe dcterl`ce. ]fe ifèc sir`pturdl saurie car tfe maitr`je `s Rdul's stdtehejt `j @
Iar`jtf`djs 9;44-45 (^YS);
Car ja atfer caujmdtàj idj djyaje ldy tfdj tfdt wfìf `s ld`m, wfìf `s Kesus Ifr`st.
Jaw `c ”
stunnle djy aje hdj's
edif nu` lmswaro
aj tfe cauneiahe
w`ll jmd tà jhdj`cest?
w` tf galmcar
, s` lve
tfer,Mdy
pre ià
w`llusm`silase
staj es, `t.
waam , f dy,
neiduse
`t w`ll ne revedlem w`tf c`re, djm tfe c`re w`ll test wfdt sart ac waro edif fds maje. @c
tfe waro wfìf djy hdj fds nu`lt aj tfe caujmdtàj surv`ves, fe w`ll reie`ve d
rewdrm. @c djy hdj's waro `s nurjem up. fe w`ll succer lass, tfaugf fe f`hselc w`ll ne
sdvem, nut ajly ds tfraugf c`re.
Dugust`je iahhejts aj tf`s pdssdge; ]fe hdj wfa nu`lms w`tf waam, fdy, djm stunnle `s
tfe hdj `jvalvem `j lust djm idrjdl mes`re, nut “Car sa lajg ds fe maes jat precer suif
dcceitàj ar pledsure ta Ifr`st. Ifr`st `s f`s caujmdtàj, tfaugf aj `t fe nu`lms waam,
fdy, stunnle? djm tferecare fe sfdll ne sdvem ds ny c`re. Car tfe c`re ac dcclìtàj sfdll
nur j s uif lux ur` aus ple dsu res djm edr tfl y l ave s.. .dj m a c t f`s c`r e t fe cuel `s ner edve hejt ,
djm dll tfase idldh`tès wfìf iajsuh e tfese kays.‘ 43 Dgd`j, “tf`jgs dre jat last w`tfaut
djgu`sf wfej tfey fdve neej lavem w`tf d passess`ve lave. Nut neiduse...fe precers ta
succer tfe lass ac tfese tf`jgs rdtfer tfdj las`jg Ifr`st, djm maes jat mesert Ifr`st crah
cedr ac las`jg suif tf`jgs ”evej tfaugf fe hdy grève aver f`s lass ”‚f ”‚fee `s sdv
sdvem‑
em‑
`jmeem, ‚yet sa ds ny c`re.‑ Fe ‚nurjs‑ w`tf grèc, car tfe tf`jgs fe fds lavem djm last, nut
tf`s maes jat sunvert ar iajsuhe f`h, seiurem ds fe `s ny tfe stdn`l`ty djm tfe
`jmestruitdn`l`ty ac f`s caujmdtàj.‘ 47 ]fe maitr`je ac purgdtary fdm jat yet neiahe
estdnl`sfem dt tfe t`he Dugust`je wrate. Fawever tfese rehdros were ldter dpplèm ta
pur gdt ar` dl c`r e. Dug ust` je hdo es twa `h par tdj t psyi fal ag` idl pa` jts . C`r st, tfe c`r e ac
pur gdt ary `s idus em ny tfe cru str dt` ajs ac lus t, mes `re , pas sess `ve lave ” `j d warm,
iajiup`siejie. Yeiajmly, aje idj surv`ve tf`s c`re, `jmeem ne sdvem ny `t. `c aje fds d
sal`m caujmdtàj `j Ifr`st. Rsyifalagìdlly tf`s waulm hedj tfdt psyifalagìdl
mevelaphejt w`ll ne prahatem ny tfe crustrdtàj ac pledsure djm pawer mes`res prav`m`jg
aje fds d ndsìdlly v`dnle reldtàj ta tfe Yelc syhnal`zem ny Ifr`st.
Jex t ta tfe mait r`j e ac pur gdt ary w`t f `ts pur g`j g nut rem eeh` jg c`r e `s dj `hd ge ac
per pet udl idli`jd`à, tfe `med ac eterjdl puj`t`ve c`re. @xàj wds puj`sfem car f`s ir`he ac
try`jg .ta semuie Ferd ny ne`jg naujm ta d perpetudl wfeel ac c`re. ]fe jatàj tfdt tfe
wìoem were puj`sfem `j tfe dcterl`ce wds w`mespredm `j djt`qu`ty. Iuhajt wr`tes;
“Dhajg dll tfe carhs ac puj`s fhejt tfdt ny c`re premah`jdtes. ]fe `med tfdt tfe Er`jyes
nur jt tfe mdhj em w`tf tfe `r tar ife s ` s dj iè jt, djm
4
'•Dugust`je, I`ty ac Iam >4;>3.
▢‑Dugust`je. Iajcessàjs djm Ejif`r`màj 46;36.
tfe Ryr`pflegetfaj `s dj `gjeaus r`ver surraujm`jg ]drtdrus. Iertd`j dutfars
wejt neyajm tf`s. Lui`dj `j f`s ‚]rue F`starès‑ mesir`nes tfe `sldjm ac tfe `hpàus
ds dj `hhejse nrdzèr wfejie r`se sulpfuraus djm p`tify cldhes‘ 44 * (see c`gure >-
7).
Y`h`ldrly, `j Nummf`sh, Dvìf`. tfe lawest ac tf e e`gft Nummf`st “fat fells,‘ `s d
Dvìf`.
pld ie ac tar tur e n y c `re ds d p uj` sfhe jt car s`j . 40 Fawever, tf`s `hdge `s hast cully
mevelapem `j tfe Ifr`st`dj maitr`je ac fell. Aje ac `ts sauries `s Hdttfew >5;=4-=9
(^YS); “Wfej fe w`ll sdy ta tfase dt f`s lect fdjm, ‚Mepdrt crah he, yau iursem,
`jta tfe eterjdl c`re prepdrem car tfe mev`l djm f`s djgels? car 4 wds fujgry djm yau
gdve he ja caam, 4 wds tf`rsty djm yau gdve he ja mr`jo, @ wds d strdjger djm yau
m`m jat weliahe he, jdoem djm yau m`m jat ilatfe he, sìo djm `j pr`saj djm yau
m`m jat v`s`t he.‑ ‘
Ds m`m Dugust`je, Ar`gej `j iahhejtdry aj tf`s pdssdge equdtes c`re w`tf tfe
pdss àj s a c hd j. Ar` gej iahh ejt s aj tf` s pd ssd ge d s c all aws ;
C@GUÊ >-7
]fe Sàlejt ]arturem `j d ^d`j ac C`re (Marà, @llustr
@llustrdtàjs
dtàjs car
car Mdjte‑s M`v`je
Iahemy.)
'•Iuhajt, Dcter
Dcterl`ce
l`ce `j âhdj Rdgdj
Rdgdj`sh,
`sh, p. 475.
'‑Fdst`jgs, Ejiyi
Ejiyilapem`d
lapem`d ac ê
êl`gàj
l`gàj d
djm
jm Et
Etfìs
fìs 44;692.
Let us jaw see wfdt `s tfe hedj`jg ac tfredtejem “eterjdl c`re.“ Jaw we c`jm `j tfe
pr apf et @sd` df tfd t tfe c`r e ny wf` if edif hdj `s puj `sf em `s mes ir` nem ds nel ajg` jg ta
f`hselc. Car `t sdys, “Wdlo `j tfe l`gft ac yaur c`re djm `j tfe cldhe wfìf yau fdve
o`jmlem car yaurselves“ (@sd`df 52;44). ]fese warms seeh ta `jmìdte tfdt every s`jjer
o`jmles car f`hselc tfe cldhe ac f`s awj c`re, djm `s jat plujgem `jta d c`re wfìf fds
nee j pr ev` aus ly o`j mle m ny sahe aje els e ar wfì f ex` ste m nec are f`h . Ac tf` s c`r e tfe
caam djm hdter`dl dre aur s`js, wfìf dre idllem ny tfe dpastle Rdul waam djm fdy djm
stunnle... `j tfe very essejie ac tfe saul iertd`j tarhejts dre pramuiem crah tfe fdrhcul
mes`res tfehselves tfdt ledm us ta s`j.
Iajs`mer tfe ecceit ac tfase cdults ac pdssàj wfìf actej aiiur `j hej, ds wfej tfe
saul `s nurjt up w`tf tfe cldhes ac lave, ar tarhejtem ny tfe c`res ac kedlausy ar ejvy, ar
tassem dnaut w`tf curàus djger, ar iajsuhem w`tf `jtejse sdmjess? rehehner`jg faw
sahe hej, c`jm`jg tfe exiess ac tfese `lls taa fedvy ta nedr, fdve meehem `t hare
talerdnle ta sunh`t ta medtf tfdj ejmure suif tartures. >2
]f`s `s d rehdrodnly psyifalagìdl `jterpretdtàj ac tfe c`re ac fell ta fdve neej wr`ttej
`j tfe tf`rm iejtury. @t mehajstrdtes tfdt car tfe edrly ifurif cdtfers, psyifì redl`ty djm
tfealagìdl redl`ty were aje. Fell c`re `s tfe puj`sfhejt hetem aut ta tfase wfa dre
iajmehjem `j tfe “Ldst Kumgehejt,‘ wfa dre “we`gfem `j tfe ndldjie djm caujm wdjt`jg.‘
@t `s tfe cdte ac tfdt dspeit ac tfe ega tfdt `s `mejt`cèm w`tf tfe trdjspersajdl ejergès ac tfe
psyi fe djm uses tfe h car per saj dl ple dsu re ar paw er. ]f`s dspe it ac tfe ega , wf` if `s
`mejt`cèm w`tf tfe Yelc-ejergy, hust ujmerga idli`jdtà. ]fe praiess w`ll ne iajs`merem
“eterjdl‘ ajly wfej we dre medl`jg w`tf d psyifì spl`t tfdt `rrevaidnly m`v`mes gaam crah
ev`l djm fedvej crah fell.
]fere dre hdjy v`v`m expressàjs ac tfe c`re ac tfe Ldst Kumgehejt. Car exdhple, `j
êveldtàj >2;49- 45 (^YS) we redm; “Djm tfe sed gdve up tfe medm `j `t. Medtf djm Fdmes
gdve up tfe medm `j tfeh, djm dll were kumgem ny wfdt tfey fdm maje...djm `c djyaje‑s jdhe
wds j at caujm wr`ttej `j tfe naao ac l`ce, fe wds tfrawj `jta tfe ldoe ac c`re.‘
K2
Ar`gej, Aj C`rst Rr`ji`ples >;= 5. D tfausdjm yedrs ldter ]fahds d Oehp`s expressem `t tf`s wdy (]fe
@h`tdtàj ac Ifr`st 4;>=);
Wfdt `s tfere tfdt tfe c`re ac fell sfdll ceem upaj, nut tfy s `js1
]fe hare tfau spdrest tfyselc jaw djm callawest tfe clesf, tfe hare severe feredcter sfdll ne tfy
puj` sfh ejt , d jm tfa u s tar est up gre dte r c uel car tfd t c ldh e.
@j wfdt tf`jgs d hdj fdtf s`jjem, `j tfe sdhe sfdll fe ne tfe hare grèvausly puj`sfem.
]fere sfdll tfe slatfcul ne prìoem carwdrm w`tf nurj`jg gadms, djm tfe gluttajs ne tarhejtem w`tf
extrehe fujger djm tf`rst.
]fere sfdll tfe luxuràus djm lavers ac pledsure ne ndtfem `j nurj`jg p`lif djm st`jo`jg nr`hstaje, djm
tfe ejvàus, lòe hdm mags, sfdll fawl car very grèc.
]fere `s ja s`j nut sfdll fdve `ts awj praper tarhejt.
]fere tfe praum sfdll ne c`llem w`tf dll iajcusàj? tfe iavetaus sfdll ne p`jifem w`tf h`serdnle
pej ury.
@j djatfer pldie `t `s put tf`s wdy;
@c djy hdj warsf`p tfe nedst djm f`s `hdge, djm reie`ve f`s hdro `j f`s carefedm, ar `j
f`s fdjm, tfe sdhe sfdll mr`jo ac tfe w`je ac tfe wrdtf ac Gam, wfìf `s paurem aut
w`tfaut h`xture `jta tfe iup ac f`s `jm`gjdtàj? djm fe sfdll ne tarhejtem
_c`dad`jam`àt]d`X w`tf c`re djm nr`hstaje `j tfe presejie ac tfe faly djgels, djm `j tfe
pr esej ie ac t fe Ldhn ; dj m t fe s haoe ac t fe` r t arh ejt _(kdadvàpavX dsiejmetf up car ever
djm ever; djm tfey fdve ja rest mdy jar j` gft, wfa warsf`p tfe nedst djm f`s `hdge? djm
wfasaever reie`vetf tfe hdro ac f`s jdhe >4 (êv. 4=;0 ” 44. DS).
Fere tfe puj`t`ve c`re ac tfe Ldst Kumgehejt `s `mejt`cèm w`tf Gam‑s wrdtf.
]fe sdhe aiiurs `j tfe Yequejie fyhj, Mès @rde, `j tfe Nur`dl Hdss. @t presejts
tfe Ldst Kumgehejt qu`te explì`tly ds d idli`jdtà;
Mès `rde. mès

mès `l`d Yalve
Yalvett
sdeiluh `j cdv`lld
cdv`lld ]este
Mdv`m iuh Y`nylld
(“Af mdy ac wrdtf, Af tfdt mdy, wfej tfe warlm m`ssalves `j glaw`jg dsfes, ds
w`tjess Mdv`m w`tf tfe Y`nyl.‘) ]fe recerejie ta tfe Y`nyl ledms ta d pdssdge ` j
Naao @@ ac tfe Y`nyll`je Ardiles;
Djm tfej sfdll d gredt r`ver ac cldh`jg c`re claw crah fedvej djm iajsuhe dll pldies,
tfe edrtf djm tfe gredt aiedj djm tfe grey sed, ldoes djm r`vers djm caujtd`js, djm
heri`less Fdmes djm tfe Rale ac fedvej; nut tfe l`gfts ac fedvej sfdll helt tagetfer `j
aje djm `jta d va`m (mesaldte) sfdpe (1). Car tfe stdrs sfdll dll cdll crah fedvej `jta tfe
sed (1), djm dll tfe sauls ac hej sfdll gjdsf tfe`r teetf ds tfey nurj `j tfe r`ver ac
nr` hst aje djm tfe rus f ac tfe c`r e `j tfe nld z`j g pld `j, djm dsfe s sfd ll iav er dll tf` jgs ,
djm tfej sfdll dll tfe elehejts ac tfe warlm ne ld`m wdste, d`r, edrtf, sed, l`gft, pales,
mdys djm j`gfts, djm ja hare sfdll tfe hult`tumes ac n`rms cly `j tfe d`r jar sw`hh`jg
iredtures djy hare sw`h `j tfe sed? ja sf`p sfdll sd`l w`tf `ts idrga aver tfe wdves? ja
strd`gft-ga`jg axej sfdll plaw tfe t`llem ldjm? tfere sfdll ne ja hare saujm ac sw`ct
w`jms, nut fe sfdll cuse dll tf`jgs tagetfer `jta aje, djm purge tfeh iledj. KK
@j tf`s pdssdge tfe idli`jdtà averldps w`tf tfe `hdge ac tfe iaj`- ujità. ]fe
caur elehejts dre ne`jg cusem `jta d qu`jtessejt`dl aje. Hult`plì`ty `s ne`jg
heltem `jta uj`ty. Fejie `t dllumes ta tfe `jtegrdtàj ac tfe persajdl`ty tfraugf
tfe praiess ac idli`jdtà. @t `s dj exdhple ac tfe w`mespredm jatàj tfdt tfe warlm
w`ll ejm `j c`re. ]fe Ytaìs fdm tfe
'']fe Greeo warm car tarhejt `s Rdadv RdadvLtce`v Rdddu`càs. Kujg sdys dnaut tf`s warm; “Car
Ltce`v ar Rdddu`càs.
dlifeh`sts `t fdm d maunle hedj`jg; /9da<h£et v dlsa hedjt ‚test`jg aj tfe tauif staje'
(Rdaitvas). ]fe ldp`s l.ymùs (tauifstaje) wds usem ds d syjajyh car tfe ldp`s pf`lusapfvruh.
]fe geju`jejess ar `jiarrupt`n`l`ty ac tfe staje `s pravem ny tfe tarhejt ac c`re djm idjjat
ne dtt d`j em w`t fau t ` t.. ]f` s le`that`v rujs dll tfraugf dlif ehy‘ (Dlifehìdl Ytumès, pdr. 0=).
“Kdhes. ]fe Dpairypfdl Jew ]estdhejt, p. 5>>.
`med, wfìf tfey ild`hem ta mer`ve crah Ferdil`tus, tfdt edif iashì iyile ar hdgrtus
djjus ejms `j d iajcldgrdtàj, dj eO`rvp(ad`s.>`
Diiarm`jg ta Kasepfus, Dmdh premìtem tfdt tfe edrtf waulm ne mestrayem twìe,
ajie ny wdter djm ajie ny c`re >= ” c`rst d salutà djm tfej d idli`jdtà. ]fe sdhe `med
`s expressem `j > Reter 9;3,7 (^YS); “]fe warlm tfdt tfej ex`stem wds melugem w`tf
wdter djm per`sfem. Nut ny tfe sdhe warm tfe fedvejs djm edrtf tfdt jaw ex`st fdve
nee j st are m up car c`r e, ne `jg
`j g oep t ujt`
uj t` l tfe
tf e md y ac ku mgeh
mg ehejt
ejt dj
djmm mes tr uit à j ac
ujgamly hej.‘
@j d paeh ny ânert Crast tfe `hdges ac c`re djm ìe dre dssai`dtem w`tf tfe ejm
ac tfe warlm;
Yahe sdy tfe Warlm w`ll ejm `j c`re.
Yahe sdy `j ìe.
Crah wfdt @‑ve tdstem ac mes`re @ falm
w`tf tfase wfa cdvar c`re.
Nut `c `t fdm ta per`sf twìe,
@ tf`jo @ ojaw ejaugf ac fdte ]a sd y
tfdt car mestruitàj ìe @s dlsa gredt Djm
waulm succìe. >5
Djatfer hamerj paet uses tfe sdhe `hdge;

C`re w`ll surely iahe aje mdy ta pur`cy tfe edrtf. C`re w`ll surely iahe aje mdy ta
anl`terdte tfe edrtf. ]f`s `s tfe Yeiajm Iah`jg.
]fe Yaul `s d cldh`jg tajgue tfdt lìos djm struggles ta set tfe nldio null ac tfe
warlm aj c`re. Aje mdy tfe ejt`re uj`verse w`ll neiahe d s`jgle iajcldgrdtàj.
C`re `s tfe c`rst djm c`jdl hdso ac hy Gam. We mdjie djm weep netweej twa
ejarhaus pyres. >3
Ldst kumgehejt ny c`re iarrespajms ta tfe armedl ny c`re tfdt tests tfe pur`ty ac
hetdls djm rec`jes dwdy dll `hpur`tès. ]fere dre juheraus pdssdges `j tfe Alm
]estdhejt tfdt hdoe use ac hetdllurgìdl hetdpfars ta mesir`ne Pdfwef‑s test`jg ac
f`s ifasej peaple. Car exdhple, Pdfwef spedos;
@ w`ll turj hy fdjm dgd`jst yau, @ w`ll shelt dwdy yaur mrass `j tfe curjdie. @ w`ll
rehave dll yaur ndse hetdl crah yau. (@sd. @;>=<>5, KN)
Djm jaw @ fdve put yau `j tfe c`re lòe s`lver, @ fdve testem yau `j tfe curjdie ac
m`stress. Car hy sdoe djm hy sdoe ajly fdve @ ditem ” `s hy jdhe ta ne pracdjem1
Jev er w`l l @ y` el m hy gla ry ta dj atf er. (@s d. =6 ;42,
;4 2,44
44 , KN
KN))
Fdsl`jgs, Ejiyi
Ejiyilapem`d
lapem`d ac ê
êl`gàj
l`gàj d
djm
jm E
Etfìs
tfìs 4;406.
,
Kasepfus. Djt`qu
Djt`qu`tès
`tès ac
ac tfe Kews 4 ;``, 9.
>5
Crast, “C`re djm @ii,‘ `j Iahplete Raehs ac ânert Crast, p. >36.
>3
Odzdjtzdo`s, ]fe Ydvàrs ac Gam. p. 4>6.
@ w`ll ledm ..._tfehK `jta tfe c`re, djm rec`je tfeh ds s`lver `s rec`jem, test
tfeh ds galm `s testem. ]fey w`ll idll hy jdhe djm @ sfdll l`stej? djm @ sfdll
sdy? ]fese dre hy peaple? djm edif w`ll sdy, “Pdfwef `s hy Gam!‘ ([eif.
49;0, KN)
Pau testem us, Gam, yau rec`jem us lòe s`lver, yau let us cdll `jta tfe jet,
yau ld`m fedvy nurmejs aj aur ndios, yau let peaple mr`ve aver aur fedms?
nut jaw tfe arm edl ny c`r e d jm wdte r `s ave r, djm yau dll aw us aji e hare ta
mrdw nredtf. (Rs. 33;42-4>, KN)
]fej Pdfwef spedos ta tfe rec`jem ar remeehem ajes, tfase wfa fdve gaje
tfraugf tfe idli`jdtà; “Ma jat ne dcrd`m, car @ fdve remeehem yau? @ fdve idllem
yau ny yaur jdhe, yau dre h`je. Yfaulm yau pdss tfraugf tfe sed, @ w`ll ne
w`tf yau? ar tfraugf tfe r`vers, tfey w`ll jat swdllaw yau up. Yfaulm yau wdlo
tfraugf c`re, yau w`ll jat ne siarifem djm tfe cldhes w`ll jat nurj yau. Car @
dh Pdfwef, yaur Gam, tfe Faly Aje ac @srdel, yaur sdvàr‘ (@sd. =9;4 -9, KN).
]f`s pdssdge `s pdrdllelem ny tfe `med caujm elsewfere tfdt dt medtf sauls
pdss tfr augf d r`v er ar d sed ac c`r e. @t mae s jat fdr h tfe r`gf tea us nut idus es
succer`jg ar mestruitàj ta tfe wìoem. Car `jstdjie, d Rdrs` maitr`je stdtes tfdt
dll hust pdss tfraugf d r`ver ac c`re. ]a tfe r`gfteaus `t `s lòe wdrh h`lo, nut
>7
ta tfe wìoem lòe haltej hetdl.

Dgd`j, `j tfe Y`nyll`je Ardiles we redm; “Djm tfej sfdll dll hej pdss tfraugf
d nldz`jg r`ver djm ujquejifdnle cldhe, djm tfe r`gfteaus sfdll ne sdvem wfale,
dll ac tfeh, nut tfe ujgamly sfdll per`sf tfere`j ujta dll dges, evej ds hdjy ds
wraugft ev`l dcaret`he.‘ >6 Pdfwef‑s rehdros dnaut f`s use ac c`re idj ne
iahpdrem w`tf Rdrd ielsus‑ stdtehejts dnaut tfe dlifehìdl ecceits ac c`re;
Ny tfe elehejt ac c`re dll tfdt `s ujpur`cèm `s mestrayem djm tdoej dwdy.
@j tfe dnsejie ac dll armedl ny c`re, tfere `s ja prav`jg ac d sunstdjie
pas s`n le.
C`re sepdrdtes tfdt wfìf `s iajstdjt ar c`xem crah tfdt wfìf `s cug`t`ve ar
valdt`le.‘
Djatfer dlifeh`st spei`cìdlly iahpdres tfe c`re ac tfe dlifehìdl idli`jdtà
w`tf tfe c`re ac m`v`je wrdtf ds ejmurem ny Ifr`st. “@t `s jat ujc`tly iahpdrem
w`tf Ifr`st wfej tfe putrecèm namy ac tfe Yuj lès
medm, `jdit`ve, lòe dsfes `j tfe nattah ac d pf`dl QQQQQQQQQ Ya dlsa m`m `t
fdppej ta Ifr`st f`hselc, wfej dt tfe Haujt ac Al`ves, djm aj tfe
‑‑Fdst`jgs, Ejiyilapem`d ac êl`gàj

êl`gàj djm Etfìs 5;973.
“Kdhes, Dpairypfdl Jew ]estdhejt,

]estdhejt, p. 59>.
>0
Rdrdielsus, ]fe Ferhetì djm Dlifehìdl Wr`t`jgs ac Rdrdielsus 4;=.
irass, fe wds radstem ny tfe c`re ac tfe m`v`je wrdtf (Hdtt. >3,>7), djm iahpld`jem tfdt
fe wds utterly mesertem ny f`s fedvejly Cdtfer.‘* 2
Ds edrly ds Faherì Greeie we c`jm tfe `hdge ac c`re ds d pur`cèr djm sepdrdtar ac
tfe saul. Diiarm`jg ta âfme tfe namy ac d medm hdj hust ne nurjt necare f`s saul `s
reledsem ta ga ta Fdmes. “Ajly tfraugf c`re dre tfe sauls ac tfe medm 'dppedsem' (@l`dm
S@@, =42). Ya lajg, tfej, ds tfe psyife retd`js djy vest`ge ac 'edrtfl`jess' `t passesses
sahe ceel`jg st`ll, sahe dwdrejess ac wfdt `s ga`jg aj dhajg tfe l`v`jg ,,,, (see c`gure >-
6).
Everywfere c`re `s dssai`dtem w`tf Gam djm tferecare represejts drifetypdl ejergès
tfdt trdjsiejm tfe ega djm dre experèjiem ds juh`jaus. ]fe Rsdlh`st spedos ac Gam ds
fe “wfa hdoetf f`s djgels sp`r`ts? f`s h`j`sters d cldh`jg c`re‘ (Rs. 42=;=, DS). Dj
djièjt prdyer ta H`tfrd sdys; “G`ve edr ta he, fedr he. Larm, wfa fds cdstejem tfe
cèry nalts ac fedvej w`tf tfy sp`r`t, maunle-namèm, c`re-ruler, iredtar ac
C@GUÊ > 6
Idli`jdlù ac tfe Ferhdpfram`te (Hdèr, Dtdldj
Dtdldjtd
td Cu
Cugèjs.
gèjs. 4346.)
"‑I`tem ny Kujg. Hvsterùh Iajùjitàj`s. ('W 4=. pdr. =65. 4 fe sdhe pdssdge `j ]fe Ferhetì
Huseuh (4;42>) trdjsldtem ny Wd`te ah`ts tfe irui`dl pdssdge ”t fdt Ifr `st “ W ds radstem ny tfe c`re
ac m`v`je wrdtf.‘
"âfme. Rsyife @; l 6cc.
l`gft, c`re-nredtf`jg, cèry-fedrtem, sf`j`jg sp`r`t, rekaì`jg `j c`re, nedut`cul l`gft.
Larm ac l`gft, cèry-namèm, g`ver ac l`gft, sawer ac c`re, iajcaujm`jg w`tf c`re,
l`v`jg l`gft, wf`rl`jg c`re, haver ac l`gft, furler ac tfujmernalts, glaràus

9> l`gft,
hult`plèr ac l`gft, falmer ac cèry l`gft, iajquerar ac tfe stdrs, eti.‘
@j severdl texts Ifr`st `s dssai`dtem w`tf c`re. @j Luoe 4>;=0 (^YS) Ifr`st
sd`m, “@ idhe ta idst c`re upaj tfe edrtf? djm waulm tfdt `t were dlredmy o`jmlem.‘
@j tfe Gjastì Gaspel ac ]fahds we redm, “Kesus sd`m; Fe wfa `s jedr he `s jedr
tfe c`re djm fe wfa `s cdr crah he `s cdr crah tfe o`jgmah‘ 99 (see c`gure >-0).
Ifdrditer`stìdlly, hytfìdl tf`jo`jg m`st`jgu`sfes twa types ac c`re. ]fe
Ytaìs spaoe ac d terrestr`dl c`re djm dj etfer`dl c`re. ]fe ldtter iarrespajmem ta
Jau s, t fe m`v` je Lagas , dj m ` s dj dlag aus ta tfe ldt er
C@GUÊ > 0
]fe C`re Yawer (E. Kdiany. êpr`jtem `j Kujg, I`v`l`zdtàj `j ]rdjs`tàj.)
'•‑Mèterìf, E`je H`tfrdsl`ùrgè. i`tem ny Kujg. Yyhnals ac ]rdjscarhdtàj. IW5. pdr. 495.
‑‑Grdjt, ]fe Yeiret Ydy`jgs ak Kesus, p. 462.
Ifr`st`dj iajieptàj ac tfe Faly Yp`r`t. Nevdj mesir`nes tfe iajiept ac etfer`dl c`re ds
callaws; “Dll raujm tfe warlm wds dj ejvelape ac tfe cèry etfer, pur e djm ujh` xem ,
nut `t dls a p ejet rdt em tfe wfa le hdss , ds `ts sau l. ] fe arme rly war o`j g a c j dtu re wds `ts
aperdtàj; argdjì ne`jgs grew diiarm`jg ta reguldr types, neiduse tfe M`v`je êdsaj
wds `j tfeh ds d lagas sperhdtòas, d carhuld ac l`ce mevelap`jg crah d gerh. Evej upaj
edrtf sahe ac tfe m`v`je c`re retd`jem `ts pure essejie ” tfe redsajdnle sauls, edif aje
d pdrtìle ac cèry etfer, wfìf mwelt `j tfe fedrts ac hej.‘ 9=
@j Kdian Naefhe we c`jm tfe `hdge ac twa trees ac c`re ” aje `s tfe c`re ac tfe Faly
Gfast, tfe atfer tfe c`re ac Gam‑s wrdtf. “]fe tree ac l`ce wds o`jmlem `j `ts awj
qudl`ty ny tfe c`re ac tfe Faly Gfast
Gfast,, djm `ts qudl`ty nurjt `j tfe c`re ac fedvejly
kay cul jes s, ` j dj ujs edr ifd nle l`g ft
djm glary QQQQ ]fe tree ac tfe cèrie qudl`ty, wfìf `s tfe atfer pdrt `j
jdture, wds o`jmlem dlsa, djm nurjt `j tfe c`re ac Gam's Wrdtf `j d fell`sf cldhe? djm tfe
cèrie saurie rase up `jta eterj`ty, djm tfe pr`jie ac mdrojess w`tf f`s legàjs dname `j
tfe cèrie wrdtfcul qudl`ty, ds `j f`s awj o`jgmah.‘ 95
]fe tree ac l`ce ds d tree ac c`re dllumes ta tfe pdssdge `j Gejes`s (9;>=, ^YS); “Fe
mrave aut tfe hdj? djm dt tfe edst ac tfe gdrmej ac Emej fe pldiem tfe iferun`h, djm d
cldh`jg swarm wfìf turjem every wdy, ta gudrm tfe wdy ta tfe tree ac l`ce.‘ ]fe swarm
nel ajg s ta tfe syhn al` sh ac sepdrd
sepdrdtà
tà djm hart`ctid`à. @j tf`s pdssdge tfere `s tfus dj
averldp ac tfe ldtter `hdges w`tf tfe idli`jdt`m; ]fe [afdr sdys tfe cldh`jg swarm
syhnal`zes tfe tr`dls w`tf wfìf Gam averwfelhs hdj, tfdt fe hdy ne restarem ta tfe
wdy ac gaamjess. 93
Car tfe purgem ega tfe m`v`je c`re `s hare dpt ta ne experèjiem ds d tfeapfdjy ar
m`v`je `jsp`rdtàj. Car `jstdjie, wfej Pdfwef mesiejmem ajta Haujt Y`jd` fe turjem `t
`jta d l`he o`lj; “Djm Haujt Y`jd` wds wrdppem `j shaoe, neidu se tfe Larm mesiejmem
upaj `t `j c`re? djm tfe shaoe ac `t wejt up lòe tfe shaoe ac d o`lj‘ (Exam. 40;46,
^YS).
]fe warm ac Gam `s mesir`nem ds d c`re. Pdfwef sdys; “Nefalm, @ dh hdo`jg hy
warms `j yaur hautf d c`re, djm tf`s peaple waam, djm tfe c`re sfd ll mevaur tfeh‘ (Ker.
5;4=, ^YS). Dgd`j, “@s jat hy warm lòe c`re, sdys tfe Larm, djm lòe d fdhher wfìf
nre dos tfe rai os `j pè ies1 ‘ (Ke r. >9; >0, ^YS) . Els ewfe re, tfe taj gue ac hdj `s sd`
sd`mm ta
ne set aj c`r e ny fel l. “Djm tfe tajgue
taj gue `s d c`r e. ]fe taj gue `s dj ujr`gfteaus warlm
dhajg aur hehners, std`j`jg tfe wfale namy, sett`jg aj c`re tfe iyile
u
Nevdj. Ytaìs dj`l Yieptìs, p. =9.
"Naefhe, Durard, pp. >=cc.
▢'•Wd`te. ]fe Faly Odnndldf, p. >02j.

ac jdture, djm set aj c`re ny fell‘ (Kdhes 9;3 ^YS). @j tfe Nrui
Nruiee Iamex, d Iaptì
Gjastì pdpyrus `j tfe Namle`dj L`nrdry, Axcarm, d r`tudl `s mesir`nem idllem “tfe
Ndpt`sh ny C`re.‘ ]fe “S`rg`j ac L`ce‘ g`ves tfe “Wdter ac tfe Ndpt`sh ac C`re‘
djm tfe ndpt`zem ajes reie`ve aj tfe`r carefedms "tfe sedl ac tfe S`rg`j ac
L`gft.‘ 47
@j tfe h`rdile ac Rejteiast, ds mesir`nem `j Dits >;9, tfe Faly Yp`r`t iahes ds
tajgues ac c`re (see c`gure >-42). ]fe callaw`jg idse `s dj exdhple ac tfe `hdge ac
c`re ds tfe Faly Yp`r`t. D yaujg resedrif sièjt`st hdme d nr`ll`djt carhuldtàj `j d
sièjt`cì pdper ndsem aj dj `hpartdjt m`siavery. ]fe pracessar wfa felm
dutfar`ty aver f`h fdm nel`ttlem f`s iajilusàjs w`tfaut redm`jg tfe pdper. Dt tf`s
pa` jt tfe
C @G
@G U^
U^ E > - 4 2 R ejej te
te ia st (Marà,
ia st
N`nle @llustrdtàjs.
@llustrdtàjs.))
Hedm, Crdghejts ac d Cd`tf Cargattej,

Cargattej, p. 5>3.
yaujg sièjt`st, wfa wds usudlly very h`lm-hdjjerem, replèm w`tf gredt
`jtejs`ty; “Rracessar ------------- , `c yau dre ga`jg ta ir`tì`ze hy pdper yau

hust c`rst redm `t djm g`ve `t idrecul tfaugft.‘ Fe wds dldrhem ny tfe `jtejs`ty ac
f`s reditàj, nut dcter dj `j`t`dl cldre ac djger tfe pracessar diojawlemgem f`s
h`stdoe, redm tfe pdper, djm reiagj`zem `ts vdlue.
]fe j`gft necare tf`s irui`dl ejiaujter, wfìf fdm `hpartdjt iajsequejies car tfe
yaujg sièjt`st‑s idreer, fe fdm tf`s mredh;
@ dh s`tt`jg
s`tt`jg d
dtt d m`j
m`jjer
jer tdnle
tdnle w
w`tf
`tf guests.
guests. Yummej
Yummejly
ly sahetf`jg
sahetf`jg sp`lls djm idtifes
idtifes c`re. ]fej tfe
wfale tdnle `s iaverem w`tf l`ttle cldhes sf`ct`jg draujm crah aje s`me ta tfe atfer. @t `s d
nedut`cul s`gft. Aj dwdoej`jg / tf`jo ac tfe h`rdile dt Rejteiast.
]f`s mredh recers jat ajly ta tfe mredher‑s cèry ejiaujter w`tf tfe pracessar,
nut , har e ` hpa rtd jtl y, ta tfe ire dt` ve c`r e ac tf e Faly Gf ast tfd t pau rem `ts elc aut
aj f`h djm ejdnlem f`h ta hdoe f`s nr`ll`djt carhuldtàjs. ]fe m`v`je c`re tfdt
tauifes tfe iredt`ve drt`st `s mesir`nem `j tfe c`cty-j`jtf sajjet ac Hìfeldjgela;
Ajly tfraugf c`re idj tfe sh`tf pull djm stretif Hetdl
`jta tfe sfdpe ac f`s mes`gj.
Ajly tfraugf c`re idj tfe drt`st redif Rure galm wfìf
ajly curjdies rec`je.
Jar idj tfe pf aej` x r dre `ts elc reh doe

Ujless `t c`rst ne nurjt. Car hy pdrt, @
Fape ta dsiejm trùhpfdjtly aj f`gf
Wfere medtf culc`lls, wfere t`he `tselc hust nredo.
]fe c`re ac wfìf @ spedo fds nraugft sdlvdtàj,
@ c`jm `j `t jew pawers djm restardtàj Dltfaugf @
seehem dlredmy w`tf tfe medm.
Y`jie ny c`re jdture redifes up ta fedvej @ hdy, tfraugf
`t, ne reiaji`lem, carg`vej,
Car `t hust surely nedr he averfedm. 96
]fe dhn`guaus iajtrdst netweej tfe c`re ac tfe Faly Yp`r`t (ar tfe mave ac
Dpfram`te) djm tfe c`re ac iajiup`siejie `s nedut`cully mesir`nem ny ]. Y. Elàt;
]fe mave mesiejm`jg nredos tfe d`r W`tf

cldhe ac `jidjmesiejt terrar Ac wfìf
tfe tajgues meildre ]fe aje m`sifdrge
crah s`j djm errar.
]fe ajly fape, ar else mespd`r
"Hìfeldjgela. ]fe Yajjets ac Hìfeldjgela, p. 05.

Lès `j tfe ifaìe ac pyre ar pyre ”
]a ne remeehem crah c`re ny c`re.
Wfa tfej mev`sem tfe tarhejt1 Lave.
Lave `s tfe ujcdh`l`dr jdhe
Nef`jm tfe fdjms tfdt wave
]fe `jtalerdnle sf`rt ac cldhe
Wfìf fuhdj pawer idjjat
rehave.
We ajly l`ve, ajly susp`re
Iajsuhem ny e`tfer c`re ar c`re.- 40
]fe “`jtalerdnle sf`rt ac cldhe‘ recers ta dj `hpartdjt ido`jdtà `hdge, tfe
sf`rt ac Jessus `j tfe Ferdiles hytf. Ferdiles resiuem Me`dje`rd crah rdpe ny
tfe iejtdur Jessus, us`jg dj drraw t`ppem w`tf tfe pa`sajaus nlaam ac tfe fymrd.
Necare f`s medtf, Jessus gdve Me`dje`rd d lave ifdrh iahpasem ac f`s awj
nla am td` jte m w`tf fym rd nla am. Wfej Fer dile s nei dhe `j ter este m `j djat fer
wahdj, Me`dje`rd sadoem d sf`rt `j tf`s patàj djm gdve `t ta Ferdiles. Wfej fe
put `t aj `t nei dhe d “sf
“sf`rt
`rt ac cld he‘ wfìf
wf` if iaulm
iau lm jat ne reh avem.
avem . Fer
Ferdil
diles
es
esidpem tfe tarhejt ajly ny valujtdr`ly iajsuh`jg f`hselc aj d cujerdl pyre.
]fe sdhe `hdge dppedrs wfej Hemed sejms Kdsaj's c`djiee, Glduie, d rane tfdt
nur sts `jt a c ldh e wf ej s fe put s ` t a j.
]fe sf`rt ac Jessus `llustrdtes tfe cdit tfdt nlaam `s actej syhnalìdlly
equdtem w`tf c`re. ]fus ndpt`sh `j nlaam `s equ`vdlejt ta ndpt`sh `j c`re. @j tfe
tduranalùh r`te ac H`tfrd`sh, tfe `j`t`dte `j d p`t wds sadoem w`tf tfe nlaam ac
d null tfdt wds sdir`cìem aj d ldttìem pldtcarh dnave f`h. =2 D sahewfdt hare
rec`jem exdhple ac tfe sdhe `hdge `s caujm `j êveldtàj; “Wfa dre tfese,
ilatfem `j wf`te ranes, djm wfejie fdve tfey iahe1...]fese dre tfey wfa fdve
iahe aut ac tfe gredt tr`nuldtàj? tfey fdve wdsfem tfe`r ranes djm hdme tfeh
wf`te `j tfe nlaam ac tfe Ldhn‘ (êv. 7;49 -4=, ^YS).
Ndpt`sh `j nlaam, lòe tfe ejiaujter w`tf c`re, recers psyifalagìdlly ta tfe
armedl ac ejmur`jg `jtejse dcceit. @c tfe ega falms, tfe armedl fds d rec`j`jg djm
iajsal`mdt`jg ecceit. ]f`s w`ll ne aje ac tfe redsajs car pr`h`t`ve `j`t`dtàj
armedls tfdt actej gejerdtem `jtejse djxèty.
@j edrly t`hes c`re wds tfe ifèc hetfam ac sdir`cìe ta tfe gams. C`re wds
tfaugft ac ds d iajjeit`jg l`jo netweej tfe fuhdj djm m`v`je redlhs. ]fdt
wfìf wds sdir`cìem ny nu
sdir`cìem nurj`
rj`jg
jg qu`
qu`te
te l`ter
l` ter dlly
dll y wds “hdm e sdi rem
rem.‘
.‘ ]fd t wf`
wfìf
if `s
nur jem tur js ldr gel y t a sha oe djm dsi ejms ta tfe up per reg àj s. @t `s trd jsc err em
ta tfe gams ny d praiess ac sunl`hdtàj. ]f`s `s faw tfe Greeo nurjt sdir`cìe,
tfe tfvs`d, wds iajie`vem, djm dlsa tfe nurjt accer`jgs ac tfe Kews. =4 @j @jm`d,
Dgj` `s tfe F`jmu c`re
w
Elàl, “L`ttle G`mm`jg,‘ `j Caur Tudrtets.
"Iuhajt. ]fe Hysterès ac H`tfrd, p. 462.
Peroes, Ydir`cìe `j Ireeo djm âhdj êl`gàj djm Edrly Kumd`sh, pdss`h.
gam, tfe aje ta wfah sdir`cìe `s accerem. @j F`jmu tfaugft, “`t `s tfraugf c`re tfdt
hdj iaulm iahhujìdte w`tf f`gfer stdtes ac ne`jg, w`tf tfe gams djm tfe fedvejly
spferes. ]fraugf c`re fe iaulm tdoe pdrt `j tfe iashì l`ce, iaaperdte w`tf tfe gams.
Fe iaulm ceem tfeh tfraugf tfe hautf ac c`re. ‚Dgj` `s tfe hautf ac tfe gams?
tfraugf tf`s hautf tfey tdoe tfe`r n redtf.‑‘ (Odp`stfdld -odtfd Ydhf`td 94.>2 djm
Ydtd- pdnfd Nrdfhdjd 9.7.) => (see c`gure >-44).
Ypedo`jg ac tfe sdir`cì`dl c`re ac tfe Greeo tfvs`d, ldhnlìfus sdys; “tfus dlsa tfe
c`re tfdt `s w`tf us, `h`tdt`jg tfe ejergy ac m`v`je c`re,
Yf`vd Mdji`jg `j d I`rile ac C`re (Nrajze, 4>tf ar 49tf iejtury. Dhstermdh.

Huseuh vdj Dz`dt`sife Oujst. êpr`jtem `j [`hher, ]fe Drt ak @jm`dj Ds`d.)
«Mdjìlau, F`jmu Ralytfe`sh, p. 3=.

mestrays everytf`jg wfìf `s hdter`dl `j sdir`cìes, pur`cès tfe tf`jgs wfìf dre
accerem, l`nerdtes tfeh crah tfe najms ac hdtter, djm rejmers tfeh, tfraugf pur`ty ac
jdture, dmdptem ta tfe iahhujàj ac tfe gams. @t lòew`se l`nerdtes us, dcter tfe sdhe
hdjjer crah tfe najms ac gejerdtàj, dss`h`ldtes us ta tfe Gams, iduses us ta ne
dmdptem ta tfe`r crèjmsf`p, djm iajmuits aur hdter`dl jdture ta dj `hhdter`dl
essejie.‘« Y`h`ldrly, iertd`j hytfs spedo ac tfe c`re -ndtf tfdt iajveys `hhartdl`ty.
Car exdhple, Meheter, `j fer sarrawcul wdjmer`jgs dcter tfe dnmuitàj ac
Rersepfaje, diiepts tfe fasp`tdl`ty ac Ieleus djm Hetd- je`rd, o`jg djm queej ac
Eleus`s. @j grdt`tume sfe pldjs ta hdoe tfe`r yaujg saj Mehapfaaj `hhartdl ny
falm`jg f`h `j tfe c`re. Hetdje`rd sees tf`s praiemure djm `jterrupts `t ny fer
siredhs. == @hhartdl`ty `s d qudl`ty ac tfe drifetypes. ]fus tfe psyifalagìdl
hedj`jg ac tfe c`re- ndtf ac `hhartdl`ty w`ll ne tfdt d iajjeitàj `s hdme netweej
tfe ega djm tfe drifetypdl psyife, hdo`jg tfe carher dwdre ac `ts trdjspersajdl,
eterjdl, ar `hhartdl dspeit.
]fe ejm pramuit ac idli`jdma `s d wf`te dsf. =5 ]f`s iarrespajms ta tfe sa-idllem
“wf`te cal`dtem edrtf‘ ac hdjy dlifehìdl texts. @t s`gj`cès tfe dlnema ar wf`tej`jg
pfd se djm fds pdr dma xì dl dss ai` dt` ajs. Aj tfe aje fdj m dsfe s s`g j`c y mes pd` r,
haurj`jg, ar repejtdjie. =3 Aj tfe atfer fdjm tfey iajtd`j tfe suprehe vdlue, tfe
gadl ac tfe waro. Aje text sdys, “Mesp`se jat tfe dsfes car tfey dre tfe m`dmeh ac
=7
tfy fedrt, djm tfe dsf ac tf`jgs tfdt ejmure.‘ Djatfer sdys, “]fe wf`te cal`dtem
edrtf `s tfe irawj ac vìtary wfìf `s dsf extrditem crah dsf, djm tfe`r seiajm
nam y.‘ =6 ]fe dsf `s tfe `jiarrupt`nle “glar`cèm namy,‘ wfìf fds surv`vem tfe
pur `cy` jg arm edl . @t `s equd tem w`tf tfe n`n lì dl `hd ge ac tfe ira wj ac gla ry. @sd `df
prah`s
pr ah`s es ta g`ve
g`v e tfe hau
haurje
rje rs ac [à j “d ira wj car dsf
dsfes,
es, tfe a`l ac kay car
haurj`jg, d gdrhejt ac prd`se car tfe sp`r`t ac
=4
ldhnlìfus, Aj tfe Hysterès ac tfe Egypt`djs, p. >=7.
“Fesàm, “Faherì Fyhjs ta Meheter," `j ]fe Faherì Fyhjs djm Faherìd. p. 927.
=,
Yahet`hes tfe result `s d v`treaus hdss? fejie tfere `s dj averldp netweej tfe syhnal`sh
ac dsf djm gldss. “@j Yejàr tfe dsf `s syjajyhaus w`tf v`truh (gldss), wfìf, aj diiaujt ac `ts
`jiarrupt`n`l`ty djm trdjspdrejiy, seehem ta resehnle tfe glar`cèm namy‘ (Kujg.
Hystirùj` Iajùjitàj`s.
Iajùjitàj`s. I W 4=. pdr. 904).
=,
‑]f`s `s d iahhaj n`nlìdl `hdge. ]fe naao ac Kan prav`mes d gaam exdhple. Dcter “tfe c`re
ac Gam cell crah fedvej" (Kan 4;43), Ydtdj “dcclìtem Kan w`tf ladtfsahe sares crah tfe sales ac f`s
ceet ta tfe irawj ac f`s fedm. Djm fe taao d patsferm w`tf wfìf ta sirdpe f`hselc, djm sdt dhajg
tfe dsfes" (Kan >;7 6). Dt tfe ejm ac tfe mrdhd, dcter Kan fds ejiaujterem Pdfwef, fe sdys, “4 fdm
fedrm ac tfee ny tfe fedr`jg ac tfe edr. nut jaw hy eye seis tfee? tferecare @ mesp`se hyselc djm
repejt `j must djm dsfes‘ (Kan =>;5). ]fe ejt`re naao ac Kan idj ne iajs`merem d syhnalì mesir`ptàj
ac tfe idli`jd`à. Yee Em`jger. Ega djm Drifetype, p. 73cc.
=7
Kujg. Hystirùj` Iajùjitàj`s,
Iajùjitàj`s, IW 4=, pdr. >=7.
=
*ln`m., pdr. 946 j. 340.
grèc‑ (@sd. 34;9, MS). Yt. Rdul, us`jg tfe djdlagy ac dtfletì gdhes, sdys, “Jaw tfey ma
`t ta antd`j d iarrupt`nle irawj? nut we dj `jiarrupt`nle" (@ Iar. 0;>5, DS). Djm ldter; "@
fdve caugft tfe gaam c`gft (dywv), 4 fdve c`j`sfem tfe rdie, 4 fdve oept tfe cd`tf.
Fejiecartf tfere `s ld`m up car he tfe irawj ac r`gfteausjess‘ (> ]`h. =;7 -6, ^YS). Dj
exdhple ac idli`jdtà callawem ny glary `s caujm `j d legejm ac Yt. Kafj tfe Evdjgel`st
(see c`gure >-4>);
Wfej, dcter Rejteiast, tfe dpastles sepdrdtem, Kafj tfe Dpastle djm Evdjgel`st wejt
ta Ds`d, djm tfere caujmem hdjy ifurifes. ]fe Ehperar Mah`t`dj, fedr`jg ac f`s
cdhe, suhhajem f`h ta âhe, djm fdm f`h plujgem `jta d idulmraj ac na`l`jg a`l
wfìf wds set up necare tfe gdte idllem tfe Rartd Ldt`jd? nut tfe sd`jt idhe cartf
ujtauifem, kust ds fe fdm esidpem tfe iarruptàj ac tfe sejses. Yee`jg wfìf, tfe
ehperar ex`lem f`h ta tfe
C@GUÊ > 4>

Yt. Kafj Na`lem `j A`l (Mürer, 4=06. êpr`jtem `j ]fe Iahplete Waamiuts ac
Dlnreift
Dlnreift Müre
Mürer.)
r.)
`sldjm ac Rdthas wfere, l`v`jg dlaje, fe wrate tfe Dpaidlypse. Nut tfe iruel
ehperar wds sld`j tfdt sdhe yedr, djm tfe Yejdte revaoem dll f`s miiries.
]fus `t idhe dnaut tfdt Yd`jt Kafj, wfa fdm neej mepartem ds d ir`h`jdl,
returjem ta Epfesus iaverem w`tf glary; tfe hult`tume rdj aut ta heet f`h.
=0
iry`jg; “Nlessem `s fe tfdt iahitf `j tfe jdhe ac tfe Larm .‘
Wfdt turjs tfe dsfes ac cd`lure `jta tfe irawj ac vìtary `s `jmìdtem ny tfe
cdit tfdt dsf `s dlifehìdlly equ`vdlejt ta sdlt. ]fe syhnal`sh ac sdlt fds neej
52
m`siussem iahprefejs`vely ny Kujg. Ndsìdlly sdlt syhnal`zes Eras djm dppedrs
`j aje ac twa dspeits, e`tfer ds n`tterjess ar ds w`smah. Kujg wr`tes; “]edrs,
sarraw, djm m`sdppa`jthejt dre n`tter, nut w`smah `s tfe iahcarter `j dll psyifì
succer`jg. @jmeem, n`tterjess djm w`smah carh d pd`r ac dlterjdt`ves; wfere tfere `s
n`t ter jes s w` sma h ` s l dio `jg , d jm wfe re w`sm ah ` s t fer e id j n e j a n `tt erj ess. Ydl t,
ds tfe idrrèr ac tf`s cdtecul dlterjdt`ve, `s iaarm`jdtem w`tf tfe jdture ac
wahdj.‘ 54 ]f`s pèie ac hamerj w`smah fds dj djièjt pdrdllel `j Desifylus;
@j v`sàjs ac tfe j`gft, lòe mrapp`jg rd`j.
Mesiejm tfe hdjy heharès ac pd`j
Necare tfe sp`r`t‑s s`gft? tfraugf tedrs djm male
Iahes w`smah a'er tfe ujw`ll`jg saul. 5>
Crah tfe s`hplest stdjmpa`jt, idli`jdtà `s d mry`jg-aut praiess. Dj `hpartdjt
pdr t ac psy ifa tfe rdp y `j valv es tfe mr y`j g aut ac wdt er lag gem uji ajs iàu s
iahplexes. 54 ]fe c`re ar ehatàjdl `jtejs`ty jeiessdry car tf`s aperdtàj seehs ta
res`me `j tfe iahplex `tselc djm neiahes aperdt`ve ds saaj ds tfe pdtèjt dttehpts
ta hdoe tfe iahplex iajsiàus ny sfdr`jg `t w`tf djatfer persaj. Dll tfaugfts,
meems, djm heharès tfdt idrry sfdhe, gu`lt, ar djxèty jeem ta ne g`vej cull
expressàj. ]fe dcceit l`nerdtem neiahes tfe c`re tfdt idj mry aut tfe iahplex djm
pur `cy `t ac `ts uji ajsi àu s i ajt dh`j dt` aj.
]fe jeiessdry crustrdtàj ac mes`rausjess ar iajiup`siejie `s tfe ifèc cedture
ac tfe idli`jdtà stdge. C`rst tfe sunstdjie hust ne laidtem? tfdt `s, tf e ujiajsiàus,
ujdiojawlemgem mes`re, mehdjm, expeitdtàj hust ne reiagj`zem djm dcc`rhem.
]fe `jst`jitudl urge tfdt sdys “@ wdjt" djm “4 dh ejt`tlem ta tf`s‘ hust ne cully
diieptem ny tfe ega. ]fere idj ne ja praper idli`jdtà. ds m`st`jgu`sfem crah
hdsaif`stì selc-cldgelld-
▢ w Sardg`ji. ]fe Galmej Legejm, p. 56.

‑"Kujg. Hysèrùh Iaj``hitàj`s.
Iaj``hitàj`s. I.W 4=. pdrs. >9=-9=6.
54
@n`m., pdr. 992.
5>
Dgdhehjaj, ` j ]fe Iahplete Greeo Mrdhd, em. Adtes djm A‑Je`ll 4;479.
‑‑Ferdil`tus sdys. “D mry saul `s tfe w`sest djm nest" (Creehdj. Dh `l`d ta tfe Rre Yuird``t
Rf`lasapfers, p. 9>).
tàj, ujt`l tfe praper hdter`dl `s dt fdjm. @ tf`jo tf`s cdit `s wfdt ujmerlès tfe
callaw`jg wdrj`jg ac dj dlifeh`st; “D gredt hdjy stumejts hdoe d h`stdoe dt tfe
very autset, ny percarh`jg tf`s idli`jdtà aj d wrajg sunstdjie?...ar tfey ifaase d
cdlse hetfam, djm iarrame `jstedm ac idli`j`jg tfe hetdllì namès aj wfìf tfey
aperdte. Idli`jdtàj idj tdoe pldie ajly ny tfe hedjs ac tfe `jwdrm fedt ac tfe
nam y, dss` stem ny cr` ejm ly aut wdrm wdr htf ? nut idli `jd t` aj ny hed js ac d
feteragejeaus dgejt idj ajly mestray tfe hetdllì jdture, `j sa cdr ds `t fds djy
ecceit dt dll.‘ 5=
]fe c`re ac tfe idli`jdtà, ta tfe extejt tfdt `t idj ne nraugft dnaut ny tfe
psyi fat fer dp` st, `s dif` evem ldr gel y ny exp res s`j g dtt `tu mes djm red it` ajs tfd t
crustrdte tfe pdtèjt. ]f`s `s d mdjgeraus praiemure djm hust ne usem w`tf gredt
idre. Ds tfe text wdrjs, tfe idli`jdtà hdy ne percarhem aj tfe wrajg sunstdjie ar
ny d cdl se het fam , w fì f iar ram es `js tedm ac idl i`j `jg . D s ucc ì` ejt ly sal` m psyi fì
caujmdtàj hust ne presejt ta ejmure tfe idli`jdtà. djm dlsa dj dmequdte rdppart
net weej tfe pdt èj t djm tfe rdp `st hus t ex` st ta ne dnl e ta idr ry cru str dt` aj w`t faut
gejerdt`jg mestruit`ve jegdt`v`ty. ]fe text sdys, "idli`jdtà idj tdoe pldie ajly ny
hedjs ac tfe `jwdrm fedt ac tfe namy‘” `j atfer warms, ny `ts awj fedt, ny `ts awj
tejmejiy ta se\c-idl
se\c-idli`jdtà.
i`jdtà. ]f`s hedjs tfdt tfe tferdp`st hust tdoe f`s ledm crah tfe
pdt èj t's hdt er` dl `ts elc djm pr ahat e cru str dt` aj ac d g`v ej mes `re ajl y t a tf e ext ejt
tfdt tfe `jjer mevelaphejtdl tejmejiy dlsa iajtd`js tfe mej`dl ac tfe mes`re. ]fe
tferdp`st idj dss`st “ny crèjmly autwdrm wdrhtf.‘ Nut “idli`jdtàj ny hedjs ac d
feteragejeaus dgejt idj ajly mestray tfe hetdllì jdture.‘ D feteragejeaus dgejt
waulm recer ta dj drn`trdry dtt`tume tfdt `s jat gu`mem ny tfe pdtèjt's awj hdter`dl
djm iajm`tàj djm fejie `s dlèj djm mdhdg`jg ta f`s essejt`dl jdture.
Ds d rule, l`ce redl`ty, `c cdiem, prav`mes plejty ac aiidsàjs car tfe idli`jdtà ac
crustrdtem mes`rausjess. ]fe pr`h`t`ve, ujm`ccerejt`dtem mes`re tfdt sdys “@ wdjt‘
aperdtes aj tfe `hplì`t dssuhptàj tfdt `t `s ejt`tlem ta fdve wfdt `t wdjts. Wfej
mejèm, `t neiahes ejrdgem. ]f`s `s tfe psyifalagìdl fahalague ac tfe “M`v`je
Wrdtf‘ tfdt radstem Ifr`st. êdl`ty actej gejerdtes c`re ny ifdllejg`jg ar mejy`jg
tfe mehdjm`jg expeitdtàjs ac suif mes`res. Mejèm kust`cìdtàj, tfe crustrdtem
mes`re neiahes tfe c`re ac idli`jdtà. ^`pley sdys;
Idli`jdtàj `s tfe purgdtàj ac aur staje.
êstar`jg dlsa ac f`s jdturdl fedt?
55
Ac rdmìdl ha`sture `t ledvetf jaje.
w
Wd`ti, trdjs.. ]fe Ferhetì Huseuh >;>53.
,5
77kc L`ves ac tfe Dlifehyst``dl Rf`lasapfers,
Rf`lasapfers, p. >46.
== DJD]AHP AC @ F^ RYPIFE
Idlmjdtà fds d purg`jg ar pur`cy`jg ecceit. ]fe sunstdjie `s purgem ac

rdmìdl ha`sture. ]f`s waulm iarrespajm ta tfe mr`pp`jgs ac ujiajsiàusjess
tfdt diiahpdjy eherg`jg ejergès. Ar, `j atfer warms, tfe ejergès ac tfe
drifetypdl psyife c`rst dppedr `j `mejt`cìdtàj w`tf tfe ega djm express
tfehselves ds mes`res car ega-pledsure djm ega-pawer. ]fe c`re ac idlmjdtà
pur ges tfes
tf esee `m ejt `c` idt à js dj m mr` ves acc tfe
tf e raat
ra at , ar pr `h
`harm
arm `dl ha` st ur e,
ledv`jg tfe iajtejt `j `ts eterjdl ar trdjspersajdl stdte, restarem ac `ts jdturdl
fedt ” tfdt `s, ac `ts awj praper ejergy djm cujitàj`jg (see c`gures >-49 djm >-
4=).
C`jdlly, tfe idlmjdtà nr`jgs dnaut d iertd`j `hhuj`ty ta dcceit djm dj
dn`l`ty ta see tfe drifetypdl dspeit ac ex`stejie. ]a tfe extejt tfdt aje `s
reldtem ta tfe trdjspersajdl iejter ac aje‑s ne`jg, dcceit `s exper` ejiem ds
etfer`dl c`re (Faly Yp`r`t) rdtfer tfdj terrestr`dl c`re ” tfe pd`j ac crustrdtem
mes`rausjess. Kujg mesir`nes tfe trdjscarhdtàj ac mes`rausjess tf`s wdy;
@j tf`s trdjscarhdtàj `t `s essejt`dl ta tdoe ankeits dwdy crah tfase dj`hus ar dj`hd
mev`ls. ]fey ajly neiahe iajierjem w`tf ankeits wfej yau dllaw yaurselc ta ne selc-
`jmulgejt. Iajiup`siejt`d `s tfe terh car tfdt `j tfe
ifurif QQ Aj tf`s sunkeit tfe gredt rel`gàjs iahe tagetfer. ]fe c`re ac
mes`rausjess `s tfe elehejt tfdt hust ne caugft dgd`jst `j Nrdfhdj`sh, `j Nummf`sh,
`j ]djtr`sh, `j Hdjìfedj`sh, `j Ifr`st`dj`ty. @t `s dlsa `hpartdjt `j psyifalagy.
Wfej yau `jmulge `j mes`rausjess, wfetfer yaur mes`re
C@GU^ E > - 4 9 .
Expulsàj ac tfe mehajs (Ejgrdv`jg, 47tf iejtury. êpr`jtem `j Kujg, Yyrrtna '▢ ac
]rdjscarhdtàj.)
C@GUÊ
C@GUÊ > - 4 = ]fe O`jg `j tfe
tfe Ywe
Ywedt
dt n
nax
ax (Hd
(Hdèr,
èr, Dtdldj
Dtdldjtd
td Cu
Cugèjs,
gèjs,
4346.)
turjs tawdrm fedvej ar fell, yau g`ve tfe dj`hus ar dj`hd dj ankeit? tfej `t
iahes aut `jta tfe warlm `jstedm ac stdy`jg `js`me `j `ts pldieQQQQQQQQQQ Nut `c yau
idj sdy; Pes, @ mes`re `t djm @ sfdll try ta get `t nut @ ma jat fdve ta fdve `t, `c @
mei`me ta rejaujie, @ idj rejaujie `t? tfej tfere `s ja ifdjie car tfe dj`hus
ar dj`hd. Atferw`se yau dre gaverjem ny yaur mes`res, yau dre passessem QQQQQQQQQ
Nut `c yau fdve put yaur dj`hus ar dj`hd `jta d nattle yau dre cree ac passessàj,
evej tfaugf yau hdy ne fdv`jg d ndm t`he `js`me, neiduse wfej
yaur mev`l fds d ndm t`he yau fdve d ndm t`he QQQQQQQQ Ac iaurse fe w`ll ruhnle
draujm `j yaur ejtrd`ls. Nut dcter d wf`le yau w`ll see tfdt `t wds r`gft (ta nattle f`h
up). Pau w`ll slawly neiahe quèt djm ifdjge. ]fej yau w`ll m`sierj tfdt tfere `s d
staje graw`jg `j tfe nattle... `jsacdr ds selc-iajtral, ar jaj-`jmulgejie, fds neiahe d
fdn`t, `t `s d staje...wfej tfdt dtt`tume neiahes d cd`l diiahpl`, tfe staje w`ll ne d
m`dhajm. 53
‑Hujg, ]fe S`sàjs Yeh`jdrs 4;>90.

Z9 Y
Yaalu
lutt` d-Y*
fe aperdtàj ac salutà `s aje ac tfe hdkar praiemures `j dlifehy.

] `s tfe raat ac dlifehy.‘
Aje text sdys, "Yalutà
“Ujt`l dll ne hdme wdter, percarh ja aperdtàj.‘ >
4
Djatfer sdys,
@j hdjy pldies tfe
wfale apus `s suhhdr`zem ny tfe pfrdse “M`ssalve djm iadguldte.‘ Kust
ds idli`jdtà pertd`js ta tfe elehejt c`re, iadguldtà ta tfe elehejt
edrtf, djm sunl`hdtà ta tfe elehejt d`r, sa salutà pertd`js ta wdter.
Ndsìdlly, salutà turjs d sal`m `jta d l`qu`m. ]fe sal`m seehs ta m`sdppedr
`jta tfe salvejt ds `c `t fdm neej swdllawem up. Car t fe dlifeh`st,
salutà actej hedjt tfe returj ac m`ccerejt`dtem hdtter ta `ts ar`g`jdl
ujm`ccerejt`dtem stdte ” tfdt `s, ta pr`hd hdter`d. Wdter wds tfaugft ac
ds tfe wahn djm salutà ds d returj ta tfe wahn car ren`rtf. @j aje text
tfe alm o`jg sunh`ts ta tfe salutà ac mrawj`jg, sdy`jg,
Else @ Gam's O`jgmah idjjat ejter `j;
Djm tferecare, tfdt @ hdy ne Narje dgej,
@'ll Fuhnlem ne `jta hy Hatfer‑s Nredst ,
M`ssalve ta hy C`rst Hdtter, djm tfere rest. 9
C`rst hdtter, ar pr`hd hdter`d, `s dj `med tfdt tfe dlifeh`sts `jfer`tem crah
tfe pre-Yairdtì pf`lasapfers. @j ]fdles, djm dlsa `j hdjy iredtàj hytfs,
wdter `s tfe ar`g`jdl hdter`dl aut ac wfìf tfe warlm `s iredtem. ]fe
dlifeh`sts tfaugft tfdt d sunstdjie iaulm jat ne trdjscarhem ujless `t were
c`rst remuiem ta pr`hd hdter`d. Aje text sdys, “Namès idjjat ne ifdjgem
exiept ny remuitàj `jta tfe`r c`rst hdtter.‘ = ]f`s praiemure iarrespajms ta
wfdt tdoes pldie `j psyifatferdpy. ]fe c`xem, stdtì dspeits ac tfe persajdl`ty
dllaw car ja ifdjge. ]fey dre estdnl`sfem djm sure ac tfe`r r`gftjess. Car
trdjscarhdtàj ta praieem, tfese c`xem
'Najus ac Cerrdrd. ]fe Jew Redrt ac Gredt Rrìe, p. 935. -êdm, Rrelume
ta Ifeh`stry, p. >3>.
'Kujg. Hysterùh Iajùjmàj`s.

Iajùjmàj`s. IW 4=. pdr. 962.
'Oelly, ]fe Dlifehìdl Wr`t`jgs ac Emwdrm Oelly, p. 9=.

dspeits hust c`rst ne m`ssalvem ar remuiem ta pr`hd hdter`d. ]f`s `s maje ny
tfe djdlytì praiess, wfìf exdh`jes tfe pramuits ac tfe ujiajsiàus djm
puts
pu ts tfe
tf e est dn
dnl`
l` sf
sfem
em eg
egaa d tt `tu me s `jt a qu est àj.
à j.
Aje dlifehìdl rei`pe car salutà `s tfe callaw`jg;
M`ssalve tfej sal djm lujd `j aur m`ssalv`jg wdter, wfìf `s cdh`l`dr djm
crèjmly, djm tfe jext `j jdture ujta tfeh, djm ds `t were d wahn, d hatfer, dj
ar`g`jdl, tfe neg`jj`jg djm tfe ejm ac tfe`r l`ce. Djm tfdt `s tfe very redsaj wfy
tfey dre helàrdtem ar dhejmem `j tf`s wdter, neiduse lòe jdture rekaìetf `j
lòe jdture....]fus `t nefaaves yau ta ka`j iajsdjgu`j`ty, ar sdhejess ac o`jm....
Djm neiduse sal djm lujd fdve tfe`r ar`g`j crah tf`s wdter tfe`r hatfer? `t `s
jeiessdry tferecare tfdt tfey ejter `jta `t dgd`j, ta w`t. `jta tfe`r hatfer‑s
wahn, tfdt tfey hdy ne regejerdte ar narj dgd`j, djm hdme hare fedltfy, hare
5
janle, djm hare strajg.
]fe ifehìdl cdit tfdt lès nef`jm tf`s text `s tfe idpdi`ty ac heriury
ta m`ssalve ar dhdlgdhdte w`tf galm djm s`lver, fere recerrem ta ds Yal djm
Lujd. @j cdit, tf`s praiess `s tfe nds`s ac d very alm hetfam car extrdit`jg
galm crah irume are. ]fe are `s pulver`zem djm tredtem w`tf heriury,
wfìf m`ssalves tfe galm. ]fe heriury `s tfej sepdrdtem crah tfe galm ny
m`st`ll`jg w`tf fedt. Fawever, aur text fds turjem tf`s ifehìdl praiess
`jta d syhnalì `hdge ny super`hpas`jg d prakeitem psyifalagìdl
pr aie ss ajta
aj ta tfe
tf e if
ifeh`
eh` idl aje.
aj e. Yal dj
djmm Luj d w`l l st dj
djmm car
ca r tfe
tf e hds iul `j e
djm tfe ceh`j`je pr`ji`ples ds tfey iajiretely hdj`cest tfehselves `j tfe
pe rsa jd l`t y dt tfe
tf e ne g` jj` jg ac tfe
tf e pr ai ess . @j at fer war ms tfe
tf e mah`
ma h` jdj t
iajsiàus dtt`tume ac tfe ega `s represejtem ny Yal djm tfe dj`hd dt `ts
iurrejt stdte ac mevelaphejt ny Lujd. 3 ]fese twa dre m`ssalvem `j
“crèjmly wdter‘” tfdt `s, heriury ” wfìf `s equdtem w`tf tfe hdterjdl
wahn djm iarrespajms ta tfe pr`hd hdter`d. @jiest syhnal`sh `s
ehpfds`zem `j tfe pfrdse, “`t nefaaves yau ta ka`j iaj sdjgu`j`ty, ar
sdhejess ac o`jm.‘
We fdve fere d pìture ac d mesiejt `jta tfe ujiajsiàus, wfìf `s tfe
hdterjdl wahn crah wfìf tfe ega `s narj. @t `s tfe pr`hd hdter`d pràr ta
tfe m`ccerejt`dtàj ac tfe elehejts ny iajsiàusjess. ]f`s text mesir`nes
tfe praiemure ds d very pledsdjt praiess. ]fere dre atfers wfìf express
`t huif hare jegdt`vely. Car `jstdjie, iajs`mer tf`s salutà-
m`shehnerhejt rei`pe; “]fe namy ac tfdt wahdj _wfa sldys fer fus-
nd jms X `s cul l ac wed pajs
pa js dj m pa`s
pa `saj
aj.. Let d grd ve ne mug
mu g car tf dt mrd gaj,
ga j,
djm let tfdt wahdj ne nurèm w`tf f`h, fe ne`jg ifd`jem cdst ta tfdt
wahdj? djm tfe hare fe w`jms djm ia`ls f`hselc draujm fer, tfe hare
w`ll fe ne iut ta pèies n y tfe cehdle wedpajs wfìf dre cdsfàjem
5
Yeiret Naao ac Drtepfùs,‘ `j ]fe L`ves ac tfe Dlifehvs`ìdl Rf`lasapfers, pp. 4=5-=3.
“]f`s dpplès ta d hdj's psyifalagy. Car d wahdj, Lujd waulm represejt tfe ega dtt`tume
djm Yal tfe dj`hus.
`j tfe namy ac tfe wahdj. Djm wfej fe sees tfdt fe `s h`jglem w`tf tfe l`hns ac tfe
wahdj, fe w`ll ne iertd`j ac medtf, djm w`ll ne ifdjgem wfally `jta nlaam.‘ 7
]f`s gr`sly `hdge expresses faw d cd`rly well-mevelapem ega h`gft experèjie salutà
salutà..
Dj `hhdture ega hdy c`jm `t pledsdjt ta surrejmer ta iajtd`jhejt `j d nl`sscul
regressàj? fawever, dt d ldter stdge ac mevelaphejt tfe praspeit ac salutà w`ll gejerdte
gredt djxèty neiduse tfe fdrm-waj stdte ac ega dutajahy `s ne`jg tfredtejem w`tf
m`ssalutàj. D nl`sscul salutà `s tfe hast mdjgeraus aje. @t iarrespajms ta Jeuhdjj‑s
iajiept ac uranarì `jiest;
Uranarì `jiest `s d carh ac ejtry `jta tfe hatfer, ac ujàj w`tf fer, djm `t stdjms `j
sfdrp iajtrdst ta atfer djm ldter carhs ac `jiest. @j uranarì `jiest, tfe ehpfds`s
upaj pledsure djm lave `s `j ja sejse dit`ve, `t `s hare d mes`re ta ne m`ssalvem djm
dnsarnem? pdss`vely aje lets ajeselc ne tdoej, s`jos `jta tfe plerahd, helts dwdy `j
tfe aiedj ac pledsure ” d Lènestam. ]fe Gredt Hatfer tdoes tfe l`ttle if`lm ndio `jta
ferselc, djm dlwdys aver uranarì `jiest tfere stdjm tfe `js`gj`d ac medtf, s`gj`cy`jg
c`jdl m`ssalutàj `j ujàj
w`tf tfe Hatfer QQQQQ
Hdjy carhs ac jastdgl`d djm lajg`jg s`gj`cy ja hare tfdj d returj ta uranarì
`jiest djm selc-m`ssalutàj, crah tfe ujà hystìd ac tfe sd`jt ta tfe mrujodrm‑s irdv`jg
car ujiajsiàusjess, djm tfe medtf-rahdjtì`sh ac tfe Gerhdjì rdies. ]fe `jiest we
terh “uranarì‘ `s selc -surrejmer djm regressàj. @t `s tfe carh ac `jiest tdoej ny tfe
`jcdjt`le ega, wfìf `s st`ll ilase ta tfe hatfer djm fds jat yet iahe ta `tselc? nut tfe
sìo ega ac tfe jeuratì idj dlsa tdoe tf`s carh djm sa idj d ldter, exfdustem ega tfdt
ireeps ndio ta tfe hatfer dcter fdv`jg caujm culc`llhejt. 6
Dj exdhple ac tfe lajg`jg car nl`sscul salutà `s Yègcrèm‑s yedrj`jg car ujàj w`tf
Nrujjf`lme `j Wdgjer‑s ]fe ^`jg ac tfe J`nelujg (ic. c`gure 9-4);
Necare he
d wajmraus r`ver claws w`tf dll hy sejses
@ ajly see
`ts kayaus, n`llaw`jg wdters... st`ll waulm @
plu jge `j tfe iaa l`j g wd ter , h yse lc, ds @
dh, ejm`jg hy pd`js;
A tfdt `ts n`llaws
H`gft mrawj he `j nl`ss
djm quejif hy c`re w`tf `ts wdves! 0
‑Kujg. Hyste
Hysterùh
rùh I
Iajùji
ajùjitàj`s.
tàj`s. IW 4=, pdr. 45.
"Jeuhdjj. ]fe Ar`g`js djm F`stary ac Iajsiàusjess, p. 47.
‑‑Wdgjer. ]fe ^`jg ac tfe J`nelujg, p. >5= .
C@GUÊ 9 - 4
Yègcrèm djm tfe ^f`je Hd`mejs (^diofdh, Ialar @llustrdtàjs Kar Wdgjer's
"^`jg.")
Djatfer exdhple `s tfe c`jdl medtf- sajg ac @salme `j dit 9, sieje = ac Wdgjer‑s
gredt salutà mrdhd, ]r`stdj djm @salme;

êsaujm`jg yet hare iledrly, wdct`jg dnaut he, dre
tfey wdves ac recresf`jg nreezes1
Dre tfey ilaums ac fedvejly crdgrdjie1
Ds tfey swell djm radr draujm he,
sfdll 4 nredtfe tfeh, sfdll 4 l`stej ta tfeh1
Yfdll 4 s`p tfeh, plujge nejedtf tfeh, ta exp`re `j
sweet percuhe1
@j tfe surg`jg swell, `j tfe r`jg`jg saujm.
`j tfe vdst wdve ac tfe warlm‑s nredtf - ta
mrawj, ta s`jo ujiajsiàus ” suprehe nl`ss!
Aur dlifehìdl text `s d h`xture ac `hdges, ds actej fdppejs `j dlifehy. @t `s d
iahn`jdtàj ac salutà djm iajùjità. Yal djm Lujd dre ne`jg m`ssalvem djm uj`tem dt
tfe sdhe t`he. ]f`s iarrespajms ta d iahhaj type ac dlifehìdl pìture `j wfìf
tfe o`jg djm queej dre ndtf`jg tagetfer `j tfe heriur`dl caujtd`j. Dj autstdjm`jg
sequejie ac pìtures ac tf`s type `s caujm `j tfe âsd
âsdrùh
rùh Rf
Rf`lasapfaruh42 (ic. c`gure
`lasapfaruh
9->).
Ds aur text `jmìdtes, tfe salutà fds d twacalm ecceit; `t iduses aje carh ta
m`sdppedr djm d jew regejerdtem carh ta eherge. ]fe m`ssalutàj ac tfe alm aje `s
actej mesir`nem `j jegdt`ve `hdgery djm `s dssai`dtem w`tf tfe j`grema. Car `jstdjie,
Rf`ldletfes sdys; “]fe nldio jess neiahes hare prajaujiem mdy ny mdy ujt`l tfe
sunstdjie dssuhes
C@GUÊ 9 - >
]fe O`jg djm Tueej `j tfe Ndtf (Hyl` us, Rf`las
Rf`lasapf`d
apf`d recùrhdld. 43>>. êpr`jtem `j
Kujg, Rsyi
Rsyifalagy
falagy djm Dlifehy.
Dlifehy.))
"'îpramuiim `j Kujg. “]fe Rsyifalagy ac tfe ]rdjscerejie.‑‑ `j ]fe Rrditìe ac Rsyifatferdpy (,'W
43.
d nr`ll`djt nldio ialar. ]f`s nldio `s d s`gj tfdt tfe m`ssalutàj `s diiahpl`sfem.'* 44
Yalutà tfus hdy neiahe d hart`cìdtà. ]f`s `s ujmerstdjmdnle neiduse tfdt wfìf
`s ne`jg m`ssalvem w`ll experèjie tfe salutà ds dj djj`f`ldtàj ac `tselc. @t `s fere
4>
tfdt tfe sdy`jg ac Ferdil`tus dpplès; “]a sauls `t `s medtf ta neiahe wdter.‘
Fawever, salutà ledms aj ta tfe ehergejie ac d rekuvejdtem jew carh, djm wfej
tf`s dspeit `s ehpfds`zem tfe taje `s pas`t`ve. Car `jstdjie, ]fe Galmej ]redt`se ac
Ferhess sdys; “A, nlessem wdtery pajtì carh, tfdt m`ssalvest tfe elehejts!... Car
Ferhe
wfej, ny tfe pawer ac tfe wdter, tfe iahpas`tàj `s m`ssalvem, `t `s tfe mdy ac tfe
49
restardtàj? tfej mdrojess djm Medtf cly dwdy crah tfeh, d jm W`smah praieems.‘
Actej salutà `s percarhem aj tfe o`jg. ]fere `s, car `jstdjie, tfe `hdge ac tfe
mrawj`jg o`jg, s`jie “mrawj`jg‘ `s d syjajyh car salutà (see c`gure 9-9). Aje text
fds tfe mrawj`jg o`jg (ar o`jg‑s saj) sdy, “Wfasaever w`ll cree he c rah tfe wdters
djm ledm he ta mry ldjm, f`h w`ll @ prasper w`tf everldst`jg rìfes.‘ 4=
Rsyifalagìdlly, tfe hedj`jg `s tfdt tfe alm rul`jg pr`ji`ple, wfìf fds ujmergaje
salutà, `s idll`jg aut ta ne iadguldtem dgd`j `j d jew, regejerdtem carh, sdy`jg tfdt
`t fds qudjt`tès ac l`n`ma (rìfes) dt `ts m`spasdl.
Djatfer text spedos ac d mrapsy, dj `jjer mrawj`jg. ]fe o`jg dsoem car d mr`jo
ac wdter sdy`jg; ‚“@ mehdjm tfe wdter wfìf `s ilasest ta hy fedrt, djm wfìf lòes
he dnave dll tf`jgs.‑ Wfej tfe servdjt nra ugft `t, tfe o`jg
o`j g mrd jo sa hui f tfd t ‚dl l
f`s l`hns were c`llem djm dll f`s ve`js `jcldtem, djm fe f`hselc neidhe
m`sialaurem‑...‚@ dh fedvy djm hy fedm furts he, djm `t seehs ta he ds tfaugf dll
hy l`hns were cdll`jg dpdrt.‑ Fe mehdjmem ta ne pldiem ` j d fedtem ifdhner wfere
fe iaulm swedt tfe wdter aut. Nut wfej, dcter d wf`le, tfey apejem tfe ifdhner fe
ldy tfere ds `c medm.‘ 45
Kujg iahhejts aj tf`s text; “]fe o`jg persaj`cès d fypertrapfy ac tfe ega
wfìf idlls car iahpejsdtàj QQQQQQQ QQQQQQ F`s tf`rst `s mue ta f`s naujmless
iajiup`siejie djm egat`sh. Nut wfej fe mr`jos fe `s averwfelhem ny tfe wdter ”
tfdt `s, ny tfe ujiajsiàus.‘ 43
"Wd`te, trdjs.. ]fe Ferhetì Huseuh. >;>56.

l>
Creehdj, Djmlld ta tfe Rre-Yairdtì
Rre-Yairdtì Rf`lasapfers, p. >7.
'•‑Dtwaam, Ferhetì Rf`lasapfy djm Dlifehy,

Dlifehy, p. 4>>.
l=
Kujg, Rsyifalagy djm Dlifehy,
Dlifehy, IW 4>, pdr. =9=.
,5
Kujg, Hysterùh Iajùjitàj`s,
Iajùjitàj`s, IW 4=, pdr. 957.
@3
ln`m., pdr. 935.
YA LU] ta 59
Yulutà ac tfe O`jg. Ndiograujm; Mrawj`jg O`jg Idll`jg car Felp. Caregraujm; ]fe
O`jg ênarj. (]r`shas`j, Yplejmar Yal`s, 456>.)
Ds Kujg suggests, tfe o`jg recers ta tfe ega ” dt ledst tfe mah`jdjt ar rul`jg
pr` ji` ple diia rm` jg ta wfì f t fe ega `s str uit ure m. ]fe o`j g ` s m `ss alv `j g `j f`s awj
surce`t? tfdt `s, `jcldtàj `s tfe iduse djm dgejt ac salu`à

salu`à.. D swallej ega `s m`ssalvem
ny `ts awj exi ess. @ts m`s sal ut` aj led ms tfe wdy ta d pass `nl e rek uvej dt` aj aj d
saujmer nds`s.
@j djatfer text tfe o`jg `s mesir`nem ds mrawj`jg `j tfe caujtd`js ac Sejus. @j
tf`s paeh Sejus `s `mejt`cèm w`tf tfe caujtd`j, tfe hatfer djm nr`me ac tfe o`jg, `j
wfìf fer “c`xem‘ cdtfer `s mrawjem;
D staje tfere `s, djm yet ja staje.
@j `t matf jdture waro dlaje.
Crah ¡4 tfere willetf cartf d caujt _SejusX
@j wfìf fer Y`re, tfe C`xem, `s mrawj‑m;
F`s namy djm l`ce dnsarnem tfere`j Ujt`l tfe
saul's restarem dgij. 47
@j tf`s idse tfe dgejt ac m`ssalutàj `s tfe Eras pr`ji`ple, Sejus ar

Dpfram`te. Fer hytfalagy fds `hpartdjt reldtàjs ta wdter ny v`rtue ac tfe
cdit tfdt sfe wds narj aut ac tfe sed (see c`gure 9-=). Fer mdjgeraus pawers
ac salu`à dre represejtem ny semuit`ve herhd`ms ar wdter jyhpfs wfa lure
hej ta medtf ny mrawj`jg. Dj `hpress`ve exdhple ac tf`s tfehe aiiurrem `j
tfe mredh ac d yaujg hdj wfa wds tf`jo`jg ac ledv`jg f`s w`ce djm yaujg
if`lmrej ta hdrry d semuit`ve wahdj. Fe mredhem;
@ dh `j dj ujmerp
ujmerpdss
dss wfer
wferee peaple pdss ta djm cra crah tfe nedi
nedif.
f. Fere dre
salm tfe usudl reiredtàj gaamès; ejarh
ejarhaus
aus lallypap
lallypaps,
s, papiarj,
papiarj, pretzels
pretzels d
caat ar hare `j lejgtf, djm irdio- erkdio
erkdios.
s. ]wa ac hy if`lmrej dre w`tf he
(tfe twa yaujgest). D nedut`cul wahdj neioajs he ta tfe sed djm @ ledve tfe
if`lmrej `j
=
C@GUÊ 9 - . . - ^ ìf-
]fe N`rtf ac Dpfram`te (i. = 32 N.I. âhe. ]erhe Huseuh.
êpr`jtem ter, D Fdjmnaao
Fdjmnaao ac Gr
Greeo
eeo Drt.)
Drt.)
@
ln`m., pdr. =45.
d fdwoer's stdjm hujif`jg pretzels. ]fe mredh ejms ds @ stdjm
h`mwdy netweej tfe sed djm tfe stdjm.
D ildssìdl exdhple ac d cdtdl salutà aiiurs `j tfe stary ac Fylds. Mur`jg

tfe expem`tàj ac tfe Drgajduts, Fylds, tfe nedut`cul cdvar`te ac Ferdiles,
wds sejt ta cetif wdter. Fe wds pullem `jta d paal ny wdter jyhpfs djm wds
jever seej dgd`j. Fere tfe salutà `hdge diiahpdjès d fahaeratì
ejtdjglehejt, tfe dttdifhejt netweej Ferdiles djm Fylds (see c`gure 9-5).
]fe Alm ]estdhejt prav`mes exdhples ac tfe eratì salutà tfdt iahn`je
tfe tfehes ac wahdj, ndtf, djm tfe m`ssalutàj ac tfe hdsiul`je. Mdv`m spèm
Ndtfsfend ndtf`jg (> Ydh. 44;>), djm tfus negdj tfe m`ssalutàj ac tfdt hdj
ac `jtegr`ty (see c`gure 9-3). @j tfe dpairypfdl text ac Mdjèl djm Yusdjjd,
tfe twa elmers lustcully dppradif Yusdjjd `j fer ndtf djm heet tfe`r mawjcdll
dcter g`v`jg perkurem test`hajy (see c`gure 9-7).
]fese `hdges tell us tfdt lave djm/ar lust dre dgejts ac salutàsalutà.. ]f`s
iarrespajms ta tfe cdit tfdt d pdrtìuldr psyifì pranleh ar stdge ac
mevelaphejt actej rehd`js drrestem ar stuio ujt`l tfe pdtèjt cdlls `j lave.
]fej dnruptly tfe pranleh `s m`ssalvem. Dltfaugf jew iahplìdtàjs dppedr,
l`ce fds neguj ta claw dgd`j. @t fds neej l`qu`cèm.
Aje dlifeh`st mec`jem salutà tf`s wdy; “Yalutàj `s tfe ditàj ac djy
C@GUÊ 9 5
Fylds djm tfe Jyhpfs (Kafj W`ll`dh Wdterfause. Hdjifester, Ejgldjm. I`ty Drt
Gdllery. êpr`jtem `j Grdjt djm Fdzel, Gams dh` Hartdls `j Ildssìdl
Hytfalagy.)
C@GUÊ 9-3
Ndtfsfend (êhnrdjmt. Rdr`s, tfe Lauvre. êpr`jtem `j êhnrdjmt, text ny Lumw`g Hujz.)
nam y, wfì f, ny ier td` j ldws ac `jj dte syhp dtf y, dss` h`l dtes djyt f`j g ac d
lawer ildss ta `ts awj essejie.‘ 46 Ujmerstaam psyifalagìdlly, tf`s
mec`j`tàj stdtes tfdt tfe m`ssalv`jg dgejt w`ll ne d superàr, hare
iahprefejs`ve vèwpa`jt ” aje tfdt idj dit ds d iajtd`j`jg vessel car tfe
shdller tf`jg. Kujg's iajiept ac “tfe iajtd`jem djm tfe iajtd`jer‘ dpplès
fere. @j reldt`jg ta d hare iahplex persajdl`ty, fe sdys; “tfe s`hpler
per saj dl` ty `s sur rau jme m, `c jat ditu dll y s wdhp em, ny `t? fe `s s wdl lawe m u p
`j f`s hare iahplex pdrtjer djm idjjat see f`s wdy aut. @t `s dj dlhast
reguldr aiiurrejie car d wahdj ta ne wfally iajtd`jem, sp`r`tudlly, `j fer
fusndjm, djm car d fusndjm ta ne wfally iajtd`jem, ehatàjdlly, `j f`s w`ce.
Aje iaulm mesir`ne tf`s ds tfe pranleh ac tfe ‚iajtd`jem‑ djm tfe
‚iajtd`jer.‑ ‘ 40
Wfdtever `s ldrger djm hare iahprefejs`ve tfdj tfe ega tfredtejs ta
m`ssalve `t. @jterjdlly, tfe ujiajsiàus ds tfe ldtejt Yelc ar tatdl`ty ac tfe
psyi fe idj m`s sal ve tfe ega . Ex ter jdl ly, dj `jm `v` mud l w` tf d l drg er
'"Oelly, ]fe Dlifehìdl Wr`t`jgs, p. 67.
'‑Kujg, ]fe Mevelaphejt ac Rersajdl`ty, I@S 47, pdr. 994.

C@GUÊ 9 - 7
Yusdjjd djm tfe Elmers (]`jtaretta. Sèjjd, Gehílmegdlerè. êpr`jtem `j @tdl`dj
Rd`jt`jg; ]fe êjd`ssdjie.)
iajsiàusjess tfdj aje's awj idj nr`jg dnaut salutà. Car `jstdjie, d hdj wfa
fdm reiejtly iahe `j iajtdit w`tf Kujg's `meds djm fdm cdllej ujmer tfe`r swdy
fdm tf`s mredh; Fe mredhem
mredhem tfdt fe cel
celtt `jta tfe Ldoe a
acc [urìf. D graup, d sifaal,
ar d pdrty hdy dlsa ne tfe m`ssalv`jg dgejt. D graup ialleit`ve idj eds`ly
dttrdit tfe prakeitàj ac tfe Yelc djm swdllaw up tfe `jm`v`mudl wfa suiiuhns
ta `t. @mejt`cìdtàj w`tf pal`tìdl pdrtès ar rel`gàus ireems waulm ne
exdhples ac salutà w`tf`j d graup.
@j tfe praiess ac psyifatferdpy `t usudlly fdppejs tfdt tfe ega ac tfe
pdt èj t eji auj ter s `j tfe tfe rdp `st d har e iahp ref ejs` ve std jmp a`j t, wf` if
fds d m`ssalv`jg ecceit. ]f`s fdppej`jg actej ledms ta d pdrt`dl stdte ac
iajtd`jhejt ac tfe pdtèjt ny tfe tferdp`st djm `s d iahhaj iduse ac tfe
trdjscerejie. Wfejever d aje-s`mem dtt`tume ejiaujters d ldrger dtt`tume tfdt
`jilumes tfe appas`tes, tfe carher, `c `t `s apej ta `jcluejie, `s m`ssalvem ny
tfe ldtter djm gaes `jta d stdte ac salutà. ]f`s expld`js wfy d hare
iahprefejs`ve stdjmpa`jt `s actej experèjiem ds d tfredt. @t ceels ds tfaugf
aje were mrawj`jg, djm fejie `t w`ll ne res`stem. Yuif res`stdjie `s vdl`m djm
jeiessdry djm sfaulm ne respeitem. ]fe psyifatferdp`st hust dlwdys ne dwdre
ac tfe pass`n`l`ty tfdt tfe
pdtèjt hdy jeem ta ne sfèlmem crah tfe carher‑s hare iahprefejs`ve
dtt`tume.>2 Ndsìdlly `t `s tfe Yelc, e`tfer experèjiem crah w`tf`j ar ds d
pra ke it` aj aj dj `jm `v` mud l a r d g rau p c rah w`t fau t, tfd t ` s t fe dgej iy
ac salu`à. Ds Kujg sdys; “]fe ega `s iajtd`jem `j tfe selc ds `t `s
iajtd`jem `j tfe uj`verse ac wfìf we ojaw ajly tfe t`jèst seitàj. _D
per saj idj ser ve tfd t sdh e iajt d`j `jg cuj it` aj nei duse X d hdj ac
gredter `js`gft djm `jtell`gejie tfdj h`je idj ojaw hyselc, nut @
iaulm jat ojaw f`h ds lajg ds hy iajsiàusjess `s `jceràr ta f`s.‘ >4
Ndtf, sfawer, spr`jol`jg, sw`hh`jg, `hhersàj `j wdter, djm sa
cartf, dre dll syhnalì equ`vdlejts car salutà tfdt dppedr iahhajly `j
mredhs. Dll ac tfese `hdges reldte ta tfe syhnal`sh ac ndpt`sh, wfìf
s`gj`cès d iledjs`jg, rekuvejdt`jg `hhersàj `j dj ejergy djm
vèwpa`jt trdjsiejm`jg tfe ega, d ver`tdnle medtf djm ren`rtf. Ndpt`sh
wds ajie maje ny tatdl `hhersàj djm wds hedjt ta s`gj`cy
mrawj`jg ” dj eifa ac tfe djièjt pr`h`t`ve praiemure ac armedl ny
wdter. @t s`gj`cèm d tatdl iajversàj, tfe medtf ac tfe alm l`ce djm
ren`rtf ac d jew persaj `jta tfe iahhuj`ty ac rel`gàus nelèvers. ]fe
r`tudl wds iajs`merem qu`te l`terdlly ta nr`jg dnaut tfe iredtàj ac d
jew persajdl`ty. El`dme mesir`nes tfe syhnal`sh ac ndpt`sh `j tfese
warms; “@hhersàj `j wdter syhnal`zes d returj ta tfe precarhdl, d tatdl
regejerdtàj, d jew n`rtf, car `hhersàj hedjs d m`ssalutàj ac carhs,
d re`jtegrdtàj `jta tfe carhlessjess ac pre-ex`stejie? djm eherg`jg
crah tfe wdter `s d repet`tàj ac tfe dit ac iredtàj `j wfìf carh wds
c`rst expressem.'* >>
@j Ifr`st`dj ndpt`sh tfe `jm`v`mudl `s uj`tem w`tf Ifr`st? tfdt `s, tfe
ega `s l`joem ta tfe Yelc. ]fe Dpastle Rdul sdys; “Ma yau jat ojaw tfdt dll
ac us wfa fdve neej ndpt `ze m `jt a Ifr`st Kesus were ndpt`zem `jta f`s medtf1
We were nurèm tferecare w`tf f`h ny ndpt`sh `jta medtf, sa tfdt ds Ifr`st wds
rd`sem crah tfe medm ny tfe glary ac tfe Cdtfer, we taa h`gft wdlo `j jewjess
ac l`ce‘ (âh. 3;9 -=, ^YS).
Djatfer cedture ac ndpt`sh `s tfdt `t m`ssalves dll sepdrdtejess djm `jm`v`mudl
m`st`jitàjs. Diiarm`jg ta Rdul; “Car ds hdjy ac yau ds were ndp t`z em `jta
Ifr`st fdve put aj Ifr`st. ]fere `s je`tfer Kew jar Greeo, tfere `s je`tfer sldve
jar cree, tfere `s je`tfer hdle ar cehdle? car yau dre dll aje `j Ifr`st Kesus‘
(Gdl. 9;>7->6, ^YS).
Crah tfe `jjer stdjmpa`jt tf`s dhaujts ta dj `jtegrdtàj ar uj`cìdtàj ac
sepdrdtem crdghejts. Fawever, crah tfe exterjdl stdjmpa`jt ” ds w`tf dj auter
d,
Dj exdhple ac tfe iccii`s ac ejiaujter`jg d ldrger persajdl`ty `s caujm `j tfe Hasleh
legejm ac Hases djm Of`mr. Yee Kujg, ]fe Drifetypes djm tfe Ialleit`ve Ujiajsiàus, IW
04. pdrs. >==cc.
¡'Kujg, Letters >;40=.

>>
El`dme, Rdtterjs @j Iahpdrdt`ve
Iahpdrdt`ve êl`gàj,
êl`gàj, p. 66.
`jm`v`mudl wfa fds f`t uj`que cedtures m`ssalvem ny dj `mejt`cìdtàj w`tf
tfe jew vèwpa`jt. @t `s dlsa dj exdhple ac d lesser stdjmpa`jt ne`jg
m`ssalvem
tfe pfrdseny “`jtfe gredter,
Ifr`st hare
Kesus.‘ ]a iahprefejs`ve stdjmpa`jt
ne “`j‘ djytf`jg, suif ds”`j`jmìdtem
lave, ar ny
`j
pd` j, hedj s aje `s sur rau jme m, iaj td` jem , djm m`s sal vem ny tf e
iajtd`j`jg hdtr`x. ]fus tfe rel`gàus cd`tfcul were mesir`nem ds c`sf
sw`hh`jg `j tfe pajm iajtd`j`jg tfe wdter ac maitr`je.
]fe dhn`guaus `jterpldy ac tfe appas`tes `s revedlem ny tfe cdit tfdt
actej salutà `s experèjiem jat ds iajtd`jhejt, nut rdtfer ds crdghejtdtàj
djm m`shehnerhejt. D ildssì exdhple `s tfe hytf ac Ditdeaj (see
c`gure 9-6). ]fe yaujg fujter Ditdeaj ujexpeitemly idhe upaj Drteh`s
jdoem `j fer ndtf. @j retdl`dtàj, Drteh`s turjem Ditdeaj `jta d stdg, djm
fe wds tfej m`shehnerem ny f`s awj faujms. ]fe mag `s d tferàharpfì
dspeit ac Drteh`s, tferecare Drteh`s ferselc idj ne iajs`merem ds tfe
m`shehner`jg dgejiy. ]f`s hytf mepìts tfe mdjgeraus dspeit ac
ejiaujter w`tf tfe drifetypdl ceh`j`je ny dj `hhdture ega. @t `s tfrawj
`jta d regress`ve salutà ny tfe dit `vd t` aj ac `js t`j itu dl cdi tar s (tf e
faujms). Aje wdy ac putt`jg `t waulm ne tfdt Ditdeaj `s m`ssalvem
C@GUÊ 9-6
M`djd djm Ditdeaj (]`t`dj. Em`jnurgf, Jdtàjdl Gdllery ac Yiatldjm.
êpr`jtem `j ]`t`dj; ]fe Ialaur L`nrdry ac Drt.)
ny f`s lus t. Fe `s n`t tej djm iajs uhem ny f` s d j`h dl jdt ur e. D s `h` ldr `me d
`s expressem `j Rlutdrif's diiaujt ac @s`s djm As`r`s. Diiarm`jg ta tf`s
stary, tfe if`lm Hdjeras w`tjessem @s`s' terr`nle lave djm grèc upaj see`jg
tfe medm As`r`s. ]f`s dwesahe s`gft wds sa `jtalerdnle ta Hdjeras tfdt fe
cell aut ac tfe nadt djm mrawjem. >K Hast hej, `c tfey dre fajest, w`ll
diojawlemge fdv`jg fdm tfe experèjie ac Hdjeras wfej iajcrajtem w`tf
d wahdj‑s `jtejse grèc, mes`re, ar djger.
Drteh`s `s tfe haaj. Fer m`shehnerhejt ac Ditdeaj tfus iarrespajms
ta tfe dlifehìdl stdtehejt tfdt “tfe salutà tdoes pldie `j tfe haaj‘ >= (see
c`gure 9-0). D yaujg hdj wfa fdm gaje ds cdr `j djdlys`s ds fe wds redmy
ta ajie mredhem tfe s`hple stdtehejt, Rsyi
Rsyifadjdlys`s `s ac tfe haaj. Fe
fadjdlys`s
dwaoe crah tf`s mredh `j pdjì djm m`siajt`juem djdlys`s jat lajg
tferedcter. Djdlys`s idj `jmeem ne d m`ssalv`jg `hhersàj `jta tfe mdro,
`rrdtàjdl lujdr s`me, djm tfe mredher‑s djxèty `s qu`te ujmerstdjmdnle.
]fe tfehe ac m`shehnerhejt ledms m`reitly `jta tfe hytf ac Màjysus.
Ds dj `jcdjt, Màjysus wds m`shehnerem ny tfe ]`tdjs. Dlsa, tfe Hdejdms
wfa warsf`ppem f`h were m`shehnerers wfa tare dpdrt wfdtever irassem
tfe`r crejzèm pdtf. Yuif wds tfe cdte ac Rejtfeus `j ]fe Ndiifde ac
Eur`p`mes. Hdjy dspeits ac tfe Màjys`dj pr`ji`ple nelajg ta salutà

syhnal`sh. Wdlter Atta tel ls us; “Wdter `s... tfe elehejt
`j wfìf Màjysus ` s dt fahe QQQ ]fe iults djm hytfs dre ds explì`t ds
tfey idj ne dnaut tfe cdit tfdt Màjysus iahes aut ac tfe wdter djm returjs
ta `t, djm tfdt fe fds f`s pldie ac recuge djm fahe `j tfe wdtery meptfs.‘ >5
Màjysus `s evej mesir`nem ds tfe ha`sture pr`ji`ple `tselc djm tferecare
tfe saurie ac dll cert`l`ty. Rsyifalagìdlly fe `s tfe pr`ji`ple ac l`ce,
spajtdje`ty, djm ejergy ds iajtrdstem w`tf carh, hedsure, djm restrd`jt.
Aje dspeit ac tfe Màjys`dj salutà `s tfe arg`dstì `jst`jit ndtf.
Yahet`hes tfe yedrj`jg ac tfe lajely, dlèjdtem ega car iajtd`jhejt `j d
ldrger wfale expresses `tselc ds lust car arg`dstì, ialleit`ve sexudl`ty (see
c`gure 9-42). @c ditem aut iajiretely, suif experèjies dggrdvdte tfe stdte
ac psyifì crdghejtdtàj. Yyhnalìdlly, fawever, tfe `hdge ac d ialleit`ve
argy suggests tfe pass`n`l`ty ac reestdnl`sf`jg aje‑s last iaj jeitàj w`tf
iahhaj fuhdj`ty. Graup experèjies ac ialleit`ve `mejt`cìdtàj hdy
dit`vdte tf`s `hdge ac dj argy. Car `jstdjie, d graup praiess tfdt @ fdm dj
appartuj`ty ta anserve gejerdtem `j sahe pdrtì`pdjts mec`j`te salutà
mredhs. D neg`jjer `j tfe graup fdm tf`s mredh
¿Rlutdrif, Hardt`d. val. 5.

>=
Najus ac Cerrdrd, ]fe Jew Redrl ac Gredt Rrìe, p. =>3.
>5
Atta, Màjysus Hytf djm Iull, p. 43>.
D
Dja
jajy
jyh`
h`..
C@GUÊ 9 - 0
Ndpt`sh w`tf Lujdr Wdter Wf`le Ne`jg N`ttej n y Mrdgajs (Dsfhale, em.,
]fed`ruh Ifehìuh Nr``djjìuh. 435>.)
dcter ne`jg sfaioem ny tfe psyifalagìdl `jt`hdiès sfdrem ny graup

hehners.
/ dh laao`jg car tfe graup. / apej d maar ta tfe raah djm aj tfe claar / see dll
tfe graup hehners hdo`jg lave w`tf edif atfer. Aje iauple cdlls aut ac tfe maar
`j crajt ac he.
Djatfer graup hehner fdm tf`s mredh;

/ dh `j d ildssraah lòe d ifeh`stry ildssraah. W`tf sedts `j f`gf tèrs ledm`jg
mawj ta d stdge-lòe pldtcarh. @t `s aur graup.
C@GUÊ 9 42
Ndiifdjdl ac tfe Djmr`djs (]`t`dj. Hdmr`m. Rrdma. êpr`jtem `j ]`t`dj; ]fe
Ialaur L`nrdry ac Drt.)
djm tfe exf`n`t `s ac d nedif w`tf ejarhaus, irdsf`jg wdves, wfìf neiahe
dnruptly redl. @ idj see tfdt ujmer tfe wdves, dlajg tfe sdjm, tfere `s d strajg
sturmy c`sf`jg jet wfìf
wfìf fds neej
neej c`rhly djifar
djifarem
em `jta ttfe
fe sdjm `j sever
severdl
dl pldies,
pldies,
anvàusly ta idtif djm falm d gaam fdul `j evej raugf wedtfer, nut tfe wdves
neiahe sa redl djm turnulejt tfdt tfey spldsf aut ac tfe exf`n`t stdge djm ajta tfe
dumèjie. Yeverdl ac us sirdhnle mawj crah tfe sedts ta dva`m gett`jg wet. @
jatìe tfdt / fdve lect hy purse nef`jm `j hy furry, djm @ tf`jo @ w`ll fdve ta ga
ndio djm get `t.
Wdter ds tfe Màjys`dj cert`l`ty pr`ji`ple `s mesir`nem nedut`cully Gaetfe‑s

fyhj ta wdter
Fd`l djew! Ypr`jg‑s nurgeaj`jg
Ledps up w`tf`j hy fedrt, d spr`j g
W`tf trutf djm neduty perhedtem ”
Crah tfe wdve wds dll iredtem.
Wdter w`ll dll l`ce sustd`j;
Aiedj, grdjt yaur ejmless re`gj!
Nut car ilaums ac yaur rìf lejm`jg.
Djm tfe nraaolets ac yaur sejm`jg.
^`vers‑ iaurses w`me extejm`jg.

Ytredhs tfdt redif hdkestì ejm`jg,
Wfdt were aur warlm, aur haujtd`js, djm aur pld`js1
Paur pawer tfe cresfjess ac aur l`ce hd`jtd`js.
>
]`s yau crah wfah tfe l`ce claws `j aur ve`js. *
Cert`l`ty djm iredt`v`ty were ehpfds`zem `j tfe pfdllì dspeits ac Màjys`dj

r`tudls. Atta wr`tes;
@jferejt `j tfe Màjys`di elehejt ac ha`sture `s jat ajly tfe pawer wfìf
hd`jtd`js l`ce nut dlsa tfe pawer wfìf iredtes `t. ]fus `t claws tfraugf tfe
ejt`re fuhdj djm dj`hdl warlm ds d cert`l`z`jg, gejerdt`ve sunstdjie. ]fe
ledrjem Sdrra wds very well `jcarhem wfej fe meildrem tfdt tfe savere`gjty ac
Màjysus wds jat ajly ta ne reiagj`zem `j tfe kuìe ac cru`ts wfase irawj`jg
glary wds w`je nut dlsa `j tfe sperhs ac l`v`jg iredtures. Crah tf`s spfere ac
tfe gam‑s dit`v`ty fe trdiem tfe ar`g`j ac tfe iusta h `j wfìf d pfdllus wds
irawjem w`tf wredtfs djm idrrèm draujm `j tfe gam's iult. We iertd`jly ojaw
faw gredt d rale tf`s syhnal ac prairedt`ve pawer pldyem `j f`s cest`vdls. "D
w`je kdr, d v`je, d gadt, d ndsoet ac c`gs, djm tfej tfe pfdllus‘” tf`s `s tfe
mesir`ptàj Rlutdrif g`ves us ac tfe ar`g`jdl s`hplì`ty ac tfe Màjys`di
ielenrdtàj. D sajg wds sujg ta tfe pfdllus. We fdve `jsir`ptàjdl ev`mejie car
tfe use ac d ldrge waamej pfdllus `j tfe praiessàjs ac tfe Màjys`d `j Melas.
Edif ialajy sejt d pfdllus reguldrly ta tfe Dtfej`dj Màjys`d. >7
Dj exdhple ac Màjys`dj pfdllì syhnal`sh l`joem w`tf ndpt`shdl `hdgery `s
pr av`m em ny tfe call aw` jg mre dh. ]fe mre dher wds d h`m mle - dgem wahd j w`tf
eherg`jg iredt`ve pawers ds d paet djm d sifaldr. Yfe mredhem;
]fere `s d pdrty dt hy hatfer‑s dpdrthejt. D strdjge djm m`sturn`jg hdj, Hr. V, d

paet, `s tfe guest
guest ac fajar. (Dc
(Dcter
ter severdl
severdl ep`same
ep`samess tfe hatfer led
ledves
ves tfe pdrty.)
pdrty.) Wfej
sfe maes,
maes, tfere‑
tfere‑ss d o`jm ac uj`v
uj`versdl,
ersdl, sspajtdje
pajtdjeaus
aus reka
rekaì`jg
ì`jg wfìf
wfìf / dlsa ceel, tfaugf @
maj‑t ojaw wfdt‑s up. / c`jm aut
aut saaj ejaugf
ejaugf,, tfaugf.
tfaugf. Ca
Carr dlha
dlhast
st dt a
ajie
jie V gdtfers
gdtfers dll
tfe wahej draujm f`h `j d seh`-i`rile, wfereupaj fe ujmresses djm ekdiuldtes d fuge
stredh ac sperh
sperh wfì
wfìf
f cdlls lòe d caujtd`
caujtd`j
j aj edif ac us. @'m tfaugf
tfaugftt tfe `med wds car
us ta serve f`h `j tf`s wdy, nut ds `t turjs aut tfdt‑s ajly pdrt ac `t. Neiduse ds tfe
sperh sfawer
sfawer f`ts us severd
severdlly,
lly, we edif experèjie
experèjie aur awj sepdr
sepdrdte
dte djm `jm`v`mudl
argdshs.
K3
Gaetfe, Cdust, pt. >. l`jes 6=9> ==.
>7
Alta, Màjysus Hytf djm Iult, p. 43=.
]f`s mredh caresfdmawem dj eherg`jg pas`t`ve redl`zdtàj ac tfe
mredher‑s iredt`ve idpdi`tès. Fawever, sahet`hes aje‑s reldtàj ta tfe
iredt`ve pawer `s mdjgeraus. Jètzsife, tfe gredt expajejt ac tfe Màjys`dj
pr`ji`ple, `s dj dwe
pr`ji`ple, dwesahe
sahe exdhple ac tfe mdjgers ac d mestruit`ve salutà nraugft
dnaut ny d persajdl `mejt`cìdtàj w`tf Màjys`dj iredt`v`ty. @j f`s psyifas`s,
fe idllem f`hselc “Màjysus‘ djm s`gjem f`s letters, “[dgreus‘”tfdt `s,
Jètzsife
Jètzsi
“tfe m`shehnerem aje.‘ Kujg fds sahe pracaujm anservdtàjs ta hdoe aj tfe
mdjger ac m`ssalutàj `j `mejt`cìdtàj w`tf iredt`ve pawers. Fe sdys;
_]fe iredt`ve carie
cariesX
sX fdve yau aj tfe str`jg djm yau mdjie ta tfe`r wf`stl`jg,
ta tfe`r helamy. Nut `j ds huif ds yau sdy tfese iredt`ve caries dre `j
Jè tzs ife ar `j he ar djyw fer e els e, yau idu se dj `jc ldt àj , nei dus e hdj
maes jat passess iredt`ve pawers, fe `s passessem ny tfeh. ]fdt `s tfe trutf.
@c fe dllaws f`hselc ta ne tfaraugfly passessem ny tfeh w`tfaut questàj`jg,
w`tfaut laao`jg dt tfeh, tfere `s ja `jcldtàj, nut tfe hahejt fe spl`ts acc,
wfej fe tf`jos, @ dh tfe cellaw, dj `jcldtàj callaws QQQQ
@t fdppejs dutahdtìdlly tfdt yau neiahe iajsiàus ac yaurselc djm tfej
yau dre gaje, `t `s ds `c yau fdm tauifem d f`gf tejsàj w`re. Jètzsife, ac
iaurse, iaulm jat felp laao`jg dt tfe tf`jg djm tfej fe wds averwfelhem
w`tf resejthejts, neiduse tfe iredt`ve pawers stedl yaur t`he, sdp yaur
strejgtf, djm wfdt `s tfe result1 D naao perfdps. Nut wfere `s yaur persajdl
l`ce1 Dll gaje. ]ferecare, suif peaple ceel sa terr`nly ifedtem, tfey h`jm `t,
djm everynamy augft ta ojeel mawj necare tfeh `j armer ta hdoe up car tfdt
wfìf fds neej stalej ny Gam. ]fe iredt`ve caries fdve tdoej `t aut ac tfeh,
djm tferecare tfey waulm lòe ta persaj`cy tfeh, `hdg`je tfdt tfey dre Yf`vd,
`j armer ta fdve tfe mel`gft ac ne`jg iredt`ve. Nut `c yau ojaw yau dre
iredt`ve djm ejkay ne`jg iredt`ve, yau w`ll ne irui`cèm dcterwdrms neiduse
djynamy `mejt`cèm w`tf Gam w`ll ne m`shehnerem. Dj alm cdtfer ac tfe
ifurif, tfe N`sfap Yyjesùs, sd`m tfdt tfe sp`r`tu
sp`r`tuss pfdjtdstìus,
pfdjtdstìus, aur iredt`ve
sp`r`t, idj pejetrdte tfe meptfs ar tfe fe`gfts ac tfe uj`verse lòe Gam, ar lòe
d gredt mehaj, nut aj diiaujt ac tfdt fe w`ll dlsa fdve ta ujmerga tfe m`v`je
puj `sf hejt , djm tfd t wau lm ne tfe m`s hehn erhe jt ac Mà jys us ar tfe
irui`c`xàj ac Ifr`st. >4 *
@j gejerdl, tfe Màjys`dj `s md`hajì djm eistdtì, prahat`jg `jtejs`ty ac
experèjie rdtfer tfdj iledr, struiturem hedj`jg. @t `s d m`ssalver ac l`h`ts djm
nau jmd rè s, nr` jg` jg l` ce w`t fau t heds ure . @j `ts ext reh e car h `t `s w`l m,
`rrdtàjdl, hdm, eistdtì, naujmless. @t `s tfe ejehy ac dll iajvejtàjdl ldws,
rules, djm estdnl`sfem carhs. @t `s `j tfe servìe, jat ac sdcety, nut ac l`ce djm
rekuvejdtàj. ]fe wedo djm `hhdture hdy ne mestrayem ny `ts ajsldugfts? tfe
fedltfy w`ll ne cert`l`zem djm ejl`vejem lòe tfe ldjm ny tfe claam`jg ac tfe J`le
(see c`gure 9-44).
Hdjy il`jìdl syjmrahes dre mue ta d iajiret`stì `mejt`cìdtàj w`tf tfe
Màjys`dj pr`ji`ple. Dliafal`sh djm mrug dmmìtàj dre anvàus. Maj Kudj`sh
idj dlsa ne iajs`merem dj `mejt`cìdtàj w`tf Màjysus, `j
;
¿Kujg. [drdtfustrd Yeh`jdr 4;37.
C @G U ^ E 9 - 4 4
Ndtfers (êja`r. Rf`ldmelpf`d, Ialleitàj ac Idrrall ]ysaj. êpr`jtem `j Irdvej,
D ]redsury
]redsury ac Dr
Drtt Hdsterpèie
Hdsterpèies.)
s.)
wfìf tfe `jm`v`mudl surraujms f`hselc w`tf dj ejtaurdge ac wahej `j vdràus

stdges ac lave ar crejzy (Hdejdms). ]f`s s`tudtàj tfredtejs ta nr`jg dnaut f`s awj
psyi fal ag` idl m`s hehn erh ejt ny iaj cl` its , anl `gd t` ajs, djm ejt djg leh ejt s. ]fe
Màjys`dj tdoes aj d iahpuls`ve qudl`ty wfej `t ex`sts `j d m`ssai`dtem persajdl`ty.
Rut djatfer wdy, tfe Màjys`dj mestrays tfe Rejtfeus-lòe ega tfdt `s jat reldtem ta
wfalejess. @j cdvardnle i`riuhstdjies `t prahates fdrhajy djm m`ssalves
m`ccerejies. Car `jstdjie, iajs`mer tf`s pdedj ta tfe Màjys`dj ny J ètzsife;
Ujmer tfe ifdrh ac tfe Màjys`dj jat ajly `s tfe ujàj netweej hdj djm hdj
redcc`rhem, nut jdture wfìf fds neiahe dlèjdtem, fast`le, ar sunkugdtem.
ielenrdtes ajie hare fer reiaji`l`dtàj w`tf fer last saj, hdj. Creely, edrtf
pr acc ers fer g`c ts, djm ped iec ull y tfe ned sts ac pre y ac tf e rai os djm mes ert
dppradif. ]fe ifdràt ac Màjysus `s iaverem w`tf clawers djm gdrldjms? pdjtfers
djm t`gers wdlo ujmer `ts ya oe. ]rdjscarh Neetfavej's “Fyhj ta Kay" `jta d
pd` jt` jg? let yaur `hd g`j dt` aj iaj ie` ve tfe hul t`t ume s naw `jg ta tfe mus t,
dwestruio ”tfej yau w`ll dppradif tfe Màjys`dj. Jaw tfe sldve `s d cree hdj?
jaw dll tfe r`g`m, fast`le ndrrèrs tfdt jeiess`ty, idpr` ie, ar “`hpumejt
iajvejtàj‘ fdve c`xem netweej hdj djm hdj dre nraoej. Jaw, w`tf tfe gaspel
ac uj`versdl fdrhajy, edif aje ceels f`hselc jat ajly uj`tem, reiaji`lem, djm
cusem w`tf f`s je`gfnar, nut ds aje w`tf
f`h, ds `c tfe ve`l ac hDy` fdm neej tarj ds`me, djm were jaw herely clutter`jg `j tdtters
neca re tfe hyste ràu s pr `harm `dl uj`t y. >0
]fe Dpastle Rdul expresses dpprax`hdtely tfe sdhe `med iajierj`jg tfe
eccìdiy ac tfe nlaam ac Ifr`st. @j Epfes`djs, we redm; “Nut jaw `j Ifr`s t
Kesus yau wfa ajie were cdr acc fdve neej nraugft jedr `j tfe nlaam ac
Ifr`st. Car fe `s aur pedie, wfa fds hdme us natf aje, djm fds nraoej
mawj tfe m`v`m`jg wdll ac fast`l`ty, ny dnal`sf`jg `j f`s clesf tfe ldw ac
iahhdjmhejts djm arm`jdjies, tfdt fe h`gft iredte `j f`hselc aje jew
hdj `j pldie ac tfe twa, sa hdo`jg pedie, djm h`gft reiaji`le us natf ta
Gam `j aje namy tfraugf tfe irass, tfereny nr`jg`jg tfe fast`l`ty ta dj ejm‘
(Epf. >;49-43, ^YS).
]fe w`je ac Màjysus djm tfe nlaam ac Ifr`st dre syhnalìdlly
equ`vdlejt. ]f`s cdit `s `llustrdtem `j tfe mredh ac d yaujg ilergyhdj,
92
wfìf @ fdve prevàusly punl`sfem `j Ega djm
djm Drifetypee. @t `s ds callaws;
Drifetyp
Mredh (dnnrev`dtem);
/ dh ta ielenrdte iahhujàj. @j tfe sdir`sty, wfìf laaos lòe d o`tifej, tfe
iahhujàj w`je `s ta ne prepdrem ny h`x`jg twa sepdrdte w`jes-d nlue w`je
djm d rem w`je. ]fe ldtter `s `j d nattle w`tf d yellaw ldnel tfdt laaos tòe d
Yiatif ldnel djm `s hdroem "Rdul." Dt d raujm tdnle, twa hej dre s`tt`jg. Aje
`s d pal`tìdl lect`st, tfe atfer d r`gft`st. Up ta jaw tfey fdve hd`jtd`jem d
cdidme ac sai`dl
sai`dl dhej`t
dhej`tyy nut jaw tfey dre nei
neiah`jg
ah`jg fas
fast`le
t`le ta aje djatf
djatfer.
er. /
suggestt tfdt tfey vejt`ld
sugges vejt`ldte
te dt tfe gut level djm resalv
resalvee tfe`r ceel`jg
ceel`jg
reldtàjsf`p. Dt tf`s pa`jt tfe sieje mdroejs ds `j d tfedtre pldy djm d rem-
yellaw spatl`g
spatl`gft
ft caiu
caiuses
ses aj d shdl
shdlll tdnle n
netwee
etweej
j djm ne
nef`jm
f`jm tfe twa he
hej.
j. Aj
tfe tdnle `s d nattle ac tfe wdrh rem w`je w`tf tfe Yiatif ldnel iledrly hdroem
"Rdul.‘ ]fej tfere `s tatdl mdrojess djm tfe t`jole ac gldsses, saujm`jg ds
tfaugf tfey‑ve neej il`joem djm perfdps nraoej.
]fe sejse `s anvàus `j tfe mredh. @ tf`jo; tfey‑ve mrujo tfe rem w`je `j tfe`r
m`siussàj, dttd`jem iahrdmesf`p, neiahe mrujo `j tfe praiess, cdllej dsleep,
djm mrappem tfe`r gldsses. Hy respajse `s mel`gft `j tfe destfetì wdy tf`s fds
neej partrdyem djm djxèty dnaut tfe cdit tfdt tfe servìe jeems ta neg`j djm
we ma jat jaw fdve tfe `jgremèjts car tfe iahhujàj w`je h`xture.
]f e mredher‑s psyifalagy `s jat ojawj ta he `j meptf? fawever, `t `s ev`mejt
tfdt Màjys`dj djm Ifr`st`dj syhnal`sh dre fere iahn`jem.
H
Jèt zsif e, “]fe N`r tf a c ]r dgem y," `j Ndsì Wr`t`jgs ac Jètzsife, p. 97.
‑"Em`jger, Ega djm Drifetype, pp. >=6cc.

sa`` .uja
sa 37
Dltfaugf tfe ujàj ac tfe twa w`jes perfdps Lagas djm Eras- rehd`js ta ne
difèvem, d salutà fds aiiurrem tfdt m`ssaves tfe appas`tàj netweej lect`st djm
r`gft`st, dltfaugf dt tfe prìe ac iajsiàusjess s`jie tfey cdll dsleep. @j tf`s idse,
ds `s actej true, tfere `s d iajcusàj netweej dutfejtì reiaji`l`dtàj ac appas`tes
tfraugf gredter iajsiàusjess djm d regress`ve m`ssalutàj wfìf nlurs dwdrejess
ac tfe appas`tes.
D iashalagìdl versàj ac salutà `s tfe w`mespredm hytf ac d iashì idtdstrapfe
ny cla am (s ee c`g ure 9- 4>). @j Fenrew hytf `t `s Jadf‑s claam? `j Greeo hytf, tfe
stary ac Meuidlàj djm Ryrrfd. Diiarm`jg ta dj djièjt `med edif ac tfe caur
elehejts `j turj wds ta ne dj dgejt ac warlm mestruitàj. Ds repartem ny Mà
Ifrysastah, tfe stary `s ds callaws; “]fe Larm ac tfe warlm r`mes `j d ifdràt
mrdwj ny caur farses wfìf dre sdirem ta [eus, Ferd, Rase`maj, djm Fest`d
respeit`vely. @j atfer warms, tfe caur farses dre tfe caur elehejts, c`re, d`r, wdter,
djm
]fe Claam (Marà, N`nle @llustrdtàjs.)

edrtf. Ds d rule tfey dre trditdnle, jaw djm tfej, fawever, tfe c`rst steem
nei ahes rest `ve djm set s c `r e t a t fe atf er tfr ee. ]f`s `s tfe ar` g`j ac tf e s tar y a c
Rfdetfaj talm ny tfe Greeos. Dgd`j `t `s tfe steem ac Rase`maj tfdt neiahes
rest`ve, djm tfe mraps ac f`s swedt dre spr`jolem upaj tfe atfer tfree. ]f`s,
dgd`j, `s tfe saurie crah wfìf tfe Greeos mer`vem tfe`r stary ac Meuidlàj‑s
claam,‘ djm lòew`se w`tf tfe atfer twa farses. 94
]f`s `med iarrespajms ta tfe dlifehìdl i`riuldtà `j wfìf tfe hdter`dl `s ta
ne rep edt eml y sun l`h dtem djm iad gul dtem , i`r il` jg dgd` j djm dgd `j tfr aug f dll
tfe stdtes ac ne`jg ujt`l tfe Rf`lasapfers‑ Ytaje `s iredtem. ]fe wfale f`stary ac
tfe warlm `s tfus seej ds d vdst dlifehìdl praiess.
]fe claam hytfs dre qu`te `jstruit`ve psyifalagìdlly. Gam sejms d
mestruit`ve claam wfej tfe warlm fds neiahe wìoem djm megejerdte. @t `s ds
tfaugf fuhdj`ty hust ne remuiem tfraugf salutà ta `ts pr`hd hdter`d
hdter`d `j armer car
`t ta ne trdjscarhem ta sahetf`jg netter. Djatfer dspeit ac salutà `s dlsa
mehajstrdtem ny tfe claam starès, jdhely, tfe tfehe ac armedl ny wdter.
]fraugf tf`s armedl tfe gamly hej, tfase w`tf dutfejtì ex`stejie, rehd`j `jtdit
wf`le tfe wìoem ar `jdutfejtì dre m`ssalvem. Rsyifalagìdlly tf`s waulm hedj
tfdt tfase dspeits ac tfe ega iajsiàusly reldtem ta tfe Yelc w`tfstdjm salutà.
@j tfe hytfs, tfe tfredt ac d warlm claam wds usem ta ejiaurdge dj dwdrejess
ac Gam. Y`h`ldrly, d tfredt ac claam`jg crah tfe ujiajsiàus hdy fdve d sdlutdry
ecceit aj d presuhptuaus ega djm nr`jg dnaut dj dwdrejess ac d jeem car d
reldtàj ta tfe trdjspersajdl. ]f`s stdte ac h`jm `s expressem `j tfe Y`xty-j`jtf
Rsdlh (see c`gure 9-49);
Ydve he, 2 Gam? car tfe wdters dre iahe `j ujta hy saul. @ s`jo `j meep h`re,
wfere tfere `s ja stdjm`jg; @ dh iahe `jta meep wdters, wfere tfe claams
averclaw he. (4, >, DS)
Mel`ver he aut ac tfe h`re, djm let he jat s`jo; let he ne mel`verem crah tfeh
tfdt fdte he, djm aut ac tfe meep wdters. Let jat tfe wdter claam averclaw he,
je`tfer let tfe meep swdllaw he up, djm let jat tfe p`t sfut fer hautf upaj
he. (4=, @Y, DS)
Claam mredhs recer ta salutà. ]fey represejt dj dit`vdtàj ac tfe ujiajsiàus

tfdt tfredtejs ta m`ssalve tfe estdnl`sfem ega struiture djm remuie `t ta pr`hd
hdter`d. Hdkar l`ce trdjs`tàjs dre iahhajly salutà experèjies. Car `jstdjie, d
wahdj w`tf tfree if`lmrej wfa wds ga`jg tfraugf d seiajm m`varie fdm severdl
claam mredhs, aje ac wfìf wds repartem ny ^`vodf Oluger;
Fdst`jgs, Ejiyilapem`d ac êl`gàj djm Etfìs, 4;400->22.

C@ G U^ E 9 - 4 9
“Ydve He, A Gam? Car tfe Wdters Dre Iahe `j ujta Hy Yaul‘ (@llustrdtàj car
Rsdlh 30, ]fe S`siajt` Faurs. Clarejie, Jdtàjdl L`nrdry.)
Crah d nedif fause

fause / laao aut djm see d gredt wdve. @ idll tfe g`rls `j. Hdry `s slaw
nut maes iahe `j t`he djm / sfut tfe maars.
maars. ]fej tfe wdve `s aj us. @t iahes tfraugf
tfraugf
every irdio djm `s dll draujm us. @ dh cr`gftejem dnaut Nan. hy saj. wfa `s aj tfe
nedif djm wajmer `c fe fds neej dnle ta esidpe. @ ojaw tfdt dll tfe sw`hhers w`ll
fdve mèm. ]fere `s ja esidpe djm / sdy ta hyselc; "Ya tf`s `s faw `t `s.‘ @ ceel ja redl
redl
pdjì. Y`jie esidpe
esidpe `s `hpass`nle, `t `s s`hply
s`hply tfe wdy `t `s. Nut tfej
tfej tfe wdter
suns`mes.
We ruj dnaut try`jg ta ilase up irdios. ]fere `s d fale `j tfe claar,
nes`mes hdjy irdios `j tfe wdlls QQQQQQDjatfer wdve
wdve iahes. @t irdsfes aver djmdjm
draujm us nut tf`s l`he tfe raah `s jat claamem djm tfe idn`j maes jat l`ct
djm rall dnaut. We neg`j ta ruj necare tfe jext aje iahes. @ apej tfe ndio maar djm tfere
stdjms dj alm crèjm wfah @@fdve
fdve jat seej
seej `j yyedrs.
edrs. @ fug f`h `j kay djm relè
relèc....
c.... ]fe
]fe iaujtry
iaujtry
`s nledo djm hum `s wdsfem f`gf up `j tfe ldjm. @ see faw luioy we fdve neej djm dh sa
gldmcar tfe h
hdj
dj wfa idhe ta tdoe us dwd y.9>
dwdy.
Djatfer exdhple `s tfe callaw`jg mredh. ]fe mredher wds d hdture,

h`mmle-dgem hdj wfa wds ga`jg tfraugf d hdkar l`ce rearèjtdtàj djm
cdi`jg d seràus aperdtàj. Fe dlsa ldter wds m`variem. Fe mredhem;
Warlm l`ce `s seej ds `j d gredt nawl. ]fej tfere `s d fuge claam, sahetf`jg lòe d mdh
lets laase djm everytf`jg `s averwfelhem.
@t `s idtdilys
idtdilyshì,
hì, d idtds
idtdstrapfe
trapfe ac fuge prapar
prapartàjs
tàjs djm dll
dll `s
wdsfem dwdy `j tfe r`s`jg wdters QQQQQQQQQQ We clee necare tfe meluge
djm sahe ac us esidpe.
]fej `t seehs ds `c we dre `j d jew erd. ]f`s `s warlm l`ce seej `js`me d gredt
spfere.
spfere. ]fe
]fere
re dre hdjy levels iajje
iajjeitem
item ny std`rid
std`ridses,
ses, rdhps,
rdhps, eti.,
eti., dll draujm dj ap
apej
ej
iejter. Dpdrthejts djm l`v`jg spdies dre pdrt ac tfe auter wdll.... Necare `t wds j`gft,
jaw `t `s mdy. @j tfe h`mmle dll `s edrtf. @t `s d tfìo ldyer iaver`jg aver tfe wdter.
Mredhs ac d gredt claam sahet`hes `jilume tfe experèjie ac ne`jg

resiuem ny d m`v`je ar trdjspersajdl dgejiy. @j tfe callaw`jg mredh `t `s
ev`mejt tfdt d cdtdl salutà wds dva`mem ny tfe m`siavery ac Kujg`dj
psy ifa lagy;
la gy;
_]fe mredherX wds idugft `j d hajstraus sed. ]faugf sfe wds d strajg djm prditìem
sw`hher,
sw`hh er, fer st
strejgtf
rejgtf w wds
ds jedrly exexfdustem
fdustem,, djm sfe ojew ssfe
fe iaulm jat fa
falm
lm aut huif
lajger. Kust tfej sfe sdw dfedm d squdre fausenadt resehnl`jg tfe Jadf's dros ac fer
if`lmfaam. W`tf d trehejmaus ldst eccart sfe hdme car `t, djm kust `j t`he sfe redifem `ts
s`me, ta ne f
fdulem
dulem u up
p fdlc cd`jt`jg
cd`jt`jg ny jaje atfer tfdj
tfdj Mr
Mr.. Kujg, wfah sfe fdm jever evej
99
seej dt tfe t`he
t`he..
D h`mmle-dgem hdj ga`jg tfraugf tfe m`ssalutàj ac d mepejmejt

reldtàjsf`p fdm tf`s mredh;
@ dh dt tfe iejter ac d gredt i`ty wdtif`

wdtif`jg
jg d vdst stredh ac fuhdj`ty
fuhdj`ty pdss ny”
`jm`v`mudls ac every type djm mesir`ptàj. @t‑s lòe tfe claw ac d gredt r`ver. / dh
cdsi`jdtem.
cdsi`jdtem.
u
Oluger, “Claam Mredhs,‘ `j ]fe êdl`ty ac tfe Rsyife, p. 54.
w
Nert`je, “]fe Gredt Claam,‘ `j Kujg's Iajtr`nutàj
Iajtr`nutàj ta Aur ]`he. p. >2=.
Aj dwdoej`jg tfe mredher tfaugft ac tfe maitr`je ac Ferdil`tus tfdt “dll tf`jgs dre
`j clux‘ (pdjtd rfe`). ]fe mredh `s tfus pìtur`jg tfe salutà dspeit ac ex`stejie ” l`ce
ds perpetudl ifdjge djm neiah`jg. D pd`jcul persajdl experèjie `s idst `j dj
drifetypdl ar gejerdl iajtext djm tfereny hdme hedj`jgcul djm evej cdsi`jdt`jg.
]fe iajjeitàj ac salutà w`tf sdlvdtàj `s `jmìdtem ny tfe Dpast le Reter‑s
reldtàj ac Jadf‑s claam ta ndpt`sh. “Jaw `t wds lajg dga, wfej Jadf wds st`ll
nu` lm` jg tfd t d ro wfì f s dvem ajl y d shd ll grau p a c e` gft
peaple
pea ple ‚ny wdter‑
wdt er‑ QQQQ ]fdt wdter `s d type ac tfe n dpt`sh wfìf sdves yau
jaw‘ (4 Ret. 9;>2, >4, KN).
Neiduse e`gft peaple were sdvem `j tfe claam, tfe juhner e`gft neidhe
dssai`dtem w`tf ndpt`sh, tfe r`tudl repet`tàj ac tfe ar`g`jdl claam. ]fe Ifr`st`djs ac
djt`qu`ty djm tfe H`mmle Dges jedrly dlwdys nu`lt tfe`r ndpt`strès `j aitdgajdl
carh. Dj `jsir`ptàj iahpasem ny Yt. Dhnrase car tfe ndpt`stry ac tfe ifurif ac Yt.
]feild `j H`ldj redms ds callaws;
E`gft dre tfe tehple‑s wdlls” A juhner wartfy ac faly Ditàjs
per car hem dt tfe spa t? e`gf t dr e tf e wd lls ac tfe caj t. Hyst ìd l s fdpe ac
tfe fause tfdt iavers tfe r`tes ac tfe wdter ” ^`tes car tfe sdv`jg ac
hdj ”hystìdl juhner ac e`gft.
^`tes tfdt mer`ve tfe`r paw‑r crah tfe l`gft ac Ifr`st resurreitem Ifr`st wfa set
dll hej cree, nredo`jg tfe sfdioles ac Fell,
Wfa crah tfe nleh`sf ac s`j reledsetf f`h tfdt repejtetf.
@j tfe irystdll`je spr`jg iledjs`jg tfe ndtfer crah gu`lt.
Wfdt gredter praac idj ye dso ac tfe pawer ac Gam wfa Dit`jg dt aje
shdll pa`jt laasejs tfe gu`lt ac tfe warlm1 9=
We jaw ojaw tfdt tfe juhner e`gft `s dj `jm`v`mudtàj juhner, dj expressàj
ac wfalejess. ]fe claam djm ndpt`sh syhnal`sh `s tferecare tell`jg us tfdt ny
pds s`j g tf rau gf t fe wdte r a c salulà we neiahe wfale ” tfdt `s, reldtem ta tfe Yelc.
]fe examus djm pdssdge tfraugf tfe êm Yed wds dlsa iajjeitem w`tf ndpt`sh
ny Rdu l; “@ wdjt
wdj t yau ta oja w, nretf
nr etfrej
rej,, tfd t aur cdt
cdtfer
fer s were dll ujm er tfe ila
ilaum,
um,
djm dll pdssem tfraugf tfe sed, djm dll were ndpt`zem `jta Hases `j tfe ilaum djm `j
tfe sed‘ (4 Iar. 42;4 -> ^YS).
Ku jg hejtàjs tfe Rerdtìs‑ (d Gjastì seit‑s) `jterpretdtàj ac tfe êm Yed;
“]fe êm Yed mrawjem tfe Egypt`djs, nut tfe Egypt`djs were dll ‚jaj -
ojawers.‑...]fe êm Yed `s d wdter ac medtf car tfase tfdt dre ‚ujiajsiàus,‑ nut car
tfase tfdt dre ‚iajsiàus‑ `t `s d ndpt`shdl wdter ac ren`rtf djm trdjsiejmejie.‘ -45
Dugust`je sdys, “]fe êm Yed s`gj`cès
H
^dfjer, Greeo Hytfs
djm Ifr`st`dj Hystery, p.

ndpt`s
ndp t`s h,‘
h, ‘ djm dii arm` jg ta Faja r` us ac Dut
Dutuj,
uj, “tf
“tfee êm Yed `s tfe ndpt`s
ndp t`s h
remmejem ny tfe nlaam ac Ifr`st, `j wfìf aur ejehès, jdhely aur s`js, dre
,ct
mrawjem.‘
]fe dlifeh`sts usem tfe `hdge ac tfe êm Yed. ]fe t`jiture `s sd`m ta ne
extrditem crah tfe êm Yed. Aje text spedos ac tfe “]yredj mye, wfìf `s
extrditem crah aur hast pure êm Yed.‘‑ 7 Djatfer sdys, “Djm ojaw tfdt aur
êm Yed `s hare t`jitur`jg tfdj dll seds, djm tfdt _`tX... pejetrdtes dll
nam ès ." 9 * ]fe terh “aur êm Yed‘ recers ta tfe dqud perhdjejs,
perhdjejs, tfe uj`versdl
salvejt ” tfdt `s, tfe l`qu`m carh ac tfe Rf` lasapfers‑ Ytaje. ]fus, tfdt wfìf
fds pdssem tfraugf tfe salutà ac tfe êm Yed `s tfe gadl ac tfe apus, tfe Yelc.
Ar, put djatfer wdy, tfe êm Yed `s tfe tatdl`ty ac tfe psyife, tfe dgejiy ac
salutà tfdt tfe ega hust ejiaujter djm pdss tfraugf aj tfe wdy ta
`jm`v`mudtàj (see c`gure 9-
4=).
]fe êm Yed fdm severdl averldpp`jg hedj`jgs ta tfe dlifeh`sts. (4) @t
wds tfe irui`dl trdjs`tàj ac tfe examus. ]fe @srdel`tes' esidpe crah sldvery
wds equdtem w`tf tfe remehptàj ac tfe last vdlue f`mmej `j tfe mdrojess ac
hdtter djm `jmeem w`tf tfe wfale dlifehìdl praiess ac trdjscarhdtàj. (>) @t
fdm tfe gejerdl hedj`jg ac tfe sed ” tfe ar`g`jdl ifdas, tfe iredt`ve saurie
ac dll tfdt iahes ta ne, `j psyifalagìdl terhs, tfe ujiajsiàus. (9) @ts
remjess dssai`dtem `t w`tf tfe ialar ac tfe Rf`lasapfers‑ Ytaje djm tfe
trdjscarh`jg t`jiture. ]fus tfe êm Yed wds jat ajly tfe pr`hd hdter`d,
hdter`d, nut
dlsa tfe gadl ac tfe apus. @t wds dlsa iajjeitem w`tf tfe remeeh`jg nlaam ac
Ifr`st djm tfe “nlaam ac tfe ldhn‘ ds mesir`nem `j êveldtàj. “Wfdt dre
tfese wfìf dre drrdyem `j wf`te ranes1...]fese dre tfey wfìf idhe aut ac
gredt tr`nuldtàj, djm fdve wdsfem tfe`r ranes, djm hdme tfej wf`te `j tfe
nla am ac tf e Ldhn . ]fer eca re dre tfe y nec are tfe tfr aje ac Gam , djm ser ve
f`h mdy djm j`gft `j f`s tehple‘ (êv. 7;4=, 45, DS).
L`terdl nlaam ndpt`sh wds prditìem `j tfe tduranalùh ac H`tfrd`sh.
Nlaam `s dssai`dtem w`tf tfe elehejt c`re? fejie, nlaam syhnal`sh iahn`jes
c`re djm wdter ” tfdt `s, natf idli`jdtà djm salutà `hdgery.
Ndpt`sh `s ndsìdlly d pur`cìdtàj r`tudl tfdt wdsfes aje iledj ac m`rt,
nat f l`t erd l djm sp` r`t udl . Wdsf `jg s wer e cre que jt pre l`h `jd ry pr aiem ures `j
rel`gàus ierehajès, `j tfe Eleus`j`dj Hysterès car `jstdjie.
Rsyifalagìdlly, tfe m`rt ar s`j tfdt `s wdsfem dwdy ny ndpt`sh idj ne
ujmerstaam ds ujiajsiàusjess, sfdmaw qudl`tès ac wfìf aje `s ujdwdre.
Rsyifalagìdl iledjl`jess hedjs jat l`terdl pur`ty, nut dwdre-
3
C@GUÊ 9 4=
Rfdrdaf‑s Drhy Mrawj`jg `j tfe êm Yed (]fe S`siajt` Faurs. Clarejie. Jdtàjdl L`nrdry.)
jess ac aje‑s awj m`rt. @c aje `s psyifalagìdlly iledj, aje w`ll jat
iajtdh`jdte aje‑s ejv`rajhejt w`tf sfdmaw prakeitàjs (see c`gure 9 -
45).
@ idjjat iajilume tf`s seitàj aj ndpt`sh syhnal`sh w`tfaut i`t`jg d
ned ut` cul qua tdt àj tfd t equd tes Ifr` st djm tfe suj ds pdr tje rs `j ndp t`s h.
]f`s crah Hel`ta ac Ydrm`s, d seiajm-iejtury tfealag`dj;
Wfej mrdwj ny f`s cèry steems tfe suj fds iahpletem f`s md`ly iaurse, tfej ny redsaj ac
f`s wf`rl`jg pdssdge fe tdoes aj tfe ialar ac c`re djm neiahes ds
d nurj`jg tarif QQQQ ]fej, dlhast last crah vèw, fe mesiejms `jta tfe aiedj.
...Ndtf`jg f`hselc `j tfe hysteràus meptfs fe sfauts h`gft`ly car kay, car wdter `s f`s
jaur`sfhejt. Fe rehd`js aje djm tfe sdhe, yet fe iahes cartf
C@ G U ^ E 9 - 4 5 ]fe Wahdj Wdsf`jg Ilatfes (Hdèr, Dtdldj`d

Dtdldj`d Cugè
Cugèjs,
js,
4346.)
strejgtfejem aut ac tfe meptfs, d jew suj, djm sf`jes f`s l`gft upaj hej,
fdv`jg neej iledjsem `j tfe wdter QQQQ
]fere callaw f`h `j mue iaurse tfe mdji`jg rdjos ac tfe stdrs djm ny redsaj ac
f`h tfe haaj puts cartf fer pawer. ]fey ndtfe `j tfe ndpt`stry ac tfe suj lòe
tfase wfa dre anemèjt ujmer `jstruitàj djm `t `s ajly neiduse haaj djm stdrs
callaw tfe iaurse ac tfe suj tfdt tfey sf`je w`tf d truly pure l`gft. @c tfej tfe suj
djm tfe stdrs djm tfe haaj dll ndtfe tagetfer `j tfe aiedj, wfy sfaulm jat Ifr`st
fdve neej ndpt`zem `j tfe ^`ver Karmdj1 O`jg ac Fedvej, pr`jie ac iredtàj, suj
ac tfe edsterj soy wfa dppedrem natf ta tfe medm `j Fdmes djm ta hartdls upaj
edrtf, fe, tfe ajly true Felàs, drase car us aut ac tfe f`gfest suhh`ts ac
Fedvej. 90
Edrlèr, tfe haaj wds hejtàjem ds dj dgejt ac jegdt`ve ar mdjgeraus salutà. @t

dlsa fds `hpartdjt iajjeitàjs w`tf f`gfly pas`t`ve `hdgery. ]fe haaj wds
iajs`merem ta ne tfe saurie ac mew ” dj dgejt ac fedl`jg grdie djm `mejtìdl w`tf tfe
dqud perhdjejs. @s`s wds idllem “mew,‘ djm `t wds tfe mew ac fer tedrs tfdt nraugft
tagetfer tfe m`shehnerem crdghejts ac As`r`s. =2 Kujg mesir`nes haaj djm mew
syhnal`sh `j tfese warms;
"'^dfjer, Greeo Hytfs dj`l Ifr`st`dj Hystery, p. 445.
"Kujg, Hysterùh Iajùjitàj`s.

Iajùjitàj`s. IW 4=, pdr. 4=.
Lujd seiretes tfe mew ar sdp ac l`ce. _Diiarm`jg ta dj dlifehìdl text,X "'c f`s
Lujd `s tfe sdp ac tfe wdter ac l`ce, wfìf `s f`mmej `j Heriurùs!‘ Evej tfe
Greeo dlifeh`sts suppasem tfere wds d pr`ji`p le `j tfe haaj wfìf Ifr`s' t` djas
idlls tfe “ìfar ac tfe pf`lasapfer.‘ ]fe reldtàj ac tfe haaj ta tfe saul, huif
stressem `j djt`qu`ty, dlsa aiiurs `j dlifehy tfaugf w`tf d m`ccerejt judjie.
Usudlly `t `s sd`m tfdt crah tfe haaj iahes tfe mew. nut tfe haaj `s dlsa tfe
dqud h`r`ctid tfdt extrdits tfe sauls crah tfe namès ar g`ves tfe namès l`ce djm
saul. ]agetfer w`tf Heriurùs, Lujd spr`joles tfe m`shehnerem mrdgaj w`tf fer
ha`sture djm nr`jgs f`h ta l`ce dgd`j, “hdoes f`h l`ve, wdlo, djm ruj dnaut, djm
ifdjge f`s ialar ta tfe jdture ac nlaam." Ds tfe wdter ac dnlutàj, tfe mew cdlls
crah fedvej, pur`cès tfe namy, djm hdoes `t redmy ta reie`ve tfe saul? `j atfer
warms, `t nr`jgs dnaut tfe dlnema, tfe wf`te stdte ac `jjaiejie, wfìf lòe tfe
haaj djm d nr`me dwd`ts tfe nr`megraah. =4
@j eiiles`dstìdl syhnal`sh mew represejts grdie, djm `j dlifehy `t `s tfe dqud
sdpejt`de.
sdpejt`de. Dj exiellejt exdhple `s seej `j aje ac tfe âsdr
âsdrùh
ùh pì tur es r epr amui em ` j
]fe Rsyifalagy ac tfe ]rdjscerejie => (see c`gure 9-43). ]f`s pìture sfaws tfe o`jg djm
queej callaw`jg ia`tus hergem djm medm ly`jg aj d sldn. Mraps ac ha`sture dre
cdll`jg aj tfeh crah d ilaum dnave. Kujg `jterprets tfe mesiejm`jg mew ds tfe wdter
ac m`v`je W`smah ar “G`meaj‑s mew,‘ d syjajyh car tfe dqudperhdjejs. @t “`s d s`gj
ac m`v`je `jtervejtàj, `t `s tfe ha`sture tfdt ferdlms tfe returj ac tfe saul.‘ =9 ]f`s
iarrespajms ta tfe reiavery ac ceel`jg dcter suiiuhn`jg ta tfe medmly, ndrrej stdte
ac `jtelleitudl dnstrditàj lòe Cdust‑s necare f`s ejiaujter w`tf Hepf`stapfeles. Ds
Kujg tells us, “]fe dlifeh`sts tfaugft tfdt tfe apus mehdjmem jat ajly ldnardtary
waro, tfe redm`jg ac naaos, hem`tdtàj, djm pdtèjie, nut dlsa lave.‘ == ]fe mew ac
m`v`je W`smah ehpfds`zes djatfer dspeit ac salutà
salutà,, jdhely, `ts pawer ta djswer
questàjs ar prav`me d salutàj ta pranle hs. Gerfdrm Marj sdys; “]fe ifehìdl
salutàj
put rec dit àj `s iah pdr em ta tfe stum y ac tf e pf` las apf ers, neid use ds tfe
pf` lasa pfe rs dre m`s pas em ta oja wle mge ny stu my, sa jdt urd l tf` jgs dre m`s pas em ny
put rec dit àj ta sal ut` aj. ]a tf` s `s iahp drem pf` las apf ìd l oj awle mge , car ds ny
salutàj namès dre m`ssalvem, sa ny ojawlemge dre tfe maunts ac tfe pf`lasapfers
resalvem.‘ =5
]fe ûnd`y
ûnd`ydt
dt ac Ahdr Ofdyy
Ofdyydh
dh expresses tfe sdhe `med `j d style hare
dpprapr`dte ta salutà.
]fe Grdpe tfdt idj w`tf Lagì dnsalute ]fe

]wa-djm-Yevejty kdrr`jg Yeits iajcute;
=4
4 n`m., pdr. 455.
ZRr`jtem `j Kujg, ]fe Rrditìe ac Rsyifatferdpy IW 43 .

'‑@n`m.. pdr. =67.
"@n`m.. pdr. =02.
=5
Kujg, Hysterùh Iajkujit àr``s, Ac 4=. pdr. 939.
R F @ L A Y A R F A^ S H D N L S ] @ A
SEL
H
Hu
uttm`Ñidtà
Çw cr`t 3# [matv WF Ycr`RNtl
O `ct
C@GU^ E 9 - 4 3
]fe Iarpse ac tfe Hergem O`jg djm Tueej Ne`jg Rur `cèm djm êdj`hdtem ny
Fedvejly Mew (âsdrùh Rf`las
Rf`lasapfaruh
apfaruh,, Crdjocurt, 4552. êpr`jtem `j Kujg, ]fe
ie ac Rsyi
Rrditìe
Rrdit` Rsyifatferd
fatferdpy.)
py.)
]fe savere`gj dlifeh`st tfdt `j d trìe L`ce‑s

ledmej hetdl `jta Galm trdjshute. =3
]fe salutà experèjie “salves‘ psyifalagìdl pranlehs ny trdjscerr`jg tfe `ssue
ta tfe redlh ac ceel`jg. @j atfer warms, `t djswers “ujdjswerdnle‘ questàjs ny

m`ssalv`jg tfe l`n`ma anstruitàj ac wfìf tfe questàj wds d syhptah.
D vdr`djt ac salutà `s l`quecdità
l`quecdità,, tfe praiess ac helt`jg. Yahet`hes `t `s idllem
“ierdtàj.‘ Dnaut tf`s praiemure ûldjm sdys, “Ierdtàj `s percarhem upaj d
nam y wf ìf `s fdr m d jm ac mry fuh aur ny iaj t`j udl
ZC`tzgerdlm, trdjs.. ]fe ûnd`ydt ac Ahdr Ofdvvdh. st. =>.

`jf`n`tàj ujt`l helt`jg tdoes pldie QQQQQQQQQ tfe s`gj ac perceit ierdtàj `s
wfej tfe hemì`je, ne`jg hast sw`ctly prakeitem upaj d nurj`jg pldte, resalves
`tselc, w`tfaut shaoe, `jta tfe iajs`stejiy ac haltej wdx.‘ =7 ]fe dn`l`ty ta helt
upaj fedt`jg, d cedture ac hast hetdls, wds iajs`merem ta ne dj `jmìdtar ac
qudl`ty ar jan`l`ty. ]fus, regdrm`jg d jajcus`nle hetdl, dj dlifeh`st exild`hs `j
m`sgust, “N`shutf.. -`s jat evej cus`nle ny c`re ”suif `s `ts edrtfly grassjess djm
`hpur`ty.‘ = * ]f`s `s dj `jterest`jg psyifalagìdl pa`jt. @t tells us tfdt psyifì
qudl`ty `s `jmìdtem ny `ts dn`l`ty ta sactej, ta helt `jta d l`qu`m claw`jg stdte.
Rerfdps tf`s `s tfe raat `hdge ac tfe `med ac d gejtle hdj. Lda ]se mesir`nes `t
ned ut` cul ly;
]fe nest ac hej `s lòe wdter.
Wdter nejec`ts dll tf`jgs
Djm maes jat iahpete w`tf tfeh.
@t mwells `j (tfe lawly) pldies tfdt dll m`smd`j, ”
Wfere`j `t iahes jedr ta tfe ]da.
@j f`s mwell`jg, (tfe Ydge) laves tfe (lawly) edrtf?

@j f`s fedrt, fe laves wfdt `s pracaujm?
@j f`s reldtàjs w`tf atfers, fe laves o`jmjess?
@j f`s warms, fe laves s`jier`ty?
@j gaverjhejt, fe laves pedie?
@j nus`jess dccd`rs, fe laves dn`l`ty?
@j f`s ditàjs, fe laves ifaas`jg tfe r`gft t`he.
@t `s neiduse fe maes jat iajt ejm ]fdt fe `s w`tfaut
repradif. =0
]fe / If`jg fds d fexdgrdh, juhner 50, wfìf h`gft fdve neej jdhem
“salutàW`lfelh idlls `t “M`spersàj ar M`ssalutàj.‘ Rdrt ac tfe iahhejtdry redms
ds callaws;
êl`gàus caries dre jeemem ta averiahe tfe egat`sh tfdt m`v`mes hej. ]fe
iahhaj ielenrdtàj ac tfe gredt sdir`cì`dl cedsts djm sdirem r`tes... wds tfe hedjs
ehplayem ny tfe gredt rulers ta uj`te hej. ]fe sdirem husì djm tfe splejmar ac
tfe ierehajès drausem d strajg t`me ac ehatàj tfdt wds sfdrem ny dll fedrts `j
uj`saj, djm tfdt dwdoejem d iajsiàusjess ac tfe iahhaj ar`g`j ac dll iredtures.
@j tf`s wdy m`suj`ty wds averiahe djm r`g`m`ty
m`ssalvem QQ Egat`sh djm iup`m`ty `saldte hej. ]ferecare t fe fedrts ac hej
hust ne se`zem ny d mevaut ehatàj. ]fey hust ne sfdoej ny d rel`gàus dwe `j
cdie ac eterj`ty. 52
=7
ûldjm, D Lexìaj ac Dlifehy, p. 05.
“Wd`te, trdjs., ]fe Ferhetì Huseuh 4;>=.

]ut: ]ef If`jj a r ]fe Naao ac ]da, Ifdpter 6, ]r. L`j Putdjg.
•'"W`lfelh, trdjs.. ]fe t If`jg ar Naao ac Ifdjges, pp. >>7cc.

]a suhhdr`ze, @ fdve spaoej ac sevej hdkar dspeits ac salutà syhnal`sh;
(@) returj ta tfe wahn ar pr`hdl stdte? (>) m`ssalutàj, m`spersdl,
m`shehnerhejt? (9) iajtd`jhejt ac d lesser tf`jg ny d gredter? (=) ren`rtf,
rekuvejdtàj, `hhersàj `j tfe iredt`ve ejergy claw? (5) pur`cìdtàj armedl?
(3) salutàj ac pranlehs? djm (7) helt`jg ar sactej`jg praiess. ]fese m`ccerejt
dspeits averldp. Yeverdl ar dll ac tfeh hdy hdoe up m`ccerejt cdiets ac d s`jgle
experèjie. Ndsìdlly `t `s tfe ega‑s iajcrajtdtàj w`tf tfe ujiajsiàus tfdt
nr` jgs dnau t salutà. Kujg sdys;
]fe djdlys`s djm `jterpretdtàj ac mredhs iajcrajt tfe iajsiàus stdjmpa`jt
w`tf tfe stdtehejts ac tfe ujiajsiàus, tfus w`mej`jg `ts jdrraw far`zaj.
]f`s laasej`jg up ac irdhpem djm r`g`m dtt`tumes iarrespajms ta tfe salutàj
djm sepdrdtàj ac tfe elehejts ny tfe dqud perhdjejs, wfìf wds dlredmy
presej
pr esejtt `j tfe “na
“namy"
my" djm `s lur em aut ny tfe
tf e d rt. ]fe wdt
wdter
er `s d s aul ar sp`r`t,
tfdt `s, d psyifì “sunstdjie,‘ wfìf jaw `j `ts turj `s dpplèm ta tfe `j`t`dl
hdter`dl. ]f`s iarrespajms ta us`jg tfe mredh‑s hedj`jg ta ildr`cy ex`st`jg
pranl
pr anlehs.
ehs. “ Yalutà" `s mec`jem `j tf`s sejse ny Marj. “Ds namès dre m`ssalvem
ny sal ut` aj, sa tfe maunts ac tfe pf`lasapfers dre resalvem ny ojawlemge.‘ 54
]f`s quatdtàj mesir`nes tfe djdlytì praiess ds ifècly d salutà car tfe pdtèjt.
Fawever, tfe tferdp`st hust dlsa sunh`t ta salutà. Iertd`j texts stdte tf`s
explì`tly; “@t `s jeiessdr y tferecare ta iajvert tfe namès ac hetdls `jta d clu`m
sunstdjie? car...every t`jiture w`ll t`jge d tfausdjm t`hes hare `j d sact djm
l`qu`m sunstdjie, tfdj wfej `t `s `j d mry aje....]ferecare tfe trdjshutdtàj ac
`hperceit hetdls `s `hpass`nle ta ne maje ny perceit namès wf`le tfey dre mry djm
fdrm; car wfìf iduse sdoe, tfey hust ne nraugft ndio `jta tfe`r c`rst hdtter,
wfìf `s sact djm clu`m.‘ 5> Dgd`j, “tfdt wfìf `s mry maes jat ejter `jta, jar t`jge
djytf`jg nes`mes `tselc...jar idj `t t`jge exi ept `t ne t`jgem.‘ 59 ]fus, natf pdtèjt
djm dgejt hust ne sact djm clu`m. ]f`s iarrespajms ta wfdt Kujg tells us dnaut tfe
jdture ac psyifatferdpy;
]fe reldtàj netweej maitar djm pdtèjt rehd`js d persajdl aje w`tf`j tfe
`hpersajdl crdhewaro ac pracessàjdl tredthejt. Ny ja mevìe idj tfe
tredthejt ne djytf`jg nut tfe pramuit ac hutudl `jcluejie, `j wfìf tfe wfale
ne` jg ac tf e mai tar ds wel l ds tfd t ac f` s pdt èj t pld ys `ts pdr t ” Fejie tfe
per saj dl` tè s ac mai tar djm pdt èj t dre act ej `jc `j` tel y har e `hp art djt car tfe
autiahe ac tfe tredthejt tfdj wfdt tfe maitar sdys djm tf`jos.... Car twa
per saj dl` tè s ta heet `s lò e h`x `jg twa m`c cer ejt ifeh ìd l suns tdj ies ; `c tf ere
`s djy iahn`jdtàj dt dll, natf dre trdjscarhem. @j djy ecceit`ve psyifalagìdl
tredthejt tfe maitar `s naujm ta `jcluejie tfe pdtèjt? nut tf`s `jcluejie idj
ajly tdoe pldie `c tfe pdtèjt fds d rei`praidl
•'•Kujg. Hvsterùh Iaj

Iaj ¡uji` àj`s.
àj`s. I W 4=, pdr. 923 djm j. 567.
]fe L`ves ac tfe Dlifehystìdl Rf`lasapfers, p. 495.
¿‑@n`m.
`jcluejie aj tfe maitar. Pau idj exert ja `jcluejie `c yau dre jat susiept`nle ta
`jcluejie. 5=
Netweej maitar djm pdtèjt, tferecare, tfere dre `hpajmerdnle cditars wfìf nr` jg
dnaut d hutudl trdjscarhdtàj. @j tfe praiess, tfe strajger djm hare stdnle
per saj dl` ty w`l l mei `me tfe c`j dl `ssu e. @ fdve seej hdjy idses wfere tfe pdtèjt
dss`h`ldtem tfe maitar `j mec`djie ac dll tfeary djm ac tfe tdtter's pra ces sà jdl
`jtejtàjs ” gejerdlly, tfaugf jat dlwdys, ta tfe m`sdmvdjtdge ac tfe maitar. 55
Edif ac tfe dlifehìdl aperdtàjs fds d lesser djm d gredter dspeit, kust ds `t fds
nat f d jeg dt` ve djm d pas` t`v e s`m e. ]fe c`r e ac idli`jdtà idj ne experèjiem ds fell
c`re ar tfe `jsp`rdtàj ac tfe Faly Gfast. ]fe sdhe dpplès ta salutà. Aje text sdys;
“Pau dre ta ojaw tfdt, dltfaugf tfe salutàj `s aje, yet `j `t tfere hdy ne
m`st`jgu`sfem d c`rst, djm d seiajm....]fe c`rst salutàj `s...tfe remuitàj ac `t ta `ts
C`rst Hdtter, tfe seiajm `s tfdt perceit salutàj ac namy djm sp`r`t dt tfe sdhe t`he,
`j wfìf tfe salvejt djm tfe tf`jg salvem dlwdys dn`me tagetfer, djm w`tf tf`s
salutàj ac tfe namy tfere tdoes pldie s`hultdjeausly d iajsal`mdtàj ac tfe
sp`r`t.‘ 53
]fe gredter salutà tfus `jvalves d trdjspas`tàj ac tfe appas`tes? tfe salutàj ac
tfe namy nr`jgs dnaut d iajsal`mdtàj ac tfe sp`r`t. Hdjy atfer texts sdy tfe sdhe
tf`jg. Oelly quates Dvìejjd; “]fe true pr`j i`ple ac aur waro `s tfe m`ssalutàj ac
tfe Ytaje, neiduse salvem namès fdve dssuhem tfe jdture ac sp`r`ts, `.e., neiduse
tfe`r qudl`ty `s mrèr. Car tfe salutàj ac tfe namy `s dttejmem w`tf tfe iadguldtàj ac
tfe sp`r`t.‘ 57 Djatfer text sdys, “Aur saluiyaj ys iduse ac aur iadguldiyaj? Car tfe
m`ssaluiyaj aj tfe aje syme iarpardll idusytf iajgeldiyaj aj tfe atfer syme
sp yrytudll.‘ 56
]f`s `s pracaujm djm pdrdmaxìdl syhn al`sh. ]fe hast anvàus hedj`jg `s tfdt d
reledse crah iajirete pdrtìuldrs prahates d redl`zdtàj ac uj`versdls. Fawever, tfe
pdr dma xì dl pld y ac app as`t es hedj s ult `hd tel y tfd t tfe pr aiem ure ledm s ta tfe
Yelc ” tfe trdjspersajdl iejter ac tfe psyife tfdt uj`tes djm reiaji`les tfe appas`tes.
We dre tfus nraugft, c`jdlly, ta tfe ult`hdte `j salutà syhnal`sh, tfe `med ac tfe
wdter tfdt `s tfe gadl ac tfe praiess. Yeverdl terhs dre usem car tf`s l`qu`m versàj ac
tfe Rf`lasapfers‑ Ytaje; "dqud perhdjejs"el`xer v`tde," “t`jiture,‘ “pf`lasapfìdl
wdter,‘ “uj`versdl salvejt,‘ “m`v`je
u
]fe Rrditìe ac Rsyifatferdpy, I W 43, pdr. 439.
=
* @n`m., pdr. 43=.
5,4
Wd`te, trdjs.. ]fe Ferhetì Huseuh 4;=2.
'‑Oelly, ]fe Dlifehìdl Wr`t`jgs ac Emwdrm Oelly, p. =0. **4fe L`ves

ac tfe Dlifehvstìdl Rf`lasapfers, p. >40.
wdter,‘ djm sa cartf. Wdter ds tfe gadl ac tfe apus `s mesir`nem `j tf`s text;
_]fe pf`lasapfersX sdy tfdt tfe wfale waro djm tfe sunstdjie ac tfe wfale
waro dre jatf`jg nut tfe wdter, djm tfdt tfe tredthejt ac tfe sdhe dlsa tdoes
pld ie ` j j atf` jg nut tfe wdte r QQQ Djm ny wfd tev er jdh es t fe pf` las apfe rs
fdve idllem tfe`r staje tfey dlwdys hedj djm recer ta tf`s aje sunstdjie, `.e.,
ta tfe wdter crah wfìf everytf`jg _ar`g`jdtesX djm `j wfìf everytf`jg _`s
iajtd`jemX, wfìf rules everytf`jg, `j wfìf errars dre hdme djm `j wfìf tfe
errar `s `tselc iarreitem. @ idll `t “pf`lasapfìdl‘ wdter, jat arm`jdry wdter nut
dqud heriur`dl`s.50
Fere tfe pf`lasapfìdl wdter `j wfìf everytf`jg tdoes pldie `s natf tfe
hdter`d, djm tfe Rf`lasapfers‑ Ytaje.
neg `jj `jg djm tfe ejm ac tf e apus, tfe pr`hd hdter`d,
@t `s d l`qu`m syhnal ac tfe Yelc iajtd`j`jg tfe appas`tes djm turj`jg edif aje-
s`mem tf`jg `jta `ts iaj trdry. ]fus `t `s sd`m, “]f`s (m`v`je) wdter hdoes tfe medm
l`v`jg djm tfe l`v`jg medm, `t l`gfts tfe mdrojess djm mdroejs tfe l`gft.‘ 32
Kust ds tfe Rf`lasapfers‑ Ytaje wds `mejt`cèm w`tf Ifr`st, tfe m`v`je wdter ac
tfe dlifeh`sts wds dlsa iajjeitem w`tf tfe l`v`jg wdter tfdt Ifr`st equdtem w`tf
f`hselc `j tfe Gaspel ac Kafj; “Wfaever mr`jos tfe wdter tfdt @ sfdll g`ve f`h
w`ll jever succer tf`rst djyhare. ]fe wdter tfdt @ sfdll g`ve f`h w`ll ne dj `jjer
spr`jg dlwdys well`jg up car eterjdl l`ce‘ (Kafj =;4=, JEN). “@c djyaje `s tf`rsty
let f`h iahe ta he? wfaever nelèves `j he, let f`h mr`jo. Ds Yir`pture sdys,
‚Ytredhs ac l`v`jg wdter sfdll claw aut crah w`tf`j f`h‑‘ (Kafj 7;96, JEN).
Dj `jterest`jg mredh pdrdllel ta tfe “stredh ac l`v`jg wdter‘ idhe ta hy
dttejtàj. Mur`jg d pdrtìuldr sessàj, tfe djdlyst wds espei`dlly resauriecul `j
g`v`jg d rìf dhpl`cìdtàj ac tfe pdtèjt‑s mredh. ]fdt j`gft tfe pdtèjt mredhem
tfdt d stredh ac irystdl iledr wdter wds claw`jg crah tfe djdlyst‑s hautf. ]f`s ep`same `s
dj exiellejt exdhple ac Kujg‑s stdtehejt, “]fe djdlys`s djm `jterpretdtàj ac
mredhs...iarrespajms ta tfe salutàj djm sepdrdtàj ac tfe elehejts ny tfe dqud
jejs.n`
perhdjejs.
perhd
]fe Rsdlh`st irès aut ta Gam, “Hy saul tf`rstetf car tfee `j d mry djm tf`rsty
ldjm wfere ja wdter `s‘ (Rs. 39;4, DS). Dlhast `j djswer ta tf`s iry, dj
dlifehìdl rei`pe car salutà neg
neg`js
`js w`t f tfe se warm s, “@c tfau
tf au ojawest
oja west faw ta
ha`stej tf`s mry edrtf w`tf `ts awj wdter, tfau w`lt laasej tfe pares ac tf`s
edrtf.‘ Kujg accers tfe callaw`jg `jterpre tdtàj;
w
Kujg,
Rsyifalagy djm
•'@n`m., pdr. 923.

@c yau w`ll iajtehpldte yaur ldio ac cdjtdsy, ac `jsp`rdtàj djm `jjer dl`ve' jess,
wfìf yau ceel ds sfeer stdgjdtàj djm d ndrrej w`lmerjess, djm `hpregjdte `t
w`tf tfe `jterest narj ac dldrh dt yaur `jjer medtf, tfej sahetf`jg idj tdoe
sfdpe `j yau, car yaur `jjer ehpt`jess iajiedls kust ds gredt d culljess `c ajly
yau w`ll dllaw `t ta pejetrdte `jta yau. @c yau prave reiept`ve ta tf`s “idll ac tfe
w`lm,‘ tfe lajg`jg car culc`llhejt w`ll quìoej tfe ster`le w`lmerjess ac yaur saul
ds rd`j quìoejs tfe mry edrtf. 3>
]fe gredter salutà `s dj ejiaujter w`tf tfe Juh`j

Juh`jasuh.
asuh. wfìf natf tests djm
estdnl`sfes tfe ega‑s reldtàj ta tfe Yelc. Ds tfe claam hytfs tell us explì`tly, tfe
claam iahes crah Gam? tfdt `s, salutà iahes crah tfe Yelc. Wfdt `s wartf sdv`jg `j
tfe ega `s sdvem. Wfdt `s jat wartf sdv`jg `s m`ssalvem djm heltem mawj `j armer ta
ne rei dst `j jew l`c e- car hs. ]fus , tfe ajga `jg l`c e pr aies s reje ws `ts elc. ]fe ega
tfdt `s iahh`ttem ta tf`s trdjspersajdl praiess w`ll iaaperdte w`tf `t djm w`ll
experèjie `ts awj m`h`j`sfhejt ds d prelume ta tfe iah`jg ac tfe ldrger persaj-
dl`ty, tfe wfalejess ac tfe Yelc.
F
@n`m pdr. 402.
Iadguldtàj
ust ds idli`jd tà `s tfe aperdtàj ac tfe elehejt c`re, salutà tfe
K wdter aperdtàj, djm sunl`hdtà tfe aperdtàj pertd`j`jg ta d`r, sa
iadguld`à nelajgs ta tfe syhnal`sh ac tfe elehejt edrtf. Ds w`tf dll

tfe dlifehìdl aperdtàjs, iadguld`à recers c`rst ac dll ta experèjie `j
tfe ldnardtary. Iaal`jg idj turj d l`qu`m `jta d sal`m. D sal`m tfdt fds
nee j m `ss alv em ` j d sal vejt redp ped rs wfej tfe sal vej t ` s ev dpa rdt em. 4
Ar d ifehìdl reditàj hdy pr amuie d jew iahpaujm tfdt `s sal`m ” car
exdhple, tfe iadguldtàj ac egg wf`te wfej `t `s fedtem.
@j essejie, iadguld`à `s tfe praiess tfdt turjs sahetf`jg `jta edrtf. “Edrtf‘ `s tfus
aje ac tfe syjajyhs car tfe iadguld`à. @t `s fedvy djm perhdjejt, ac c`xem pas`tàj djm
sfdpe. @t maesj‑t m`sdppedr `jta tfe d`r ny valdt`l`z`jg jar pl`djtly dmdpt `tselc ta tfe
sfdpe ac djy iajtd`jer ds maes wdter. @ts carh djm laidtàj dre c`xem. ]fus, car d psyifì
iajtejt ta neiahe edrtf hedjs tfdt `t fds neej iajiret`zem `j d pdrtìuldr laidl`zem carh?
tfdt `s, `t fds neiahe dttdifem ta dj ega (see c`gure =-4).
Iadguld`à `s actej equdtem w`tf iredtàj. ]fe ]urnd Rf`lasapfaruh sdys, “Gam fdtf
iredtem dll tf`jgs ny f`s warm, fdv`jg sd`m ujta tfeh; Ne, djm tfey were hdme w`tf tfe
caur atfer elehejts, edrtf, wdter, d`r, djm c`re, wfìf Fe iadguldtem.‘ > Iertd`j iredtàj
hytfs use explì`t `hdges ac iadguldtà. @j tfe iashagajy ac tfe Jartf Dherìdj @jm`djs,
tfe warlm wds actej iredtem ny dj “edrtf m`ver‘ wfa nraugft up n`ts ac hum crah tfe
meptfs ac tfe sed. 9 Car exdhple, d Iferaoee hytf sdys; “Ar`g`jdlly tfe dj`hdls were
irawmem `jta tfe soy-warlm? everytf`jg wds claam nelaw. ]fe Wdter-Neetle wds sejt aj
dj explardtàj, djm
'ûldjm idlls tf`s “Iadguldtàj ny Yegregdtàj" djm sdys `t `s “wfej iertd`j partàjs ne`jg
segregdtem, tfe rest dre iajiretem. ]fe aperdtàj hdy ne terhem Iajiretàj. @t ▢ * percarhem
w`tf fedt, wfereny tfe fuhaur `s evdpardtem, ar exfdlem, djm tfus tfe iduse ac clu`m`ty `s
rehavem" (ûldjm. D Lexìaj ac Dlifehy,
Dlifehy, p. 427).
K
Wd`te, trdjs., ]urfd Rf`lasapfaruh. p. >5.
j
exdhple `s caujm `j El`dme, Crah Rr`h`t`ves
Rr`h`t`ves ta [ej. p. 66.
C@GUÊ = - @
Edrtf Jurses tfe CFùs Rf`las
Rf`lasapfaruh
apfaruh (Hdèr, Dtdldj`d Cugèjs, 4346.)
dcter mdrt`jg dnaut aj tfe surcdie ac tfe wdters djm c`jm`jg ja rest, `t m`vem
ta tfe meptfs, wfejie `t nraugft up d n`t ac hum, crah wfìf Edrtf
mevelapem ny diiretàj. Wfej tfe edrtf wds mry...tfe dj`hdls idhe
mawj.‘ =
]fere `s dj `jterest`jg iadguldtà `hdge `j F`jmu hytfalagy. Dcter tfe
claam (salu`à) tfdt mestrayem dll peaple exiept Hdju, tfe F`jmu Jadf, tfere
wds jeem ta reiaver vdludnle tf`jg s last `j tfe meluge. “Gams djm gej``
ifurjem tfe aiedj ac h`lo, us`jg tfe gredt serpejt (Yesd-jdgd) ds d rape
djm tfe Ylaw- Haujtd`j (Hdjmdrd) ds d ifurj`jg ram.‘ 5 Crah tf`s ifurj`jg
pr aies s vdr àu s ank eits iad gul dtem aut lò e nut ter cra h ire dh. ]f`s sdhe
`hdge `s g`vej d psyifalagìdl dpplìdtàj `j tfe Updj`sfdms. “Lòe tfe
nut ter f`m mej `j h`l o, Rur e Iajs ià usj ess (v`kjdjdh; tfe stdte ac Dthdj ds
Nrdfhdj, sfeer nl`ss) res`mes `j every ne`jg. @t `s ta ne iajstdjtly ifurjem,
w`tf tfe h`jm serv`jg ds tfe ifurj`jg ram." 3 ]fe `med tfdt tfe warlm wds
iadguldtem `jta ne`jg ny dj
‚Dlexdjmer. ]fe Hytfalagy ac Dll ^dies 42;32.

s
Mdjèlau, F`jmu Ralytfe`sh, p. 437.
•[`hher, Rf`lasapfès ac @jm`d, p. 930.

dg`tdt`jg ar ifurj`jg hatàj `s dlsa expressem ny Djdx`hdjmer; “]fere wds
dj eterjdl hatàj, `j wfìf wds nraugft dnaut tfe ar`g`j ac tfe warlms.‘ 7
]f`s “eterjdl hatàj‘ wds tfaugft ac ds d vartex tdo`jg pldie `j tfe
“naujmless‘ (dpe`raj), tfe pr`hd hdter`d,
hdter`d, djm `s very s`h`ldr ta tfe F`jmu
hytf.
D h`mmle-dgem hdj wfa wds ga`jg tfraugf d hdkar rearèjtdtàj w`tf d
“sejse ac tfe alm armer pdss`jg dwdy‘ fdm tf`s mredh;
@t `s mdwj, tfe l`gft ac tfe r`s`jg suj kust
kust eherg`jg. @ dh up ta hy wd`st `j
d sunstdjie tfdt `s d h`xture ac nldio hum, sl`he, djm sf`t. ]fere `s ja aje
else draujm djm tf`s nldio expdjse stretifes ta tfe far`zaj. @t `s lòe tfe
neg`jj`jg ac tfe warlm, tfe c`rst mdy ac iredtàj. @ stdrt ta tfrdsf hy legs, ta
ifurj `j tfe nldio hum w`tf gredt djm pers`stejt eccart. @ iajt`jue ma`jg
tf`s car faurs djm slawly tfe pr`hevdl aaze neg`js ta fdrmej djm neiahe
c`rh.
@ jatìe tfe suj
suj `s r`s`jg
r`s`jg `jta tfe ssoy
oy djm `ts fedt `s mry
mry`jg
`jg up tfe wdter djm
djm
prav`m`jg
prav`m`j g sal`m edrtf. @ d
djtì`pdt
jtì`pdtee ne`jg dnle
dnle ta std
stdjm
jm aj c`
c`rh
rh graujm.
graujm.
]fese hytfs tell us tfdt iadguldtà `s prahatem ny ditàj (m`v`jg,
ifurj`jg, wf`rl`jg hatàj). ]fey iarrespajm ta wfdt Cdust ledrjem crah tfe
Yp`r`t ac Hepf`stapfeles; “@j tfe neg`jj`jg wds tfe meem.‘ 6 Rsyifalagìdlly
tf`s hedjs tfdt dit`v`ty djm psyifì havehejt prahate ega mevelaphejt.
Expas`jg ajeselc ta tfe starh djm stress ac ditàj, tfe ifurj ac redl`ty,
sal`m`cès tfe persajdl`ty.
]fe ]urnd Rf`lasapfaruh g`ves tfe callaw`jg dlifehìdl rei`pe car
iadguldtà; “]doe quìos`lver, iadguldte `j tfe namy ac Hdgjes`d, `j Ouful
(ledm), ar `j Yulpfur wfìf maes jat nurj? eti.‘ (mìtuh 44). ]f`s text fds d
reiagj`zdnle ifehìdl recerejie. @c heriury `s dhdlgdhdtem w`tf d ldrge
qudjt`ty ac djatfer hetdl suif ds ledm, tfe dhdlgdh sal`m`cès. Y`h`ldrly,
heriury iahn`jes w`tf sulpfur ta carh sal`m heriury sulpf`me. Fawever, tfe
recerejie ta sulpfur tfdt maes jat nurj hdoes `t iledr tfdt d psyifì hedj`jg
fds neej super`hpasem aj tfe ifehìdl cdits.
]fe sunstdjie ta ne iadguldtem `s elus`ve quìos`lver. ]f`s `s tfe Yp`r`t
Heriurùs dnaut wfah Kujg fds wr`ttej extejs`vely. 0 Essejt`dlly `t `s tfe
dutajahaus sp`r`t ac tfe drifetypdl psyife, tfe pdrdmaxìdl hdj`cestdtàj ac
tfe trdjspersajdl Yelc. ]a sunkeit tfe Yp`r`t Heriurùs ta iadguldtà hedjs

jatf`jg less tfdj tfe iajjeit`jg ac tfe ega w`tf tfe Yelc, tfe culc`llhejt ac
`jm`v`mudtàj. Lesser dspeits ac tfe elus`ve
‑Nurjet, Edrly Greeo Rf`lasapfy, p. 5>.

"Gaetfe, Cdust, pt. @, l`je 4>97.
‑•Zujg. Dlifehìdl Ytumès, IW 49, pdrs. >90cc.
Heriurùs dppedr `j tfe ecceits ac dll dutajahaus iahplexes. ]fe dss`h`ldtàj
ac d iahplex `s tfus d iajtr`nutàj ta tfe iadguldtà ac tfe Yelc.
]fe text hejtàjs tfree dgejts ac iadguldtà; hdgjes`d, ledm, djm sulpfur.
Hdgjes`d fdm d m`ccerejt hedj`jg ta tfe dlifeh`sts tfdj `t maes ta us? `t wds d
gejerdl terh recerr`jg ta vdràus irume hetdllì ares ar `hpure h`xtures. 42
Rsyifalagìdlly tf`s iaulm recer ta tfe ujàj ac tfe trdjspersajdl sp`r`t w`tf
arm`jdry fuhdj redl`ty. Rerfdps tf`s `s tfe hedj`jg ac Kujg‑s rehdro ds repartem
ny Dj` eld Kdcce;
Kdc ce; “Wfe j Kujg,
Kuj g, `j f`s e`gf tè s, wds m`s iuss `jg dt f`s fause
fau se tfe
pr aies s ac nei ah` jg iaj si` aus w`tf d grau p ac yau jg psyi f`d tr` sts ... fe ejm em
w`tf tfe surpr`s`jg warms; ‚Djm tfej yau fdve ta ledrj ta neiahe meiejtly
ujiajsiàus.‑‘ 44 ]fe jext dgejt ac iadguldtà hejtàjem `s ledm. Ledm `s fedvy,
mull, djm nurmejsahe. @t `s dssai`dtem w`tf tfe pldjet Ydturj, wfìf idrrès tfe
qudl`tès ac mepressàj, heldjifaly, djm gdll`jg l`h`tdtàj. ]fus, cree,
dutajahaus sp`r`t hust ne iajjeitem w`tf fedvy redl`ty djm tfe l`h`tdtàjs ac
per saj dl pdr tì uld r`t y. @j djd lyt ì prd it` ie tf` s l`j odge w`tf ledm `s act ej
diiahpl`sfem wfej tfe `jm`v`mudl tdoes persajdl respajs`n`l`ty car cleet`jg
cdjtdsès djm `meds ny express`jg tfeh ta tfe djdlyst ar ta djatfer s`gj`cìdjt

per saj . @ t `s dst aj`s f`j g t a a nser ve tfe m`c cer eji e n etw eej dj `me d t fau gft djm dj
`med spaoej. @t‑s tfe m`ccer ejie netweej heriury djm ledm (see c`gure =->).
]fe tf`rm iadguldt`jg dgejt hejtàjem `s sulpfur. @ts yellaw ialar djm
`jcldhhdn`l`ty dssai`dte `t w`tf tfe suj. Aj tfe atfer fdjm, `ts vdpars st`jo djm
nld ioej has t het dls sa tfd t nr` hst aje `s d ifdr dit er `st ì cedt ure ac fel l. Kuj g
suhhdr`zes f`s hdstercul m`siussàj ac tfe syhnal`sh ac sulpfur `j Hyster
Hysterùh
ùh
Iartùjitàj`s w`tf tfese warms;
Yulpfur represejts tfe dit`ve sunstdjie ac tfe suj ar, `j psyifalagìdl
ldjgudge, tfe hat`ve cditar `j iajsiàusjess; aj tfe aje fdjm tfe w`ll, wfìf idj
nes t ne reg drm em ds d myj dh` sh sun arm `jd tem ta iaj si` aus jess , djm aj tfe
atfer fdjm iahpulsàj, dj `jvalujtdry hat`vdtàj ar `hpulse rdjg`jg crah
here `jterest ta passessàj praper. ]fe ujiajsiàus myjdh`sh waulm
iarrespajm ta sulpfur, car iahpulsàj `s tfe gredt hystery ac fuhdj l`ce. @t `s
tfe tfwdrt`jg ac aur iajsiàus w`ll djm ac aur redsaj ny dj `jcldhhdnle
elehejt w`tf`j us, dppedr`jg jaw ds d iajsuh`jg c`re djm jaw ds l`ce-g`v`jg
wdrhtf. 4>
@t `s pdrdmaxìdl. “Ds tfe iarrupter `t fds dcc`j`ty w`tf tfe mev`l, wf`l e aj tfe
49
atfer fdjm `t dppedrs ds d pdrdllel ac Ifr`st.‘ ]fus, `c pdrt ac
l2
Yee ûldjm. D Lexìaj ac Dlifehy, “hdgjes`d" djm “hdrids`te."
"Kdcce, ]fe Hytf ac Hedj`jg, p. 4=0.

l>
Kujg, Hysterùh Iajùjitàj`s,
Iajùjitàj`s, IW 4=, pdr. 454.
@K
@n`m., pdr. 459.
C@GUÊ =->
Edgle Ifd`jem ta d Graujm Dj`hdl (Ytaliùs, S`r`mdrùh Ifyhìuh. 43>=.
êpr`jtem `j êdm, Rrelumee ta Ifeh`
Rrelum Ifeh`stry.)
stry.)
tfe hedj`jg ac sulpfur `s mes`rausjess ”tfe str`v`jg car pawer djm pledsure ” we
redif tfe iajilusàj tfdt mes`re iadguldtes.
@j tfe Jew ]estdhejt tfe clesf `s explì`tly equdtem w`tf s`jcul mes`rausjess.
“Car dll tfdt `s `j tfe warlm, tfe lust ac tfe clesf djm tfe lust ac tfe eyes djm tfe
pr` me ac l`c e, `s jat ac tfe Cdt
Cdtfer
fer nut `s ac tfe warlm‘
war lm‘ (4 Kafj >;4 3, ^YS). Lòew`se,
Rdul sd`m, “Jaw tfe waros ac tfe clesf dre hdj`cest, wfìf dre tfese; dmultery,
carjìdtàj, ujiledjjess, ldsi`vàusjess, `maldtry, w`tifirdct, fdtrem, vdr`djie,
ehuldtàjs, wrdtf, str`ce, sem`tàjs, feresès, ejvy`jgs, hurmers, mrujoejjess,
revell`jgs. djm suif lòe‘ (Gdl. 5;40 ->4, DS).
Jat ajl y `s mes` rau sjes s d ifdr dit er` st` i ac cle sf ” tfe iadguldtem dspeit ac tfe
psyi fe ” nut dls a mes` re `s sd`m ta `j` t`d te tfe `ji drj dt` jg pra iess . Car `js tdj ie,
`jidrjdtàj djm mes`re dre l`joem `j ]fe ]`netdj Naao ac tfe Medm. Wfej d saul `s dnaut
ta ne re`jidrjdtem djm lamgem `j d wahn, `t fds v`sàjs ac hdt`jg iauples djm `s
averiahe ny `jtejse mes`re; `c d hdle, mes`re car tfe hatfer djm dversàj car tfe
cdtfer, `c d cehdle, mes`re car tfe cdtfer djm dversàj car tfe hatfer. 4= Kdian
Evdjs-Wejtz, em. ]fe ]`netdj Naao ac tfe Medm. pp. xlv cc.
Naefhe, spedo`jg ac tfe hdj`cestdtàj ac tfe m`v`je jdture, sdys; “]fe w`ll ny
mes`r`jg iajtrdits djm neiahes sunstdjt`dl. ]fus mdrojess `s iredtem w`tf`j tfe
w`ll, wf`le w`tfaut tfdt mes`re tfere waulm ne jatf`jg nut eterjdl st`lljess
w`tfaut sunstdjt`dl`ty.‘ 45 D Jeapldtajì `hdge ac tfe `jidrjdtàj ac tfe saul dlsa
sees `t ds hat`vdtem ny mes`re. “Laao`jg mawj crah tfdt f`gfest suhh`t djm
per pet udl l`g ft, djm fdv `jg w`tf seir et mes` re iaj tehp ldt em tfe dpp etej ie ac tf e
nam y djm `ts ‚l` ce, ‑ sa - idllem aj edrtf, tfe saul ny tfe very we`gft ac tf`s `ts
edrtfly tfaugft
grdmudlly s`jos mawj `jta tfe jetfer warlm QQQQQQQ @j edif spfere (wfìf `t
pdss es) `t `s ila tfe m w`tf dj etf er` dl ejv ela phej t, sa tfd t ny tfe se `t `s `j std ges
reiaji`lem ta tfe iahpdjy ac tf`s edrtfej gdrhejt. Djm tfus `t iahes tfraugf ds
hdjy medtfs ds `t pdsses spferes ta wfdt fere aj edrtf `s idllem ‚l`ce.‑‘ 43
@j tf`s pdssdge tfe `jidrjdt`jg praiess `s l`joem w`tf mes`re, w`tf d mesiejt ar
cdll crah fedvej, djm w`tf d putt`jg aj ac ilatfes. ]fe hat`c ac tfe cdll crah
fedvej neiduse ac pr`me ar pdssàj gaes ndio ta Gejes`s 3;> (DS); “]fe sajs ac
Gam sdw tfe mdugfters ac hej tfdt tfey were cd`r? djm tfey taao tfeh w`ves ac
dll wfìf tfey ifase.‘ Dlsa relevdjt `s Lui`cer‑s renellàj djm cdll crah fedvej
sa nedut`cully mesir`nem ny H`ltaj;
Fe trustem ta fdve equdl‑m tfe hast F`gf,
@c fe appasem? djm w`tf dhn`tàus d`h Dgd`jst tfe
]fraje djm Hajdrify ac Gam ^d`s‑m `hpàus Wdr `j
Fedv‑j djm Ndttel praum W`tf vd`j dttehpt. F`h tfe
dlh`gfty Rawer Furl‑m fedmlajg cldh`jg crah tf‑
Etferedl Yoè W`tf f`meaus ru`j djm iahnustàj mawj
]a nattahless perm`tàj, tfere ta mwell @j Dmdhdjt`je
ifd`js djm pejdl C`re,
47
Wfa murst mecè tf‑ Ahj`patejt ta Drhs.
]f`s pdssdge iajtd`js idli`jdtà syhnal`sh, nut `ts hd`j recerejie `s ta
iadguldtà. @t `s d hdgj`cìejt mesir`ptàj ac tfe `j`t`dl preiajsiàus dit tfdt ldys
tfe caujmdtàj ac tfe ega. Djgels ar tfe`r equ`vdlejts st`ll cdll crah fedvej `j
hamerj mredhs (see c`gure =-9).
D yaujg wahdj wfa fdm d meceit`ve ega mevelaphejt ”d gdp `j dwdrejess ac
fer ceh`j`je `mejt`ty ” fdm tf`s mredh edrly `j fer djdlys`s;
ls
Naefhe, “Carty Tuestàjs,‘ quatem `j Rersajdl Ifr`st`dj`ty; ]fe Maitr`je
Maitr`je ac Kdian Naefhe. p. 66.
l
Hdiranùs, @j Yahj. Yi`p., quatem `j Kajds, ]fe Gjastì êl`gàj, p. 456.
l7
H`ltaj, “Rdrdm`se Last," `j H`ltaj; Iahplete Raetry djm Yeleitem
Yeleitem Rrase, no. 44, l`jes =2-=0.
]fe
Cdll ac tfe ênel DjgelsÏYÁcN ^ìfes
^ìfes Feu
Feures
res mu M
Mui
ui m
mee Nerry. Ifdjt`lly, Husàe
Nerry.
Iajmà.)
(Dnnrev`dtem) @ wds idllem ta tfe w`jmaw ta wdtif d pfejahejaj `j tfe soy. Ds @
wdtifem tfe haaj @ sdw djatfer namy eherge crah nef`jm `t ”lòe d seiajm haaj.
Yummejly tfe seiajm namy negdj ta explame `j speitdiuldr ialars tfdt laaoem ¡òe dj
F- nahn explasàj. @ tfaugft we were wdtif`jg tfe n`rtf ac d jew suj. Dll dt ajie,
mur`jg djatfer explas`ve evejt, d pèie ac tfe jew namy wds tfrawj `jta spdie djm
ldjmem `j aur dpdrthejt.
We rdj aut ds cdst ds we iaulm, ne`jg dcrd`m tfdt `t h`gft ne rdmàdit`ve.
]f`s mredh ejiaurdgem he ta persevere `j d slaw djm m`ccìult tferdpeutì praiess.

Dj `hpartdjt cedture ac `t wds tfe grdmudl mevelaphejt ac tfe idpdi`ty ta reldte
cully ta d hdj.
Mredhs ac pldjes irdsf`jg ar ankeits cdll`jg gejerdlly recer ta iadgu- ldtà. Car
`jstdjie, d hdj wfa wds `j tfe praiess ac mevelap`jg d hare dutfejtì reldtàj ta
f`s rel`gàj fdm tf`s mredh;
@ dh `j h`mtawj Hdjfdttdj. ]dll nu`lm`jgs

nu`lm`jgs dre ne`jg rdzem. D fuge naulme
naulmerr crah
tfe lap ac aje ac tfe nu`lm`jgs iahes irdsf`jg ta tfe graujm, dlhast f`tt`jg he.
]fe mredher‑s dssai`dtàj ta tfe naulmer wds Reter, tfe raio upaj wfìf Ifr`st
nu` lt f `s ifu rif (Hdt t. 4 3;4 6).
Rsyifatferdpeutì experèjie ver`cès tfe `med tfdt mes`re prahates
iadguldtà. Car tfase wfa dre dlredmy mr`vej ny mes`rausjess, iadguldtà `s jat tfe
aperdtàj jeemem. Fawever, hdjy pdtèjts fdve dj `jdmequdte l`n`ma
`jvesthejt, d wedojess ac mes`re sahet`hes narmer`jg aj djfe- maj`d. Yuif
peaple
pea ple maj ‑t oja w wfd t tfe y wdj t djm dre dcr d`m ac tfe`r
tf e`r awj mes` res . ]fe y dre
lòe ujnarj sauls `j fedvej sfr`jo`jg crah tfe cdll `jta iajirete redl`ty. ]fese
pea ple jeem ta iul t` vdt e tfe `r mes `re s ” seeo tfeh, jaur`sf tfeh, djm dit aj
tfeh. Ajly tfus w`ll psyifì ejergy ne han`l`zem tfdt w`ll prahate l`ce
experèjie djm ega mevelaphejt. @j psyifatferdpy, tfe ehergejie ac
trdjscerejie mes`res w`ll actej `jmìdte tfe neg`jj`jg ac d iadguldtà praiess djm
tferecare sfaulm ne tredtem w`tf idre.
]fe lure ac mes`re `s tfe sweet
sweetjess
jess ac culc`llhejt. Fajey ds tfe suprehe
exdhple ac sweetjess `s tferecare dj dgejt ac iadguldtà. Rdrdielsus sdys tfdt
“tfe pr`he hdtter ac fajey `s tfe sweetjess ac tfe edrtf wfìf res`mes `j
jdturdll y graw`jg tf`jgs.‘ Djm dgd`j, fajey “`s tfe pr`he hdter`dl`zem hdtter,
46
car fajey djm wdx dre aje.‘ Diiarm`jg ta tfe dlifeh`st Marj‑s rei`pe car
ka` j`j g t fe s p`r `t (ujà hejtdl`s) w`tf
'"Rdrdielsus. ]fe Ferhetì djm Dlifehìdl Wr`t`jgs ac Rdrdielsus >;7=

tfe namy, aje ac tfe requ`rem dgejts `s fajey.¿ 0 Kujg sdy* ac Marj‑s use ac fajey;
]fereny tfe h`xture diqu`rem tfe praperty jat ajly ac el`h`jdt`jg `hpur`tès nut
ac ifdjg`jg sp`r`t `jta namy, djm `j vèw ac tfe prapasem iajkujitàj ac tfe sp`r`t
djm tfe namy tf`s seehem d pdrtìuldrly prah`s`jg s`gj. ]a ne sure, tfe “sweetjess
ac tfe edrtf‘ wds jat w`tfaut `ts mdjgers, car dt we fdve seej... tfe fajey iaulm
ifdjge `jta d medmly pa`saj. Diiarm`jg ta Rdrdielsus `t iajtd`js “]drtdruh,‘
wfìf ds `ts jdhe `hplès fds ta ma w`tf Fdmes. Curtfer, ]drtdruh `s d “idli`jem
Ydturj‘ djm iajsequejtly fdm dcc`j`tès w`tf tf`s hdlecì pldjet. >2
Fajey, neiduse ac `ts preservdt`ve qudl`tès, wds iajs`merem ny tfe djièjts ta ne d
hemì`je ac `hhartdl`ty djm fdm d Euifdr`stì use `j sahe edrly Ifr`st`dj
iahhuj`tès. >4
@j hamerj mredhs, d recerejie ta sweets (idjmy, idoe, iaaoès, djm sa cartf)
usudlly `jmìdtes d regress`ve tejmejiy tawdrm if`lm`sf pledsure- seeo`jg tfdt
requ`res remuit`ve `jterpretdtàj (hart`cìdtà
( hart`cìdtà).
). Aiidsàjdlly, fawever, `t pa`jts ta
dj dutfejtì jeem car iadguldtà. Iadguldtà `s actej res`stem neiduse `t `s celt ta ne
hardlly dhn`guaus djm dpt ta ledm aje `jta pd`j djm iajclìt. ]fe ildssì pratest `s
tfdt ac Fdhlet; “A. tfdt t f`s taa taa sal`m clesf waulm helt,/]fdw djm resalve
`tselc ev`l.
w`tf `jta d]f`s
mew‘`s(Dit 4, si. >, l`je
mehajstrdtem ny 4>0). @j cdit, iadguldtà
tfe dlifehìdl
`s explì`tly dssai`dtem
iajjeitàj ac iadguldtà w`tf
Ydturj, tfe hdlecì pr`ji`ple. A je text sdys, “tfe iadguldtàj (tdoes pldie) `j
Ydturj.‘ >> Diiarm`jg ta Kdian Naefhe, “Ydturj, tfdt ialm, sfdrp, dustere djm
dstr`jgejt regejt, tdoetf `ts neg`jj`jg djm ar`g`jdl jat crah tfe suj? car Ydturj
fdtf `j `ts pawer tfe ifdhner ac medtf, djm `s d mrèr up ac dll pawers, crah
wfejie iarpare`ty ex`stetf. Car ds tfe suj `s tfe fedrt ac l`ce, djm dj ar`g`jdl ac dll
sp`r`ts `j tfe namy ac tf`s warlm, sa Ydturj `s d neg`jjer ac dll iarpare`ty djm iah-
l`tyy ar pdl pdn` l`t y‘ >9 (see c`gure =-=). ]fe utterly hdl`gj jdture ac
pre fejs `n` l`t
Ydturj `s expressem ny Ifduier wfa fds Ydturj sdy;
Hy iaurse, wfìf fds sa w`me d wdy ta turj.
Fds pawer hare tfdj djy hdj hdy ojaw.
H`je `s tfe mrawj`jg `j tfe sed nelaw?
H`je `s tfe mujgeaj ujmerjedtf tfe hadt?
H`je `s tfe fdjg`jg djm strdjgl`jg ny tfe tfradt?
'‑Kujg, Hysterùh Iajùjit àj `s. IW 4=. pdr. 369.

“@n`m.. pdr. 367.
E`sler, Arpfeus tfe C`sfer, pp. >=>cc.
;k
Najus ac Cerrdrd, ]fe Jew Redrt
ac Gredt Rrìe, p. =>3. u Naefhe,
C@GUÊ =-= ]fe Ytaje ac Ydturj (Hdèr, Dtdldj
Dtdldjtd
td Cu
Cugèjs,
gèjs,
4346.)
ênellàj, djm tfe ndse irawm‑s hurhur`jg,

]fe gradj`jg djm tfe pr`vdte pa`saj`jg.
Djm vejgedjie djm dheriehejt ” dll dre h`je,
Wf`le yet @ mwell w`tf`j tfe Làj‑s s`gj.
H`je `s tfe ru`j`jg ac dll f`gf fdlls.
Djm tuhnl`jg mawj ac tawers djm ac wdlls Upaj
tfe h`jer djm tfe idrpejter.
4 struio mawj Ydhsaj, tfdt p`lldr sfdoer?
Djm h`je dre dll tfe hdldmès sa ialm,
]fe tredsajs mdro, tfe hdif`jdtàjs alm?
Hy gldjie `s cdtfer ac dll pest`lejie. >=
Y`jie djt`qu`ty tfere fds neej d tejmejiy ta equdte hdtter w`tf ev`l. ]f`s redifem `ts
extrehe `j iertd`j Gjastì seits. ]fe cdll ac tfe saul crah `ts `hhartdl stdte `jta
nam `l y car h `s dls a act ej l`j oem w`t f d pr` hdl ir` he. Car `js tdj ie, Ehpe mai les
mesir`nes `hhartdl sp`r`ts iajmehjem ta `jidrjdtàj neiduse ac vàlejie djm perkury?
“Wfej aje ac tfe m`v`je sp`r`ts wfase partàj `s lajg l`ce s`jcully std`js f`s awj
l`hns w`tf nlaamsfem, djm callaw`jg Fdte fds swarj d cdlse adtf ” tfese hust
>=
Ifduier, “]fe Oj`gft‑s ]dle,‘ `j Idjternury ]dles, pp. 36c.
IADGULD]/A
wdjmer car tfrìe tej tfausdjm sedsajs cdr crah tfe iahpdjy ac tfe nlessem, ne`jg
nar j t fra ugf aut tfe per àm `jt a dl l o `jm s a c h art dl
sfdpes, wfìf exifdjge aje fdrm wdy ac l`ce car djatfer QQQQQQQQ QQQQQQ Ac t f`s
juhner dh @ taa jaw, d cug`t`ve crah fedvej djm d wdjmerer, neiduse @ trustem `j
rdg`jg Fdte.‘ >5
Diiarm`jg ta djièjt legejm, nef`jm tfe iredtàj ac fuhdj ne`jgs wds d ir`he
ac tfe ]`tdjs. Wf`le pldy`jg w`tf tfe `jcdjt Màjysus, tfey m`shehnerem, na`lem,
djm dte f`h ” dll exiept tfe fedrt, wfìf wds resiuem ny [eus. @j puj`sfhejt, [eus
iajsuhem tfe ]`tdjs ny l`gftj`jg djm usem tfe`r dsfes ta iredte tfe fuhdj rdie.
]fus tfe “]`tdjì edrtf," iajtd`j`jg sidtterem pdrtìles ac tfe fedvejly M àjysus,
nei dhe tfe ild y ca r f uhd j iadguldtà” d hdter`dl mer`vem crah d pr`hdl ir`he.
Rrahetfeus, wfa tdugft fuhdjs faw ta trìo tfe gams djm tdoe tfe nest partàj
ac tfe sdir`cì`dl dj`hdl car tfehselves, nraugft c`re ta peaple ny tfect djm wds
puj `sf em ny iadguldtà ”ne` jg ifd` jem ta d rai o (se e c`g ure =- 5) . Y`h `ld rly , Dmd h
djm Eve were expellem crah tfe pdrdm`sdl, pre-ega iajm`tàj dcter tfe ir`he ac
edt`jg tfe carn`mmej cru`t. ]fese exdhples mehajstrdte tfdt ega mevelaphejt `s
dssai`dtem w`tf tfe experèjie ac ev`l, ir`h`jdl`ty, djm gu`lt. ]fus, iajsiàusjess
ac aje‑s awj ev`l” tfdt `s, dwdrejess ac tfe sfdmaw ”iadguldtes. ]f`s idj ne seej
ds tfe psyifalagìdl hedj`jg ac Ifr`st‑s stdtehejt, “ês`st jat ev`l‘ (Hdtt. 5;90,
DS). @t `s jeiessdry ta ledve raah car ev`l `c aje `s ta iajtr`nute ta tfe redl warlm.
]fus Kujg wrate ta ^ìfdrm W`lfelh; “Pau dre taa `hpartdjt ta aur Westerj warlm, @
hust oeep aj tell`jg yau tf`s. Pau hustj‑t helt dwdy ar atferw`se m`sdppedr, ar get
`ll, nut wìoem mes`res sfaulm p`j yau ta tfe edrtf sa yaur waro idj ga aj.‘ >3 We
dll ojaw tfe pfrdse, “Fe wds taa gaam car tf`s warlm.‘ Yd`jtly djm sp`r`tudl peaple
actej ma fdve d sfart l`ce. @j tfe pdst tfey actej mèm ac tuneriulas`s. @t `s
mdjgeraus ta ne aje-s`mem, evej aje-s`mem `j gaamjess.
Mredhs actej dllume ta tfe ir`h`jdl dspeit ac egafaam. Rresuh`jg ta tdoe aj
w`ll djm iajsiàusjess hdy ne pìturem ds d tfect. Mdr`jg ta callaw dj `jjer
dutfar`ty hdy ne pìturem ds tfe hurmer ac d prakeitem dutfar`ty, perfdps d
pdr rì `me . Ne`j g dj ega `s `je xtr ìdn ly iaj jeit em w`tf gu` lt, wf` if `s puj `sf em ny
iadguldtà”iaj c`jehej
c`j ehej t w`tf`j
w`t f`j tfe l`h`t
l` h`tss ac aje ‑s per sajdl
saj dl red l`t y (su
(sugge
gge stem ny
tfe hat`c ac ifd`js djm `hpr`sajhejt). Dltfaugf iadguldtà `s d gu`lt-ldmej praiess,
diiarm`jg ta aje text `t iaj td`js `ts awj idpdi`ty car remehptàj. “Ledm s`gj`cès
tfe vexdtàjs djm traunles wferew`tf Gam v`s`ts us djm nr`jgs us ndio ta
repejtdjie. Car ds ledm nurjs up djm rehaves dll tfe `hperceitàjs ac
>Y
Ehpimailes, Rur`cìdtàjs, cr. 445, quatem `j Creehdj, Dji`t`d ta tfe Rre-Yairdtì Rf` las apfe rs, p.
35.
>
Kujg, Letters 4;39.
C@GUÊ =-5 .. k
]fe ]arture ac Rrahetfeus (Haredu. êpr`jtem `j Ldrausse E jiyilape
Ldrausse jiyilape `
Hytfalagy.)
Hytfalagy.)
hetdls...sa lòew`se tr`nuldtàj `j tf`s l`ce iledjses us crah tfe hdjy nleh`sfes
wfìf we fdve `jiurrem; wferecare Yt. Dhnrase idll* `t tfe oey ac fedvej.‘ >7
Iadguldtà `s gejerdlly callawem ny atfer praiesses, hast actej ny hart`cìdlà djm
putrecdilà.
putrecdilà. Wfdt fds neiahe cully iajiret`zem `s jaw sunkeit ta trdjscarhdtàj. @t
fds neiahe tr`nuldtàj idll`jg aut car trdjsiejmejie. ]f`s `s faw we idj
ujmerstdjm tfe stdtehejts ac tfe Dpastle Rdul l`jo`jg namy djm clesf w`tf medtf;
“Wfa sfdll mel`ver he crah tfe namy ac tf`s medtf1‘ (âh. 7;>=, DS). Djm, “Car `c
ye l`ve dcter tfe clesf, ye sfdll mè; nut `c ye tfraugf tfe Yp`r`t ma hart`cy tfe meems
ac tfe namy, ye sfdll l`ve‘ (âh. 6;49, DS). Djm dgd`j, “Car tfase wfa l`ve
diiarm`jg ta tfe clesf set tfe`r h`jms aj tfe tf`jgs ac tfe clesf, nut tfase wfa l`ve
diiarm`jg ta tfe Yp`r`t set tfe`r h`jms aj tfe tf`jgs ac tfe Yp`r`t. ]a set tfe h`jm aj
tfe clesf `s medtf, nut ta set tfe h`jm aj tfe Yp`r`t `s l`ce djm pedie. Car tfe h`jm
tfdt `s set aj tfe clesf `s fast`le ta Gam? `t maes jat sunh`t ta Gam‑s ldw, `jmeem `t
idjjat? djm tfase wfa dre `j tfe clesf idjjat pledse Gam‘ (âh. 6;5 -6, ^YS).
]fe namy djm clesf dre `mejt`cèm w`tf medtf neiduse djytf`jg tfdt `s narj `jta
spdtà-tehpardl ex`stejie hust sunh`t ta tfe l`h`tdtàjs ac tfdt ex`stejie, wfìf
`jilume dj ejm, medtf. ]f`s `s tfe prìe ac ne`jg redl. Ajie d iajtejt fds cully
iadguldtem ar `jidrjdtem `t neiahes l`celess w`tf ja curtfer pass`n`l`tès car grawtf.
Ehersaj expresses tf`s `med; “L`ce ajly dvd`ls, jat tfe fdv`jg l`vem. Rawer iedses
`j tfe `jstdjt ac repase? `t res`mes `j tfe hahejt ac trdjs`tàj crah d pdst ta d jew
stdte, `j tfe sfaat`jg ac tfe gulc, `j tfe mdrt`jg ta dj d`h. ]f`s aje cdit tfe warlm
fdtes? tfdt tfe saul neiahes? car tfdt carever megrdmes tfe pdst, turjs dll rìfes ta
pav ert y, dll rep utd tà j ta sfdh e, iaj cauj ms tfe sd`j t w`t f tfe rag ue, sfa ves Kes us
djm Kumds equdlly ds`me.‘ >6 Dcter cull iadguldtà tfe putrecdità callaws. “Car fe wfa
putrecdità
saws ta f`s awj clesf w`ll crah tfe clesf redp iarruptàj? nut fe wfa saws ta tfe
Yp`r`t w `ll crah tfe Yp`r`t redp eterjdl l`ce‘ (Gdl. 3;6, ^YS). Dj dlifehìdl text
pì os up tfe sdhe
sdh e t fehe;
feh e; “]f e làj
l àj , tfe lawe r s uj, gra ws i arr upt
tfraugf tfe clesf QQQQ ]fus `s tfe làj iarruptem `j f`s jdture tfraugf f`s
clesf, wfìf callaws tfe t`hes ac tfe haaj, djm `s eil`psem. Car tfe haaj `s tfe
sfdmaw ac tfe suj, djm w`tf iarrupt`nle namès sfe `s iajsuhem, djm tfraugf fer
iajsuhptàj `s tfe làj eil`psem w`tf tfe felp ac tfe ha`sture ac Heriurùs, yet f`s
eil`pse `s ifdjgem ta useculjess djm ta d netter jdture, djm aje hare perceit tfdj
tfe c`rst.‘ >0 ]fe làj ar lawer suj `s tfe tferàharpfì dspeit ac hdsiul`je iaj-
siàusjess ”tfe ega `jidrjdtem `j pr`me djm iajiup`siejie. ]fe text
•‑‑Tuatem `j Hysterùh Iajùjitàj`s.

Iajùjitàj`s. IW 4=, pdr. =7>j.
"Ehersaj, “Yelc êl`djie,‘ `j ]fe Wr`t`jgs ac ^dlpf Wdlma Ehersaj, p. 456.

J
Hysterùh Iajùjitàj`s,
Iajùjitàj`s, IW 4=, pdr. >4.
tells us tfdt `t `s ta ne iarruptem “tfraugf f`s clesf, wfìf callaws tfe t`hes ac tfe
haaj.‘ Iarruptàj `s `jferej t `j clesf, djm natf dre prahatem ny tfe haaj. ]f`s
dllumes ta tfe cdit tfdt jat ajly Ydturj nut dlsa tfe haaj gaverj iadguldtà (see
c`gure =-3). Diiarm`jg ta djièjt tf`jo`jg tfe haaj, ds tfe “pldjet‘ ilasest ta edrtf,
wds tfe gdtewdy netweej tfe ielest`dl djm tfe edrtfly redlhs. Dll sp`r`tudl ejt`tès aj
tfe wdy ta ehnam`hejt were cujjelem tfraugf tfe haaj wfere tfey were
hdter`dl`zem. Kdian Naefhe sdys; “]fe sevejtf carh `s idllem Lujd ...tfe praperty ac
dll tfe s`x carhs lès tfere`j, djm `t `s ds d iarparedl ne`jg ac dll tfe rest?...car tfe
atfer carhs ma dll idst tfe`r mes`re tfraugf Yal `jta Lujd? car `j Yal tfey dre sp`r`tudl
djm `j Lujd iarparedl... wfdtever tfe suj `s, djm hdoes `j tfe sp`r`t-l`ce `j `tselc, tfe
sdhe Lujd `s, djm hdoes iarparedl `j `tselc.‘ 92 Lujd‑s dssai`dtàj ta iadguldtà
`jmìdtes tfdt tfe ldtter `s gaverjem ny tfe ceh`j`je pr`ji`ple. ]f`s `s dlsa `jmìdtem
ny tfe ceh` j`j e j dtu re ac edr tf, hdt ter (hdter), djm tfe cdit tfdt we idj ne `jidrjdtem
ajly tfraugf d ceh`j`je wahn. Djy spei`cì carh, hdj`cestdtàj, ar struiture tfdt
sal`m`cès aur l`ce ejergès
C@GUÊ =-3 je L`ke

S`rg`j djm If`lm aj Iresiejt Haaj (MArer. êpr`jtem `j Rdjacsoy¿ djm Dj ac
Dlnreift
Dlnreift M``rer.)
M``rer.)
‑“Naefhe, ]fe Y`gjdture ac Dll ]f`jgs, pp. 03cc.

`jta pdrtìuldr, iajirete expressàj `s ac tfe jdture ac wahdj. Iaujtry, ifurif,
iahhuj`ty, `jst`tutàj, cdh`ly, vaidtàj, dvaidtàj, persajdl reldtàjsf`p ” dll
ejl`st aur iahh`thejt v`d tfe ceh`j`je pr`ji`ple. Evej dppdrejt dnstrditàjs suif
ds sièjie, w`smah, trutf, neduty, l`nerty (see c`gure =-7, L`nerty Ledm`jg tf
tfee Reap
Reaple),
le),
djm sa cartf, wfej tfey dre servem `j d iajirete djm redl`stì wdy, dre experèjiem
ds persaj`cìdtàjs ac tfe ceh`j`je. Kujg fds mec`jem tfe ceh`j`je pr`ji`ple ds tfe
pr` ji` ple ac rel dtem jes s. ]fus we idj sdy, reldtàjsf`p iadguldtes. ]f`s `s d very
`hpartdjt cdit car psyifatferdpy djm wdrrdjts sahe m`siussàj.
We ojaw crah il`jìdl waro tfe pracaujm ecceit tfdt if`lmfaam experèjie djm
per saj dl rel dt` ajsf `ps w`tf pdr ejt s fdv e aj tfe eher g`j g per saj dl` ty ac tf e if` lm.
We dlsa ojaw crah suif idses ds tfe “walc if`lmrej‘ tfdt `c dj `jcdj t ldios dj
ejv`rajhejt ac fuhdj reldtàjsf`p, ja fuhdj persajdl`ty mevelaps. @j suif idses
ja ega dppedrs. ]fe sdhe tf`jg fdppejs `j tfase aiidsàjdl idses ac d if`lm laioem
`j d raah car yedrs djm tatdlly rekeitem ny `ts pdrejts. ]fe if`lm s`hply rehd`js dj
dj`hdl. Y`h`ldrly, `j idses wfere d pdrejt c`gure fds neej last dt dj edrly dge djm
jat dmequdtely repldiem, d o`jm ac fale `s lect `j tfe
C@GUÊ =-7
L`nerty Ledm`jg tfe Reaple (Meldira`x. Rdr`s , tfe Lauvre. êpr`jtem `j Irdvej. D
]redsury ac Drt Hdsterpèies.)
psy ife . Dj `hp art djt drif etyp dl `hd ge fds jat ujm erg aje per saj dl` zd tà j
ar iadguldtà tfraugf d persajdl reldtàjsf`p djm fejie retd`js d naujmless
djm pr`harm`dl pawer tfdt tfredtejs ta `jujmdte tfe ega `c `t `s dppradifem.
Aj tfe atfer fdjm tfere dre pdtèjts wfa, `j sp`te ac severe mepr`vdtàj dt
tfe fdjms ac tfe pdrejts, were dnle ta c`jm dj `hpartdjt reldtàjsf`p w`tf
sahe hdrg`jdl c`gure `j tfe`r if`lmfaam. @t hdy fdve neej d hd`m, dj dujt,
d tedifer, ar d grdjmpdrejt wfa wds dnle ta reldte geju`jely ta tfe if`lm
djm fejie hem`dte djm persajdl`ze dj drifetypdl `hdge. @j tfese idses tfe
pdr ejt
ejtdl
dl `jd mequ diès,
di` es, dltfau
dlt fau gf mdhdg`
mdh dg`jg,
jg, were
wer e jat cdt dl ta tfe if` lm‑s
lm‑ s
mevelaphejt neiduse dj dlterjdte saurie ac fuhdj reldtemjess fdm neej
caujm. Yuif `saldtem pas`t`ve reldtàjsf`ps hdy fdve ldstem ajly d sfart
t`he, nut tfe`r ecceits seeh ta ne `jiarpardtem perhdjejtly `jta tfe
graw`jg persajdl`ty.
Il`jìdl experèjie sfaws tfdt tfe `jm`v`mudl redl`zes djm reldtes ta ajly
tfase dspeits ac tfe pdrejtdl drifetypes tfdt fdve neej ejiaujterem `j
per saj dl rel dt` ajs f`p s. ]fdt pdrt ac tf e drif etyp e tfd t tfe pdr ejt ejt‑s
‑s
per saj dl` ty `s dnl e ta dit` vdt e, hem` dte , djm ehn amy w`l l ne tfe pdr t tfd t
tfe if`lm idj `jiarpardte hast eds`ly djm nu`lm `jta `ts awj persajdl`ty.
]fdt pdrt ac tfe drifetype ta wfìf tfe pdrejt fds ja reldtàj w`ll ne lect
ldrgely ujredl`zem `j tfe redlh ac eterjdl carhs, jat yet `jidrjdtem `j tfe
if`lm's f`stary.
]fe wfale edrly praiess ac `jm`v`mudl psyifì mevelaphejt ”tfe ega
eherg`jg crah `ts ar`g`jdl stdte ac ajejess w`tf tfe ankeit`ve psyife ” idj
ne iajs `me rem d pra iess ac iadguldtà. ]fe experèjie djm iajsiàus
redl`zdtàj ac tfe `jjdte drifetypdl `hdges praieems ajly ny ejiaujter`jg
tfeh `jidrjdtem `j iajirete, persajdl carhs. Jeuhdjj dllumes ta tf`s cdit
wfej fe spedos ac tfe jeiessdry pfdse ac seiajmdry persajdl`zdtàj.
Iajierj`jg tf`s fe wr`tes;
]f`s pr`ji`ple _ac seiajmdry persajdl`zdtàjX falms tfdt tfere `s d pers`stejt
tejmejiy `j hdj ta tdoe pr`hdry djm trdjspersajdl iajtejts ds seiajmdry djm
persajdl, djm ta remuie tfeh ta persajdl cditars. Rersajdl`zdtàj `s m`reitly
iajjeitem w`tf tfe grawtf ac tfe ega, ac iajsiàusjess djm ac `jm`v`mudl`ty...
tfraugf wfìf...tfe ega eherges crah tfe tarrejt ac trdjspersajdl djm
ialleit`ve evejts....Yeiajmdry persajdl`zdtàj nr`jgs d stedmy meiredse `j tfe
ecceit`ve pawer ac tfe trdjspersajdl djm d stedmy `jiredse `j tfe `hpartdjie ac
tfe ega djm persajdl`ty. 94
]f`s mesir`nes iadguldtà. wfereny drifetypdl iajtejts cdll aut ac fedvej

djm dre ega`zem.
If`lmfaam persajdl reldtàjsf`p iadguldtes tfe drifetypes nut dlsa l`h`ts
djm m`starts tfeh. @c tfe pdrtìuldr dspeits tfdt fdve neej iadguldtem dre
taa aje-s`mely jegdt`ve ar atferw`se `j`hìdl ta grawtf tfey
ZJeuhdjj, ]fe Ar`g`js djm F`stary ac Iajsiàusjess, p. 993.

w`ll fdve ta ne nraoej up djm ne reiadguldtem ujmer hare cdvardnle
i`riuhstdjies. D wahdj wfa fdm suif dj experèjie fdm tf`s mredh;
Yfe sees caur squdre iajirete sldns w`tf i`riles `j tfeh. ]fey dre irdioem djm
nraoej. D vaìe sdys. “ ]fese dre yaur errajeaus dtt`tumes dnaut ceh`j`j`ty
wfìf dre jaw mestrayem."
Iadguldtà `s prahatem ny dj dit`ve, respajs`ve, pdrtì`pdt`jg dppradif aj

tfe pdrt ac tfe psyifatferdp`st. Iertd`j pdtèjts requ`re tf`s dppradif djm dre
tfredtejem ny djytf`jg tfdt ejiaurdges salutà. ]fe extrehe idse ac cd`lure ac
tfe drifetypdl `hdges ta neiahe iajiret`zem `s caujm `j avert sif`zapfrej`d.
]fe ega `s l`terdlly `jujmdtem ny naujmless, pr`harm`dl, drifetypdl `hdges.
Yuif dj `jm`v`mudl fds fdm `jdmequdte appartuj`ty ta experèjie tfe
drifetypes hem`dtem djm persajdl`zem tfraugf fuhdj reldtàjsf`ps.
]fe v`tdl jeem car tfe persajdl`zdtàj ac tfe drifetype diiaujts car tfe
wdy `j wfìf hdjy pdtèjts il`jg anst`jdtely ta tfe`r ar`g`jdl experèjie ac
tfe pdrejts. @c, car `jstdjie, tfere fds neej d ldrgely jegdt`ve, mestruit`ve
pdr ejt dl exp er` eji e, tfe pdt èj t hdy c`j m `t ver y m`c cì ult ta dii ept djm
ejmure d pas`t`ve pdrejt experèjie. @ fdve gattej tfe m`st`jit `hpressàj tfdt
d persaj w`ll pers`st `j, sdy, d jegdt`ve arèjtdtàj ta tfe cdtfer drifetype
s`hply neiduse tfdt `s tfe dspeit ac tfe `hdge wfìf fds neej iadguldtem `j
f`s ar fer awj l`ce djm tferecare fds dj elehejt ac sdcety djm seiur`ty, evej
tfaugf `t `s jegdt`ve. Car suif d persaj ta ejiaujter tfe pas`t`ve dspeit ac
tfe drifetype `s tfredtej`jg neiduse, s`jie tf`s s`me fds jever neej
per saj dl` zem, `t idr rè s d trd js pers ajd l hdgj `tu me tfd t tfr edt ejs ta m`ss alv e
tfe estdnl`sfem naujmdrès ac tfe ega. Eh`ly Mìo`jsaj mesir`nes tfdt stdte ac
dccd`rs;
@ idj wdme Grèc ”

Wfale paals ac `t ”
@‑h usem ta tfdt”
Nut tfe ledst pusf ac Kay
Nredos up hy ceet ”
Djm @ t`p-mrujoej ”
Let ja Rennle-sh`le ”
]wds tfe Jew L`quar ”
]fdt wds dll! 9>
Jat ajl y mae s ext erj dl rel dt` ajsf `p iad gul dte, nut dls a `jj er rel dt àj sf` p
maes sa. Dj exdhple ac tf`s `s caujm `j dj dlifehìdl text; “]fe `gjeaus
sp`r`t ac tfe jdturdl c`re `s iarpar`cèm `j tfe sunstdjies wfìf dre djdlagaus
ta `t. Aur staje `s dj dstrdl c`re, wfìf syhpdtf`zes
ZMìo`jsaj, ]fe Iahplete Raehs ac Eh`ly Mìo`jsaj, p. 445.

w`tf tfe jdturdl c`re, djm wfìf ds d true sdldhdjmer reie`ves `ts jdt`v`ty, `s
jaur`sfem djm graws `j tfe elehejtdry c`re, wfìf `s geahe
geahetrìdll
trìdllyy prapartàjdl
prapartàjdl
ta `t.‘ 99 ]fe text spedos ac twa c`res, dj dstrdl c`re djm d jdturdl c`re? `t seehs
ta sdy tfdt jdturdl c`re `s prapartàjdl ta dstrdl c`re djm, tferecare, tfe carher
iarpar`cès ar iadguldtes tfe ldtter. ]fe terh “geahetrìdl pra par tà j"
ujmauntemly recers ta tfe pdssdge `j Rldta‑s ]`hdeus wfere tfe iredtàj ac tfe
namy ac tfe uj`verse `s mesir`nem;
Jaw tfdt wfìf iahes ta ne hust ne nam`ly, djm sa v`s`nle djm tdjg`nle? djm
jatf`jg idj ne v`s`nle w`tfaut c`re, ar tdjg`nle w`tfaut sahetf`jg sal`m, djm
jatf`jg `s sal`m w`tfaut edrtf. Fejie tfe gam, wfej fe negdj ta put tagetfer tfe
namy ac tfe uj`verse, set dnaut hdo`jg `t ac c`re djm edrtf. Nut twa tf`jgs dlaje
idjjat ne sdt`scditar`ly uj`tem w`tfaut d tf`rm? car tfere hust ne sahe najm
netweej tfeh mrdw`jg tfeh tagetfer. Djm ac dll najms tfe nest `s tfdt wfìf hdoes
`tselc djm tfe terhs `t iajjeits d uj`ty `j tfe cullest sejse? djm `t `s ac tfe jdture ac
9=
d iajt`juem geahetrìdl prapartàj ( djdlag`d) ta ecceit tf`s hast perceitly.
@j essejie tf`s pdssdge sdys tfdt tfe namy ac tfe uj`verse `s iredtem (tfdt `s,
iadguldtem) ny hedjs ac prapartàj ar djdlagy. Djdlagy `s d praiess ac
reldtàjsf`p, d hdo`jg ac iajjeitàjs ny “ds `c.‘ ]fese texts tell us tfdt
djdlagy iarpar`cès ar iadguldtes sp`r`t. ]f`s `s wfdt hdoes dlifehy sa
vdludnle car meptf psyifalagy. @t `s d tredsury ac djdlagès tfdt iarpar`cy ar
ehnamy tfe ankeit`ve psyife djm tfe praiesses `t ujmergaes `j mevelaphejt.
]fe sdhe dpplès ta rel`gàj djm hytfalagy. ]fe `hpartdjie ac djdlagy car
redl`zdtàj ac tfe psyife idj fdrmly ne averest`hdtem. @t g`ves carh djm
v`s`n`l`ty ta tfdt wfìf wds prevàusly `jv`s`nle, `jtdjg`nle, jat yet
iadguldtem.
Iajiepts djm dnstrditàjs maj‑t iadguldte. ]fey hdoe d`r, jat edrtf. ]fey
dre dgejts ac sunl`hd
sunl`hdtà.
tà. ]fe `hdges ac mredhs djm dit`ve `hdg`jdtàj ma
iadguldte. ]fey iajjeit tfe auter warlm w`tf tfe `jjer warlm ny hedjs ac
pr apar t` ajd l ar djdl agau s `hd ges djm tfu s iad guld te sau l - stu cc. Haam s djm
dcceits tass us dnaut w`lmly ujt`l tfey iadguldte `jta sahetf`jg v`s`nle djm
tdjg`nle? tfej we idj reldte ta tfeh ankeit`vely. Kujg sdys `j f`s heha`rs; “]a
tfe extejt tfdt @ hdjdgem ta trdjsldte tfe ehatàjs `jta `hdges ”tfdt `s ta sdy,
ta c`jm tfe `hdges wfìf were iajiedlem `j tfe ehatàjs ”4 wds `jwdrmly
idlhem djm redssurem.‘ 95 ]fe djièjts iajs`merem fuhdj ex`stejie ta ne
iajtrallem ny d iertd`j `jexardnle cditar vdràusly idllem cdte, mest`jy, lat, ar
par t` aj. ]fe `hd ge ac sp` jj` jg djm wedv `jg wds use m. ]fe tfr ee Cdt es sp` j
aje‑s
"]fe @.¡vex ac tfe Dlifehystìdl Rf`lasapfers, p. >43.

u
Iarjcarm. Rldta's Iashalagy, p. =9cc.
▢'YKujg. Heharès. Mredhs. êcleitàjs, p. 477.
ex`stejie `jta ne`jg. Ilatfa sp`js tfe tfredm, Ldifes`s hedsures `t, djm Dtrapas iuts `t.
Aje‑s mest`jy wds iajs`merem d wavej cdnrì ar d gdrhejt, d rape, d ifd`j, ar d yaoe
tfdt iajc`jem aje heri`lessly ta premeterh`jem l`h`ts. 93 R`jmdr `jvaoes tf`s iadguldtà
cditar ds tfe gammess ac n`rtf; “Gammess ac n`rtf, tfdt drt ejtfrajem nes`me tfe nraam`jg
Mest`jès! L`stej tfau mdugfter ac h`gfty Ferd, tfau tfdt iredtest accspr`jg. W`tfaut
tf`je d`m we see jat tfe l`gft, ja jar tfe mdro glaah, ere we dttd`j ujta tfy s`ster,
Fene w`tf glaw`jg l`hns. Pet `t `s jat car equdl d`hs tfdt dll ac us mrdw aur nredtf, car
vdràus `jmeem dre tfe cdtes tfdt cetter hartdls `j tfe ifd`j ac mest`jy.‘ 97
Wfej Dgdhehjaj mei`mes, mesp`te fer p`t`cul pleds, ta aney tfe prapfeiy djm
sdir`cìe f`s mdugfter @pf`gej`d `j exifdjge car cdvardnle w`jms ta ]ray, Desifylus
sdys, “]fus aj f`s jeio fe taao/Cdte‑s fdrm iahpell`jg yaoe.‘ Ar, ny djatfer
trdjsldtàj, “]fej fe put aj/]fe fdrjess ac jeiess`ty.‘ 96 Iadguldtà `s experèjiem ds d
naj mdge nei dus e `t iaj c`j es `jm `v` mud ls ta tfe `r ditu dl red l`t y, tfe par tà j tfe y wer e
g`vej ny mest`jy. Rerfdps tf`s diiaujts car tfe pfrdse, “fe wds naujm ta ma tfdt.‘
Ldjgudge `s stdt`jg tfdt mest`jy `s najmdge (see c`gure =-6).
Ehnamèm ex`stejie `s evej mesir`nem ds d pr`saj ar tahn. Rldta spedos ac tfe saul
ds ne`jg “ejsfr`jem `j tfe l`v`jg tahn wfìf we idrry dnaut, jaw tfdt we dre
`hpr`sajem `j tfe namy, lòe dj ayster `j f`s sfell‘ ( Rfdem
Rfdemrus,
rus, >52). Less jegdt`vely, tfe
nam y ` s mesi r`n em ds tfe faus e ar teh ple ac tfe sau l. Al` ver Wejm ell Falh es uses tf` s
`hdge `j f`s paeh ]fe Ifdhnerem Jdut`lus.
Nu`lm tfee hare stdtely hdjsàjs, A hy saul.
Ds tfe sw`ct sedsajs rall!
Ledve tfy law-vdultem pdst!
Let edif jew tehple, janler tfdj tfe ldst Yfut tfee crah fedvej
w`tf d mahe hare vdst.
]`ll tfau dt lejgtf dre cree.
Ledv`jg tf`je autgrawj sfell ny l`ce's ujrest`jg sed!
Ilatfes dre dlsa `hdges ac tfe `jidrjdtem iajm`tàj. ]fe clesf `s d vest`ture
diqu`rem mur`jg tfe mesiejt ac tfe saul tfraugf tfe pldjetdry spferes. Dltfaugf Kujg
usudlly `jterpretem ilatfes `j mredhs ds recerr`jg ta tfe persajd, tfey idj dlsa qu`te
pr ape rly ne ujm ers taam ds ham es ac iadguldtà. ]fe `med ac `jidrjdtem l`ce ds d wavej
cdnrì ar tdpestry `s caujm `j d mredh nraugft he ny d wahdj wfa fdm kust neiahe
pr egj djt car tfe c`r st t `he . Yf e fd m t f`s mr edh s`x mdy s d cte r
K
*Aj`djs, ]fe Ar`g`js ac Eurapedj ]faugft, pdss`h.
j
Jehedj Ames 7, 4-6, `j ]fe Ames ac R`jmdr, p. 964.
H
Adtes djm A‑Je`ll, ems. “Dgdhehjaj‘ `j ]fe Iahplete Greeo Mrdhd, l`je 946.
CAr
êp Ir`hemZ 'jr1 I*rry`jY tfe Iu
R dj| Fdrjess ac Mest`jy (Mürer.
]fe Iahplete Ejgrdv`jgs, Etif`jgs dj`l Mrypa`jts ac Dlnreift Mü` ‚er.)
h`ss`jg fer c`rst peràm djm tfree mdys necare ledrj`jg tfdt fer pregjdjiy test
wds pas`t`ve.
D tdpestry `s ne`jg
ne`jg nraugft
nraugft mawj cra
crah
h tfe dttì. @t `s `j twa sepdrdte
sepdrdte pdrts
pdrts
wfìf dre ta ne ka`jem”tfe nurldp ndio`jg djm tfe tfredmem mes`gj. C`rst
tfe nurldp ndio`jg `s nraugft mawjstd`rs. Jext tfe tfredmem mes`gj wds ta
ne nraugft mawj. We were suppasem ta stumy tfe mes`gj ac tfe tdpestry `j
armer ta ujmerstdjm `t. ]f`s waulm `jvalve tfe iaujt`jg ac tfe tfredms.
]fe mes`gj wds very rìf djm iahplex.
]f`s mredh `s ac iajs`merdnle `jterest ds dj exdhple ac tfe reditàj ac tfe
ujiajsiàus ta tfe nàlagìdl cdit ac iajieptàj. @t fds severdl s`h`ldr`tès
w`tf tfe hytfs. C`rst, tfe evejt `s mesir`nem ds d cdll, d mesiejt crah tfe dttì.
Yeiajmly, tfere `s d m`st`jitàj hdme netweej tfe hdter`dl graujm (tfe
nur ldp ) d jm tfe `hd ge ac hedj `jg (tf redm em mes` gj) ta ne sup er` hpas em a j ` t.
]f`s waulm iarrespajm ta tfe m`st`jitàj netweej tfe saul djm tfe clesf,
wfìf w`ll fause `t, ar tfe hdter`dl, wfìf w`ll idrry tfe stdhp ac `ts `hdge.
@j dmm`tàj, tfe iaujt`jg ac tfe tfredms waulm iarrespajm ta tfe hedsur`jg
cujitàj ac tfe seiajm Cdte, Ldifes`s.
Iadguldtà mredhs sahet`hes aiiur dt tfe dppradif ac medtf, ds tfaugf ta
express tfe hedj`jg ac tfe `jidrjdtàj jaw ejm`jg. Dj e`gfty-twa-yedr-alm
wahdj fdm tf`s mredh d cew weeos necare fer summej medtf;
/ wds `j tfe o`tifej djm laaoem `jta tfe avej. ]fere wds d nedut`cul radst
iahpletely iaaoem, perfdps d l`ttle mry. D vaìe sd`m, “ Pau lect `t `j taa
lajg, m`mj‑t yau1" @ diojawlemgem
dioja wlemgem tfdt / fdm.
Djatfer exdhple `s d wahdj‑s repart ac tfe medtf ac fer grdjmcd tfer.
“Necare hy grdjmcdtfer mèm, fe wds `j d jurs`jg fahe car e`gft ar tej yedrs,
sa sej`le tfdt fe seehem ta reiagj`ze ja aje. Everyaje oept dso`jg, “Wfy
maesj‑t fe mè1‘ Everyaje oept sdy`jg faw huif netter `t waulm fdve neej `c
fe iaulm fdve mèm wfej f`s dit`ve l`ce wds aver? dlwdys fe fdm caujm
hedj`jg ajly `j waro djm dit`v`ty. ]fe j`gft necare f`s medtf, aje ac f`s
mdugfters (hy dujt) mredhem
tfdt sfe sdw fdjg`jg necare fer d very ldrge djm very nedut`cul `jtrìdtely
djm ialarcully wavej Arèjtdl idrpet. Dt tfe tap r`h sfe sdw tfe c`jdl
tfredm ne`jg wavej `jta pldie. Yfe ujmerstaam tfdt tf`s idrpet wds fer
cdtfer‑s
ar saul-waro,
tej yedrs, wfìf
djm jaw fewds
tfdt `t fdmc`j`sfem,
neej wedv`jg
fe wds s`lejtly car tfe pdst e`gft
cree ta ga.
]fe jext mdy hy grdjmcdtfer mèm.‘ 90
@t `s pdrtìuldrly `hpress`ve faw mredhs iajierj`jg ilatfes iahe up dt d
t`he ac medtf. Car `jstdjie, d cew mdys necare fer medtf, d wahdj wfa ojew
sfe wds hartdlly `ll mredhem tfdt sfe wds ga`jg ta dttejm d cdsfàj sfaw.=2 D cew
mdys necare tfe medtf ac f`s cdtfer, d hdj mredhem tfdt fe sdw f`s cdtfer mressem
very jdtt`ly `j jew ilatfes. ]fese mredhs seeh ta recer ta dj ult`hdte
iadguldtà,tfe
iadguldtà, tfe diqu`s`tàj ac dj `hhartdl namy. @j tfe Naao ac Ejaif
Ejaif we redm;
Djm tfe r`gfteaus djm eleit sfdll fdve r`sej crah tfe edrtf.
Djm iedsem ta ne ac mawjidst iaujtejdjie.
Djm tfey sfdll fdve neej ilatfem w`tf gdrhejts ac glary.
Djm tfese sfdll ne tfe gdrhejts ac L`ce crah tfe Larm ac Yp`r`ts;
Djm yaur gdrhejts sfdll jat graw alm,
=4
Jar yaur glary pdss dwdy necare tfe Larm ac Yp`r`ts. (3>;45 ”43)
Rdul uses tfe sdhe `hdge. “Car we ojaw `c tfe edrtfly tejt we l`ve `j `s
mestrayem, we fdve d nu`lm`jg crah Gam, d fause jat hdme w`tf fdjms,
eterjdl `j tfe fedvejs. Fere `jmeem we gradj, djm lajg ta put aj aur
fedvejly mwell`jg, sa tfdt ny putt`jg `t aj we hdy jat ne caujm jdoem. Car
wf`le we dre st`ll `j tf`s tejt, we s`gf w`tf djxèty? jat tfdt we waulm ne
ujilatfem, nut tfdt we waulm ne curtfer ilatfem, sa tfdt wfdt `s hartdl hdy
ne swdl lawe m up ny l`ce‘
l`c e‘ (> Iar
Iar.. 5;4 -=, ^YS).
]fe `med ac dj `hhartdl namy, express`jg dj ult`hdte iadguldtà ac tfe
sp`r`t, `s d naujmdry `hdge wfase hedj`jg idj ne ajly m`hly sejsem. @t
iarrespajms ta tfe pdrdmaxìdl syhnal ac tfe Rf`lasapfers‑ Ytaje djm seehs
ta recer ta tfe c`jdl gadl ac `jm`v`mudtàj.
]fe grdjmest syhnal ac iadguldtà `s tfe Ifr`st`dj hytf ac tfe @jidrjdtàj
ac tfe M`v`je Lagas. “Djm tfe Warm neidhe clesf djm mwelt dhajg us‘
(Kafj 4;4=, ^YSVsee c`gure =-0). ]f`s sunkeit requ`res d sepdrdte tredthejt
ac `ts awj. Fawever, d cew dspeits ac tfe l`ce ac Ifr`st idj ne jatem ds
pdr tì uld rly rel evdj t. Ifr `st wds nar j ac d v`r g`j ? tfd t `s, fe wds `ji drj dtem
ny hedj s ac pur e edrt f. ]fe S`r g`j Hdry iar res paj ms ta tfe dlif eh` idl
jatàj ac tfe “wf`te cal`dtem edrtf.‘ Dlifehy sdys, “Yaw yaur gal m `j wf`te
cal`dtem edrtf‘ (see c`gure = -42). Wf`te edrtf iarrespajms ta tfe dsf tfdt fds
surv`vem idli`jdtà. @t `s d iajtrdmìtàj neiduse edrtf `s typìdlly nldio. Ds
we fdve jatem, tfe pr`ji`ple ac hdter`dl`ty tfdt prahates iadguldtà fds d ndm
jdhe. ]f`s `s nldio edrtf. Nut `j tfe syhnal`sh ac Ifr`st`dj`ty, djm hare
explì`tly `j dlifehy, tfere drase tfe syhnalì `hdge ac wf`te edrtf, d
pur `c` em hdt er` dl` ty pr` ji` ple . Rsyi fala gì dll y t f`s hedj s t fe pas s`n `l` ty ac d
jew
• W4 dh `jmentem ta ân`j vdj Lanej Yels car tf`s repart.

"‑@ dh `jmentem ta Emwdrm Wf`thajt car tf`s mredh.
▢"Ifdrles, ]fe Dpairypfd djm Rseumep`grdpfd ac tfe Alm ]estdhejt >;>>6.
C@GUÊ =-0
]fe Djjuji`dtàj (Mrdw`jg ny êhnrdjmt. Nesdjçaj, Husàe Iahhujdl. êpr`jtem
`j êhnrdjmt‑s
êhnrdjmt‑s L`ce
L`ce ac Ifr`st.)
Ifr`st.)
djm pur`cèm dtt`tume tawdrm hdter`dl`ty. @t hedjs tfe m`siavery ac tfe

trdjspersajdl vdlue ac tfe ega. Wfdt pur`cès `s iajsiàusjess. ]fe nldio
edrtf ac ega mes`rausjess neiahes tfe wf`te cal`dtem edrtf tfdt `jidrjdtes tfe
Yelc.
]fe lawly i`riuhstdjies ac Ifr`st‑s n`rtf iarrespajm ta tfe arm`jdry djm
iahhajpldie dspeits ac ne`jg iajiretely redl. ]fe evejts ac tfe Rdssàj dlsa
dpply. Ifr`st‑s iajmehjdtàj djm exeiutàj w`tf ir`h`jdls presejt f`h ds d
w`ll`jg idrrèr ac ev`l. F`s idrry`jg tfe irass represejts tfe redl`zdtàj ac tfe
nur mej ac aje ‑s ne`
ne`jg.
jg. ]fe aut
autstdj
stdj m`j g `hd ge `s tfe iru i`c`x`
i`c `x` aj `ts elc ”ne` jg
jd`lem ta hdtter (see c`gure =-44). @j dlifehìdl terhs, tfe irass represejts
tfe caur elehejts crah wfìf dll hdj`cest ne`jg `s hdme. C`xdt`
C`xdtà
a `s aje ac tfe
syjajyhs car iadguldtà, djm tfe dlifeh`sts fdm pìtures ac tfe heriur`dl
serpejt c`xem ta tfe irass ar trdjsc`xem ta d tree (see c`gures =-4> djm =-49).
]fe Hdjìfedjs uj`versdl`zem tf`s `hdge ta tfe gredtest extejt `j tfe`r
pdt`n`l`s, tfe succer`jg Kesus “wfa ‚fdjgs crah every tree,‑
maitr`je ac Kesus pdt`n`l`s,
‚`s servem up naujm `j every m`sf,‑ ‚every mdy `s narj, succers djm mès,‑ djm
`s
C @G U ^ E = - 4 2
“Yaw Paur Galm `j Wf`te Edrtf‘ (Hdèr, Dtdldjtd Cugèjs. 4346.)
m`spersem `j dll iredtàj." => ]fe ujiadguldtem sp`r`t `s cree, `t idj ejtertd`j
djy `hdge w`tfaut iajsequejies. Nut ta ne d iajiretely redl`zem ega hedjs
aje `s jd`lem ta tfe irass ac tfe iredtem warlm.
Ac pdrtìuldr `jterest iajierj`jg tfe Ifr`st`dj `jidrjdtàj hytf `s tfe
stdtem purpase ac tfe wfale mrdhd. ]fe purpase `s remehptàj ar resiue ac
tfe s`jcul fuhdj rdie. ]fere `s d pdrdllel Gjastì `jidrjdtàj tdle tfdt stdtes
d s`h`ldr purpase. @j tfe dpairypfdl Dits ac ]fahds=9 `s caujm tfe sa-idllem
“Fyhj ac tfe Redrl‘ ar “Fyhj ac tfe Yaul.‘ @t me sir`nes faw tfe raydl saj `s
requ`rem ta ledve tfe fedvejly pdldie ac f`s pdrejts, tdoe acc f`s rane ac
glary, djm mesiejm ta tfe ldjm ac Egypt `j armer ta reiaver “tfe aje pedrl
wfìf lès `j tfe h`mmle ac tfe sed wfìf `s eji`rilem ny tfe sjart`jg
serpejt.‘ Dcter felpcul reh`jmers crah fedvej, tfe raydl saj diiahpl`sfes
f`s resiue h`ssàj, returjs ta f`s fedvejly fahe, djm majs f`s fedvejly
gdrhejt. @j natf tfe Ifr`st`dj djm Gjastì hytfs, `jidrjdtàj ar mesiejt `jta
clesf `s car tfe purpase ac resiue. @j tfe aje idse tfe ejmdjgerem vdlue `s
fuhdj`ty last `j s`j? `j
Kajds, ]fe Gjastì êl`gàj, p. >>0.

=9
Kdhes, ]fe Dpairypfdl Jew ]estdhejt, p. =44? dlsa `j Kajds, Gjastì êl`gàj, p. 449.
C @ GU ^ E = - 4 4
Irui`c`xàj (Mrdw`jg crah ^dhsey Rsdlter, i. 062. Lajmaj, Nr`t`sf Huseuh.
êpr`jtem `j Ildro, I`v`l`zdtàj.)
tfe atfer idse `t `s d pedrl `j tfe passessàj ac d serpejt. ]fese hytfs f`jt dt
tfe `med tfdt egafaam serves d remehpt`ve cujitàj car d last vdlue. @j
dlifehy `t `s hdme hare explì`t tfdt tfe vdlue ta ne remeehem `s dj dspeit ac
me`ty.
D iuràus vdr`djt ac tf`s `hdge ac tfe resiu`jg pawer ac clesf fds neiahe
pdr t ac tfe lar e dss ai` dtem w`t f tfe m`d hajm . @j @jm `d ar Ieyl aj tfe re `s
suppasem ta ex`st d meep vdlley ac m`dhajms `jcestem w`tf medmly serpejts. @j
armer ta diqu`re tfe m`dhajms, pèies ac clesf dre tfrawj `jta tfe vdlley. ]fe
m`dhajms dmfere ta tfe clesf, djm vultures idrry tfe clesf ndio ta tfe tap ac
tfe garge wfere tfey dre retrèvem. == ]f`s legejm `s d qud`jt vdr`dtàj ac tfe
tfehe “`jidrjdtàj car tfe purpase ac
‚‚Oujz, ]fe Iuràus Lare ac Rreiàus Ytajes, p. 75.

C@GUÊ = - 4>
]fe Heriur`dl Yerpejt Irui`cèm (Dlif`hè me Cldhel. HY. Crdjçd`s 4=735. Rdr`s,
N`nlàtfæque Jdtàjdle. êpr`jtem `j Kujg, Rsyifalagy djm Dlifehy.)
Dlifehy.)
remehptàj." ]fe essejt`dl cedture ac tfe stary `s tfdt m`dhajms dmfere ta

clesf. We fdve fere, 4 tf`jo, d tdjtdl`z`jg gl`hpse `jta tfe hedj`jg ac
egafaam. ]fe m`dhajm `j `ts fdrmjess `s tfe suprehe represejtdt`ve ac tfe
“clesf" pr`ji`ple `j `ts `jiarrupt`nle stdte djm `s aje ac tfe syhnals ac tfe
Yelc. D pdrdllel `hdge aiiurrem `j tfe mredh ac d wahdj e`gft weeos
pre gjdj t.
@ dh aj tfe lawer level ac tfe sunwdy systeh. D yaujg nldio wahdj
fdjms he d m`dhajm. @ put `t meep w`tf`j hy paioet, jat wdjt`jg peaple
ta ojaw car cedr tfey w`ll stedl `t. Wfej @ redif tfe upper level @ ceel
sdcer.
]fe dssai`dtàj ta tfe m`dhajm wds fer pregjdjiy.
C@GUÊ = -49
]rdjsc`xàj ac tfe Heriur`dl Yerpejt djm tfe O`jg (“Ypeiuluh ver`tdt`s,‘ Iam.
Sdtìdjus Ldt`jus 7>63, 47tf iejtury. N`nlàteid Sdtìdjd. êpr`jtem `j Kujg.
Rsyifalagy dj`l Dlifehy.)
Kust ds tfe terhs “namy‘ djm “clesf‘ recer ta iadguldtà, sa, tfdt wfìf
jaur`sfes tfe namy ” caam djm hedl `hdgery ” nel ajgs ta tfe sdh e
syhnal`sh. Edt`jg tfe carn`mmej cru`t nraugft Dmdh djm Eve `jta tfe pd`jcul
warlm ac spdtà-tehpardl redl`ty. ]fe Alm ]estdhejt sp edos ac “tfe nredm ac
tedrs‘ (Rs. 62;5), “tfe nredm ac wìoemjess‘ (Rrav. =;47), “tfe nredm ac
meie`t‘ (Rrav. >2;47), “tfe nredm ac `mlejess‘ (Rrav. 94;>), djm “tfe nredm ac
dmvers`ty‘ (@sd. 92;>2). ]fese pfrdses recer ta tfe redl`zdtàj ac tfe iajm`tàjs
hejtàjem. ]fey neiahe l`vem experèjies, jat dnstrdit `meds.
]a edt sahetf`jg hedjs ta `jiarpardte `t ” l`terdlly, ta turj `t `jta namy.
Fejie, mredhs `j wfìf tfe mredher `s accerem sahetf`jg ta edt `jmìdte tfdt
dj ujiajsiàus iajtejt `s redmy car iadguldtà
iadguldtà,, dss`h`ldtàj ny tfe ega. D
wahdj ac crdg`le ega fdm dj `jvdsàj ac tfe ujiajsiàus tfdt requ`rem md`ly
psyi fat fer dpy. Dct er d haj tf ac `j tej se eji aujt er w`t f tfe uji ajs iàu s, sfe
fdm tf`s mredh; (Yuhhdr`zem)
D wahdj
wahdj `s iaao`jg
iaao`jg d hhyster`
ysteràus
aus su
sunstdji
nstdjiee `j d reitd
reitdjguldr
jguldr iajtd`jer.
iajtd`jer. Y
Yfe
fe
apejs `t d n`t djm sdys, “@t `s redmy." @t wds d
strdjge hdter`dl
hdter`dl.. ]fe upper pdrt fdm gellem `jta d greej sunstdjie
sunstdjie
dppdrejtly hdme ac cru`ts. Nelaw' tf`s ldyer wds d mdro ujgellem l`qu`m. /
dte d shdll pèie ac tfe greej stucc. @t fdm ja tdste. D hdj `j d nldio su`t
idhe `jta tfe raah. Fe wejt m`reitly ta tfe iajtd`jer, c`llem e`gft kdrs
w`tf tfe gellem hdter`dl djm wdloem aut w`tf tfeh. Fe wds lòe d
strdjge hessejger
hessejger.. ]fere wds sahetf`jg
sahetf`jg ujidjjy
ujidjjy dnaut
dnaut f`h.
]f`s mredh represejts d ir`tìdl praiess ac ega mevelaphejt. @t fds
s`h`ldr`tès ta tfe edt`jg `j tfe Gdrmej ac Emej, espei`dlly tfe recerejie ta
tfe cru`t djm tfe nldio-su`tem hdj wfa dssai`dtem ta tfe Mev`l (see c`gure
=-4=). ]fe c`ll`jg ac e`gft kdr s (ma unl e qud ter j`t y) `jm ìd tes tfd t tf` s `s dj
`jm`v`mudtàj mredh iajierj`jg tfe iare djm tatdl`ty ac tfe psyife.
- rpi t
Dmdh djm Eve (Mürer. êpr`jtem `j ]fe Iahplete Waamiuts ac Dln
Mürer.)
D yaujg hdj wfa fdm iahe ta tfe ejm ac f`s djdlys`s djm wds `j tfe
pra iess ac td o`jg aj har e su nst djt `dl l`c e r esp ajs` n`l `t` es f dm t f`s mredh;
/ ga aut car m`jjer dt d very spei`dl pldie.
pldie. @t `s jat redlly d restdurdjt,
restdurdjt, nut tfe
ndsehejt ac d hajdstery. ]fe caam `s servem ny hajos. Car messert tfey serve
“iaw -mujg iaaoès"”suppase
“iaw-mujg suppasemly
mly d melìdi
melìdiyy lòe c`let h`gjaj
h`gjaj.. Fawever
Fawever tfey
wdrj he ta ne idrecul, car sahe hdy jat fdve irystdll`zem aut ac tfe`r pràr
carh. ]fe `m
`med
ed ac edt`jg tfeh iduses he gredt
gredt m m`stres
`stress.
s.
Wfejever caam `s accerem aje `j d mredh, tfe gejerdl rule `s tfdt `t sfaulm
ne edt ej ja hdtt er faw ujp leds djt `t see hs. Yah et` hes, ds `j tf` s mr edh, `t
w`ll fdve strdjge ar h`rdiulaus qudl`tès, `jmìdt`jg tfdt `t `s iah`jg crah
tfe drifetypdl level ac tfe psyife. N`nlìdl exdhples dre tfe hdjjd crah
fedvej sejt ta tfe @srdel`tes `j tfe w`lmerjess (Exam. 43;4>) djm tfe ceem`jg
ac tfe caur tfausdjm (Hdtt. 45;9>). @j sahe idses tfe caam ta ne edtej iledrly
syhnal`zes tfe jeem ta dss`h`ldte d reldtàj ta tfe Yelc. @sd`df spedos ac tfe
warm ac Gam ds nredm ta ne edtej. Fe fds Pdfwef sdy, “Car ds tfe rd`j djm
sjaw iahe mawj crah fedvej, djm returj jat tf`tfer nut wdter tfe edrtf,
hdo`jg `t nr`jg cartf djm spraut, g`v`jg seem ta tfe sawer djm nredm ta tfe
edter, sa sfdll hy warm ne tfdt gaes cartf crah hy hautf (55;42-44, ^YS).
Ifr`st sdys, “Hy hedt `s ta ma tfe w`ll ac f`h tfdt sejt he, djm ta c`j`sf f`s
waro‘ (Kafj =;9=, DS).
Dll caam mredhs fdve dt ledst d m`stdjt recerejie ta Euifdr`stì
syhnal`sh, dltfaugf dt t`hes `t seehs hare lòe d nldio Hdss (see c`gure
=- 45). Wfej tfe accerem caam iledrly reldtes ta tfe Yelc `t neiahes tfe
caam ac `hhartdl`ty dnaut wfìf Ifr`st spedos. “4 dh tfe nredm ac l`ce. Paur
`hhartdl`ty
cdtfers dte tfe hdjjd `j tfe w`lmerjess, djm tfey mèm. ]f`s `s tfe nredm
wfìf iahes mawj crah fedvej tfdt d hdj hdy edt ac `t djm jat mè. @ dh tfe
l`v`jg nredm wfìf idhe mawj crah fedvej? `c djyaje edts ac tf`s nredm, fe
w`ll l`ve carever? djm tfe nredm wfìf 4 sfdll g`ve car tfe l`ce ac tfe warlm `s
hy clesf‘ (Kafj 3;=6” 54, ^YS).
]fe Ifr`st`dj sdirdhejt ac Faly Iahhujàj `s d iadguldtà r`te. @t `s
`jterest`jg ta jate tfdt severdl ac tfe atfer sdirdhejts dre dlsa l`joem w`tf
tfe syhnal`sh ac dlifehìdl aperdtàjs. ]fe sdirdhejt ac ndpt`sh pertd`js
ta salutà, tfe sdirdhejt ac extrehe ujitàj ta hart`cìdtà, djm tfe sdirdhejt
ac hdtr`hajy ta iajùjità. Fawever, tfe Euifdr`st `s tfe iejtrdl r`tudl ac
Ifr`st`dj`ty djm, ds Kujg fds anservem, idj ne iajs`merem ta ne tfe “r`te ac
=5
tfe `jm`v`mudtàj praiess.‘ Crah tfe stdjmpa`jt ac iadguldtà syhnal`sh, ta

pdrtdo
pdr tdoee ac tfe Eui fdr
fdr`st
`st ì hed l s`gj `c` es tfe ega‑s
ega ‑s `ji arpard
arp ard tà j ac d rel
reldt`
dt` aj
ta tfe Yelc.
‑Ku jg, Rsyifalagy djm

djm êl`gàj;
êl`gàj; West djm Ed
Edst.
st. IW @@, pdr. =4=.
C@GU^ E = - 4 5
]fe Ldst Yupper. Jate tfe ]`jy Nldio Mev`l Ejter`jg Kumds‑ Hautf (]fe Faurs
Faurs a
Idtfer`je ac I/eves. ]fe Guejjal Ialleitàj djm tfe Rèrpajt Hargdj
L`nrdry.)
Fejry Sdugfj‑s paeh “]fe @jidrjdtàj djm tfe Rdssàj‘ hdoes use ac
severdl iadguldtà `hdges djm dgd`j `llustrdtes tfe tfehe ac mes`re (lave)
ds tfe hat`ve ac `jidrjdtàj.

Larm! wfej tfau m`mst tfy selce ujmresse
Ldy`jg ny tfy ranes ac glary.
]a hdoe us hare, tfau waulmst ne lesse,
Djm neidh‑sl wacull stary.
]a put aj Ilaums `jstedm ac l`gft.
Djm iladtf tfe harj`jg-stdrre w`tf must.
Wds d trdjsldtàj ac suif fe`gft Ds, nut `j
tfee, wds je‑r exprest?
Nrdve warhes, djm Edrtf! tfdt tfus iaulm fdve D Gam
Ejilasem w`tf`j yaur Iell,
Paur hdoer pejt up `j d grdve.
L`ce laiot `j medtf, fedvej `j d sfell?
Df, hy medre Larm! wfdt iaulmst tfau spye @j tf`s

`hpure, renellàus ildy,
]fdt hdme tfee tfus resalve ta mye Car tfase tfdt o`ll
tfee every mdy1
A wfdt strdjge wajmers iaulm tfee ha

have
ve ]a sl`gft
tfy preiàus nlaum, djm nredtf!
Yure `t wds ¡Hve, hy Larm? car ¡Hve @s ajly strajger
=3
cdr tfdj medtf.
Ds d c`jdl `llustrdtàj ac iadguldtà syhnal`sh, @ sfdll presejt tfe hast

rehdrodnle mredh aj tf`s tfehe tfdt @ fdve yet ejiaujterem. ]fe mredher, d hdj `j
f`s edrly tf`rtès, wds ifdrditer`zem ny d strò`jg m`sirepdjiy netweej f`s f`gf
pat ejt `d l car psyi fal ag` idl mev ela phej t djm tfe l`h `td tà js `hp asem ny tf e sev ere
psyi fì mep r` vdt` aj ac f` s if` lmf aam ejv` raj hejt . ]fe res ult wds tfd t d s`z dnl e
par t` aj ac ega mev ela phej t, wf` if arm `jd r`l y a iiu rs `j if` lmf aam , w ds mel dyem djm
taao pldie `j dmultfaam mur`jg d lejgtfy iaurse ac psyifatferdpy. ]fe callaw`jg
mredh, wfìf aiiurrem dcter twa yedrs ac dnaut d tej-yedr tredthejt, presejts tfe
essejie ac tfdt praiess. @t idj ne seej ds d o`jm ac hìrahytf ac ega mevelaphejt.
]fe mredh `s ds callaws;
/ dh s`tt`jg necare dj djièjt `jtdglà ac d irui`c`xàj. @t `s hetdl nut `t `s pdrt`dlly

iaverem w`tf d wdxlòe sunstdjie wfìf ledms he ta m`siaver tfdt tfere dre idjmles
dnave `t, aje aj edif s`me, djm / redl`ze / dh ta l`gft tfese, djm hdoe tfe wdx ruj
mawj `jta tfe `jtdglà djm tfdt tf`s fds sahetf`jg ta ma w`tf tfe r`tudl-lòe hedt / dh
dnaut ta edt. / l`gft tfe idjmles djm tfe wdx maes ruj mawj `jta tfe ehpty carh ac tfe
irui`c`xàj. Wfej `t `s cull / tdoe `t mawj crah tfe wdll dnave he djm dh dt hy hedl. /
fdve tdoej tfe fedm ac tfe `hdge wfìf fds neej carhem ny c`ll`jg up tfe `jtdglà djm
dh edt`jg `t. @t `s d sunstdjie lòe ledm ”very fedvy”djm / neg`j ta wajmer `c / idj
m`gest `t. / wajmer `c fuhdjs idj m`gest ledm. @ redl`ze we edt d l`ttle every mdy. djm
tfdt we edt s`lver, taa. / tf`jo, tferecare, tfdt `t `s d sdce tf`jg ta fdve edtej, nut / dh
wdry ac edt`jg taa huif. ]fe mredh ejms wf`le / dh dt tfe hedl.
]f`s mredh iajtd`js severdl iadguldtà tfehes; sal`m`cìdtàj ac d l`qu`m, ledm,

edt`jg, djm tfe irui`c`xàj. ]fe djièjt irui`c`xàj `jtdglà syhnal`zes tfe `jjdte
drifetype ac tfe Yelc, dj ehpty carh wd`t`jg ta
]fe Iahplete Raetry ac Fejry Sdugfj, p. 439.

ne red l`z em ny dj `jc lux ac l`v `jg hdt ter . ]fe mr edh `ll ust rdt es jìe ly
Kujg‑s stdtehejt tfdt “drifetypes dre jat meterh`jem ds regdrms tfe`r
iajtejt, nut ajly ds regdrms tfe`r carh djm tfej ajly ta d very l`h`tem
megree. D pr`harm`dl `hdge `s meterh`jem ds ta `ts iajtejt ajly wfej `t fds
nei ahe iajs ià us djm `s tfe rec are c` lle m aut w`tf tfe hdt er` dl ac iaj sià us
experèjie....]fe drifetype `j `tselc `s ehpty djm purely carhdl, jatf`jg
nut d cdiultds
cdiultdsprdecar
prdecarhdjm`.
hdjm`. d pass`n`l`ty ac represejtdtàj wfìf `s g`vej d
"*4
pràr`."*
pràr`.
]fe twa l`gftem idjmles prav`me tfe haltej wdx tfdt c`lls tfe ehpty
carh. ]fey represejt tfe psyifì l`ce praiess `tselc. ]f`s `s suggestem ny
suif pfr dses ds “nur j`j g tfe idjm le dt nat f ejms,‘
ejm s,‘ ar “aut , aut nr` ec
idjmle.‘ = * ]fe nurj`jg idjmle gejerdtes jat ajly l`gft nut dlsa haltej
hdtter, ds tfaugf tfe l`v`jg praiess ac tfe psyife gejerdtes sunstdjie” d
sunstdjie
iadguldtà ac sp`r`t. Nut wfy dre tfere twa idjmles1 Dmler reparts tf`s mredh
ac d pdtèjt.
/ idrry twa l`gftem idjmles ac wfìf @ nlaw aut aje djm oeep tfe
atfer dl`gft, sdy`jg; "]f`s `s l`ce djm medtf.‑‑*0
Dmler dssai`dtes tfese twa idjmles ta tfe twa tarif nedrers wfa cldjo
H`tfrds `j tfe iajvejtàjdl represejtdtàjs ac f`h. Aje fds f`s tarif
upr`gft, tfe atfer, pa`jt`jg mawjwdrm. Rerfdps tfe twa idjmles w`ll
`jmìdte tfe `jterpldy ac appas`tes, djm tfe claw`jg ac tfe twa haltej
stredhs `jta aje sfdpe w`ll s`gj`cy d iajùjità ac tfe appas`tes.
]fe edt`jg ac tfe wdx c`gure iarrespajms ta well ojawj r`tudl hedls `j
wfìf tfe pdrtì`pdjt idts d represejtdtàj ac tfe me`ty ” car exdhple, tfe
Ifr`st`dj Euifdr`st. @j tfe edrly ifurif, wdx wds usem ds d syhnal car tfe
clesf ac tfe Dgjus Me`. “@t wds iustahdry `j âhe djm `j tfe wfale
Aii`mijl ta hdoe l`ttle ldhns aut ac tfe iajseirdtem wdx ac tfe Rdsifdl
idjmle djm ta oeep tfeh car tfe aitdve ac Edster, wfej tfey were
m`str`nutem ta tfe iahhujìdjts dcter tfe Larm's supper.‘ 52 Dhdld- rùs ac
crèr g` ves tfe callaw`jg expldjdtàj ac tf`s r`te; “]fe wdx syhnal`zes, ds
Gregary (tfe Gredt) sdys `j f`s serhajs, tfe fuhdj`ty ac tfe Ifr`st? car tfe
fajeyiahn iajs`sts ac fajey `j wdx? tfe fajey `j wdx, fawever, `s tfe
m`v`j`ty `j tfe fuhdj`ty. ]fe ldhns, wfìf tfe âhdjs hdoe (ac wdx),
syhnal`ze tfe `hhdiuldte Ldhn, wfìf wds hdme car aur nejec`t.‘‑ 4
]fr Drtfrlvpr* ajm tfr Ialltt'l`vc Ujtttrt.wàu.`, I W 0`. pdr 455, "Hutnrtf.
Dit 0. w 5. l`je >`.
«Dmler, ]fr L`v`jg Yyhnal,

Yyhnal, p. 457 .
‑"Euler. Arpfru* tfr Cffer. p >=6
¿@n`m.
]fe iajierj regdrm`jg tfe m`gest`n`l`ty ac tfe sunstdjie `s ifdrditer`stì. Faw huif
redl`ty idj tfe ega stdjm1 ]f`s `s dj urgejt questàj car us dll. ]fe mredh seehs ta
dmv`se reguldr shdll mases ac tf`s n`tter hemì`je.
@j suhhdry, tf`s mredh pìtures ega mevelaphejt ds d praiess `j wfìf tfe
ldtejt, preex`stejt tatdl`ty, tfe Yelc, `s c`rst `jidrjdtem djm tfej dss`h`ldtem tfraugf
tfe l`v`jg eccarts ac tfe `jm`v`mudl. @t mehaj strdtes Kujg‑s stdtehejt tfdt, “]f e selc,
lòe tfe ujiajsiàus, `s dj d pràr` ex`stejt aut ac wfìf tfe ega evalves. @t `s, sa ta
spedo, dj ujiajsiàus pr
pràc`
àc` gur dt à
àjj ac tf
tfee e ga .‘ 5>
ga.‘
@j iajilusàj, tfe dlifehìdl aperdtàj ac iadguldtà, tagetfer w`tf tfe `hdgery

tfdt ilusters draujm tf`s `med, iajst`tutes dj eldnardte syhnal systeh tfdt expresses
tfe drifetypdl praiess ac ega carhdtàj. Wfej tfe ega‑s reldtàj ta tfe Yelc `s ne`jg
redl`zem” tfdt `s, wfej tfe ega `s dppradif`jg tfe iadguldtà ac tfe psyife `j `ts
tatdl`ty” tfej tfe syhnal`sh ac ega mevelaphejt neiahes `mejtìdl w`tf tfdt ac
`jm`v`mudtàj. Kujg puts `t netter.
Gam wdjts ta ne narj `j tfe cldhe ac hdj‑s iajsiàusjess, ledp`jg ever f`gfer. Djm wfdt
`c tf`s fds ja raats `j tfe edrtf1 @c `t `s jat d fause ac staje wfere tfe c`re ac Gam idj
mwell, nut d wretifem strdw fut tfdt cldres up djm vdj`sfes1 Iaulm Gam tfej ne narj1 Aje
hust ne dnle ta succer Gam. ]fdt `s tfe suprehe tdso car tfe idrrèr ac `meds. Fe hust ne tfe
dmvaidte ac tfe edrtf. Gam w`ll tdoe idre ac f`hselc. Hy `jjer pr`ji`ple `s; Meus et faha.
Gam jeems hdj `j armer ta neiahe iajsiàus, kust ds fe jeems l`h`tdtàj `j t`he djm spdie.
Let us tferecare ne car f`h l`h`tdtàj `j t`he djm spdie, dj edrtfly tdnerjdile. 59
5>
Kujg, Rsyi
Rsyifalagy
falagy djm êl`gàj
êl`gàj;; Wes
Westt djm E
Edst,
dst, IW @@, pdr. 904.
"Kujg, Letter
Letterss l;35cc.
-5-5 YYun
unl`
l`hhdt` aj
ust ds idli`jdtà pertd` js ta c` re, salutà ta wdter, djm iadguld`à
K ta edrtf, sa sunl`hdtà `s tfe aperdtàj pertd`j`jg ta d`r. @t turjs tfe

hdter`dl `jta d`r ny valdt`l`z`jg djm elevdt`jg `t. ]fe `hdge mer`ves crah
tfe ifehìdl praiess ac sunl`hdtàj `j wfìf d sal`m, wfej fedtem,
pds ses m`r eit ly ` jta d gd seau s st dte djm dsie jms ta tfe tap ac tfe vess el,
wfere `t resal`m`cès aj tfe upper, iaaler regàj. M`st`lldtàj `s d s`h`ldr
pr aies s, ` j wf ìf d l `qu `m vdp ar` zes aj fed t`j g d jm iaj mejs es dgd` j ` j d
iaaler dred.
]fe terh “sunl`hdtàj‘ mer`ves crah tfe Ldt`j sunl`h`s, hedj`jg “f`gf.‘ ]f`s
sunl`h`s
`jmìdtes tfdt tfe irui`dl cedture ac sunl`hdtà `s dj elevdt`jg praiess wfereny d law
sunstdjie `s trdjsldtem `jta d f`gfer carh ny dj dsiejm`jg havehejt. Edrtf `s
trdjscarhem `jta d`r? d c`xem namy `s valdt`l`zem? tfdt wfìf `s `jceràr `s ifdjgem
`jta sahetf`jg superàr (`jcerus, nelaw? superus, dnave). Dll `hdges tfdt recer ta
upwdrm havehejt ” ldmmers, std`rs, elevdtars, il`hn`jg, haujtd`js, cly`jg, djm sa
cartf”nel ajg ta sunl`hdtà syhnal`sh, ds ma dll tfe psyifalagìdl djm vdlue
iajjatdtàjs dssai`dtem w`tf ne`jg f`gf rdtfer tfdj law. Dj dlifehìdl text sdys,
“]fe sp`r`t, tferecare, ny tfe felp ac tfe wdter djm tfe saul, `s mrdwj cartf crah tfe
nam ès tfe hse lve s, djm tfe nam y tf eren y `s hdm e sp` r`t udl ? car tfd t dt tfe sdhe
`jstdjt ac t`he, tfe sp`r`t, w`tf tfe saul ac tfe namès, dsiejm aj f`gf ta tfe superàr
pdr t, wfìf
wf` if `s tfe per ceit àj ac tfe sta
staje,
je, djm `s idl
idllem
lem sun l`h
l`hdt` aj. ‘ 4 Diiarm`jg ta
dtàj.
tf`s text, tfe namy `s “hdme perceit‘ ny sp`r`tudl`z`jg `t. Rsyifalagìdlly, tf`s
iarrespajms ta d wdy ac medl`jg w`tf d iajirete pranleh. Aje gets “dnave‘ `t ny
see`jg `t ankeit`vely. We dnstrdit d gejerdl hedj`jg crah `t djm see `t ds d
pdr tì uld r exd hpl e ac d ldr ger `ss ue. Kust ta c`j m su` tdn le war ms ar iaji ept s car d
psyi fì std te hdy ne suc cì èj t car d p ers aj ta get aut ac `t ejau gf ta laao maw j aj
`t crah
]fe L`ves ac `fe Dlifehyslìdl Rf`lasapfers, p. 496.

DJD]AHP ]FE RYPIFE
ar
dnave. Car `jstdjie, ta ldnel d resejtcul haam dj “dj`hd passessàj" hdy

reledse tfe gr`p ac tfe haam. ]a `mejt`cy d hdj‑s reditàj ta f`s w`ce ds dj
exdhple ac f`s hatfer pranleh, ar d reditàj ta f`s nass ds pdrt ac d cdtfer
iahplex, iajieptudl`zes tfe experèjie djm felps f`h ta get dnave `t. D
strò`jg exdhple ac suif warm pawer `s tfdt ac d prèst wfa fdm djxèty wf`le
ielenrdt`jg tfe Euifdr`st. Fe experèjiem d mec`j`te dllev`dtàj ac syhptahs
upaj ledrj`jg tfdt fe fdm d well- ojawj iajm`tàj idllem percarhdjie djxèty.
Yunl`hdtà `s dj dsiejt tfdt rd`ses us dnave tfe iajc`j`jg ejtdjglehejts ac
`hhem`dte, edrtfy ex`stejie djm `ts iajirete, persajdl pdrtìuldrs. ]fe f`gfer
we ga tfe grdjmer djm hare iahprefejs`ve `s aur perspeit`ve, nut dlsa tfe
hare rehate we neiahe crah ditudl l`ce djm tfe less dnle we w`ll ne ta fdve dj
ecceit aj wfdt we perie`ve. We neiahe hdgj`cìejt nut `hpatejt speitdtars
(see c`gure 5-4). Fedvej `s tfe dname ac tfe eterjdl Rldtajì carhs, tfe
uj`versdls, tfe drifetypdl `hdges. Fejie, wfejever d mredh ar l`ce s`tudtàj `s
`jterpretem crah tfe drifetypdl stdjmpa`jt, `t `s prahat`jg sunl`h
sunl`hdtà.
dtà. ]fe
suiiess ac suif `jterpretdtàjs hdy ne expressem `j mredhs ny tfe esidpe ar
reledse ac idgem n`rms ar sahe atfer duspìàus upwdrm havehejt.
@t sfaulm ne stdtem dt tfe autset tfdt tfe syhnal`sh ac tfe dlifehìdl
sunl`hdtà
sunl`hdtà fds jatf`jg ta ma w`tf Creum`dj tfeary ac sunl`hdtàj. Diiarm`jg ta
F`j sè djm Idhpnell‑s Rsyi Rsyif`dtrì Mìtàjdry,, tfe terh “sunl`hdtàj‘ ds usem `j
f`dtrì Mìtàjdry
psy ifa djd lys `s `s mec `je m ds, .tf e pra iess ac ham `cy `jg dj `js t`j itu dl `hp uls e
`j suif d wdy ds ta iajcarh ta tfe mehdjms ac saièty. Yunl`hdtàj `s d
sunst`tute dit`v`ty wfìf g`ves sahe hedsure ac grdt`cìdtàj ta tfe `jcdjt`le
`hpulse wfìf fds neej repum`dtem `j `ts ar`g`jdl carh Ujlòe tfe usudl
mecejses, `j sunl`hdtàj tfe ega `s jat dit`jg `j appas`tàj ta tfe `m? aj tfe
iajtrdry, `t `s felp`jg tfe `m ta gd`j exterjdl expressàj. Yunl`hdtàj, `j atfer
warms, maes jat `jvalve repressàj.‘ >
Kujg m`st`jgu`sfes Creum`dj sunl`hdtàj crah tfe dlifehìdl sunl`hd
sunl`hdtà
tà `j
tf`s pdssdge crah f`s letters? “ Yunl`hdtà `s pdrt ac tfe raydl drt wfere tfe true
galm `s hdme. Ac tf`s Creum ojaws jatf`jg, warse st`ll, fe ndrrìdmes dll tfe
pdt fs tfd t iau lm ledm ta tfe tru e sunl`h
sunl`hdtà.
dtà. ]f`s `s kust dnaut tfe appas`te ac
wfdt Creum ujmerstdjms ny sunl`hdtàj. @t `s jat d valujtdry djm cari`nle
ifdjjel`jg ac `jst`jit `jta d spuràus cèlm ac dpplìdtàj, nut dj dlifyhìdl
trdjscarhdtàj car wfìf c`re djm tfe nldio pr`hd hdter`d
hdter`d dre jeemem. Yunl`hdtà `s
d gredt hystery. Creum fds dpprapr`dtem tf`s iajiept djm usurpem `t car tfe
spfere ac tfe w` ll djm tfe naurgea`s, rdtàjdl`stì etfas.‘ 9
>
F`jsè djm Idhpnell, Rsyif`dtrì Mìtàjdry,
Mìtàjdry, pp. 300c.
KKujg, Letters. 4;474.
Yd
tell`te Rf ac a . C@GUÊ 5 - 4
r
6 dpf ac Idpe Iam djm Sì`j`ty (Rfata Dtlds ac tfe Uj`tem
Ytdtes.)
Car tfe dlifeh`st, tfe praiess ac sunl`hdtàj wds experèjiem `j syhnalì
`hdges. Fe, car exdhple, h`gft see d n`rm cly`jg up crah tfe hdtter `j tfe lawer
pdrt ac tfe vessel ta tfe upper regàjs. ]fe dlifehìdl vessel wds equdtem w`tf
tfe hdiraiash, `ts lawer pdrt ne`jg tfe edrtf djm `ts upper pdrt, fedvej. ]fe
sunl`hdte clees edrtf djm `s trdjs partem ta fedvej. D text sdys, “Dt tfe ejm ac tfe
sunl`hdtàj tfere gerh`jdtes tfraugf tfe hem`dtàj ac tfe sp`r`t, d sf`j`jg wf`te
saul _dj`hd Idjm`mdX wfìf clès up ta fedvej w`tf tfe sp`r`t. ]f`s `s iledrly
=
djm hdj`cestly tfe staje‘ (see c`gure 5->).
]f`s “wf`te saul‘ `s actej represejtem ny d wf`te n`rm ne`jg reledsem crah tfe
hdter`dl ne`jg fedtem. Aje pìture sfaws d hdj ne`jg iaaoem `j d wdter ndtf
w`tf d wf`te n`rm eherg`jg crah f`s fedm (see c`gure 5-
C4GUÊ 5->
Yunl`hdlà. (Ydpejt`d veèruh pf`lasapfaruh
pf`lasapfaruh s`ve maitr`jd earujmuj` me suhhd el uj`versdl`
hemì`jd. 46tf iejtury. Rdr`s, N`nlàtfæque me 4 ‑Drsejdl, HY. 07=. êpr`jtem `j
Merald, ]fe Yeiret Drt ac Dlifehy.)
‚Tuatem `j Kujg. Rsyifalagy dj`l Dlifehy. ÇW 4>. pdr. =3>.

YUNUHD ja
C@GUÊ 5-9
Extrditàj ac tfe Wf`te Mave (]r`shas`j, Yplejmar Yal`s. 456>.)
9) . D pdrdllel ta tf`s pìture aiiurrem `j tfe idse ac d yaujg wahdj wfa wds
ejmur`jg dj `jtejse djm pd`jcul dit`vdtàj ac tfe ujiajsiàus. Yfe mredhem,
@ dh `j d fasp`tdl
fasp`tdl,, pregjdjt nut jat qu`te redmy car n`rtf. @ ga ta sleep djm
wfej @ wdoe up `t `s very mdro. @ ceel sahetf`jg press`jg aj hy r`ns very fdrm
djm `t seehs ds `c tf`s ujseej exteràr pressure `s cari`jg he ta g`ve n`rtf. D
vaìe sdys, “Faw waulm yau lòe ta fdve d saj1" Ds @ waoe up tfe `hdgery
iajt`juem. @ sdw d g`rl lòe tfe aje `j Hujif‑s l`t fagrdpf, “]fe Iry.‘ Fer
hautf `s d i`riuldr apej`jg. Yfe `s `j d wf`te i`rile surraujmem ny hare i`riles
ac nldio l`jes. Aut ac fer hautf iahes d farme ac maves ar wf`te p`geajs (see
c`gure 5-=).
]f`s mredh `jcarhs tfe pdtèjt tfdt tfe djxèty sfe `s ejmur`jg `s Rdrt ac d
ldrger trdjscarhdtàj praiess, `j wfìf tfe ega `s fedtem ny
C@GUÊ 5-=
]fe Iry (Hujif, 4605. Asla, Jdtàjdl Huseuh. êpr`jtem `j Grdpfì Waros ac
Emvdrm Hujif.)
Hujif.)
farrar `j armer ta nr`jg cartf d jew n`rtf, tfe “sunl`hdte,‘ represejtem ny tfe
claio ac maves. Mredhs ac n`rms gejerdlly recer ta sun sunl`l`h
hd``
d`à,
a, djm n`rm
pfa n`d s hdy `jm ìd te cedr ac d jei essd ry sunl`h
sunl`hd`à.
d`à. ]fey dre dlsa actej
iajjeitem w`tf d cedr ac medtf, medtf ne`jg tfe ult`hdte sunl`h
sunl`hd`à
d`à wfereny
tfe saul `s sepdrdtem crah tfe namy.
Aje dspeit ac sunl`h
sunl`hd`à
d`à averldps w`tf sepdrdtà syhnal`sh ” jdhely, `ts
sepdrdtà
use ds dj extrditàj praiemure. Car `jstdjie, heriury idj ne extrditem crah
iertd`j iahpaujms ny fedt`jg. @t vdpar`zes, sunl`hdtes, djm redppedrs aj tfe
iaaler partàj ac tfe vessel. Dj edrly text dllumes ta tf`s praiess; “Ga ta tfe
wdters ac tfe J`le djm tfere yau w`ll c`jm d staje tfdt fds d sp`r`t (pjeuhd
(pjeuhd).
).
]doe tf`s, m`v`me `t, tfrust `j yaur fdjm djm mrdw aut `ts fedrt; car `ts saul
(psyife) `s `j `ts fedrt. _Dj `jterpaldtar
dmms;X ]fere, fe sdys yau w`ll c`jm tf`s staje tfdt fd* d sp`r`t, wfìf recers ta
tfe expulsàj ac tfe quìos`lver (exfymrdrgyras`s )," 5 ]f`s “expulsàj ac t fe
( exfymrdrgyras`s),"
quìos`lver‘ `s maje ny sunl`hdt
sunl`hdtà,
à, wfìf reledses tfe sp`r`t f`mmej `j hdtter.
@j tfe ldrgest sejse, tf`s recers psyifalagìdlly ta tfe remehptàj ac tfe Yelc
crah `ts ar`g`jdl ujiajsiàus stdte. ]fe expulsàj ac tfe quìos`lver idj dlsa
ne exp er` eji em `j less er wdys ds tfe ext rdi tà j a c hedj`jg crah fedvy haams,
crah iajirete evejts, ar crah tfe cditudl`ty ac jdture (see c`gure 5-5).
Nertfelat pa`jts aut tfdt tfe Greeo warm tfdt tfe Ldt`j dlifeh`sts
trdjsldtem ds “ sunl`h dtà‘ wds rf`j`shd
sunl`hdtà rf`j`shd,, wfìf ar`g` jdlly hedjt “c`l`jgs." ]f`s
expressem tfe `med ac tfe extrehe dttejudtàj ac hdtter. ]fe sdhe `med wds
dttdifem ldter ta tfe terh “dliaal`sdtàj‘ wfìf s`gj`cès remui tàj ta tfe
stdte ac dj `hpdlpdnle pawmer. 3 D text sdys, “@c yau ma jat hdoe tfe namès
suntle, sa tfdt tfey hdy ne `hpdlpdnle ta tauif, yau w`ll jat gd`j yaur ejm.
@c tfey fdve jat neej graujm, repedt yaur aperdtàj, djm see tfdt tfey dre
graujm djm sunt`l`zem.‘ 7 ]fus, sunl`h dtà idj hedj “gr`jm`jg‘ ar
sunl`hdtà
“fdhher`jg‘ ta nr`jg dnaut dj dttejudt àj ac tfe hdter`dl. Sery c`je pawmer
dppradifes d gds `j `ts iajs`stejiy. Jate dlsa tfdt tfe syhnal`sh ac gr`jm`jg
iajtd`js tfe hardl idtegarès ac gaam djm ndm. Rawmer hdme up ac shdll
pdr tì les `s idl lem “c`je,
“c` je,‘‘ tfd t w`tf
w`t f ldrge
ldr ge pdrt ìl es `s “iad rse .‘ ]a ne gaam `s
ta ne well pulver`zem. Ejiaujter w`tf tfe juh`jasuh hdy fdve d pulver`z`jg
ecceit, ds `jmìdtem ny tfe sdy`jg, “]faugf tfe h`lls ac Gam gr`jm slawly, yet
tfey gr`jm exieem`jg shdll.‘ “Cal`dtàj‘ fds tfe sdhe `hpl` idtàj. D rei`pe
hejtàjem edr lèr redms, “Yaw yaur galm `j wf`te cal`dtem edrtf‘” tfdt `s, `j
sunl`hdtem edrtf. Cal`dtàj `s maje ny fdhher`jg. ]fese l`jes ny ^`loe idj
tfus ne iajs`merem ds djjauji`jg dj `hpejm`jg sunl`h
sunl`hdtà'.
dtà'.
Wfdt laios `tselc `j ejmurdjie graws r`g`m? sfelterem `j
ujdssuh`jg greyjess, maes `t ceel sdce1
Wd`t, crah tfe m`stdjie fdrmjess `s hejdiem ny sahetf`jg st`ll
fdrmer.
Dlds ” ; d rehate fdhher `s pa`sem ta stròe.*
@j Yfdoespedre‑s Djtajy djm Ileap
Ileapdtrd
dtrd,, ds Ejandrnus iahh`ts suì`me `j
reharse car f`s meceitàj crah Djtajy, tf`s `hdge ac tà ny
sunl`hdtà
sunl`hd
pul ver `zd tà j ` s w ruj g c rah f`h . F e `s sped o`j g t a t fe haaj .
‑@n`m., pdr. =25.

‚Nertfelat, Ialleitàj mes Djièjs Dlifeh`stes Greis , 4;>42.
Oelly, ]fe Dlifehìdl Wr`t`jgs ac Emwdrm Oelly , p. 9=.
"^`loe, Yajjets ta Arpfeus, pt. >, sajjet 4>. (@ fdve jat neej dnle ta laidte tfe saurie ac tf``
trdjsldtàj, nut see Yajjets ta Arpfeus, trdjs. I. C. Hdi@jtyre, i`tem `j tfe N`nlàgrdpfy.)
C@GUÊ 5-5
Extrditàj ac Heriurùs djm Iarajdtàj ac tfe S`rg`j. Lawer Level; Heriurùs (êpresejtem
ds d Hajstras`ty) Ne`jg Extrditem crah tfe Rr`hd Hdter`d . Upper Level; Dssuhptàj djm
Iarajdtàj ac tfe S`rg`j, ]rdjscarh`jg tfe ]r`j`ty `jta d Tudterj`ty (Ypeiuluh tr`j`tdt`s crah
êusjer, Rdjmard, 4566. êpr`jtem `j Kujg. Rsyifala gy djm Dlifehy .)
A savere`gj h`stress ac true heldjifaly,
]fe pa`sajaus mdhp ac j`gft m`spajge upaj he.
]fdt l`ce, d very renel ta hy w`ll,
Hdy fdjg ja lajger aj he? tfraw hy fedrt Dgd`jst tfe
cl`jt djm fdrmjess ac hy cdult.
Wfìf, ne`jg mrèm w`tf grèc, w`ll nredo ta pawmer,
Djm c`j`sf dll caul tfaugfts.
(Dit =, si. 0, l`jes 4>-46)
D text crah Rdrdielsus sdys, “Car, ds crah dll pfleghdtì djm wdtery
ankeits, wdter dsiejms `j m`st`lldtàj, djm `s sepdrdtem crah `ts namy, sa,
`j tfe praiess ac sunl`hdtàj, `j mry sunstdjies suif ds h`jerdls, tfe
sp`r`tudl `s rd`sem crah tfe iarparedl, sunt`l`sem, djm tfe pure sepdrdtem
crah tfe `hpure.‘ 0
Fere sunl`h dtà `s mesir`nem ds d pur`cìdtàj. Wfej hdtter djm sp`r`t dre
sunl`hdtà
`jterh`xem `j d stdte ac ujiajsiàus iajtdh`jdtàj, tfey hust ne pur`cèm
ny sep drd tà j. @j tf` s `hp ure st dte , tfe
tf e sp `r` t hus t c`r st see o `t s awj
pur`t
pu r`t y dj m w`l l se e dll tfdt
tf dt per td `js ta cl es
esff dj
djmm hd tt er ” tfe iajirete, tfe
per sa
sajd tf e mes `r e- ldm ej ” ds tfe ejehy ta ne averiahe. ]fe wfale
jd l, tfe
f`stary ac iulturdl evalutàj idj ne seej ds d gredt sunl`hdtà pr aie ss `j
wfìf fuhdj ne`jgs ledrj faw ta see tfehselves djm tfe`r warlm
ankeit`vely. Ytaì pf`lasapfy wds aje vdst eccart ta tedif fuhdjs faw ta
difève tfe Ytaì gadl ac dpdtf`d ny gett`jg dnave tfe pdssàjs tfdt tè
tfeh ta tfe edrtf. Y`h`ldrly, Rldta‑s `medl`sh, ds well ds dll ldter
`medl`stì systehs, str`ve ta presejt l`ce `j terhs ac eterjdl carhs djm
uj`versdl `meds `j armer ta averiahe tfe gdll`jg fuhdj najmdge ta tfe
iajt`jgejiès ac hdtter. êdsaj, wfìf g`ves peaple d stdjmpa`jt auts`me
tfe`r persajdl lòes djm m`slòes, neiahes dj `jm`spejsdnle dgejt ac
sunl`hdtà ny tedif`jg tfeh faw ta ne recl eit`ve speitdtars ac tfehselves.
Yifapejfduer puts `t nedut`cully;
_@t `sX `jmeem wajmercul ta see, faw hdj, nes`mes f`s l`ce `j tfe iajirete, dlwdys
l`ves d seiajm l`ce `j tfe dnstrdit. @j tfe carher fe `s dndjmajem ta dll tfe starhs
ac redl`ty djm ta tfe `jcluejie ac tfe presejt? fe hust struggle, succer, djm mè
lòe tfe dj`hdl. Nut f`s l`ce `j tfe dnstrdit, ds `t stdjms necare f`s rdtàjdl
iajsiàusjess, `s tfe idlh recleitàj ac f`s l`ce `j tfe iajirete.
djm ac tfe warlm `j wfìf fe l`ves QQQQ Fere `j tfe spfere ac idlh mel`nerdtàj,
wfdt prevàusly passessem f`h iahpletely djm havem f`h `jtejsely dppedrs ta
f`h ialm, ialarless, djm, car tfe hahejt, care`gj djm strdjge? fe `s d here
speitdtar djm anserver. @j respeit ac tf`s w`tfmrdwdl `jta recleitàj, fe `s lòe dj
ditar wfa fds pldyem f`s pdrt `j aje sieje, djm tdoes f`s pldie `j tfe dumèjie
ujt`l fe hust dppedr dgd`j. @j tfe dumèjie fe quètly laaos aj dt wfdtever hdy
fdppej, evej tfaugf `t ne tfe prepdrdtàj car f`s awj medtf _`j tfe pldyX? nut
tfej fe gaes aj tfe stdge, djm dits djm succers ds fe hust. 42
‑Rdrdielsus, ]fe Ferhetì djm Dlifehìdl Wr`t`jgs ac Rdrdielsus

Rdrdielsus,, 4;45>.
"Yifapejfduer, ]fe Warlm ds W`ll djm êpresejtdtàj,

êpresejtdtàj, p. 45>.
]fe idpdi`ty ta get dnave djm see ajeselc ankeit`vely `s tfe dn`l`ty ta
m`ssai`dte. ]fe use ac tf`s warm `hhem`dtely `jmìdtes tfe mdjger ac
sunl`hdtà.
sunl`hdtà. Edif ac tfe dlifehìdl aperdtàjs fds `ts awj pdtfalagìdl
syhptahdtalagy wfej idrrèm ta extrehes, nut hamerj `jm`v`mudls prandnly
h`suse sunl`hd
sunl`hdtà
tà hare tfdj tfe atfers. ]fe dn`l`ty ac tfe psyife ta
m`ssai`dte `s natf tfe saurie ac ega iajsiàusjess djm tfe iduse ac hejtdl
`lljess. Ds d s`jgle exdhple, @ reidll d yaujg hdj wfah @ sdw wf`le
waro`jg dt âioldjm Ytdte Fasp`tdl. Fe wds d nr`ll`djt stumejt ac
hdtfehdtìs. Fawever, fe fdm fdm ja crèjms ar sai`dl reldtàjs, djm fe m`m
jat evej ledrj tfdt tfere dre djdtahìdl m`ccerejies netweej nays djm g`rls
ujt`l fe wejt ta iallege. Fe wds ujehplayem djm l`v`jg w`tf f`s hatfer
ujt`l fasp`tdl`zem callaw`jg dj autnurst ac vàlejie dt f`s hatfer car jat
fdv`jg tfe telev`sàj set repd`rem. Wfej 4 dsoem f`h dnaut f`s mredhs, fe
talm he tfe callaw`jg;
/ ajie mredhem tfdt / fdm il`hnem d ldmmer ta d f`gf pldtcarh, djm tfdt tfej
sahenamy
sahenamy rehave
rehavem
m tfe ldmmer sa tfdt @ wds l ect strdjme
strdjmem
m aj tfe fe`gft w`tf ja
wdy ac gett`jg mawj dgd`j.
Djatferr t`he @ wds il`hn`jg

Djatfe il`hn`jg d ldmmer h`les dnave tfe edrtf's surcdie
surcdie w`tf
sahetf`jg
sahetf`jg `hpell`
`hpell`jg
jg he ajwdrm. @ mdrem jat ta laao mawj car cedr ac neiah`j
neiah`jg
g
m`zzy djm lett`jg ga ac tfe rujg.
Djatfer t`he / wds spredm-edglem aj tfe gldss claar ac d wdll-less

elevdtar. ]fere wds ja sfdct. D fymrdulì p`staj wds pusf`jg tfe claar
ever upwdrms. @ wds cedrcully peer`jg aver tfe emge ac tfe claar, wdtif`jg
tfe edrtf reieme `j tfe m`stdjie.
]f`s yaujg hdj wds trdgìdlly idugft `j tfe drifetypdl myjdh`sh ac
sunl`hdtà ds dj dutajahaus praiess ac m`ssai`dtàj. @t `hpellem f`h
curtfer djm curtfer crah persajdl, edrtfy redl`ty ujt`l tfe `jev`tdnle
ejdjtàmrah`d sejt f`h irdsf`jg ta tfe graujm.
D mredh w`tf s`h`ldr `hdgery nut vdstly m`ccerejt autiahe `s repartem
ny Ehe rs
rsaj
aj.. @j 46 =2 dt tfe dg e ac 97 wf` le pr epd r` jg f`s Essdys; C`rst
Yerès car punlìdtàj fe mredhem;
/ cladtem dt w`ll `j tfe gredt Etfer, djm @ sdw tf`s warlm cladt`jg dlsa jat cdr
acc, nut m`h`j`sfem ta tfe s`ze ac dj dpple. ]fej dj djgel taao `t `j f`s fdjm
djm nraugft `t ta he djm sd`m “]f`s hust tfau edt.‘ Djm @ dte tfe warlm . 44
D mredh ac cladt`jg `j tfe “gredt Etfer‘ seehs syhnalìdlly dpprapr`dte

car tfe dutfar ac Ehersaj`dj trdjsiejmejtdl`sh. ]f`s mredh `s grdjm
rdtfer tfdj grdjmàse. @j iajtrdst ta tfe prevàus mredhs, tf`s aje
]fe Kaurjdls djm H`sielldjeaus Jatenaaos ac ^dlpf Wdlma Ehersaj ,

7;5>5.
YUN@.@HD ja
iajtd`js `ts awj iarreit`ve cditar. ]fe extrehe sunl`hd tà ` s ia
sunl`hdtà iahh pejs dtem ny
tfe iadguldlà `hdge ac edt`jg tfe dpple ac tfe warlm.
D nedut`cul paetì evaidtàj ac tfe sunl`h dtà haam `s caujm `j tfese l`jes
sunl`hdtà
crah H`ltaj‑s // Rejs
Rejserasa
erasa;;
Ar let hy ldhp dt h`mj`gft faur,
Ne seej `j sahe f`gf lajely ]awer,
Wfere 4 hdy act aut-wdtif tfe Nedr,
W`tf tfrìe gredt Ferhes, ar ujspfere ]fe sp`r`t
ac Rldta ta ujcalm Wfdt warlms, ar wfdt vdst
êgàjs falm ]f‑ `hhartdl h`jm tfdt fdtf
carsaao Fer hdjsàj `j tf`s clesfly jaao.
]fe `hdge ac tfe tawer `s d typìdl sunl`h
sunl`hdtà
dtà syhnal. Fexdgrdh >2 ac tfe
@ If`jg ejt`tlem “Iajtehpldtàj (Sèw)‘ represejts d tawer djm mesir`nes tfe
sdhe o`jm ac iajtehpldtàj ac tfe drifetypdl redlh ds maes H`ltaj. ]fe @
If`jg spedos ac tfase wfa iajtehpldte “tfe hedj `jg ujmerly`jg tfe waro`jgs
ac tfe uj`verse‘ djm “dpprefejm tfe hysteràus djm m`v`je ldws ac l`ce, djm
ny hed js ac pr acau jme st `jj er iaj iej trd t` aj tfe y g`v e exp res sà j ta tfe se
ldws `j tfe`r awj persajs.‘ 4> ]fe tawer `hdge idhe up `j d mredh ac h`je
dcter dttejm`jg dj `hpress`ve leiture aj hytfalagy. @ mredhem;
@ see d stupejmausly
stupejmausly f`g
f`gf
f tawer. @t `s d nradm
nradmidst`jg
idst`jg ta
tawer
wer car d rdm`
rdmà
a jetwaro.
jetwaro.
Aje il`hns `t ny d ldmmer nu`lt aj tfe auts`me. D hdj `s tfere wfase kan `t `s ta
aperdte tfe tawer. Edif mdy fe il`hns ta tfe tap `j tfe harj`jg djm mesiejms
dgd`j dt j`gft. @ dso f`h `c `t `sj‑t m`ccìult. Fe sdys, "jat dt dll." @ redl`ze tfdt @
waulm ne very reluitdjt ta il`hn ta suif d fe`gft.
]fe mredh pìtures hy reditàj ta tfe leiture. 4 wds mdzzlem ny `ts
nr` ll` djie djm nra dm per spei t`v e. Dsi ejt ta d fe` gft g`v es aje d per spe i t` ve
vèw jat dvd`ldnle crah tfe graujm. ]fus `j hytfalagìdl djm rel`gàus
`hdgery dsiejsàj actej diiahpdjès reveldtàj ac tfe m`v`je redlh. Gam
heets fuhdj`ty aj tfe haujtd`j ” car exdhple, Hases aj Y`jd`. ]fe persaj
wfa `s vauifsdcem d reveldtàj crah Gam `s actej “l`ctem up‘ djm trdjspartem
ta fedvej. Car `jstdjie, d v`sàj ac Ezeoèl neg`js, “]fej 4 nefelm, djm la, d
carh tfdt fdm tfe dppedrdjie ac d hdj? nelaw wfdt dppedrem ta ne f`s la`js `t
wds c`re, djm dnave f`s la`js `t wds lòe tfe dppedrdjie ac nr`gftjess, lòe
gledh`jg nrajze. Fe put cartf tfe carh ac d fdjm, djm taao he ny d laio ac
hy fd`r? djm tfe Yp`r`t l`ctem he up netweej edrtf djm fedvej, djm nraugft
he `j v`sàjs ac Gam ta Kerusdleh‘ (Ezeo. 6;>, 9, ^YS).
l>
W`lfeltj, trdjs., / If`jg ar Naao ac Ifdjges
Ifdjges,, p. 99.
Ejaif `s djatfer c`gure wfa reie`ves d reveldtàj ny dsiejsàj. @j tfe
pse ume p`g rdp fdl Yeirets ac Ejaif fe `s l`ctem up ny djgels djm g`vej d
gu`mem taur tfraugf tfe tej fedvejs, djm c`jdlly fe sees Gam f`hselc.
Diiarm`jg ta papuldr legejm, Hafdhhdm wds trdjspartem nam`ly tfraugf
tfe sevej fedvejs ta tfe presejie ac Gam car tfe purpases ac reveldtàj.
]fe syhnal`sh ac sfdhdj`sh dlsa fds tfe hat`c ac dsiejt ta reveldtàj.
]fe sfdhdj il`hns tfe warlm p`lldr, ar tfe iashì ldmmer, ar hdoes d
hdgìdl cl`gft `j sedrif ac d superjdturdl reveldtàj. 49
D gaam exdhple ac sunl`hd
sunl`hdtà
tà syhnal`sh `s caujm `j dj djièjt H`tfrdì
r`tudl ac `j`t`dtàj. ]f`s sdhe r`tudl iajtd`js tfe `hdge ac tfe suj‑s
pfd llu s tfd t c`r st lem Kuj g ta tfe m`s iave ry ac tfe dri fet ypes . 4= ]fe r`tudl
neg`js
neg `js w`tf
w`t f d prdyer
pr dyer ; “A Rra v`meji
v`m eji e, A Cartuj
Car tuj e, nest aw aj he ]fy
grdie ” `hpdrt`jg tfese tfe hysterès d Cdtfer ajly hdy fdjm aj, djm tfdt,
taa, ta d saj dlaje ”f`s `hhartdl`ty ” _d YajX `j`t`dte, wartfy ac tf`s aur
irdct, w`tf wfìf Yuj H`tfrds, tfe Gredt Gam, iahhdjmem he ta ne
ejmawem ny f`s drifdjgel? sa tfdt @ Edgle (ds @ dh ny hy awj selc) dlaje
hdy sadr ta Fedvej, djm iajtehpldte dll tf`jgs.‘
Dcter curtfer prdyers, tfe r`tudl praieems w`tf tfese `jstruitàjs;
]doe crah tfe _suj-X rdys nredtf, `jfdl`jg tfrìe _ds meeplyX ds tfau idjst? djm
tfau sfdlt see tfyselc ne`jg rd`sem dlact, djm sadr`jg tawdrms tfe Fe`gft, sa tfdt
tfau seeh‑st ta ne `j h`mst ac d`r. ]fau sfdlt fedr jdugft, jar hdj jar nedst? jar
sfdlt tfau see dugft ac tfe s`gfts upaj tfe edrtf, `j tfdt sdhe faur, nut dll tf`jgs
tfau sfdlt see w`ll ne `hhartdl. Car tfau sfdlt see, `j tfdt sdhe mdy djm faur, tfe
M`spas`tàj ac tfe Gams ” tfe rul`jg Gams dsiejm`jg fedvejwdrms, tfe atfer ajes
mesiejm`jg. Djm tfraugf f`s m`si ” tfe Gam's, hy Cdtfer‑s” tfere sfdll ne seej tfe
Wdy-ac-ga`jg ac tfe Gams diiess`nle ta s`gft.
]f`s `s callawem ny ejiaujters w`tf vdràus m`v`je c`gures djm iulh`jdtes
`j tfe dpatfeas`s ac tfe `j`t`dte w`tf tfese warms; “A Larm, ne`jg narj
dgd`j, 4 pdss dwdy `j ne`jg hdme Gredt, djm, fdv`jg neej hdme Gredt, @ mè.
Ne`jg narj crah aut tfe stdte ac n`rtf-djm-medtf tfdt g`vetf n`rtf ta (hartdl)
l`ves, @ jaw, set cree, pdss ta tfe stdte trdjsiejm`jg n`rtf, ds ]fau fdst
45
stdnl`sfem `t, diiarm`jg ds ]fau fdst armd`jem djm hdme tfe Hystery."
]f`s r`tudl wds hedjt ta nr`jg dnaut d reveldtàj ac tfe m`v`je redlh djm
ta iajcer `hhartdl`ty aj tfe `j`t`dte ny hedjs ac dj dsiejt ta fedvej. @j
psy ifa lag ìd l ter hs, `t `s d rev eldt àj ac tfe dri fet ypdl psyi fe wf` if
reledses aje crah d persajdl ega-dtt`tume, ejdnl`jg aje ta experèjie
ajeselc ds dj `hhartdl ”tfdt `s, ds l`v`jg w`tf drifetypdl
l5
El`dme, dhdj sh; ri d i
4=
Kujg, e yh a i e. 46.
‑‑Mèterìf, rd i ud .
redl`tès djm hdo`jg d iajtr`nutàj ta tfe drifetypdl psyife. Y`h`ldr
experèjies ac reveldtàj aiiur `j hamerj mredhs djm v`sàjs. Car exdhple,
Mr. L`l`dje Crey fdm neej tf`jo`jg meeply dnaut medtf djm fer awj hytf
iajierj`jg medtf ds d trdjscarhdtàj. Yfe wr`tes; “Medtf iajs`sts ac tfe
h`rdile ac trdjscarhdtàj `jta d jew carh ac ex`stejie. Medtf `s car he tfe
gdte ta d jew n`rtf, djm tfe nredo`jg-tfraugf ac tfe trdjsiejmejtdl redlh
`jta aur ehp`rìdl ex`stejie. 4 dh iajv`jiem tfdt we experèjie d iahplete
trdjscarhdtàj ac aur ne`jg `j tfe ldst hahejts ac aur l`ce. Y`hultdjeausly
`tf tfe medtf ac namy djm ega- persajdl`ty, sahetf`jg jew gets narj wfìf
43
`s je`tfer hdtter jar sp`r`t nut natf tagetfer `j dj `jmeterh`jdnle wdy.‘
Wf`le mevelap`jg tfese tfaugfts sfe fdm d very `hpress`ve mredh `j wfìf
sfe wds cly`jg f`gfer djm f`gfer
f`gfer `j d pldje espei`dlly iajstruitem
iajstruitem car fer djm
sfe fdm
fdm d w
wajmercu
ajmercull vèw ac tfe Dlps, dll `hh
`hhersem
ersem `j mee
meep nlue.''4
p nlue.
K. N. Rrèstley repartem tf`s very `hpress`ve sunl`h

sunl`hdtà-re
dtà-revecd`àj
vecd`àj mredh;
@ mredh
mredhtt tfdt 4 wds stdjm`jg dt tfe tap ac d very f`gf tawer, dlaje, laao`jg
mawj upaj hyr`dms ac n`rms dll cly`jg `j aje m`reitàj? every o`jm ac n`rm wds
tfere, dll tfe n`rms `j tfe warlm.
@t wds d janle s`gft,
s`gft, tf`s vdst der
der`dl
`dl r`ver ac n`rm
n`rms.
s. Nut jaw `j sah
sahee hysteràus
hysteràus
cdsfàj tfe ged
gedrr wds ifdjgem,
ifdjgem, djm t`he sspeemem
peemem up, sa tfdt @ sd
sdw
w gejerdtàjs
gejerdtàjs ac
n`rms, wdtifem tfeh nredo tfe`r sfells, clutter `jta l`ce, hdte, wedoej, cdlter, djm
mè. W`jgs grew ajly ta iruhnle? namès were sleeo djm tfej, `j d cldsf, nlem
djm sfr`vellem? djm medtf struio everywfere dt every seiajm. Wfdt wds tfe use
ac dll tf`s nl`jm struggle tawdrms l`ce, tf`s edger try`jg ac w`jgs, tf`s furrèm
hdt`jg, tf`s cl`gft djm surge, dll tf`s g`gdjtì hedj`jgless nàlagìdl eccart1 Ds @
stdrem mawj, seeh`jg
seeh`jg ta see every iredtur
iredture‑s
e‑s `gjanle l`ttle f`stary dlhast dt d
gldjie,, @celt sìo dt fedrt. @t waulm
gldjie waulm ne netter `c jat aje ac tfeh, `c jat aje ac us
dll, fdm neej narj, `c tfe struggle iedsem carever. @ staam aj hy tawer, st`ll
dlaje, mesperdtely ujfdppy. Nut jaw tfe gedr wds ifdjgem dgd`j, djm t`he
wejt cdster st`ll, djm `t wds rusf`jg ny dt suif d rdte, tfdt tfe n`rms iaulm jat
sfaw djy havehejt,
havehejt, nut were lòe dj ejarhaus pld`j sawj w`tf cedtfers.
cedtfers. Nut
dlajg tf`s pld`j, clìoer`jg tfraugf tfe namès tfehselves, tfere jaw pdssem d
sart ac
ac wf`te
wf`te cldhe,
cldhe, treh
trehnl`jg,
nl`jg, mdji`jg,
mdji`jg, tfe
tfej
j furr
furry`jg
y`jg aj?
aj? djm
Z Well ac L`v`jg Wdters, pp. 49c.

"•n`m., p. |=.
ds saaj ds / sdw `t @ ojew tfdt
tfdt tf`s wf
wf`te
`te cldhe w
wds
ds l`ce `tse
`tselc,
lc, tfe very qu`jtess
qu`jtessejie
ejie ac
ne`jg? djm tfej `t idhe ta he `j d raioet- nurst ac eistdiy, tfdt jatf`jg hdtterem,
jatf`jg iaulm ever hdtter, neiduse jatf`jg else wds redl, nut tf`s qu`ver`jg djm
furry`jg ldhnejiy ac ne`jg. N`rms, hej ar iredtures jat yet sfdpem djm ialarem, dll
were ac ja diiaujt exiept sa cdr ds tf`s cldhe ac l`ce trdvellem tfraugf tfeh. @t lect
jatf`jg ta haurj aver nef`jm `t? wfdt / fdm tfaugft wds trdgemy wds here ehpt`jess
ar d sfdmaw sfaw? car jaw dll redl ceel`jg wds idugft djm pur`cèm djm mdjiem aj
l`ce . 46
eistdtìdlly w`tf tfe wf`te cldhe ac l`ce.
D s`h`ldr v`sàj ac tfe praiess ac fuhdj f`stary ds tfaugf seej crah

d vdst fe`gft wds experèjiem ny d wahdj wfa `s d paet;
/ sdw tfe edrtf iaverem
iaverem ny d s`jgle gredt
gredt tree wfase hult`pl
hult`plee raats cem aj tfe `jjer
galm, tfe luhej jdturde. @t wds d tree wfase
suj ac galm, wfase l`hns were hdme
hdme ac l`gft d
djm
jm
tfe nrdjifes were lav`jgly ejtdjglem sa tfdt `t hdme ac `tselc d jetwaro ac neduteaus
lave. Djm `t seehem ds `c `t were l`ct`jg `tselc aut ac tfe nraoej seems ac hdjy, iaujtless
egas wfa fdm jaw dllawem tfe aje Yelc ta nredo cartf. Djm wfej aje nefelm tf`s, tfe
suj djm tfe haaj djm tfe pldjets turjem

turjem aut ta ne sahetf`jg qu`te,
qu`te, qu`te atfer tfdj
aje fdm tfaugft. Crah wfdt @ iaulm hdoe aut. tfe Larm F`hselc wds tfe Dlifeh`st
djm aut ac tfe ialleit`ve swdrh`jg djm succer`jg, `gjardjie djm pallutàj. Fe wds
"try`jg' tfe galm. 40
Djatfer exdhple ac d sunl`hd tàj reveldtàj iahes crah tfe LYM

sunl`hdtàj
experèjie ac d pracessàjdl wahdj wfa `s dlsa tfe hatfer ac tfree
if`lmrej. Yfe mesir`nes fer experèjie `j tfese warms;
@ ojew @ wds aj hy wdy wfej d releds`jg djm melìàus sejse ac cladt`jg `j tfe
dthaspfere taao aver djm ejgulcem hy ejt`re ne`jg. Hy sejse ac ne`jg
iajtd`jem ny namy m`ssalvem. @ ldugfem w`tf mel`gft djm sd`m aut laum. "Jaw @
rehehner wfdt `t's lòe ta ne w`tfaut d namy." @ wds `j iajtdit w`tf sahe level
ac ne`jg, cully iajsiàus nut w`tfaut ehnam`hejt. Dj dwdrejess taao carh `j
hy h`jm tfdt @ fdm res`stem ne`jg narj `jta tfe warlm `j hy presejt
`jidrjdtàj. @ ujmerstaam wfy. D`r `s hy true elehejt, tfe hdtr`x ac hy ne`jg.
]fe eistdiy ac ne`jg cree ac namy, tfe dg`jg praiess, ndiodifes, fedmdifes,
iredoy ka`jts ldstem dj eterj`ty. @ wds ja lajger iajc`jem ny tfe spdie-t`he
m`hejsàjs ac edrtf. Faw dhdz`jg ta ne "he,‘ cully dwdre djm iajsiàus, djm
yet w`tfaut djy pfysìdl vifìli.
]f`s wds callawem ny atfer experèjies, `jilum`jg tfe rel`v`jg ac fer
awj n`rtf, djm tfej idhe tf`s c`jdl v`sàj;
••Tuatem `j Dmler. tu es j j
jd
d yt id
`0| dr j `jmentem ta Dlìi Fawell car perh`ssàj ta quate.
]fej negdj d iahplex iyile ac ldugfter djm tedrs? tfe ldugfter usudlly
iajjeitem w`tf dj apej`jg ac tfe drhs djm legs, tfe weep`jg w`tf d iajtrdi tàj
djm ilas`jg ac tfe namy. @ havem ndio `j t`he tfraugf iaujtless dges ac
hdjo`jm, experèji`jg `j hy namy iaujtless n`rtf, medtf, djm ren`rtf iyiles.
4 caujm hyselc `j m`ccerejt pdrts ac tfe warlm (hd`jly Eurape), hare w`tf
s`hple pedsdjts, cdrhers, irdctshej tfdj o`jgs djm janles. @ wds nurèm ar
nur èm atf ers med r ta he, fdv `j g hy eye l` ms ila sem djm drh s iras sem ar
per car h`j g tf` s r` tud l car atf ers . ]fe pld `j waam ej nax `s law ere m `jt a tfe
grdve, tfe m`rt `s spr`jolem aver tfe nax, tfe haurjers grève. ]fej @ dh d
wahdj g`v`jg n`rtf ar dss`st`jg `j tfe praiess. ]fere `s tfe iry ac tfe jewnarj
`jcdjt, tfe i`riuldr sweep ac tfe hatfer's drhs ta gdtfer tfe if`lm ta fer nredst.
N`rtf irès djm medtf rdttles `jterh`jgle `j d clìoer ac dj eyeldsf. @ redl`ze tfdt
hy awj pldie `j tfe rfytfhì pdtterj ac medtf djm n`rtf `s nut d hav`jg
`jstdjt ”djm tfdt `s hare tfdj ejaugf. ]fe sejse ac ajejess w`tf tfe uj`verse,
w`tf tfe n`rtf-medtf praiess experèjiem tfraugf hy Namy-Yelc tatdl`ty
averwfelhs he w`tf grdie. @t `s ds tfaugf @ fdve neej g`vej d g`ct sa preiàus @
jeem jever dso dgd`j, “Wfdt `s tfe hedj`jg ac hy l`ce1" >2
]fe rehdrodnle s`h`ldr`ty ne twe ej tf
tf`s
`s LYM v`s à j dj
djmm Rr` est le
ley‑s
y‑s
mredh `jmìdtes tfdt suif experèjies fdve dj ankeit`ve vdl`m`ty? tfdt `s,
tfey nedr w`tjess ta tfe redl`ty ac tfe psyife.
Djatfer dspeit ac dsiejt syhnal`sh `s tfe tfehe ac trdjsldtàj ta
eterj`ty. Car `jstdjie, Ferdiles dsiejmem ta Alyhpus crah f`s cujerdl
pyr e, d qu`t
qu `t e l` ter dl sunl`hdtà. Fe m`sdppedrem crah tfe edrtf djm
redppedrem aj d f`gfer level ds d result ac ne`jg fedtem. ]fe sdhe tf`jg
fdppejem ta El`kdf (> O`jgs >;44, ^YS); “Nefalm, d ifdràt ac c`re djm
farses ac c`re sepdrdtem tfe twa ac tfeh _El`sfd djm El`kdfX. Djm El`kdf
wejt up ny d wf`rlw`jm `jta fedvej‘ (see c`gure 5 -3).
C`re dlsa sunl`hdtes El`kdf. Diiarm`jg ta @ Hdiidnees >;56, `t wds
El`kdf's cèry rel`gàus `jtejs`ty tfdt diiaujtem car f`s dsiej sàj. “El`kdf
car f`s iajsuh`jg cervaur car tfe ldw wds idugft up ta fedvej `tselc‘
(KN). Ifr`st dsiejmem ta fedvej carty mdys dcter f`s resurreitàj (Dits
4;0). Diiarm`jg ta legejm, tfe S`rg`j Hdry dsiejmem `jta fedvej dt tfe
t`he ac fer medtf, djm tfe Cedst ac tfe Dssuhptàj ac tfe S`rg`j fds neej
aj tfe Ifurif idlejmdr (Dugust 45) s`jie tfe sevejtf iejtury, dltfaugf
tfe dssuhptàj wds jat praild`hem ds maghd ujt`l 4052 (see c`gure 5-7),
]fe ar`g`j ac tfe syhnal`sh ac trdjsldtàj ta eterj`ty `s prandnly
Egypt. @j edrly Egypt`dj rel`gàj tfe medm were tfaugft ta ne turjem `jta
stdrs ar iahpdjàjs ac tfe suj. Kdhes Nredstem wr`tes; “@j tfe 'plijmar ac
tfe h`gfty fedvejs tfe J`le-mweller.. .sdw tfe fast ac tfase wfa fdm
pre ie mem f` h? tf`t
tf `t fer tfey
tf ey fd m cla wj ds n` rms , r`s `jg dn
dnav
avee dl l caes
ca es ac tfe
tf e
d`r, djm reie`vem ny ê ds tfe iahpdjàjs ac f`s ielest`dl ndrque, tfey
jaw swept dirass tfe soy ds eterjdl stdrs.‘ >4
*4 wdjt la (fdjo tfe dutfar ac tf`s diiaujt car fer gejeras`ty `j sfdr`jg tf`s `hpartdjt Hperèjie.
Nredstem. D F`stary ac Egypt,

Egypt, p. 3=.
C@GUÊ 5-3 Dsiejsàj ac El`kdf (Marà, N`nle @llustr
@llustrdtàjs.
dtàjs.))
D pyrdh`m text mesir`nes tfe trdjsldtàj ac tfe medm o`jg ta tfe

fedvejly redlh `j tfese warms; “]fe o`jg dsiejms ta tfe soy dhajg
tfe gams mwell`jg `j tfe soy Fe _êX g`ves tfee f`s drh aj tfe
std`rwdy ta tfe soy. ‚Fe wfa ojaws f`s pldie iahes,‑ sdy tfe gams. A
Rure Aje. dssuhe tfy tfraje `j tfe ndrque ac ê djm sd`l tfau tfe soy
Yd`l tfau w`tf tfe `hper`sfdnle stdrs, sd`l tfau w`tf tfe
Ujwedrèm Ytdrs.‘ >> Djm E. D. Wdll`s Numge wr`tes tfe callaw`jg;
]fe pr`h`t`ve
tfe soy ac tf`sEgypt`djs nelèvem
warlm, wds tfdt
hdme ac djtfe claar acpldte
`hhejse fedvej, wfìf
ac `raj, dlsa carhem
reitdjguldr `j
sfdpe, tfe caur iarjers ac wfìf restem upaj caur p`lldrs wfìf servem ta
hdro tfe idrm`jdl pa`jts. Aj tf`s pldte ac `raj l`vem tfe gams djm tfe nlessem
medm, djm `t wds tfe d`h ac every gaam Egypt`dj ta ga tfere dcter medtf. Dt
“Nredstem, Mevelaphejt ac êl`gàj djm

djm ]faugft `j Djièjt Egypt. R- 493.
C@GUÊ 5-7
Dssuhptàj ac tfe S`rg`j (]fe Faurs ac Idtfer`je acIleves. ]fe Guejjal Ialleitàj djm
tfe Rèrpajt Hargdj L`nrdry.)
iertd`j sdirem spats tfe emge ac tfe pldte wds sa jedr tfe taps ac tfe haujtd`js tfdt
tfe meiedsem h`gft eds`ly ildhner aj ta `t djm sa antd`j dmh`ssàj `jta fedvej, nut
dt atfers tfe m`stdjie netweej `t djm tfe edrtf wds sa gredt tfdt fe jeemem felp ta
redif `t. ]fere ex`stem tfe nelèc tfdt As`r`s f`hselc experèjiem sahe m`ccìulty `j
gett`jg up ta tfe `raj pldte, djm tfdt `t wds ajly ny hedjs ac tfe ldmmer wfìf f`s
cdtfer ^d prav`mem tfdt fe dt lejgtf dsiejmem `jta fedvej. Aj aje s`me ac tfe ldmmer
staam ^d. djm aj tfe atfer staam Farus, tfe saj ac @s`s, djm edif gam dss`stem As`r`s
ta haujt `t. Ar`g`jdlly tfe twa gudrm`djs ac tfe ldmmer were Farus tfe Elmer djm
Yet. djm tfere dre severdl recerejies `j tfe edrly texts ta tfe felp wfìf tfey
rejmerem ta tfe meiedsem, wfa wds, ac iaurse, `mejt`cèm w`tf tfe gam As`r`s. Nut,
w`tf d vèw e`tfer ac reh`jm`jg tfese gams ac tfe`r suppasem mutv, ar ac
L;
tfe medm namy `j tfe tahn, djm d spei`dl iahpas`tàj wds prepdrem wfìf fdm
tfe ecceit ac hdo`jg tfe ldmmer neiahe tfe hedjs ac tfe dsiejt ac tfe
meiedsem `jta fedvej. ]fus `j tfe text wr`ttej car Rep` tfe meiedsem `s hdme
ta dmmress tfe ldmmer `j tfese wa rms; “Fahdge ta tfee, A m`v`je Ldmmer!
Fahdge ta tfee, A Ldmmer ac Yet! Ytdjm tfau upr`gft, A m`v`je Ldmmer! Ytdjm
tfau upr`gft, A Ldmmer ac Yet! Ytdjm tfau upr`gft, A Ldmmer ac Farjs,
wfereny As`r`s idhe cartf `jta fedvej.‘ >9
]fe `jkujitàj ta stdjm upr`gft `s reh`j`siejt ac tfe Mkem ar ]et
p` lld r. ]f` s il ds
dss`
s` i `hd ge ac tf e res urr eit em As` r`s laao
la aoss reh dro dn ly
lòe d ldmmer `j sahe pìtures (see c`gure 5-6). ]fe praiess ac
trdjsldtàj ta eterj`ty wds grdpfìdlly represejtem `j djt`qu`ty ny tfe
`hdge ac dsiejm`jg tfe ldmmer ac tfe pldjetdry spferes. Wfej d saul `s
narj
na rj `j ta dj edr tfly tf ly na my `t mes ie jms cra h fed ve j tfra tf raug
ugff tf e
pl dje tdr y spspfe
fe res dj djmm diq u`r es tfe
tf e qu dl` t` es per td `j`j
`j `jgg ta edi f.
Hdiranùs wr`tes;
Ny tfe `hpulse ac tfe c`rst we`gft tfe saul, fdv`jg stdrtem aj `ts mawjwdrm
iaurse crah tfe `jterseitàj ac tfe zam`di djm tfe H`loy Wdy ta tfe
suiiess`ve spferes ly`jg nejedtf, ds `t pdsses tfraugf tfese spferes...diqu`res
edif ac tfe dttr`nutes wfìf `t w`ll exeri`se ldter. @j tfe spfere ac Ydturj `t
antd`js redsaj djm ujmerstdjm`jg, idllem lag`slòaj djm tfearet`- oaj? `j Kup`ter's
spfere, tfe pawer ta dit, idllem prdotò aj\ `j Hdrs‑ spfere, d nalm sp`r`t ar
prdotòaj\
`fyhòarr, `j tfe suj‑s spfere, sejse -perieptàj djm `hdg`jdtàj, d`slfetòaj
djm pfdjtds tòaj?? `j Sejus‑ spfere, tfe `hpulse ac pdssàj, epllfyhelloaj', `j
pfdjtdstòaj
Heriury‑s spfere, tfe dn`l`ty ta spedo djm `jterpret, ferhejeutòaj? djm `j tfe
lujdr spfere, tfe cujitàj ac halm`jg djm `jireds`jg namès, pfytò
pfytòaj.
aj. ]f`s ldst
cujitàj ne`jg tfe cdrtfest rehavem crah tfe gams, `s tfe c`rst `j us djm dll tfe
edrtfly iredtàj. >=
Wfej tfe saul fds pur`cèm `tselc `t hdy dsiejm tfe ldmmer ac tfe
pl dje tdr y sp
spfer
fer es, “car
“c ar wfe j `t fds r`m `ts elc ia
iahpl
hpl et
etely
ely ac dl
dlll td
td`jt
`jt ac
ev`l djm fds meservem ta ne sunl`hdtem, `t dgd`j ledves tfe namy djm,
cully reiaver`jg `ts carher stdte, returjs ta tfe splejmar ac everldst`jg
l`ce.">5 ]fe dsiejt ac tfe spferes `s mesir`nem `j d paeh ny Fejry
Sdugfj;
]fe pawer ac hy saul `s suif, @ idj Exp`re, djm sa
djdlyse dll tfdt‑s hdj.
C`rst hy mull ildy @ g`ve ujta tfe Edrtf,
Aur iahhaj Hatfer, wfìf g`ves dll tfe`r n`rtf.
Hy graw`jg cdiultès @ sejm ds saaj Wfejie c`rst 4
taao tfeh, ta tfe fuh`m Haaj.
Dll sunt`ltès djm every iujj`jg drt ]a w`tty Heriury
@ ma `hpdrt.
¿Tuatem `j Iaao, [eus; D Ytumy `j Djièjt êl`gàj, >;l>5c? see dlsa Numge, As`r`s; ]fe
Egypt`dj êl`gàj ac tfe êsurreitàj,
êsurreitàj, >;437.
H
Hdiranùs, Iahhejtdry aj tfe Mredh ac Yi`pà, pp. @93c.
«@n`m., p. 497.
C@GUÊ 5-6 M - jtem
Ldmmer (Crah tfe pdpyrus ac Dj`, Nr`t`sf useuh. `j Numge, As`r`s;
]fe Egypt`dj êl`gàj ak êsurreit
êsurreitàj
àj.)
.)
]fase cajm dcceitàjs wfìf hdme he d sldve ]a fdjmsahe cdies,

Sejus tfau sfdll fdve.
Djm sduiy pr`me (`c tfere wds dugft `j he,)
Yal, @ returj `t ta tfy raydlty.
Hy
Hdrsmdr`jg rdsfjess
f`hselc djmlegdiy.
dj equdl presuhptàjs ne ]a
Hy `ll- pl di‑ m d vdrì
vdr ì e ( su
sure
re ‑t` s nu
nutt sh
shdll
dll ,)
Kave, ta tfy cldhes 4 ma nequedtf `t dll.
Djm hy cdlse hdgì, wfìf 4 m`m nelève.
Djm hystì lyes ta Ydturj 4 ma g`ve.
Hy mdro `hdg`jdtàjs rest yau tfere.
]f`s `s yaur grdve djm superst`tàus spfere.
Get up hy m`s`jtdjglim saul, tfy c`re @s jaw rec`jem
djm jatf`jg lect ta t`re.
Ar ilag tfy w`jgs. Jaw hy duspìàus cl`gft Fdtf
nr augf t h e ta tfe Ehpy red j l `gf t.
@ dh d sep‑rdte essejie djm idj see ]fe ehdjdtàjs ac
tfe Me`ty. >3
@t `s dlsa Fejry Sdugfj wfa wrate tfese well-ojawj l`jes mesir`n`jg
d sunl`hdtà experèjie;
@ sdw Eterj`ty tfe atfer j`gft
Lòe d gredt ^`jg ac pure djm ejmless l`gft,
Dll idlh ds `t wds nr`gft,
Djm raujm nejedtf `t, ]`he `j faurs, mdys, yedrs
Mr`v‑j ny tfe spferes Lòe d vdst sfdmaw hav'm, @j
wfìf tfe warlm Djm dll fer trd`j were furl‑m. >7
]fere `s d odnndl`stì pdrdllel ta tfe tfehe ac returj`jg ta tfe
pl dje tdr y dri fajs
fa js tf e q ud l`t ès per td `j` jg ta edi f, ds `jm`
`j m` idt em `j tf`s
tf `s
pd ss
ssdge
dge ny Ger sf ah Yi fal eh;
]fe tdso ac tfe Odnndldf `s ta felp gu`me tfe saul ndio ta `ts jdt`ve fahe `j tfe
Gamfedm. Car edif s`jgle Yec`rdf tfere `s d iarrespajm`jg etfìdl dttr`nute `j
fuhdj nefdvàr, djm fe wfa difèves tf`s aj edrtf `s `jtegrdtem `jta
tfe hystì l`ce djm tfe fdrhajì warlm ac tfe Yec`ra` QQQQQQQQQ ]fe odnndl`sts
ujdj`hausly dgreem aj tfe suprehe rdjo dttd`jdnle ny tfe saul dt tfe ejm ac
`ts hystìdl pdtf, jdhely, tfdt ac meveout, hystìdl iledv`jg ta Gam QQQQQ (]f`s
`s difèvem ny il`hn`jg) tfe ldmmer ac meveout.4*
]fe stdte ac meveout, ar iledv`jg ta Gam, wds tfaugft ny tfe odnndl`sts
ta ne difèvem ny prdyer;
]fe warsf`pper uses tfe c`xem warms ac tfe prdyer ds d ndj`ster mur`jg f`s
hem`tdtàj wfìf fe grdsps aj f`s radm ac dsiejsàj sa tfdt fe sfaulm jat ne
iajcusem ar m`strditem. Yuif hem`tdtàj results `j tfe ka`j`jg ac fuhdj
tfaugft ta tf e m`v`je tfaugft ar tfe m`v`je w`ll QQQQ ]fe tfaugft expdjms djm
dsiejms ta `ts ar`g`j, sa tfdt wfej `t redifes `t, `t ejms djm idjjat dsiejm djy
curtfer...tferecare tfe pàus hej ac alm rd`sem tfe`r tfaugft ta `ts ar`g`j wf`le
pr aja uji` jg tfe pre iep ts djm war ms ac prd yer. Ds d r esu lt ac tf` s p rai emu re djm
tfe stdte ac dmfesàj (meveout) wfìf tfe`r tfaugft fdm dttd`jem, tfe`r warms
nei dhe nle sse m, hul t`p lè m, cul l a c (m `v` je) `jc lux . > *
Iertd`j Fds`mì sdy`jgs use tfe `hdge ac tfe ldmmer, suif ds tfe
callaw`jg; “]fe sauls mesiejmem crah tfe redlh ac fedvej ta edrtf, aj
d
!r
]ft @hpartujdte Cartuje," `j ]fe Iahplete Raetry ac Fejry Sdugfj, pp. 96=c.
>,
“]fi Warlm," ap. i`t., p. >94.
H
Yifalih, Odnndldf, pp. @7=c.
¿@n`m., p. 972.
lajg ldmmer. ]fej `t wds tdoej dwdy. Jaw, up tfere, tfey dre idll`jg fahe tf e
sauls. Yahe ma jat numge crah tfe spat, car faw idj aje get ta fedvej
w`tfaut d ldmmer1 Atfers ledp djm cdll djm ledp dgd`j, djm g`ve up. Nut tfere
dre tfase wfa ojaw very well tfdt tfey idjjat difève `t, nut try djm try aver
djm aver dgd`j ujt`l Gam idtifes falm ac tfeh djm pull s tfeh up.‘ 92 Djatfer
sdy`jg stdtes, “Hdj `s d ldmmer pldiem aj tfe edrtf djm tfe tap ac `t tauifes
fedvej. Djm dll f`s havehejts djm ma`jgs djm warms ledve trdies `j tfe upper
warlm.‘ 94 ]fe `hdge ac tfe sp`r`tudl ldmmer wds usem extejs`vely ny dsietì
Ifr`st`dj hystìs (see c`gure 5-0). @t mer`ves prandnly crah tfe pdssdge `j
Dugust`je‑s Iajcessàjs iajierj`jg tfe dsiejt ac tfe saul ta tfe fedvejly
Kerusdleh. “We dsiejm tfy ldmmer wfìf `s `j aur fedrt, djm we s`jg d idjtìle
ac megrees? we glaw `jwdrmly w`tf tfy c`re ” w`tf tfy gaam c`re ” djm we ga
carwdrm neiduse we ga up ta tfe pedie ac Kerusdleh‘ (49, 0).
Yeverdl Ifr`st`dj hdrtyrs dre dssai`dtem w`tf tfe `hdge ac d ldmmer. Hast
jatdnle `s Yt. Rerpetud, wfa fdm tfe callaw`jg mredh wf`le `j pr`saj sfartly
ne car e fer hd rt yrm ah `j tf e d re jd ac Idr tfdg
tf dg e ` j tf e yed r d.m. >29;
/ nefelm d ldmmer ac nrdss, ac h`rdiulaus s`ze, wfìf redife

redifem
m up ta fedvej, djm wds
sa jdrraw tfdt `t iaulm ajly ne dsiejmem s`jgly. Aj e`tfer s`me ac tfe ldmmer, dll
hdjjer ac `raj `hplehejts were cdstejem-swarms, ldjies, faaos, mdggers djm
spedrs- sa tfdt djyaje wfa wds idreless, ar m`m jat falm f`hselc ereit wf`le
il`hn`jg, wds tarj ta pèies djm rehd`jem fdjg`jg. Nejedtf tfe ldmmer ldy d
g`gdjtì mrdgaj, ly`jg `j wd`t car tfe il`hners djm cr`gftej`jg tfeh dwdy. Ydturus,
fawever, wejt up necare he (kust ds fe ldter ifase ta ne put ta medtf c`rst, car lave ac
us, neiduse `t wds fe wfa fdm tdugft us nut dcterwdrms wds jat w`tf us wfej we
were tfrawj `jta pr`saj). Djm fe redifem tfe tap ac tfe ldmmer djm, turj`jg ta he,
spdoe; “Rerpetud, @ dh falm`jg tfee, nut see tfdt tfe mrdgaj maes jat n`te tfee. ‘
Djm / djswerem; “Fe sfdll jat fdrh he, `j tfe jdhe ac Kesus Ifr`st." Djm tfe
mrdgaj slawly l`ctem f`s fedm aut crah ujmer tfe ldmmer, ds `c `j cedr ac he, djm @
tram aj `t, ds tfaugf @ were tredm`jg aj tfe c`rst rujg ac tfe ldmmer, djm dsiejmem ta
tfe tap. Djm @ nefelm d vdst gdrmej djm sedtem `j tfe iejtre ac `t, d tdll wf`te- fd`rem
hdj, `j sfepferm‑s mress, wfa wds h`lo`jg sfeep, djm
Nuner, ]ej ûjgs; Fds`mì Ydy`jgs, p. =2.

C@GUÊ 5 0 Hajdstery. H aujt
]fe Hystìs‑ Ldmmer ta Fedvej (@iaj crah Yt. Idt c ¡iaj.)
Y`jd`. Utf-@>tf iejtury. êpr`jtem `j We`tzrjd
raujm dnaut f`h hdjy tfausdjms ac peaple ildm `j wf`te Djm fe rd`sem f`s fedm, laaoem dt
he, djm spdoe; "@t `s well tfdt tfau drt iahe, if`lm!" Djm fe idllem he ta f`h djm gdve he
dlsa d harsel ac tfe ifeese wfìf fe wds h`lo`jg, djm / reie`vem `t f uf calmem fdjms djm
dte. Djm dll wfa staam draujm
dra ujm sd`m, “Dhej "
Djm dt tfe saujm ac tf`s `jvaid
`jvaidtàj
tàj @ dwaoe
dwaoe,, djm wds dwdre tfdt @ wds st`ll edt`jg
sahetf`jg
sahetf`jg sweet, / ojaw jat wfdt. Djm @ `hhem`dtely repartem tfe v`sàj ta hy nratfer,
djm we ujmerstaam tfdt `t hedjt tfe iah`jg pdssàj. Djm crah tfdt t`he we negdj ta put
ja hare fape `j tf`s warlm.* >
]f`s dwesahe mredh `llustrdtes tfe [e`tge`s [e`tge`stt ac tfe Ifr`st`dj erd tfej kust
neg `j j` jg. ]fe
]f e jew If
Ifr`s
r`s t`d j sp `r` t wds tfe sp`r`
sp `r` t ac sunl`hî
sunl`hîttà (see c`gure 5-
42). ]f`s `s `llustrdtem `j tfe callaw`jg pdssdge c rah tfe Yyr`dj paet, Kdian
ac Ndtjde, wfa uses tfe `med ac Kdian‑s ldmmer ds d pràc`gur dtàj ac
Ifr`st‑s irass. “]fe irass `s set up ds d wajmercul ldmmer upaj
wfìf hdjo`jm `s `j trutf lem up ta fedvej QQQQQ Ifr`st drase upaj edrtf
ds d ldmmer ac hdjy steps, djm rd`sem f` hselc aj f`gf, sa tfdt dll edrtfly
ne` jgs h`g ft ne exd lt em tfra

tf ra ugf
ug f F` h QQQQ
QQ QQ QQ @j tfe
tf e l dm mer , Kdi an tru ly
per ie` vem tf e i rui `c` em aje..
aj e.. .. Aj tfe
tf e ha
hauj
ujtd
td `j,
`j , Fe (t fe Lar m) hd me cds t tf e
hysteràus irass, lòe d ldmmer, set F`hselc aj tfe tap ac `t djm
crah tfejie nlessem
nlessem dll tfe jdtàjs QQQ Dt tfdt t`he, tfe irass wds wds set up
ds d gu`m`jg `medl, ds `t were d ldmmer, djm servem dll peaples ds d pdtf
ledm`jg up ta Gam.‘ 99
@j Mdjte‑s Rdrdm` sa tfere `s d nedut`cul exdhple ac tfe
Rdrdm`sa tà ldmmer. @j
sunl`hdtà
sunl`hd
idjta >4, diiahpdjèm ny Nedtrìe, Mdjte `s sfawj tfe sevejtf fedvej ac
Ydturj, tfe dname ac iajtehpldt`ve sauls (see c`gure
5-44).
W`tf`j tfe irystdl tfdt nedrs raujm tfe warlm tfe jdhe ac
`ts gredt o`jg `j tfdt galmej dge Wfej ev`l‑s cldg fdm jat
yet neej ujcurlem,
lòe pal`sfem galm dnldze `j cull sujl`gft,

4 sdw d ldmmer r`se sa cdr dnave he `t sadrem neyajm tfe redifes
ac hy s`gft.
Djm 4 sdw sa hdjy splejmars hdoe tfe`r wdy mawj `ts nr`gft
rujgs, @ tfaugft tfdt every ldhp `j dll ac fedvej wds paur`jg
9=
cartf `ts rdy .
@j tfe carega`jg 4 fdve g`vej d juhner ac exdhples ac tfe syhnalì
tfehe ac trdjs`tàj ta eterj`ty. Jaw iahes tfe questàj, Wfdt maes tf`s
'•‑Tuatem `j vaj Crdjz. ]fe Rdssàj ac

Rerpetud , pp. 4 Ac. "@n`m.. p 05.
H
Mdjte. ]fe Rdrdm`sa trdjs. Kafj I`drm`, pp. >95cc.
C@GUÊ 5 - 42
Y`heaj Ytyl`tis aj F`s Ialuhj Nesègem ny d Yerpejt (êl`qudry, 3tf iejtury. Rdr`s,
tfe Lauvre. êpr`jtem `j ]fe Edrly Ifr`st`dj djm Nyzdjt`je Warlm.)
hedj psyifalagìdlly1 We dre spedo`jg fere ac tfe gredter sufl`hdtà ds

iajtrdstem w`tf tfe lesser aje. ]fe lesser sunl`hdtà hust dlwdys ne callawem
ny d mes ie jt, wfe red s tfe

tf e gr edt er sunl`hdtà `s d iulh`jdt`jg praiess, tfe c`jdl
trdjsldtàj `jta eterj`ty ac tfdt wfìf fds neej iredtem `j t`he. Wfdt maes `t
hedj psyifalagìdlly ta trdjsldte `jta eterj`ty tfdt wfìf fds neej iredtem `j
t`he1 @jm`v`mudl iajsiàusjess ar redl* `/dtàj ac wfalejess `s tfe
ps yif al agìd
ag ìd l pr am uit ac tf e te hp
hpard
ard l pr a* ies s ac `jm`
`j m` v` mudt`
mu dt` aj.
aj . Car
Ca r tfdt
tf dt ta
ne hdm e ete rj
rjdl
dl `s d hys te r` au s `med.
`m ed. @t se ehs ta `hp ly tfdt
tf dt iaj si àus
à us jes s
difèvem ny `jm`v`mudls neiahes d perhdjejt dmm`tàj ta tfe drifetypdl
95
ps yif e. ]fere
]f ere `s `j mee m ev` mej ie car tf`s
tf `s `m ed. Car `jstdjie, Kujg fdm
sunl`hdtà v`sàjs wfej ilase ta
‑‑Yee Em`jgir. ]fe Iredtàj ac Iajsiàusjess, p. >9cc.

C@GUÊ 5 44
Mdjte‑s Ldmmer ac Ydturj (Marà, @llustr
@llustrdtàjs
dtàjs car M
Mdjte's
djte's M`v`je
M`v`je Iahemy
Iahemy.)
.)
medtf `j 40==. Fe caujm f`hselc elevdtem cdr dnave tfe edrtf djm str`ppem
mawj ta dj “ankeit`ve carh‘;
4 fdm tfe ceel`jg tfdt everytf`jg wds ne`jg slaugfem dwdy? everytf`jg @ d`hem dt
ar w`sfem car ar tfaugft, tfe wfale pfdjtdshdgar`d ac edrtfly ex`stejie cell dwdy
ar wds str`ppem crah he ” dj extrehely pd`jcul praiess. Jevertfeless sahetf`jg
rehd`jem? `t wds ds `c 4 jaw idrrèm dlajg w`tf he everytf`jg 4 fdm ever
experèjiem ar maje, everytf`jg tfdt fdm fdppejem draujm he. @ h`gft dlsa sdy; `t
wds w`tf he djm 4 wds `t. @ iajs`stem ac dll tfdt, sa ta spedo. 4 iajs`stem ac hy
awj f`stary, djm @ celt w`tf gredt iertd`jty; tf`s `s wfdt 4 dh. “4 dh tf`s nujmle ac
wfdt fds neej, djm wfdt fds neej diiahpl`sfem.‘
]f`s experèjie gdve he d ceel`jg ac extrehe paverty, nut dt tfe sdhe t`he ac
gredt culljess. ]fere wds ja lajger djytf`jg 4 wdjtem ar mes`rem. 4 ex`stem `j dj
ankeit`ve carh? @ wds wfdt 4 fdm neej djm l`vem. Dt c`rst tfe sejse ac djj`f`ldtàj
pre mah `jd tem , ac fdv` jg nee j str `pp em ar p`l ldg em? nut summ ejl y t fdt nei dhe ac ja
iajsequejie. Everytf`jg seehem ta ne pdst? wfdt rehd`jem wds d cd`t diiahpl`, diiahpl`,
w`tfaut djy recerejie ndio ta wfdt fdm
nee j. ]fe re wds ja laj ger djy re gre t tfd t sah etf `jg fdm mra ppe m dwd y ar nee j tdo ej
,3
dwdy. Aj tfe iajtrdry; @ fdm everytf`jg tfdt @ wds, djm tfdt wds everytf`jg .
@ ujmerstdjm tf`s pdssdge ta ne d mesir`ptàj ac tfe gredter sunl`h

sunl`hdtà
dtà `j `ts
tatdl djm ult`hdte carh. Rdrt`dl dspeits ac tfe sdhe praiess aiiur,
@ tf`jo, wfejever dj `teh `j aje‑s persajdl psyifalagy `s mei`s`vely
ankeit`cèm. @t tfej neiahes dj eterjdl cdit, ujtauifdnle ny kay ar grèc ar
ifdjge.
]fe hdkar`ty ac sunl`hd
sunl`hdtà
tà `hdges we ejiaujter ds tferdp`sts nelajg ta tfe
lesser sunl`h
sunl`hdtà.
dtà. @j cdit, car iajtehpardry pdtèjts, `hdges ac dsiejt, fe`gfts,
djm cly`jg dlhast dlwdys `jmìdte tfe jeem car d mawj- ga`jg. Hamerj
`jm`v`mudls fdve fdm ejt`rely taa huif sunl`hd
sunl`hdtà
tà,, dt ledst ac tfe lesser o`jm.
]fey jeem mesiejt djm iadguldtà (see c`gure 5- 4>). ]fe reldt`ve creemah ac tfe
sunl`hdtem stdte `s dj `hpartdjt difèvehejt `j psyifì mevelaphejt, nut ajly
d pdrt. @t idj ne m`sdstraus ta ne stuio `j tfe soy. Dsiejt djm mesiejt dre natf
jeemem. Ds dj dlifehìdl mìtuh sdys, “Yunl`hdte tfe namy djm iadguldte tfe
sp`r`t.‘
Kust ds dsiejm`jg n`rms represejt sunl`h
sunl`hdtà
dtà djm trdjsldtàj crah tfe tehpardl
ta tfe eterjdl, sa mesiejm`jg n`rms represejt iajtejts crah tfe drifetypdl warlm
tfdt dre `jidrjdt`jg ny nredo`jg `jta tfe persajdl ega redlh. ]fe mave ac tfe
Faly Yp`r`t mesiejmem aj Ifr`st dt tfe t`he ac f`s ndpt`sh, `jmìdt`jg tfe
`jidrjdtàj praiess. Dj edgle mesiejmem aj ]drqu`j Rr`sius aj f`s wdy ta
âhe s`gj`cy`jg f`s mest`jem o`jgsf`p. Car dges n`rms fdve neej iajs`merem tfe
hessejgers ac Gam. @j djièjt t`hes tfe duspìes (crah dv`s, “n`rm‘ djm speià
“ta laao dt‘ ) were tdoej ny exdh`j`jg tfe nefdvàr ac n`rms. Rsyifatì pdtèjts
fdve talm he tfdt tfey reie`ve hessdges crah Gam mel`verem ny n`rms. Upwdrm
havehejt eterjdl`zes? mawjwdrm havehejt persajdl`zes. Wfej tfese twa
havehejts dre iahn`jem, we get djatfer dlifehìdl praiess, jdhely, i`riuldtà.
D pdrdgrdpf crah tfe Eher
Eherdlm Ferhess recers ta i`riuldtà; “@t dsiejms
dlm ]dnlet ac Ferhe
crah tfe edrtf ta tfe fedvej, djm mesiejms dgd`j ta tfe edrtf, djm reie`ves tfe
paw er ac tf e dna ve djm nel aw. ]fu s yau w`l l fdv e tfe gla ry ac tfe wfa le
warlm. ]ferecare dll mdrojess w`ll clee crah yau.‘
@j dstralagìdl `hdgery, i`riuldtà recers ta tfe r epedtem dsiejt djm mesiejt ac
tfe pldjetdry spferes wfereny edif ac tfe drifetypdl pr`ji`ples, syhnal`zem ny
tfe pldjetdry drifajs, `s ejiaujterem suiiess`vely. Ifehìdlly, i`riuldtà recers
ta tfe praiess `j wfìf d sunstdjie `s fedtem `j d reclux cldso. ]fe vdpars
dsiejm djm iajmejse? tfej tfe iajmejsem clu`m `s cem ndio `jta tfe nelly ac tfe
cldso, wfere tfe iyile `s
•‑Hujg, Heharès. Mredhs. êcleitàjs, pp. >02c.

C@GUÊ 5 4>
]fe ]awer ac Ndnel (Nruegel, 4539. Sèjjd, Oujstf`star`sifes Huseuh.
êpr`jtem `j ]fe Warlm ak Nruegel.)
repedtem.Yufl`hdtà djm iadguldtà dre tfus repedtem dlterjdtely, dgd`j djm dgd`j.
Rsyifalagìdlly, i`riuldtà `s tfe repedtem i`riu`t ac dll dspeits ac aje‑s ne`jg,
wfìf grdmudlly gejerdtes dwdrejess ac d trdjspersajdl iejter uj`t`jg tfe iajclìt`jg
cditars. ]fere `s d trdjs`t tfraugf tfe appas`tes, wfìf dre experèjiem dlterjdtely
dgd`j djm dgd`j, ledm`jg c`jdlly ta tfe`r reiaji`l`dtàj. Kujg mesir`nes i`riuldtà `j
tfese warms;
Dsiejt djm mesiejt, dnave djm nelaw, up djm mawj, represejt dj ehatàjdl
redl`zdtàj ac appas`tes, djm tf`s redl`zdtàj grdmudlly ledms, ar sfaulm ledm,
ta tfe`r equ`l`nrùh. ]f`s hat`c aiiurs very crequejtly `j mredhs, `j tfe
carh ac ga`jg up- djm mawjf`ll, il`hn`jg std`rs, ga`jg up ar mawj `j d l`ct,
ndl
djmlaaj
tfe ,w`jgless
der apl dje, eti . @t`.e.,
mrdgaj, iarr espuranaras
tfe ajms ta tfe str ugg
]f`sle vdi`lldt`
net weej jg
tfe net
w`j gem
weej
tfe appas`tes djm ne`jg tassem ndio djm cartf hedjs ne`jg iajtd`jem `j tfe
appas`tes. ]fey neiahe d vessel `j wfìf wfdt wds prevàusly jaw aje
tf`jg djm jaw djatfer cladts v`nrdt`jg, sa tfdt tfe pd`jcul suspejsàj
net weej app as` tes grd mud lly ifd jge s `jt a tfe n`l dte rdl dit `v` ty ac tfe pa` jt
`j tfe iejtre. 57
•* u jg, Hvstirùh Iajùj` tàj`s, I W 4=, pdr. >03.

I`riuldtà `s dj `hpartdjt `med `j psyifatferdpy. I`riuldr hatàj draujm d
iejter djm up djm mawj dre iahhaj `j mredhs. Aje hust hdoe tfe i`riu`t ac
aje‑s iahplexes dgd`j djm dgd`j `j tfe iaurse ac tfe`r trdjscarhdtàj. ]fe
“pawers ac tfe dnave djm tfe nelaw" dre iahn`jem ta tfe extejt tfdt tfe
uj`cèm persajdl`ty `s iredtem tfdt iajjeits tfe persajdl psyife (nelaw) w`tf
tfe drifetypdl psyife (dnave).
]fe dnave pdssdge crah tfe Eher Eherdlm
dlm ]dnlet g`ves d iledr expressàj ac tfe
m`ccerejie netweej tfe dlifehìdl dtt`tume djm tfe Ifr`st`dj rel`gàus dtt`tume.
Kujg ehpfds`zes tf`s pa`jt s`jie `t hdoes iledr tfe jdture ac tfe
psyi fal ag` idl -ehp `r` idl std jmp a`j t ac wf` if tfe dlif eh `st s were car eru jje rs.
Fe wr`tes, “_@j tfe EherEherdlm
dlm ]dnletX `t `s jat d questàj ac d aje-wdy dsiejt ta
fedvej, nut, `j iajtrdst ta tfe raute callawem ny tfe Ifr`st`dj êmeeher, wfa
iahes crah dnave ta nelaw djm crah tfere returjs ta tfe dnave, tfe c`lùs
hdiraiash` stdrts crah nelaw, dsiejms aj f`gf, djm, w`tf tfe pawers ac Dnave
djm Nelaw uj`tem `j f`hselc, returjs ta edrtf dgd`j. Fe idrrès aut tfe reverse
havehejt djm tfereny

96
hdj`cests d jdture iajtrdry ta tfdt ac Ifr`st djm tfe
Gjastì êmeehers.‘
]fe m`ccerejie `j tfe `hdges iarrespajms ta tfe m`ccerejie netweej
rel`gàus cd`tf djm psyifalagìdl ehp`rì`sh. @j djatfer pldie Kujg puts `t tf`s
wdy; “(Crah tfe rel`gàus vèwpa` jtX... hdj dttr`nutes ta f`hselc tfe jeem ac
remehptàj djm ledves tfe waro ac remehptàj, tfe ditudl d`flaj ar apus, ta
tfe dutajahaus m`v`je c`gure?..._Crah tfe dlifehìdl vèwpa`jtX hdj tdoes
upaj f`hselc tfe muty ac idrry`jg aut tfe remeeh`jg apus, djm dttr`nutes tfe
stdte ac succer`jg djm iajsequejt jeem ac remehptàj ta tfe djlhd hujm`
`hpr`sajem `j hdtter.‘ 90 Djm dgd`j, “_]fe dlifeh`st‑sX dttejtàj `s jat
m`reitem ta f`s awj sdlvdtàj tfraugf Gam‑s grdie, nut ta tfe l`nerdtàj ac Gam
=2
crah tfe mdroje ss ac hdtter.‘
]fe dlifehìdl c`lùs pf`lasapfar
pf`lasapfaruhuh neg`js djm ejms aj edrtf. ]f`s suggests
tfdt pr`hdry `hpartdjie `s g`vej ta tfe iajirete, spdtà-tehpardl redl`ty ac tfe
ega. ]fe culc`llhejt ac tfe l`h`tem fuhdj iajm`tàj `s pldiem dnave `medl
per ceit àj . Jev ert fel ess, tf` s m`s t`j it` aj hust jat ne pus fem taa cdr. Ser y
`jterest`jgly, aur ifèc sir`pturdl recerejie ta tfe dsiejsàj ac Ifr`st (Dits
4;0-44) `s `hhem`dtely callawem ny d stdtehejt iajierj`jg f`s returj ta edrtf;
“...
tfe`rdss`gft.
tfey Djm
werewf`le
laao`jg , fe wds l`ctem up, djm d ilaum taao f`h aut ac
tfeyajwere gdz`jg `jta fedvej ds fe wejt, nefalm, twa
hej staam ny tfeh `j wf`te ranes, djm sd`m, ‚Hej ac Gdl`lee, wfy ma yau
stdjm laao`jg `jta fedvej1
'"Kujg. Dlifehìdl
Ytumès. IW 49. pdr.
>62. wKujg.
]f`s Kesus, wfa wds tdoej up crah yau `jta fedvej w`ll iahe `j tfe sdhe
wdy ds yau sdw f`h ga `jta fedvej‑‘ (^YS).
@j sp`te ac tfe mdjger ac sunl`h sunl`hdtà
dtà car tfe hamerj h`jm, `t* syhnal' `sh
rehd`js dt tfe iare ac dll fuhdj eccart car mevelaphejt. Dll tfdt evaoes aur
netter
net ter , “f`
“f`gfe
gfe r‘ jdture
jdt ure , `jm eem, dll har dl`ty
dl` ty pdr tdo
tdoe*
e* ac sunl`hdtà `hdgery.
]f`s `s well expressem ny Lajgcellaw, crah wfase paeh “]fe Ldmm er ac Yt.
Dugust`je‘ @ sfdll quate d cew stdjzds ta iajilume tf`s ifdpter;
Yt. Dugust`je! well fdst tfau sd`m.
]fdt ac aur vìes we idj crdhe D
ldmmer, `c we w`ll nut tredm
Nejedtf aur ceet edif meem ac
sfdhe!
Dll iahhaj tf`jgs, edif mdy‑s evejts,
]fdt w`tf tfe faur neg`j djm ejm,
Aur pledsures djm aur m`siajtejts,
Dre raujms ny wfìf we hdy dsiejm.
]fe lajg`jg car `gjanle tf`jgs?

]fe str`ce car trùhpf hare tfdj trutf? ]fe
fdrmej`jg ac tfe fedrt tfdt nr`jgs
@rreverejie car tfe mredhs ac yautf?
Dll tfese hust c`rst ne trdhplem mawj

Nejedtf aur ceet, `c we waulm gd`j @j tfe
nr` gft cè lms ac cd` r r eja wj ] fe r` gft ac
eh`jejt mahd`j.
Ytdjm`jg aj wfdt taa lajg we nare W`tf

sfaulmers nejt djm mawjidst eyes. We hdy
m`sierj ” ujseej necare ”
D pdtf ta f`gfer mest`jès.
Jar mee h t fe ` rre vai dnl e R dst,
Ds wfally wdstem, wfally vd`j @c,
r`s`jg aj `ts wreios, dt ldst ]a
sahetf`jg janler we dttd`j.
•* 3 H
Haar t` c` idt` aj-
ujg g`ves us dj exiellejt ^£suH£ac tfe dlifehìdl apus `j d

405> `jtervèw;
Dlifehy represejts tfe prakeitàj ac d mrdhd natf iashì djm sp`r`tudl `j

ldnardtary terhs. ]fe apus hdgjuh fdm twa d`hs; tfe resiue ac tfe fuhdj
saul djm tfe sdlvdtàj ac tfe iashas QQQ QQQ ]f`s waro `s m`ccìult djm strewj
w`tf anstdiles? tfe dlifehìdl apus `s mdjgeraus. ^`gft dt tfe neg`jj`jg yau
heet tfe "mrdgaj," tfe iftfajì sp`r`t, tfe “mev`l‘ ar, ds tfe dlifeh`sts idllem
`t, tfe “nldiojess,‘ tfe j`grema, djm tf`s ejiaujter pramuies succer`jg QQQQQQ @j
tfe ldjgudge ac tfe dlifeh`sts, hdtter succers ujt`l tfe j`grema m`sdppedrs, wfej
tfe “mdwj‘ (durard) w`ll ne djjaujiem ny tfe “pediaio‑s td`l" (idumd pdvaj`s) djm
d jew mdy w`ll nredo, tfe leuoas`s ar dlnema. Nut `j tf`s stdte ac “wf`tejess‘ aje
maes jat l`ve `j tfe true sejse ac tfe warm, `t `s d sart ac dnstrdit, `medl stdte. @j
armer ta hdoe `t iahe dl`ve `t hust fdve “nlaam," `t hust fdve wfdt tfe
dlifeh`sts idll tfe runema, tfe “remjess‘ ac l`ce. Ajly tfe tatdl experèjie ac
ne` jg idj trd jsc arh tf` s `me dl std te ac tf e dlnema `jta d cully fuhdj hame ac
ex`stejie. Nlaam dlaje idj redj`hdte d glaràus stdte ac iajsiàusjess `j wfìf
tfe ldst trdie ac nldiojess `s m`ssalvem, `j wfìf tfe mev`l ja lajger fds dj
dutajahaus ex`stejie nut reka`js tfe pracaujm uj`ty ac tfe psyife. ]fej tfe apus
hdgjuh `s c`j`sfem; tfe fuhdj saul `s iahpletely `jtegrdtem. 4
Diiarm`jg ta tf`s pdssdge tfe dlifehìdl apus fds tfree stdges; j`grema,
dlnema, djm runema; tfe nldioej`jg, tfe wf`tej`jg, djm tfe remmej`jg. ]f`s
ifdpter `s iajierjem w`tf tfe c`rst ac tfese, tfe j`grema ar nldioej`jg,
wfìf nelajgs ta tfe aperdtàj idllem hart`cìdtà (see c`gure 3-4).
]fe twa terhs "hart`cìdtà" djm "putrecdità" dre averldpp`jg ajes djm recer
ta m`ccerejt dspeits ac tfe sdhe aperdtàj. Hart`cì dtà fds ja ifehìdl
Hart`cìdtà
recerejie dt dll . L`terdlly `t hedjs “o`ll`jg‘ djm fejie w`ll recer 42 l fe
experèjie ac medtf. Ds usem `j rel`gàus dsietì`sh `t hedjs “sunkeitàj
ac tfe pdssàjs djm dppet`tes ny pejdjie, dnst`jejie, ar
▢* Uj 6 : G. Kujg Ypedo`jg, pp. >>6c.

C@GUÊ 3 - 4
Yoeletaj ds Harl`cì
Harl`cìdlà
dlà @hdge (7711 Ferhe
Ferhetì
tì Hu
Huseuh,
seuh, trdjs. ny D. E. Wd`te.)
pd
pd`j
`jcul
cul sever
se ver `t` es `jc l`
lìt
it em aj tf
tfee na
namy‘
my‘ (W
(Wens
ens ter ). ]a mes ir` ne d ife h` -
idl praiess ds harl`cìdlà `s d iahplete prakeitàj ac d psyifalagìdl
`hdge. ]f`s m`m `j cdit fdppej. ]fe hdter`dl `j tfe cldso wds persaj`cèm,
djm tfe aperdtàjs percarhem aj `t were tfaugft ac ds tarture.
Rutrecdità `s “ratt`jg,‘ tfe meiahpas`tàj tfdt nredos mawj medm
argdjì namès. @t, lòew`se, `s jat sahetf`jg tfdt waulm aiiur `j tfe
aperdtàjs ac `jargdjì ifeh`stry w`tf wfìf tfe dlifeh`sts were ldrgely
iajierjem. Fawever, w`tjess`jg tfe putrecditàj ac d medm namy,
espei`dlly d fuhdj iarpse, wfìf wds jat dj ujusudl experèjie `j tfe
H`mmle Dges, waulm fdve d pawercul psyifalagìdl `hpdit. ]fe ecceits ac
tf`s experèjie h`gft tfej ne prakeitem `jta tfe dlifehìdl praiess (see
c`gure 3->).
Harl`cìdlà `s tfe hast jegdt`ve aperdtàj `j dlifehy. @t fds ta ma
w`tf mdrojess, mecedt, tarture, hut`ldtàj, medtf, djm ratt`jg. Fawever,
tfese mdro `hdges actej ledm aver ta f`gfly pas`t`ve ajes ” grawtf,
resurreitàj, ren`rtf ” nu t tfe
tf e fd ll hdr o ac hart`cìdlà `s tfe ialar nldio.
Let us neg`j ny sdhpl`jg d cew texts.
]fdt wfìf maes jat hdoe nldio idjjat hdoe wf`te, neiduse nldiojess `s tfe
neg `jj `jg ac wf`t ejes s, djm d s`g j ac put rec dit` aj djm dlt erd t` aj, djm tfd t tfe
nam y ` s ja w p ejet rdt em d jm har t` cè m. >
]fe L`ves ac tfe Dlifehystìdl Rf`lasapfers, p. 4=5.

C@GUÊ 3->
]fe ]rùhpf ac Medtf (Cresia ny Crdjiesia ]rd`j`, i. 4952. R`sd, Idhpasdjta.
êpr`jtem `j ]fe Rìture F`stary ac Rd`jt`jg.)
2 fdppy gdte ac nldiojess, irès tfe sdge, wfìf drt tfe pdssdge ta tf`s sa glaràus
ifdjge. Ytumy, tferecare, wfasaever dpplèst tfyselc ta tf`s Drt, ajly ta ojaw tf`s
seiret, car ta ojaw tf`s `s ta ojaw dll, nut ta ne `gjardjt ac tf`s `s ta ne `gjardjt
ac dll. Car putrecditàj preiemes tfe gejerdtàj ac every jew carh `jta ex`stejie. 9
Rutrecditàj `s ac sa gredt eccìdiy tfdt `t nlats aut tfe alm jdture djm trdjshutes
everytf`jg `jta djatfer jew jdture, djm nedrs djatfer jew cru`t. Dll l`v`jg tf`jgs
mè `j `t, dll medm tf`jgs meidy, djm tfej dll tfese medm tf`jgs regd`j l`ce.
Rutrecditàj tdoes dwdy tfe dir`m`ty crah dll iarras`ve sp`r`ts ac sdlt, rejmers tfeh
sact djm sweet. =
@j psyifalagìdl terhs nldiojess recers ta tfe sfdmaw. ]fese texts tfdt

spedo pas`t`vely ac nldiojess waulm tfus ne dllum`jg, aj tfe persajdl
level, ta tfe pas`t`ve iajsequejies ac ne`jg dwdre ac aje‑s sfdm aw. Aj
tfe drifetypdl level `t `s dlsa mes`rdnle ta ne dwdre ac ev`l “niiduse
nldio
nl dio jes s `s tf
tfee ne g`j j`
j`jg
jg ac wf` tejes
te jes s.
s.‘‘ Ny tf
tfee ldw
ld w ac ap
appa
pa s`tes, dj
`jtejse dwdrejess ac aje s`me iajstelldtes `ts iajtrdry. Aut ac
'Yifal`d ta “]fe Galmej ]redt`se ac Ferhes," quatem `j Dtwaam. Ferhetì Rf`lasapfy djm
Dlifehy, pp. @>3c.
'Rdrdielsus, Ferhetì djm Dlifehìdl Wr`t`jgs.

Wr`t`jgs. 4;459.
mdrojess `s narj tfe l`gft. @j iajtrdst, mredhs tfdt ehpfds`ze nldiojess
usudlly aiiur wfej tfe iajsiàus ega `s aje-s`memly `mejt`cèm w`tf tfe
l`gft. Car exdhple, d wf`te hdj wfa wds very dit`ve `j tfe nldio i`v`l
r`gfts havehejt fdm tf`s mredh;
/ dh `j Fdmes djm try`jg repedtemly ta esidpe w`tfaut suiiess.

]fere `s sahe sart ac w`lm sexudl argy. Everyaje `s iaverem w`tf
nldio tdr.
]f`s pdtèjt fdm exteràr`zem f`s persajdl jeem ta diiept nldiojess ny

ejgdg`jg `j sai`dl ditàj ta carie saièty ta diiept nldios. ]f`s wds maje
very selc-r`gfteausly ny prakeit`jg tfe sfdmaw aj dll wfa m`m jat dgree
w`tf f`h. Dltfaugf `j f`s iajsiàus l`ce fe wds `jvalvem `j mehajstrdtàjs
ta averiahe m`sir`h`jdtàj dgd`jst nldios `j wf`te restdurdjts, fe fdm
mredhs tfdt fe wds `j nldio restdurdjts tfdt m`sir`h`jdtem dgd`jst wf`tes.
]fe nldiojess, wfej `t `s jat tfe ar`g`jdl iajm`tàj, `s nraugft dnaut ny
tfe sldy`jg ac sahetf`jg. Hast iahhajly `t `s tfe mrdgaj tfdt `s ta ne
o`llem (see c`gure 3- 9). ]fe mrdgaj `s “d per saj `c` idt à j ac tf e `js t` ji tud l
ps yif e‘ 5 djm `s aje ac tfe syjajyhs car tfe pr`hd hdter`d. ]f`s `hdge l`jos
tfe dlifehìdl apus w`tf tfe hytf ac tfe fera wfa sldys tfe mrdgaj. Kust ds
tfe fera resiues tfe idpt`ve hd`mej crah tfe mrdgaj, sa tfe dlifeh`st
remeehs tfe dj`hd hujm` crah fer `hpr`sajhejt `j hdtter ny hart`cìdtà ac
tfe pr`hd hdter`d. Ar, ds Kujg puts `t, “tfe sldy`jg ac tfe mrdgaj _`sX tfe
hart`cìdtà ac tfe c`rst, mdjgeraus, pa`sajaus stdge ac tfe dj`hd (8
Heriurùs), creem crah fer `hpr`sajhejt `j tfe pr`hd hdter`dl ]fe
hart`cìdtà ac tfe c`rst, mdjgeraus, pa`sajaus stdge ac tfe dj`hd (wahej
redm “dj`hus‘) `s dj `hpartdjt pdrt ac tfe praiess ac psyifatferdpy.
Autnursts ac dcceit, resejthejt, pledsure, djm pawer mehdjms ” dll tfese
hust ujmerga hart`cìdtà `c tfe l`n`ma trdppem `j pr`h`t`ve, `jcdjt`le carhs
`s ta ne trdjscarhem.
Djatfer crequejt sunkeit car hart`cìdtà `s tfe “o`jg‘ (sei c`gure 3 -
=) . Car exdhple, dj dlifehìdl pìture sfaws d graup ac drhem hej
sldy`jg d o`jg 7 (see c`gure 3-5) @jstedm ac tfe o`jg `t hdy ne Yal, tfe suj.
wfa `s ta ne o`llem. Car `jstdjie, `j tf`s text Yal sdys, “Ujless ye sldy he,
yaur ujmerstdjm`jg w`ll jat ne perceit, djm `j hy s`ster tfe haaj tfe
megree ac yaur w`smah `jiredses.‘" @t hdy ne tfe làj wfa u jmergaes

hart`cìdtà” tfe o`jg ac nedsts djm tfe tferàharpfì dspeit ac tfe
5
Kujg, Hysterùh Iajùjitàj`s.
Iajùjitàj`s. IW 4=. pdr. 5=6.
Hn`m.. pdr. 436.

7
C`g. 479 `j Kujg,
Rsyifalagy djm
C@GUÊ 3-9
Yal djm Lujd O`ll tfe Mrdgaj (Hdèr, Dtdldjtd Cugè
Cugèjs,
js, 4346.)
suj. @j aje versàj tfe làj fds `ts pdws iut acc. 0 Dgd`j, dj edgle hdy fdve
`ts w`jgs il`ppem.
O`jg, suj, djm làj recer ta tfe rul`jg pr`ji`ple ac tfe iajsiàus ega djm
ta tfe pawer `jst`jit. Dt d iertd`j pa`jt tfese hust ne hart`cèm `j armer
car d jew iejter ta eherge. Ds Kujg sdys, “Egaiejtrì`ty `s d jeiessdry
42
dttr`nute ac iajsiàusjess djm `s dlsa `ts spei`cì s`j.‘ Aj tfe drifetypdl
level tfe hart`cìdtà ac tfe o`jg ar tfe suj w`ll recer ta tfe medtf djm
trdjscarhdtàj ac d ialleit`ve mah`jdjt ar rul`jg pr`ji`ple. ]f`s `s dllumem
ta `j tfe callaw`jg text, wfìf, `jterest`jgly, equdtes tfe o`jg ds alm hdj
w`tf tfe mrdgaj;
@ dh dj `jc`rh djm wedo alm hdj, surjdhem tfe mrdgaj? tferecare dh @ sfut
up `j d idve, tfdt @ hdy ne rdjsahem ny tfe o`jgly irawj Q QQQQQQ D cèr y swarm
`jclìts gredt tarhejts upaj he? medtf hdoes wedo hy clesf djm najes QQ QQ QQQ QQ
Hy saul djm hy sp`r`t mepdrt? d terr`nle pa`saj, 4 dh lòejem ta tfe nldio rdvej,
car tfdt `s tfe wdges ac s`j? `j must djm edrtf 4 lè, tfdt aut ac ]free hdy iahe
Aje. A saul djm sp`r`t, ledve he jat, tfdt @ hdy see dgd`j tfe l`gft ac mdy, djm tfe
fera ac pedie wfah tfe wfale warlm sfdll nefalm hdy dr`se crah he."
R`g. = `j Kujg,
Rsyifalagy djm Dlifehy,

"▢n`m., pdr. 799.
C@GUÊ 3-=
Medtf Raurs d Mr`jo car tfe O`jg (Falne`j, ]fe Mdjie ac Medtf. 4596.)
]fe `jc`rh djm wedo alm hdj represejts d iajsiàus mah`jdjt ar sp`r`tudl
pr `ji `ple
`p le tfd t fd s las t `t s ecc eit `ve jes s. @t fds reg re ssem
ss em ta tfe
tf e lev el ac tf e
pr `ha rm` dl ps yif e (mr dg
dgaj
aj)) dj
djmm hu
hust
st tf ere car e sun h` t ta trd jsc ar hdt à j. ]fe
]f e
idve `j wfìf `t `s sfut up `s tfe dlifehìdl vessel. ]fe tarture `s tfe cèry
armedl tfdt nr`jgs dnaut trdjscarhdtàj `j armer tfdt “aut ac tfe ]free hdy iahe
Aje‘? tfdt `s, tfdt namy, saul, djm sp`r`t hdy ne uj`cèm w`tf`j dj `jtegrdtem
per sa
sajdl
jdl `t y.
]fe “fera ac pedie wfah tfe wfale warlm sfdll nefalm" `s tfe Rf`lasapfers‑
Ytaje, tfe reiaji`ler ac appas`tes, nut tf`s wdy ac putt`jg `t `hplès tfdt wfdt `s
ujmerga`jg hart`cìdtà djm rekuvejdtàj `s jatf`jg less tfdj tfe ialleit`ve Gam-
`hdge.
We get dj `jterest`jg pìture ac hart`cìdtà djm putrecdità `j tfe sa-idllem
S`sàj ac Gearge ^`pley;
Wfej nusy dt hy naao @ wds upaj d iertd`j j`gft,
]f`s v`sàj fere expressem dppedrem ujta hy m`hhem s`gft.
C@GUÊ 3-5
Medtf ac tfe O`jg (Ytaliùs, S`r`mdrùh Ifyhìuh, 43>=. êpr`jtem `j Rrelu
Rrelume
me ta
Ifeh`stry.)
D ]adm cull rem 4 sdw m`m mr`jo tfe kuìe ac grdpes sa cdst. ]`ll
aver ifdrgem w`tf tfe nratf, f`s nawels dll ta nrdds , Djm dcter
tfdt crah pa`sajem nulo fe idst f`s vejah . Car grèc djm pd`j
wfereac f`s hehners dll negdj ta s , W`tf mraps ac pa`sajem
swedt dppradif`jg tfus `s s F`s idve w`tf nldsts ac cuhaus d`r
fe dll ne-wfyt t ej, Djm crah tfe wfìf `j spdie d galmej
fuhar m` ejsue, Wfase cdll`jg mraps crah f`gf m`m std`j tfe sa`l
w`t ru y Djm wfej tf`s iarpse tfe carie ac v`tdl nredtf negdj ta
d ]f`* my`jg ]adm neidhe cartfw`tf lòe iadl car ia ar d ]fus
mrawjem `j f`s praper ve`js ac pa`sajem claam,
Car terh ac e`gfty mdys djm caur fe ratt`jg staam.
Ny tr`dl tfej tf`s vejah ta expel 4 m`m mes`re,
Car wfìf 4 m`m iahh`t f`s idridss ta d g ejtle c`re.
Wfìf maje, d wajmer ta t fe s`gft, nut hare ta ne re edrs ]fe
]adm w`tf ialars rdre tfraugf every s`me wds pèrie *jm wf`te
dppedrem wfej dll tfe sujmry fues were pdst. Wfìf dcter
ne `j
`jgg t` jit em ê m, car eve rh ar e m` mZ ld st . y fij ac tfe vejah
rhar
fdjmlem tfus d hemì`je 4 m`m hdoe? fìf vejah o`lls djm
sdves suif ds vejah ifdjie ta td
Glary ne ta f`h tfe grdjter ac suif seiret wdys.
Mah`jàj, djm fajar, natf w`tf warsf`p djm w`tf prd`se. Dhej . 4>
]f`s v`sàj `s d suhhdry ac tfe ejt`re apus. ]fe tadm ds pr`hd hdter`d
hdter`d ` s
mestrayem ny `ts awj greem ar ujnr`mlem iajiup`siejie. @t `s tfe tfehe ac
mrawj`jg `j aje‑s awj surce`t. Ds `t mès `t turjs nldio, putrecès, djm `s
c`llem w`tf pa`saj. ]fe dlifeh`st tfej ejters tfe pìture djm sunkeits tfe
pa` saj -ld mej idr idss ta tfe c`r e ac tfe dli feh` idl pra iess . ]f`s nr` jgs
dnaut d pragress`ve ialar ifdjge crah nldio ta hdjy ialars ta wf`te ta rem.
Dt tfe sdhe t`he tfe pa`saj `s ifdjgem ta d pdrdmaxìdl hemì`je tfdt idj
o`ll ar sdve, tfe el`x`r. ]fe tadm `s d syhnalì vdr`djt ac tfe “pa`sajaus
mrdgaj.‘ 49 @t dlsa represejts tfe “pf`lasapfì edrtf‘ tfdt idjjat ne
sunl`hdtem. 4= Edrtf s`gj`cès iadgu- ldtà, dllum`jg ta tfe cdit tfdt hart`cìdtà
hust callaw iadguldtà. ]fdt wfìf fds neiahe edrtf ar clesf `s sunkeit ta
medtf djm iarruptàj. Ds tfe Dpastle Rdul sdys, “Car `c ye l`ve dcter tfe
clesf, ye sfdll mè? nut `c ye tfraugf tfe Yp`r`t ma hart`cy tfe meems ac tfe
nam y, ye sfd ll l`v e‘ (â
(âh.
h. 6;4 9 D S).
Kust ds iadguldtà `s callawem saajer ar ldter ny hart`cìdtà, sa lòew`se
maes iajsuhhdtàj ac tfe lesser iajùjità ledm ta hart`c`- idtà. Exdhples
dre ]r`stdj djm @salme, âhea djm Kulèt, djm tfe sequejie mepìtem `j tfe
ùh pìtures. 45 ]f`s cdit felps ta diiaujt car tfe reluitdjie sejs`t`ve
âsdrùh
âsdr
peap le fdv e ta iahh `tt `jg tfe hsel ves ta tfe `jm `v` mud tà j pra iess . ]fe y
sejse `j dmvdjie tfe succer`jg tfey dre lett`jg tfehselves `j car.
]fe pa`sajaus tadm wds tfaugft ta fdve d kewel `j `ts fedm, ds maes tfe
mrdgaj. ûldjm sdys; “Mrdiaj`tes `s d preiàus staje... ta ne caujm `j tfe
nrd `j ac ser pej ts, nut ujl ess `t `s reh ave m wf `le tfe y dr e d l`v e, ` t w `ll jev er
nei ahe d p rei àu s st aje, ny tfe `jn rem hdl ìe ac tfe dj` hdl wfa , i ajs iàu s
ac medtf dppradif`jg, mestrays tfe v`rtue ac tfe staje. ]ferecare tfe fedm `s
rehavem crah mrdgajs wf`le dsleep, djm tfus tfe
geh `s seiurem QQ ]fe ialar ac tfe Mrdiaj`te `s wf`te? ` t mr`ves dwdy dll
pa` saj aus dj` hdls djm iur es ejv ejah em n `te s. ‘ 43
]fe preiàus staje `s tfe Rf`lasapfers* Ytaje extrditem crah tfe ugly
pr`hd hdter
hdter`d,
`d, wfìf `s pa`saj `j `ts ar`g`jdl carh nut pdjdied dcter
ujmerga`jg tfe hart`cìdtà. Yfdoespedre expresses tf`s sdhe `med;
l>
Dsfhale, em., ]fedtruh Ifehìuh Nr`tdjjìuh. p. 97=.
49
Hysèrùh Iajùjitàj
Iajùjitàj`s,
`s, IW 4=. pdr. 92.
'Hn`m.` pdr. >.
ls
C`gs.. 4-42 `j Kujg. ]fe Rrditìe ac Rsyifatferdpy. IW 43.
"‚ûldjm, Lexìaj, p. 4>6.
Yweet dre tfe uses ac dmvers`ty,
Wfìf lòe tfe tadm, ugly djm vejahaus,
Wedrs yet d preiàus kewel `j f`s fedm?
Djm tf`s aur l`ce exehpt crah punlì fdujt,
C`jms tajgues `j trees, naaos `j tfe rujj`jg nraaos.
Yerhajs `j stajes, djm gaam `j everytf`jg . 47 ]fe uses ac dmvers`ty dlsa
iahe up `j tfdt gredt hart`cìdtà hdjudl. ]fe @h`tdtàj ac Ifr`st ny ] fah ds o
Oehp`s. ]fere we redm tfe callaw`jg;
@t `s gaam tfdt we sahet`hes fdve grècs djm dmvers`tès, car tfey mr`ve d hdj ta nefalm
f`hselc djm ta see tfdt fe `s fere nut ds `j ex`le, djm ta ledrj tfereny tfdt fe augft jat
put f`s tr ust `j djy war lml y tf` jg. @t dls a `s gaa m tfd t we sa het `h es suc ce r
iajtrdmìtàj? djm tfdt we ne tfaugft ac ny atfers ds ev`l djm wretifem djm s`jcul,
tfaugf we ma well djm `jtejm well? suif tf`jgs felp us ta fuh`l`ty, djm h`gft`ly
mecejm us crah vd`jglary djm pr`me. We tdoe Gam netter ta ne aur kumge djm w`tjess
wfej we dre autwdrmly mesp`sem `j tfe warlm djm tfe warlm maes jat kumge well ac us.
]ferecare, d hdj augft ta estdnl`sf f`hselc sa cully `j Gam tfdt, wfdtever dmvers`ty
nec dll f`h fe w`l l jat je em ta se eo djy aut wdr m i ahc art . 46
D iledj, pure djm iajstdjt fedrt `s jat nraoej ar eds`ly averiahe ny sp`r`tudl ldnars,
car fe maes dll tf`jgs ta tfe fajar ac Gam, neiduse fe `s iledrly hart`cèm ta f`hselc.
]ferecare, fe mes`res ta ne cree crah callaw`jg f`s awj w`ll. Wfdt f`jmers yau hare
tfdj yaur awj dcceitàjs jat cully hart`cèm ta tfe w`ll ac tfe sp`r`t1 ]ruly, jatf`jg
hare . 40
Ya cdr we fdve jatem severdl pass`nle sunkeits ac hart`cìdtà, jdhely, mrdgaj,

tadm, o`jg, suj, djm làj. Djatfer suif sunkeit `s tfe c`gure ac pur`ty djm
`jjaiejie. Aje text redms;
]doe `t cresf, pure, l`v`jg wf`te djm iledr.
]fej n`jm c`rhly natf fdjms djm ceet W`tf tfe very
strajgest iarms.
]fdt `t succaidte djm mè,
@j tfe ilasem fause ac Rutrecditàj. >2 ]f`s iarrespajms ta tfe
ildssì vìt`h car sdir`cìe wfìf hust ne pure djm ujnleh`sfem lòe tfe
Rdsidl ldhn(Exam. 4>;5). Dj dlifehìdl mrdw`jg pìtures Feram‑s hdssdire
ac tfe `jjaiejts ds tfe “m`ssalutàj ac tfe hetdllì seems,‘ wfìf dre tfej
pau rem `j ta tfe dli feh ìd l ves sel >4 (see c`gure 3-3). ]fe psyifalagìdl `med
nef `jm tfe se ` hdge s `s tfd t t fe
"Dt Pau Uoe @t. Dit >, si. 4, l`jes 4>-47.

Oehp`s, ]fe @h`tdtàj ac Ifr`st 4;4>.
"@n`m., 4;9.
C`gulus, D Galmej djm Nlessem Idsoet ac Jdture's Hdrvels, p. 940, y: D
Rìtar`dl F`stary ac Hdgì djm tfe Yuperjdturdl, p. 44>.

M`ssalutàj mes tcirhi* hàtdll`ques re prà¿ ¿`j ted pdr leu `jjaiejts <ku 'Uùrame td`t
àZac= «r
C@GUÊ 3 3
Hdssdire ac tfe @jjaiejts (Dlifehìdl mrdw`jg. êpr`jtem `j Nessy. D Rìtar`dl F`stary ac
Hdgì djm tfe Yuperjdturdl
Yuperjdturdl.)
if`lmfaam stdte ac pur`ty djm `jjaiejie hust ne sdir`cìem. D wahdj wfa

iaulm jat cdie tf`s `ssue ajie mredhem tfdt d ldhn wds ta fe sdir
sdir`` c` iem djm sfe
>>
iaulmj'tt nedr
iaulmj' wdtif.
nedr ta wdtif Djatfer pdtèjt, d yaujg hdj wfa wds hav`jg
tawdrm hdtur`ty, mredhem tfdt d pur puree wf`
wf`te
te turo
turoey
ey w
wds
ds ne`jg
ne`jg o` llem.
llem. @ j tfe
praie
prai ess tfe mredh
mredher
er `s std`jem
std`jem w`tf n
nlaa
laam.
m. @j tfese idses tfe j`grema `s jat tfe
`j`t`dl stdge. D prel`h`jdry dlnema hust ne c`rst mestrayem. Wfej sahetf`jg
wf`te fds neej o`llem `t putrecès djm turjs nldio. @t ejters tfe “gdte ac
nld ioj
iojess.
ess. ‘ ûldjm
ûl djm
>>
Em`jger, Ega djm Drif type.
type. p. >9=.
sdys. “Rutrecditàj ar iarruptàj tdoes pldie wfej d namy neiahe¿ nldio.
]fej `t st`jos lòe mujg djm true salutàj callaws. ]fe elehejts dre sepdrdtem
djm mestrayem. Hdjy ialars dre dcterwdrms mevelapem, ujt`l tfe vìtary `s
antd`jem djm everytf`jg `s reu j`tem.‘ > *
Ceies, exirehejt, djm ndm amars recer ta tfe putrec
putrecdità.
dità. ]fe iahhaj
mredhs ac jegleitem ar averclaw`jg ta`lets wfìf pldgue pur`tdj- h`jmem
pea ple nel ajg ta tf` s s yhn al` sh. Amar sepuliraruh (tfe stejif ac tfe grdves) `s
djatfer syjajyh car tfe putrec
putrecdità.
dità. Y`jie peaple tamdy selmah shell d ratt`jg
iarpse, tf`s `hdge maes jat dppedr actej `j mredhs. Aje hamerj equ`vdlejt @
fdve ejiaujterem `s d mredh ac severe d`r pallutàj. Warhs diiahpdjy
put rec dit àj , djm mre dhs ac war hs iaj vey tf` s `hd ge w`tf paw erc ul `hp dit
(see c`gure 3-7). @j tfe @ If`jg. Fexdgrdh 46 `s ejt`tlem “Waro aj Wfdt fds
nee j Ypa` lem,‘
lem ,‘ djm tfe text
tex t tel ls us tfd t “tf
“tfee If`jese
If` jese ifd rdit er ou represejts d
naw l ` j wf ase
C@GUÊ 3 - 7
Medtf Nlaw`jg tfe Warh ]ruhpet (K. Heymejndif, Matej Mdh;, i. 4=0>. Hd`jz.
êpr`jtem `j F`jm, Dj @jtramuitàj ta d F`stary
F`stary ac Waamiut.)
ZLexìaj, p. >33.
>33
iajtejts warhs dre nreem`jg. ]f`s hedjs meidy.‘ >= ]ypìdl ac tfe pdrdmaxìdl
`hdgery ac tfe ujiajsiàus, tfe mespìdnle warh idj turj `jta tfe suprehe
vdlue. ]fus tfe Hess`df `s equdtem w`tf d warh `j tfe hess`djì Rsdlh >>,
verse 3; “Nut @ dh d warh djm ja hdj? d repradif ac hej, djm mesp`sem ac tfe
pea pl e‘ (DS).
(D S).
Dj dlifehìdl text sdys, “Ojaw, A Yajs ac tfe Maitr`je, tfdt `t nefaaves
yau ta dllaw tfe iahpas`tàj ta putrecy car carty mdys.‘ >5 ]f`s pdssdge
iajjeits tfe putrecdità w`tf tfe tfehe ac tfe w`lmerjess tfraugf tfe syhnal`sh
ac tfe juhner =2. ]fe @srdel`tes wdjmerem `j tfe w`lmerjess car carty yedrs?
El`kdf cdstem `j tfe w`lmerjess car carty mdys? djm Kesus wds tehptem `j tfe
w`lmerjess car carty mdys. Dlsa, tfe Egypt`dj ehndlh`jg praiemure wds sd`m ta
tdoe carty mdys (Gej. 52;9), djm, djdlagausly, carty mdys eldpsem netweej
Ifr`st‑s resurreitàj djm ds iejsàj. Iajierj`jg tfe dlifehìdl apus, Kujg sdys,
“tfe nldioej`jg
usudlly taao carty mdys QQQQQQ @j tf`s stdte tfe suj `s surraujmem ny tfe
dj`hd hem`d jdturd djm `s tferecare nldio. @t `s d stdte ac `jiundtàj ar

pr
pregj
egjdji y.‘‘ >3 ]fe dj`hd hem`d jdturd iarrespajms ta Yapf`d idugft `j tfe
dji y.
ehnrdie ac Rfys`s djm `s equdtem w`tf M`v`je W`smah, tfe ceh`j`je
iaujterpdrt ac Gam (see c`gure 3-6). Evej `c `t `s idusem ny tfe w`smah ac Gam,
tfe nldioej`jg ar eil`pse ac tfe suj rehd`js d cedrcul experèjie. @j cdit, cedr
`s pravern`dlly l`joem ta w`smah `j tfe sdy`jg, “]fe cedr ac tfe Larm `s tfe
neg `jj`
neg`j j` jg ac w`s ma
mah‘
h‘ (Rr av
av.. 4; 7).
7) . Cedr
Ced r ds dj dg
dgejt
ejt ac hart`cìdtà `s mesir`nem
`j tf`s pdssdge crah Ehersaj‑s essdy “Iahpejsdtàj‘;
Dll `jcrditàjs ac lave djm equ`ty `j aur sai`dl reldtàjs dre speem`ly puj`sfem. ]fey
dre puj`sfem ny cedr. Wf`lst @ stdjm `j s`hple reldtàjs ta hy cellaw-
hdj, 4 fdve j a m`spledsure `j heet`jg f`h QQQQQQQ QQ Nut ds saaj ds tfere `s djy
mepdrture crah s`hplì`ty djm dttehpt dt fdlcjess, ar gaam car he tfdt `s jat gaam car
f`h, hy je`gfnar ceels tfe wrajg? fe sfr`jos crah he ds cdr ds @ fdve sfrujo crah
f`h? f`s eyes ja lajger seeo h`je? tfere `s wdr netweej us? tfere `s fdte `j f`h djm
cedr `j he.
Dll tfe alm dnuses `j saièty, uj`versdl djm pdrtìuldr, dll ujkust diiuhuldtàjs ac
pra per ty djm paw er, dre dvej gem `j tfe sdhe hdjj er. Ced r `s dj `js tru ita r ac gre dt
sdgdi`ty
rattejjessdjm tfe feferdlm
wfere ac Fe
dppedrs. dll `srevalutàjs. Aje djm
d idrràj iraw, tf`jg fe tedifes,
tfaugf tfdtwell
yau see jat tfere `s
wfdt
>7
fe favers car, tfere `s medtf sahewfere.
sahewfere .
D ildssì n`nlìdl mesir`ptàj ac tfe w`lmerjess j`grema `s tfdt ac Kereh`df.
Yt. Kafj ac tfe Irass uses tf`s pdssdge `j f`s mesir`ptàj ac
>=
W`lfelh, trdjs., ]fe @ If`jg ar Naao ac Ifdjges, p 75.
>5
Wd`te, trdjs., ]urnd Rf`lasapfaruh, p. 67, mìtuh >3.
>3
Kujg, Hysterùh Iajùjitàj`s, IcP 4=, pdr. 7>0.
>7
Ehersaj, “Iahpejsdtàj,‘ `j Yeleitem Wr`t`jgs ac ^dlpf Wdlma Ehersaj, p. 462.
tfe mdro j`gft ac tfe saul ‘ Kereh`df fere ldhejt, natf f
avvj
`jgs djm tfase ac [àj (Ldh. 9;4 >2, JDN); «uccer -
4 dh d hdj wfa ojaws dcclìtàj crah tfe
jger
Aje wfah fe fds lem djm cariem ta wdlo ‑
`j mdrojess, jat `j l`gft?
Dgd`jst he dlaje fe nr`jgs ndio f`s fdjm
dgd`j djm dgd`j dll tfe mdy.
Fe fds warj dwdy hy clesf djm hy so`j.
fe fds nraoej hy najes?
Fe fds neset he raujm dnaut w`tf
pav ert y d jm wedr `je ss?
Fe fds lect he ta mwell `j tfe mdro lòe
tfase lajg medm.
Fe fds fehhem he `j w`tf ja esidpe
djm we`gfem he mawj w`tf ifd`js?
Evej wfej @ iry aut car felp, fe staps
hy prdyer,
Fe fds nlaioem hy wdy w`tf c`tt em stajes, djm
turjem hy pdtfs ds`me.
D luro`jg nedr fe fds neej t a he, d làj `j
dhnusf!
Fe merdjgem hy wdys, set he dstrdy, lect he
mesaldte.
Fe nejt f`s naw, djm set he up ds t fe tdrget car
f`s drraw.
Fe pèries hy s`mes w`tf sfdcts cr ah f`s
qu`ver.
@ fdve neiahe d ldugf`jg staio car dll jdtàjs, tfe`r
tdujt dll tfe mdy lajg?
Fe fds sdtem he w`tf n`tter caam, hdme he mr`jo hy
c`ll ac warhwaam.
Fe fds nraoej hy teetf w`tf grdvel, pressem hy cdie
`j tfe must?
Hy saul `s mepr`vem ac pedie,
@ fdve cargattej wfdt fdpp`jess `s?
@ tell hyselc hy cuture `s last, dll tfdt @ fapem car
crah tfe Larm.
Rrandnly tfe n`nlìdl recerejie hast crequejtly iajjeitem w`tf putre-
cdità ny tf
tfee dli feh`s
fe h`s ts `s tf
tf`s
`s pdss
pd ss dge cra h tf
tfee Gas pe
pell ac Ka fj? “]
“]rul
rul y,
truly, @ sdy ta yau, ujless d grd`j ac wfedt cdlls `jta tfe edrtf djm mès, `t
rehd`js dlaje? nut `c `t mès, `t nedrs huif cru`t. Fe wfa laves f`s l`ce lases
`t, djm fe wfa fdtes f`s l`ce `j tf`s warlm w`ll oeep `t car eterjdl l`ce‘
(4>;>=->5 ^YS).
Car exdhple, d text sdys, “Ds tfe grd`j ac wfedt sawj `j tfe edrtf
putre
pu tre c` es nec ar e `t sp r`j gs up `jta
`j ta d je w gra wt f ar veg etd t` aj, sa aur
au r
Hdgjes`d...ne`jg sawj `j tfe Rf`lasapfì Edrtf, mès djm iarrupts, tfdt `t
hdy iajie`ve `tselc djew.‘ >0
Djatfer text recers ta tfe saw`jg ac galm;
]fe wfale Cujmdhejt ac tfe Rf`lasapfers‑ Ytaje iajs`sts `j nr`jg`jg ta d jew
n`r tf tfe pr `hd ry hdt ter ac het dls ”`.e., Heriur`dl Wdter, tfe perceit Iarpus
Yal`s”tf
”tfdt
dt `t ne nar j dgd` j ny wdter
wdt er djm ac tfe sp`r`t
sp` r`t , kus t ds Ifr` st sdys ; “Exiep
“Ex ieptt
d hdj ne narj dgd`j ny wdter djm tfe Yp`r`t, fe idjjat see tfe
z,
Tuatem `j Dtwaam, Ferhetì Rf`lasapfy d jm Dlifehy, p. 44 Yj.
O`jgmah ac Gam.‘ Ya dlsa fere `j tf`s drt, @ tell tfee, hy *aj; Exiept Iarpus Yal`s
ne sawem,
saw em, dll else `s vd`
vd`j,
j, djm tfe re w`l l ne ja cru `t. Evej ds Ifht sdys ; “Exiep
“Ex ieptt
tfe seem cdll `jta tfe edrtf djm mè, `t sfdl l nedr jat cru`t.‘ 92
]fe saw`jg ac galm (iarpus sal`s) `s dj `jterest`jg `hdge. Galm s`gj`cès

l`gft, vdlue, iajsiàusjess. ]a saw `t hedjs ta sdir`cìe `t, ta accer `t up
ta hart`cìdtà `j tfe fape tfdt `t w`ll hult`ply. Kust ds seem grd`j `s oept
dpdrt djm jat edtej, sa seem iajsiàusjess w`ll jat ne usem ta l`ve aj.
@jstedm, `t `s accerem up ta tfe ujiajsiàus ny d o`jm ac valujtdry medtf ac
aje‑s psyifì iahcart, r`gftjess, djm rdtàjdl`ty. Aje dllaws ajeselc ta ne
less `j armer ta ne hare ” less jedrly perceit, nut hare jedrly wfale.
]fe `hdge ac medtf djm nur`dl fds dlwdys neej dssai`dtem w`tf tfe
pl djt `j g ac see ms dj m tfe`r
tf e`r ger h`j dt` aj.
aj . Rì tures
tu res cr ah dj
djiè
iè jt Egypt
Eg ypt sf aw
stdlos ac grd`j spraut`jg crah tfe medm namy ac As`r`s (see c`gure
3- 0). ]fe Dpastle Rdul uses tf`s `hdge `j f`s cdhaus pdssdge iajierj`jg
tfe resurreitàj ac tfe medm; “@t `s sawj `j iarruptàj? `t `s rd`sem `j
C@GUÊ 3-0
Grd`j Graw`jg crah tfe Iarpse ac As`r`s (Crah d nds-relèc dt Rf`lde.
êpr`jtem `j Numge, As`r`s; ]fe Egypt`dj êl`gàj ac êsurreitàj.)
`gulus, D Galmej djm Nless em Idsoet ac Jdture' s Hdrvels, p. >00.

`jiarruptàj. @t `s sawj `j m`sfajar? `t `s rd`sem `j glary? `t `s sawj `
wedojess? `t `s rd`sem `j pawer. @t `s sawj d jdturdl namy? `t `s rd`sem d
sp`r`tudl namy‘ (@ Iar. 45;=> -==, DS).
@ wds ajie talm ac d strò`jg mredh aj tf`s sunkeit, wfìf, `ji`mejtdlly
wds mredhem aj Fdllaweej.
]fe mredher wds dttejm`jg d pdrty car d medmcrèjm djm perfdps atfer
mepdrtem sp`r`ts. ]fe medm crèjm reiaujts d mredh tfdt fe fdm necare f`s
medtf. @ts hdkar `hdge wds d gredt i`rile ac grd`j stdjm`jg 62 `jifes f`gf. @t
grew aut ac d p`t `j tfe edrtf wfìf iajtd`jem
iajtd`jem medm namès tfdt were dlsa
nurèm tredsure. ]fe mredher wds try`jg ta iajvey ta f`s crèjm tfe
`hpartdjie ac tfe mredh (ic. c`gure 3-42).
@t `s ta ne jatem tfdt medm namès equdl nurèm tredsure.
@j d Gjastì text tfe perceit hdj, ar Djtfr
Djtfrapas,
apas, `s idllem d iarpse
nei duse fe `s “nu
“nurè
rè m `j tfe nam y lò huh hy `j d tah n.‘ 94 Kujg pa`jts
lòee d huhhy
aut tfdt tfere `s d pdrdllel `med `j Rdrdielsus, wfa sdys, “L`ce,
C@GUÊ 3 42
,cll(
Grd`j Graw`jg crah tfe Grdve, Yyhnal`z`jg êsurreitàj (]fe Feh Huseuh,
trdjs. ny D. E. Wd`te.)
¿'Kujg, D àj. I@S 044, pdr. 99=.

ver`ly, `s jdugft nut d o`jm ac ehndlhem huhhy, wfìf preserve* tfe hartdl
namy tf e har tdl warhs.‘ 9> @t turjs aut tfdt tf`s "huh`d" `t syhnalìdlly
na my cr ah tfe
`mejtìdl w`tf tfe ar`g`jdl hdj ar Djtfrapas. ]f`s Gjastì iarpse ar
Rdrdiels`dj huhhy `s tfus tfe Yelc ds tfe pramuit ac hart`- cìdtà”tfe
`jiarrupt`nle namy tfdt graws aut ac tfe medtf ac tfe iarrupt`nle seem. @t
iarrespajms ta tfe dlifehìdl `med tfdt medtf `s tfe iajieptàj ac tfe
Rf`lasapfers‑ Ytaje.
99
Gerh`jdtàj djm meidy, l`gft ifdjg`jg ta mdrojess, medtf djm ren`rtf ” dll
tfese nelajg ta tfe syhnal`sh ac tfe haaj, wfìf mès djm `s renarj edif
hajtf. Aje text stdtes tfe callaw`jg;
]fe làj, tfe lawer suj, graws iarrupt tfraugf tfe clesf. ]fus `s tfe làj iarruptem `j
f`s jdture tfraugf f`s clesf, wfìf callaws tfe t`hes ac tfe haaj, djm `s eil`psem. Car
tfe haaj `s tfe sfdmaw ac tfe suj, djm w`tf iarrupt`nle namès sfe `s iajsuhem, djm
tfraugf fer iarruptàj `s tfe làj eil`psem w`tf tfe felp ac tfe ha`sture ac
Heriurùs...tfe ha`sture ac tfe haaj, wfej sfe reie`ves f`s l`gft, sldys tfe suj, djm
dt tfe n`rtf ac tfe if`lm ac tfe Rf`lasapfers sfe mès lòew`se, djm dt medtf tfe twa
pdr ejt s yè lm up tfe `r sau ls ta tfe saj , djm mè djm pds s dwdy . Djm tfe pdrejts dre tfe
caam ac
ac tfe saj.**
]fe stdtehejt tfdt tfe làj ar lawer suj graws iarrupt tfraugf tfe clesf idj
ne ujm ers taam
ta am ta hed j tfdt
tf dt tf e eg
ega,
a, ny `jid
`j id rjd t` jg,
jg , ny mdr `jg
`j g ta ex` st ds dj
dutajahaus iejter ac ne`jg, tdoes aj sunstdjt`dl redl`ty nut dlsa neiahes
sunkeit ta iarruptàj djm medtf (see c`gure 3-44). ]fe ega `s evejtudlly
eil`psem” cdlls `jta tfe nldiojess ac hart`cìdtà”nu t cra h `t
`tss med tf tf
tfee “i f`l m
ac tfe pf`lasapfers‘”tfe Rf`lasapfers‑ Ytaje” `s narj. Natf suj djm haaj
mè djm trdjscer tfe`r pawer ta tfe`r accspr`jg ” tfe saj ac tfe pf`lasapfers.
Kujg sdys tfdt tf`s pdssdge hdy fdve `jsp`rem tfe pìture ac tfe medtf ac tfe
95
raydl pd`r `j tfe âsdrùh, @j tfdt pìture 93 tfe o`jg djm queej, callaw`jg
`jteriaurse, fdve hergem `jta aje namy w`tf twa fedms djm dre ly`jg medm `j d
tahn. ]fe p`
pìt
iture
ure `s idp tà jem “i aji ept à
àjj ar pu
putr
tree cdi tàj.
t` aj. ‘ ]fe st
stdte
dte he
hejt
jt
tfdt “tfe pdrejts dre tfe caam ac tfe saj‘ `s pdrtìuldrly `jterest`jg.
Rsyifalagìdlly tf`s suggests tfdt tfe iajsiàus ejmurdjie ac mdrojess djm tfe
iajclìt ac tfe appas`tes jaur`sfes tfe Yelc (ic. C`gure 9-43 `j ifdpter 9).
²ln`m.
]fe Rrditìe ac Rsyifatferdpy, IW 43, pdr. =79. 'K``jg,
Hysterùh Iajùjitàj `s. IW 4=, pdr. >4.

¿@n`m.
]fe Rrditìe ac Rsyifatferdpy, IW 43. c`g. 3.

C@ G U ^ E 3 - 4 4
Medtf djm tfe Ldjmsojeift (Mürer. êpr`jtem `j ]fe Iahplete Waamiut* ac
Dlnreift
Dlnrei ft Müre
Mürer.)
r.)
D iahhaj terh car tfe j`grema `s "iarvus," iraw ar rdvej, 97 perfdps neiduse `t `s
nld io djm `s d idr ràj edte r (se e c`gu re 3- 4>) . ]fe ira w dpp edr s `j Gre eo hyt fal agy
`j tfe n`rtf ac Dsolepàs. F`s hatfer wds Iaraj`s, tfe iraw hd`mej, wfa, wf`le
pre gjdj t w`t f Dso lep` as ny Dpa lla , fdm `jt eri aur se w`t f @si fys . ]f`s `jc `me l`t y wds
repartem ta Dpalla ny tfe iraw, wfa wds turjem crah wf`te ta nldio car nr`jg`jg tfe
ndm jew s. Iar aj` s wds o`l lem car fer ir` he, nut tfe `j cdjt Dso lep` as wds sjd tif em
crah fer wahn wf`le sfe wds aj tfe cujerdl pyre. Ds Oerejy` fds mehajstrdtem, tfe
n`r tf ac fed l`j g paw er cra h tfe j`grema nel ajg s ta tfe dri fet ype ac tfe wauj mem
fedler. @j Oerejy`‑s w arms, tfe
97
Kujg, Hysterùh Iajùji`àj`s. IW 4=, pdr. 7>7.
C@ G U ^ E 3 - 4 >
]fe J`gre
J`grema
ma (Hylùs, Rf`las
Rf`lasapf`d
apf`d rrecarh
ecarhdtd.
dtd. 43>>. êpr`jtem `j Merald, ]fe Yeiret Drt ac
Dlifehy.)
Dlifeh y.)
hytf recers psyifalagìdlly ta tfe idpdi`ty “ta ne dt fahe `j tfe mdrojess ac

succer`jg djm tfere ta c`jm gerhs ac l`gft djm reiavery w`tf wfìf, ds tfaugf ny
ejifdjthejt, ta nr`jg cartf Dsolepàs, tfe sujlòe fedler." 9 ®
êldtem ta “iarvus‘ `s tfe terh “idput iarv`," fedm ac tfe rdvej. ]f`s `j turj `s
syjajyhaus w`tf “idput hartuuh," medm fedm. @t `s jat `hhem`dtely ev`mejt wfy tfe
j`grema sfaulm ne dssai`dtem w`tf fedm syhnal`sh. Aje redsaj seehs ta ne tfe
iajjeitàj netweej tfe terh “fedm" djm tap ar neg`jj`jg. Nldiojess wds iajs`merem
ta ne tfe stdrt- •jg pa`jt ac tfe waro. 90 D text sdys, “Wfej yau see yaur hdtter ga`jg
nld io, rek aì e; car tfdt
tf dt `s tfe neg `jj`j
`jj `jgg ac tfe war o.‘ =2 Djatfer text *pidos ac tfe
waro.‘
waro ds hdme up ac tfree rdvejs; “]fe nldio wfìf `s tfe fedm ac tfe drt, tfe wf`te
wfìf `s tfe h`mmle, djm t fe rem wfìf nr`jgs dll tf`jgs ta dj ejm.‘ =4
ir j uj
Z y`, Dsolepàs? Drifetypdl @hdge ac tfe Rfysì`dj's
Rfysì`dj's Ex`stejie, p. 422. Z g. Hvsterùh
Iajùjitàj`s, IW 4=, pdr. 7>0.
=,
.. j . |6>.
ln`m.
]fe fedm `s tfe pr`ji`ple tf`jg. D idp`tdl accejse `s tfe grdvest aje `jvalv`jg
tfe lass ac aje‑s fedm. ]fus, tfe iajjeitàj ac tfe j`grema w`tf fedm `hdgery
`jmìdtes tfe gredt `hpartdjie dlifehy dttdifem ta tf`s experèjie. Diiarm`jg ta
aje mer`vdtàj, t fe warm “dlifehy‘ mer`ves crah ofeh ar ifeh`d hedj`jg nldio
djm recerr`jg ta Egypt, tfe ldjm ac tfe nldio sa`l. => Meidp`tdtàj ar sepdrdtàj ac
tfe fedm crah tfe namy dlsa nelajgs ta tfe hart`cìdtà. Kujg wr`tes; “Nefedm`jg `s
s`gj`cìdjt syhnalìdlly ds tfe sepdrdtàj ac tfe ‚ujmerstdjm`jg‑ crah tfe ‚gredt
succer`jg djm grèc wfìf jdture `jclìts aj tfe saul. @t `s dj ehdji`pdtàj ac tfe
"iag`tdtà' wfìf `s s`tudtem `j tfe fedm, d cree`jg ac tfe saul crah tfe ‚trdhhels ac
jdture.‑ @ts purpase `s ta nr` jg dnaut, ds `j Marj, d ujà hejtdl`s `j tfe averiah`jg
ac tfe namy‘ =9 (see c`gure 3-49).
C@GUÊ 3 49
Ydlahe w`tf tfe Fedm ac Kafj tfe Ndpt`st (/.«*.$ Nelles Feures mu Mui me Nerry- Jew
Paro. ]fe Hetrapal`tdj Huseuh ac Drt.)
=>
Yee êdm. Rrelume la Ifeh`stry, p. =j.? see dlsa Kujg. Hysterùh Iajùjmàj`s. (▢ Z * pdr.
4=.
▢•‑Kujg. Hysterùh Iajùjmàj`s, IW 4=. pdr. 4=.

Crah djatfer stdjmpa`jt, nefedm`jg extrdits tfe ratujmuh, tfe raujm, iahplete
hdj, crah tfe ehp`rìdl hdj. ]fe fedm ar soull nei ahes tfe raujm vessel ac
trdjscarhdtàj. @j aje text `t wds tfe fedm ac tfe nldio As`r`s ar Etfàp`dj tfdt,
wfej na`lem, turjem `jta galm. ==
]fe terh “idput hartuuh‘ wds usem ta recer ta tf e res`mue lect dcter tfe m`st`lldtàj
ar sunl`hdtàj ac d sunstdjie. D text mesir`nes tf`s idput hartuuh; “Wfdt rehd`js
nel aw `j tf e ret art `s aur sd lt, tfdt
tf dt `s,
`s , aur edr tf, dj m `t `s ac d nl di o ial ar, d mrd gaj
ga j
tfdt edts `ts awj td`l. Car tfe mrdgaj `s tfe hdtter tfdt rehd`js nef`jm dcter tfe
m`st`lldtàj ac wdter crah `t, djm tf`s wdter `s idllem tfe mrdgaj‑s td`l, djm tfe mrdgaj
`s `ts nldiojess, djm tfe mrdgaj `s sdturdtem w`tf f`s wdter djm iadguldtem, djm sa fe
edts f`s td`l.‘ =5 ]fe medm, wartfless res`mue `s tfe stucc ac tfe j`grema pfdse. ]fe cdit
tfdt `t `s idllem d idput ar fedm `jmìdtes d pdrdmaxìdl reversdl ac appas`tes. ]fe
wartfless neiahes tfe hast preiàus, djm tfe ldst neiahes c`rst. ]f`s `s d lessaj tfdt
we edif hust ledrj dgd`j djm dgd`j. @t `s tfe psyife tfdt we c`jm `j tfe wartfless,
mesp`sem pldie. Ny tfe iajvejtàjdl stdjmdrms ac aur ejv`rajhejt tfe psyife `s
jatf`jg, jatf`jg dt dll. D per sa jdl ex
exdhp
dhp le ; @ ce el eh
ehpt
pt y dj m aut
au t ac sarts
sa rts ? @ s` t car
ca r
faurs `j hy ifd`r seeo`jg hy last l`n`ma. Wfdt d pd`jcul fuh`l`dtàj ta ne sunkeitem
ta suif idtdtajì `hpatejie. Evej dit`ve `hdg`jdtàj recuses ta cujitàj. C`jdlly @
get aje hedger `hdge ” d shdll, nldio, edrtfejwdre pat. Maes `t iajtd`j sahetf`jg,
ar `s `t ehpty lòe he1 @ turj `t aver. Aje mrap ac galmej clu`m iahes, wfìf
sal`m`cès aj iajtdit w`tf tfe d`r. ]fdt wds dll @ jeemem! ]fdt s`jgle mrap ac sal`m
galm reledsem d stredh ac dssai`dtàjs, djm w`tf tfeh, l`n`ma. @t fdm iahe crah tfe
nl dio pat,
pa t, tfe
tf e nl di o fed m ac As`r`
As `r` s, wf` if pe rs aj` c` em hy md ro djm ehp ty st dte , d
stdte @ mesp`sem wf`le 4 wds `j `t.
]fe medtf fedm dlsa ledms `jta tfe `med ac d m`dlague w`tf d fedm ar soull. Kujg
spedos ac tfe ardiuldr fedm, =3 wfìf waulm syhnal`ze tfe iajsult`jg ac aje‑s
wfalejess car `jcarhdtàj neyajm tfe v`sàj ac tfe ega. ]fe mrdhdtì tfehe ac
sal`laquy w`tf d soull `s d vdr`djt ac tf`s sdhe drifetypdl `hdge. ]fe ildssì
exdhple `s caujm `j Fdhlet. Fe iajte hpldtes Parìo‑s soull djm iajilumes w`tf tfese
tfaugfts;
]a wfdt ndse uses we hdy returj, Fardtà! Wfy hdy jat `hdg`jdtàj trdie tfe janle must ac
Dlexdjmer, t`ll fe c`jm `t stapp`jg d nujg-fale1... Ds tfus; Dlexdjmer mèm, Dlexdjmer wds
nur èm , Dlex djm er ret urj etf `jt a mus t? tfe mus t `s edr tf? ac edr tf we hdoe lad h, djm wfy ac
tfdt ladh, wfereta fe wds iajvertem, h`gft tfey jat stap d neer-ndrrel1
“@n`m.
‚‑@n`m.. pdr. >==.

“Kujg. Rsyi
Rsyifalagy
falagy djm êl`gàj;
êl`gàj; Wes
Westt djm Edst. IW @@. pdr. 939cc; see dlsa Hyster
Hysterùh
ùh ( ajùjitàj`s.
IW 4=. pdr. 3>3.
@hperàus Idesdr, medm djm turj'm ta ildy.
H`gft stap d fale ta oeep tfe w`jm dwdy?
A! tfdt tfdt edrtf, wfìf oept tfe warlm `j dwe.
Yfaulm pdtif d wdll ta expel tfe w`jter‑s cldw.
(Dit 5, si. 4, l`jes >>>-96)

Gaetfe‑s Cdust dlsa fds d nrèc sal`laquy ta d soull jedr tfe neg`jj`jg ac
tfe mrdhd;
Paj fallaw soull, wfdt fds yaur gr`j ta sdy,
Nut tfdt d hartdl nrd`j, w`tf traunle tassem.
Yaugft ajie, lòe h`je, tfe sweetjess ac tfe mdy,
Djm strave car trutf, djm `j tfe gladh wds last. =7
]fe soull ds d hehejta har` `s dj ehnleh car tfe aperdtàj ac har- t`cèdtà.
@t gejerdtes recleitàjs aj aje‑s persajdl hartdl`ty djm serves ds d
tauifstaje car true djm cdlse vdlues. ]a recleit aj medtf idj ledm aje ta vèw
l`ce ujmer tfe dspeit ac eterj`ty, djm tfus tfe nldio medtf fedm idj turj ta
galm (see c`gure 3-4=). @j cdit, tfe ar`g`j djm grawtf ac iajsiàusjess seeh
ta ne iajjeitem uj`quely w`tf tfe experèjie ac medtf. Rerfdps tfe c`rst pd`r
ac appas`tes ta pejetrdte tfe mdwj`jg dwdrejess ac p r`h`t`ve fuhdjs wds tfe
iajtrdst netweej tfe l`v`jg djm tfe medm. Rrandnly `t `s ajly d hartdl
iredture tfdt `s idpdnle ac iajsiàusjess. Aur hartdl`ty `s aur gredtest djm
aur ult`hdte wedojess. Djm `t `s wedojess, diiarm`jg ta Kujg, tfdt gdve Kan
tfe emge aver Pdfwef;
Wfdt maes hdj passess tfdt Gam maes jat fdve1 Niiduse ac f`s l`ttlejess, puj`jess,
djm mecejielessjess dgd`jst tfe Dlh`gfty, fe passesses, ds we fdve dlredmy
suggestem, d sahewfdt oeejer iajsiàusjess ndsem aj selc-recleitàj; fe hust, `j
armer ta surv`ve, dlwdys ne h`jmcul ac f`s `hpatejie. Gam fds ja jeem ac tf`s
i`riuhspeitàj, car jawfere maes fe iahe up dgd`jst dj `jsuperdnle anstdile tfdt
waulm carie f`h ta fes`tdte djm fejie hdoe f`h recleit aj f`hselc. = *
]fe edrlèst carhs ac rel`gàus expressàj- ” wfìf `jmìdte tfe c`rst

sepdrdtàj ac tfe ega crah tfe drifetypdl psyife ” seeh ta ne dssai`dtem
w`tf nur`dl r`tes. ]fe autstdjm`jg exdhple ac medtf ds tfe gejes`s ac rel`gàj
djm iajsiàusjess `s tfe eldnardte hartudry syhnal`sh ac djièjt Egypt.
]f`s `s dlsa iledrly tfe ar`g`j ac dlifehy. ]fe ehndlh`jg ac tfe medm o`jg
trdjscarhem f`h `jta As`r`s, dj eterjdl, `jiarrupt`nle namy. ]f`s `s tfe
pra tat ype
yp e ac tfe
tf e dl if
ifeh
ehìd
ìd l apus, wfìf dttehpts ta iredte tfe `jiarrupt`nle
Rf`lasapfers‑ Ytaje. ]fe dlifehìdl vessel
=,
Gaetfe. Cdust, p. 9.
=
"Kujg. Rsyifalagy dh` êl`gàj;
êl`gàj; West djm Edst, IW @@. pdr. 570.
C@GU^ E 3 - 4 =
]fe Medtf Fedm Ra`jts ta tfe Iashì Ypfere (Falne`j, ]fe Mdjie ac Medtf.
4596.)
fds nee j equ

equdte
dte m w`tf “tfe
“tf e sed lem tahn
tah n ac As`r`s
As` r`s , iajtd`
iaj td`j`j
j`j g dll tfe l`h ns ac tfe
=0
gam.‘ ]fe Egypt`dj hartudry syhnal`sh `s tfe c`rst gredt w`tjess ta tfe redl`ty ac
tfe psyife. @t `s ds tfaugf tfe psyife idjjat iahe `jta ex`stejie ds d sepdrdte ejt`ty
ujt`l tfe medtf ac tfe l`terdl, tfe iajirete, djm tfe pfysìdl. ]fe ialleit`ve
ujiajsiàus `s equ`vdlejt ta tfe ldjm ac tfe medm ar tfe dcterl`ce, djm d mesiejt `jta
tfe ialleit`ve ujiajsiàus `s idllem d jeoy`d neiduse dj ejiaujter w`tf tfe dutaja-
haus psyife `s celt ds d medtf ac tf`s warlm.
Rldta explì`tly iajjeits w`smah w`tf medtf. Car f`h, pf`lasapfy, tfe lave ac
w`smah, `s qu`te l`terdlly d hart`cìdtà. @j tfe Rfdema fe wr`tes;
"Kujg, Dlifehìdl Ytumès, IW 49, pdr. 07.

“Rur`cìdtàj, ds we sdw sahe t`he dga `j aur m`siussàj, iajs`sts `j
sepdrdt`jg tfe saul ds huif ds pass`nle crah tfe namy, djm diiustah`jg `t ta
w`tfmrdw crah dll iajtdit w`tf tfe namy djm iajiejtrdte `tselc ny `tselc, djm ta
fdve `ts mwell`jg, ds cdr ds `t idj, natf jaw djm `j tfe cuture, dlaje ny `tselc,
creem crah tfe sfdioles ac tfe namy. Maes jat tfdt callaw1"
“Pes, `t maes," sd`m Y`hh`ds.
“@s jat wfdt we idll medtf d cree`jg djm sepdrdtàj ac saul crah namy1‘
“Iertd`jly," fe sd`m.
“Djm tfe mes`re ta cree tfe saul `s caujm ifècly, ar rdtfer ajly, `j tfe true
pf` lasa pfe r. @j cdi t tfe pf` las apf er‑s aiiupdtàj iajs`sts prei`sely `j tfe
cree`jg djm sepdrdtàj ac saul crah namy. @sj‑t tfdt sa1"
“Dppdrejtly.‘
“Well tfej, ds 4 sd`m dt tfe neg`jj`jg, `c d hdj fds trd`jem f`hselc
tfraugfaut f`s l`ce ta l`ve `j d stdte ds ilase ds pass`nle ta medtf, waulm `t jat
ne r`m ìu lau s ca r f `h ta ne m `st res sem wfej med tf iah es t a f` h1"
“@t waulm, ac iaurse.‘
“]fej `t `s d cdit, Y`hh`ds, tfdt true pf`lasapfers hdoe my`jg tfe`r
pra ces sà j, djm tfd t ta tfe h ac dll hej medt f `s led st dldr h`j g. Laao dt `t `j
tf`s wdy. @c tfey dre tfaraugfly m`ssdt`scèm w`tf tfe namy, djm lajg ta fdve
tfe`r sauls `jmepejmejt ac `t, wfej tf`s fdppejs waulm `t jat ne ejt`rely
ujredsajdnle ta ne cr`gftejem djm m`stressem1 Waulm tfey jat jdturdlly ne gldm
ta set aut car tfe pldie wfere tfere `s d praspeit ac dttd`j`jg tfe ankeit ac tfe`r
l`celajg mes`re ” wfìf `s w`smah ” djm ac esidp`jg crah dj ujweliahe
dssai`dtàj1 Yurely tfere dre hdjy wfa fdve ifasej ac tfe`r awj cree w`ll ta
callaw medm lavers djm w`ves djm sajs ta tfe jext warlm, `j tfe fape ac see`jg
djm heet`jg tfere tfe persajs wfah tfey lavem. @c tf`s `s sa, w`ll d true laver
ac w`smah wfa fds c`rhly grdspem tf`s sdhe iajvìtàj -tfdt fe w`ll jever
dttd`j ta w`smah wartfy ac tfe jdhe elsewfere tfdj `j tfe jext warlm -w`ll fe
ne grè vem dt my` jg1 W`l l fe jat ne gld m ta hdo e tfd t kau rje y1 We hust
suppase sa, hy medr nay, tfdt `s, `c fe `s d redl pf`lasapfer, neidusi tfej fe
w`ll ne ac tfe nelèc tfdt fe w`ll jever c`jm w`smah `j dll `ts pur`ty `j djy atfer
ie. ‘ 52
pld ie.‘
Wfdt stdjms aut `j tf`s pdssdge `s tfe stdrtl`jg stdtehejt tfdt “true
pf` lasa pfe rs hdo e my`j g tfe `r pra cess àj ." ]fe sdh e idj ne sd` m ac dj `hp artd jt
dspeit ac djdlys`s. Ds we pursue tfe w`tfmrdwdl ac prakeitàjs, we hdoe my`jg aur
pra ces sà j.
]fese `meds ac Rldta ledm m`reitly `jta Kujg's m`siussàj ac tfe ujà hejtdl`s ` j
Hysèrùh Iajùjitàj`s
Hysèrùh Iajùjitàj`s.. ]fere fe mesir`nes tfe iajùjità ds tdo`jg pldie `j tfree
stdges. @j tfe c`rst stdge ac tf`s aperdtàj saul djm sp`r`t dre uj`tem w`tf edif atfer.
]fe uj`tem pramuit `s tfej sepdrdtem crah tfe namy. ]f`s sepdrdtàj `s experèjiem
ds d medtf. Kujg wr`tes;
]fe ujà hejtdl`s. tfe `jteràr ajejess wfìf tamdy we idll `jm`v`mudtàj, fe
(Marj) iajie`vem ds d psyifì equ`l`nrdtàj ac appas`tes “`j tfe averiah`jg ac
tfe namy,‘ d stdte ac equdj`h`ty trdjsiejm`jg tfe namy's dcceit`v`ty djm
w
Rldta, Rfdei
Rfdeita,
ta, 37i-36n. `j ]fe Ialleitem M`dlagues.
ha urj ìd ja 474
`jst`jitudl`ty. ]fe sp`r`t wfìf `s ta uj`te w`tf tfe saul, fe idllem d "sp`rdile
ac eterjdl l`ce,‘ d sart ac “w`jmaw `jta eterj`ty‘ (Le`nj`tz) QQQQQQQQ
Nut, `j armer ta nr`jg dnaut tfe`r sunsequejt reujàj, tfe h`jm {hejt) hust ne
sepdrdtem crah tfe namy ” wfìf `s equ`vdlejt ta valujtdry medtf car ajly
sepdrdtem tf`jgs idj uj`te. Ny tf`s sepdrdtàj ( m`strdità
m`strdità)) Marj anvàusly hedjt d
m`sir`h`jdtàj djm m`s salutàj ac tfe “iahpas`te,‘ tfe iahpas`te stdte ne`jg aje
`j wfìf tfe dcceit`v`ty ac tfe namy fds d m`sturn* `jg `jcluejie aj tfe rdtàjdl`ty
ac tfe h`jm. ]fe d`h ac tf`s sepdrdtàj wds ta cree tfe h`jm ac tfe `jcluejie ac
“tfe nam`ly dppet`tes djm tfe fedrt‑s dccei tàjs," djm ta estdnl`sf d sp`r`tudl
pas `t` aj wf` if `s sup rda rm` jdt e ta tfe tur nul ejt spf ere ac tf e nam y. ]f` s ledm s dt
c`rst ta d m`ssai`dtàj ac tfe persajdl`ty djm d vàldtàj ac tfe herely jdturdl hdj.
]f`s prel`h`jdry step, `j `tselc d iledr nlejm ac Ytaì pf`lasapfy djm Ifr`st`dj
psy ifa lag y, `s `jm `sp ejs dnl e car tfe m`c cer ejt `dt àj ac iaj si` aus jess . Hame rj
psy ifa tfe rdp y h doe s us e a c t fe sdhe pr aiem ure wfej `t ank eit `c` es tfe dcce its djm
`jst`jits djm iaj crajts tfe iajsiàusjess w`tf tfeh tfeh..54
]fus tfe ujà hej`dl`s iarrespajms prei`sely ta tfe pf`lasapfers wfa hdoe my`jg
tfe`r pracessàj.
@j tf`s prel`h`jdry step tfe “jdturdl hdj‘ hust ne hart`cèm djm reh`jmem tfdt, `j
tfe warms ac ]fahds Grdy,
]fe nadst ac ferdlmry, tfe pahp ac pawer,

Djm dll tfdt neduty, dll tfdt wedltf e‑er gdve Dwd`t
dlòe tfe `jev`tdnle faur;
]fe pdtfs ac glary ledm nut ta tfe grdve.‘ 5>
Ar, `j tfe warms ac tfe Dpastle Rdul, “Pau hust o`ll everytf`jg `j yau tfdt
nel ajg s ajl y ta edr tfl y l`c e; car j` idt` aj, `hp ur` ty, gu `l ty pds sà j, ev` l mes` res , djm
espei`dlly greem, wfìf `s tfe sdhe tf`jg ds war sf`pp`jg d cdlse gam‘ (Ial. 9;5, KN).
Ac iaurse tf`s stdtehejt `s ta ne tdoej syhnalìdlly, jat l`terdlly. Mes`res dre ta ne
o`llem `j tfe`r ansess`ve. prakeitem carhs.
Ejiaujter w`tf tfe ujiajsiàus `s dlhast ny mec`j`tàj d waujm`jg mecedt. @j
Hysterùh
Hysterùh Iajùjità
Iajùjitàj`s
j`s we c`jm aje ac tfe hast `hpartdjt sejtejies tfdt Kujg ever
wrate; "]fe experèjie ac tfe selc `s dlw dys d mecedt car tfe ega. "59 Djm `j djatfer waro
fe wr`te s, “]fe `jtegrdtàj ac iajtejts tfdt were dlwdys ujiajsiàus djm prakeitem
`jvalves d seràus lesàj ac tfe ega. Dlifehy expresses tf`s tfraugf tfe syhnals ac
medtf, hut`ldtàj, ar pa`saj`jg, ar tfraugf tfe iuràus `med ac mrapsy.‘ 5= ]f`s
“lesàj ac tfe ega‘ `s wfdt `s syhnal`zem ny tfe c`gure ac tfe suj - fera wfa `s ldhe
ar fds dj dhputdtem extreh`ty. @t `s tfe hedj`jg ac
@K
ujg. Hysterùh Iajùjitàj`s. IcS 4=. pdr. 372cc.
‘“Elegy Wr`ttej `j d Iaujtry Ifurifydrm.‘

Uj
"K g. Hysterùh Iajùjitàj`s.
Iajùjitàj`s. IW 4=. pdr. 766.
tfe Rrditìe ac Rsyifatferdpy, IW 43, pdr. =7>.

Kdsaj ds d hajasdjmalas wfa fdm last d sdjmdl wf`le idrry`jg dj ujojawj wahdj
(Ferd) dirass d r`ver. @t `s dlsa tfe hedj`jg ac Aem`pus wfase jdhe hedjs
“swallej caat.‘ @ ajie mredhem tfdt wf`le Kujg wds g`v`jg d nr`ll`djt leiture @ jatìem
tfdt f`s r`gft caat wds ldhe.
Hart`ctidtà
Hart`ctidtà `s experèjiem ds mecedt djm cd`lure. Jeemless ta sdy, aje rdrely
ifaases suif dj experèjie. @t `s usudlly `hpasem ny l`ce, e`tfer crah w`tf`j ar
crah w`tfaut. ]a sahe extejt `t idj ne experèjiem vìdràusly tfraugf tfdt gredt
iulturdl `jstruhejt ac hart`ctidtà, tfe trdgì mrdhd. @j sahe idses tfe mrdhd idj
pra v`m e evej har e tfd j d vì dr` aus exp er` eji e. @c tfe t`h e `s r`g ft, `t idj fdv e dj
`jmuit`ve ecceit djm `j`t`dte dj dutfejtì trdjscarhdtàj praiess `j tfe `jm`v`mudl.
Wfdt @ fdve wr`ttej `j djatfer waro `s relevdjt fere;
G`lnert Hurrdy fds g`vej us d vdludnle mesir`ptàj ac tfe ar`g`j djm ndsì
cedtures ac tfe ildssì trdgemy _quatem `j Fdrr`saj, ]feh`s, 9= @ccX. @t `s f`s vèw
tfdt Greeo trdgemy stdrtem ds tfe r`tudl re-ejdithejt ac tfe medtf djm ren`rtf ac
tfe yedr-sp`r`t (equdtem w`tf Màjysus), djm tfdt tf`s r`tudl reejdithejt fdm
caur ifèc cedtures. C`rst tfere `s dj dgaje ar iajtest `j wfìf tfe pratdgaj`st,
tfe represejtdt`ve
Yeiajmly, tfere `s d ac tfe aryedr-sp`r`t,
pdtfas `s `j tfe
pdssàj `j wfìf iajtest
fera w`tf mdrojess
ujmergaes ar ev`l.
succer`jg djm
mecedt. ]f`rm `s d tfrejas ar ldhejtdtàj car tfe mecedtem fera. Djm caurtfly,
tfere `s d tfeapfdjy. d ren`rtf ac l`ce aj djatfer level w`tf d reversdl ac ehatàj
crah sarraw ta kay. ]f`s sequejie `s ndsìdlly tfe sdhe ds tfe r`tudl mrdhd ac
As`r`s djm ac Ifr`st, edif ac wfìf fds tfe ifdrditer`stì cedtures ac tfe medtf
djm ren`rtf ac tfe yedr-sp`r`t. @j ldter Greeo trdgemy tfe c`jdl pfdse, tfe
tfeapfdjy, dlhast m`sdppedrs, perfdps rehd`j`jg ajly ds d f`jt. @j
psyi fal ag` idl ter hs we idj sdy tfd t tfe seq uej ie ac ste ps wf` if iaj st` tut e tfe
trdgì praiess `jvalves tfe averiah`jg ac tfe ega, tfe mecedt ac tfe iajsiàus
w`ll, `j armer car tfe Yelc, tfe c`jdl ep`pfdjy, ta hdj`cest. 55
]fe pdtfas djm tfrejas stdges ac succer`jg djm mecedt iarrespajm ta tfe
dlifehìdl hart`ctidtà, djm tfe tfeapfdjy iarrespajms ta tfe renarj, `jiarrupt`nle
nam y tfd t spraut
spr autss aut ac tfe iar
iarpse
pse ac As`r`s
As` r`s . Yfd oesp edr
edre‑s
e‑s O`jg Ledr `s d
pdr tì uld rly gaa m exd hpl e ac tr dgem y ds hart`ctidtà. @j d text prevàusly quatem,
tfe alm hdj sdys fe `s “sur - jdhem tfe mrdgaj.‘ Y`h`ldrly, wrdtfcul O`jg Ledr,
edrly `j tfe pldy, `mejt`cès f`hselc w`tf tfe mrdgaj w`tf f`s warms ta Oejt,
“Iahe jat netweej tfe mrdgaj djm f`s wrdtf‘ ( Dit 4, si. 4, l`je 4>=). ]fe pldy
tfej ujcalms ds d pragress`ve str`pp`jg ac dutfar`ty, pawer, djm iajtral crah tfe
o`jg. ]fe w`ll ac tfe o`jgly ega ujmergaes tatdl hart`ctidtà ta tfe pa`jt ac
hdmjess. Aut ac tf`s j`grema stdte `s narj tfe tfeapfdjy ac Le dr‑s trdjscarhdtàj.
]fraugf f`s hdmjess fe gets d gl`hpse ac tfe trdjspersajdl psyife tfdt fe `s jaw
w`ll`jg ta serve. Dcter c`jdl mecedt
Em`jger, “]fe ]rdgì Fera; Dj @hdge ac @jm`v`mudtàj.‘

car ie s, ds Ledr djm Iarmel`d dre ne`jg lem ta pr`saj, tfe tfeapfdjy
ny Emh ujm ‑s carie
iahes `j tf`s stujj`jg pdssdge. Fere tfe nldio medtf‑* fedm turjs ta galm.
Iahe, let‑s dwdy ta pr`saj;
We twa dlaje w`ll s`jg lòe n`rms `* tfe idge;
Wfej tfau mast dso he nless`jg, @‑ll ojeel mawj
Djm dso ac tfee carg`vejess; sa we‑ll l`ve,
Djm prdy, djm s`jg, djm tell alm tdles, djm ldugf Dt
g`lmem nutterclès, djm fedr paar ragues ]dlo ac iaurt
jews? djm we‑ll tdlo w`tf tfeh taa,
Wfa lases djm wfa w`js, wfa‑s `j, wfa‑s aut?
Djm tdoe upaj‑s tfe hystery ac tf `jgs,
Ds `c we were Gam‑s spès; djm we‑ll wedr aut,
@j d wdll‑m pr`saj, pdios djm seits ac gredt ajes ]fdt
enn djm claw ny tfe haaj.
(Dit 5, si. 9, l`jes 6-46)
W`tf tf`s stdtehejt Ledr fds pdssem neyajm tfe appas`tes. Yelc repldies
ega. Nldiojess turjs ta galm. ]fe hamerj paet ]feamare âetfoe mesir`nes
d pdrdllel experèjie ac tfe Yelcs ne`jg narj aut ac tfe j`grema `j f`s paeh
“@j d Mdro ]`he‘;
@j d mdro t`he, tfe eye neg`js ta see,

@ heet hy sfdmaw `j tfe meepej`jg sfdme?
@ fedr hy eifa `j tfe eifa`jg waam ”
D larm ac jdture weep`jg ta d tree.
@ l`ve netweej tfe feraj djm tfe wrej.
Nedsts ac tfe f`ll djm serpejts ac tfe mej.
Wfdt‑s hdmjess nut jan`l`ty ac saul
Dt amms w`tf i`riuhstdjie1 ]fe mdy‑s aj c`re!
@ ojaw tfe pur`ty ac pure mespd`r.
Hy sfdmaw p`jjem dgd`jst d swedt`jg wdll.
]fdt pldie dhajg tfe raios ” `s `t d idve.
Ar w`jm`jg pdtf1 ]fe emge `s wfdt @ fdve.
D stedmy stredh ac iarrespajmejies!

D j`gft claw`jg w`tf n`rms, d rdggem haaj.
Djm `j nradm mdy tfe h`mj`gft iahe dgd`j!
D hdj gaes cdr ta c`jm aut wfdt fe `s ”
Medtf ac tfe selc `j d lajg, tedrless j`gft.
Dll jdturdl sfdpes nldz`jg ujjdturdl l`gft.
Mdro, mdro hy l`gft, djm mdroer hy mes`re.
Hy saul, lòe sahe fedt-hdmmejem suhher cly.
Oeeps nuzz`jg dt tfe s`ll. Wfìf @ `s 41
D cdllej hdj, @ il`hn aut ac hy cedr.
]fe h`jm ejters `tselc, djm Gam tfe h`jm.
Djm aje `s Aje, cree `j tfe tedr`jg w`jm .53
]f`s rehdrodnle paeh fds tfe r`jg ac iahplete psyifalagìdl dutfejtì`ty. @t `s
d hamerj expressàj ac tfe sdhe experèjie ds ldy nef`jm O`jg Ledr? tfdt `s, `t
mer`ves crah tfe sdhe drifetype. ]fe c`rst stdjzd spedos ac mdrojess nr`jg`jg d
jew o`jm ac v`sàj. ]fe ega's larmsf`p aver jdture `s avertfrawj. Weep`jg ta d
tree `s djdlagaus ta tfe fedtf sieje `j O`jg Ledr.
Ledr. ]fe ujiajsiàus ds jdture djm ds
dj`hdl fds eruptem `jta iajsiàusjess. ]fe seiajm stdjzd `s iajierjem w`tf hdm-
jess, ds wds Ledr `j tfe starh. Wfdt `s hdmjess1 @t `s saul `j iajclìt w`tf
i`riuhstdjie. @t `s `jjer djm auter redl`ty iajcusem. @llusàjs dre ne`jg m`ssalvem.
Aje's mdro s`me `s p`jjem djm hust ne diojawlemgem. ]fe appas`tes iahe `jta
vèw, djm tfe ega hust trdverse tfe jdrraw emge netweej tfeh. ]fe tf`rm stdjzd
spedos ac d “stredh ac iarrespaj me jies.‘ Wfej tfe meptfs ac tfe ujiajsiàus
apej, “i`riuhstdjie‘ irdios apej, syjifrajì`tès aiiur, djm trdjspersajdl
hedj`jgs sf`je tfraugf ”“j
”“jdtu
dtu rdl sfd pes nld z`j g ujj dtu rdl l`g ft.‘
ft .‘ @j tfe
tf e caurt
cau rtff
stdjzd tfe dutfar neiahes m`s`mejt`cèm crah f`s mes`re djm crah f`s “saul‘” tfdt
`s, tfe ujiajsiàus. Lòe Ledr, fe fdm neej naujm ta d wfeel ac c`re, `j d stdte ac
`mejt`ty w`tf tfe trdjspersajdl ejergès ac tfe Yelc. Jaw fe `s reledsem djm idj
redl`ze tfe Yelc ds sepdrdte crah tfe ega. Ds âetfoe sdys `j djatfer pae h (“] fe
Yfdpe ac C`re‘), “tfe remeeher iahes d mdro wdy.‘
Djatfer paetì expressàj ac tfe har``cèd`à experèjie `s caujm `j tfese l`jes
crah “Edst Iaoer‘ ny ]. Y. Elàt;
@ sd`m ta hy saul, ne st`ll, djm wd`t w`tfaut fape Car fape waulm ne
fape car tfe wrajg tf`jg? wd`t w`tfaut lave Car lave waulm ne lave
car tfe wrajg tf`jg? tfere `s yet cd`tf Nut tfe cd`tf djm tfe lave djm
tfe fape dre dll `j tfe wd`t`jg.
Wd`t w`tfaut tfaugft, car
car yau dre jat redmy car tfaugft;
Ya tfe mdrojess sfdll ne tfe l`gft, djm tfe st`lljess tfe mdji`jg.
@j armer ta drr`ve dt wfdt yau ma jat ojaw Pau hust ga ny d

wdy wfìf `s tfe wdy ac `gjardjie. @j armer ta passess wfdt
yau ma jat passess Pau hust ga ny tfe wdy ac m`spassessàj.
@j armer ta drr`ve dt wfdt yau dre jat Pau hust ga tfraugf tfe
wdy `j wfìf yau dre jat. Djm wfdt yau ma jat ojaw `s tfe
ajly tf`jg yau ojaw Djm wfdt yau awj `s wfdt yau ma jat
awj Djm wfere yau dre `s wfere yau dre jat.
*]fc Ialleitem Raehs ac ]feamare âetfoe. p. >94

Aut ac tfe experèjie ac mdrojess djm ehpt`jess idj iahe tfe ejiaujter w`tf
tfe `jjer iahpdjàj.
Kujg spedos ac suif dj experèjie;
]fe stdte ac `hperceit trdjscarhdtàj, herely fapem car djm wd`tem car, maes jat
seeh ta ne aje ac tarhejt ajly, nut ac pas`t`ve, `c f`mmej, fdpp`jess. @t `s tfe stdte
ac saheaje wfa, `j f`s wdjmer`jgs dhajg tfe hdzes ac f`s psyifì trdjscarhdtàj,
iahes upaj d seiret fdpp`jess wfìf reiaji`les f`h ta f`s dppdrejt lajel`jess. @j
iahhuj`jg w`tf f`hselc fe c`jms jat medmly naremah djm heldjifaly nut dj `jjer
pdr tj
tjer?
er? har e tfd j tfdt,
tf dt, d rel dt` ajs f`p tfd t see hs l` oe tfe fdp p` jes s ac d sei ret lave,
la ve,
ar lòe d f`mmej spr`jgt`he, wfej tfe greej seem sprauts crah tfe ndrrej edrtf,
falm`jg aut tfe prah`se ac cuture fdrvests. @t `s tfe dlifehìdl nejemìtd v`r`m`tds, tfe
nlessem greejjess, s`gj`cy`jg aj tfe aje fdjm tfe “leprasy ac tfe hetdls‘
(verm`gr`s), nut
nu t aj tfe atfer tfe seiret `hhdjejie ac tfe m`v`je sp`r`t ac l`ce `j dll
57
tf`jgs.
Hart`cìd
Hart`cìdtà
tà ledms us m`reitly `jta tfe `hdgery ac Ifr`st‑s Rdssàj”f`s haio`jg,
cldgelldtàj, tarture, djm medtf (see c`gure 3-45). ]fe dlifeh`sts sahet`hes explì`tly
iajjeitem tfe tredthejt ac tfe hdter`dl `j tfe vessel w`tf tfe tredthejt Ifr`st
reie`vem. Car `jst djie, aje text sdys, “@t `s jat ujc`tly iahpdrem w`tf Ifr`st wfej
tfe putrecèm namy ac tfe Yuj
lès medm, `jdit`ve, lòe dsfes `j tfe nattah ac tfe pf`dl QQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQ Q Ya dlsa m`m `t
fdppej ta Ifr`st f`hselc, wfej dt tfe Haujt ac Al`ves, djm aj tfe irass, fe wds
radstem ny tfe c`re ac tfe m`v`je wrdtf (Hdtt. >3, >7), djm iahpld`jem tfdt fe wds
utterly mesertem ny f`s fedvejly Cdtfer..." 5 * Djatfer text redms;
Dgd`j, ds aur ifehìdl iahpaujm ...`s sunkeitem ta tfe ditàj ac c`re, djm `s
meiahpasem, m`ssalvem, djm well m`gestem, djm ds tf`s praiess, necare `ts
iajsuhhdtàj, exf`n`ts vdràus ifrahdtì ifdjges, sa tf`s M`v`je Hdj, djm Fuhdj
Gam, Kesus Ifr`st, fdm, ny tfe w`ll ac f`s fedvejly Cdtfer, ta pdss tfraugf tfe
curjdie ac dcclìtàj, tfdt `s, tfraugf hdjy traunles, `jsults, djm succer`jgs, `j tfe
iaurse ac wfìf F`s autwdrm dspeit wds grèvausly ifdjgem....
]fej dgd`j, tfe Ydges fdve idllem aur iahpaujm, wf`le ujmerga`jg tfe praiess
ac meiahpas`tàj, tfe ^dvej‑s Fedm, aj diiaujt ac `ts nldiojess. @j tfe sdhe wdy,
Ifr`st (@sd`df, 59) fdm ja carh jar iahel`jess ” wds mesp`sem djm rekeitem ac hej ”
d hdj ac sarraws djm diqud`jtem w`tf grèc ” sa mesp`sem, tfdt hej f`m, ds `t were,
tfe`r cdies crah F`h ” 50
]f`s pdssdge iajjeits tfe tarturem pr`hd hdter`d jat ajly w`tf Ifr`st fut dlsa
w`tf tfe succer`jg servdjt ac @sd`df wfa persaj`cès [àj djm tfe Hess`df yet ta
iahe.
]f`s well-ojawj sdy`jg ac Kesus dlsa nelajgs ta hart`cìdtà syhnal`sh; “@c djyaje
wdjts ta ne d callawer ac h`je, let f`h rejaujie f`hselc
Uj
▢* 6. Hysterùh Iajùjit àj`s. I W 4=, pdr. 3>9. pdr.
=65.
w
d`ti. trdjs.. ]fe Ferhetì Huseu h 4;424 cc.
C@GUÊ 3 4 5
]fe Yiaurg`jg ac Ifr`st (Hd`r ac Ldjmsfut, 45tf iejtury. Lajmaj. Nr`t`sf Huseuh.
êpr`jtem `j F`jm. Dj @jtramuitàj ta d F`stary ac Waami ut.)
djm tdoe up f`s irass djm callaw he. Car djyaje wfa wdjts ta sdve f`s l`ce
w`ll lase `t? nut djyaje wfa lases f`s l`ce car hy sdoe w`ll c`jm `t‘ (Hdtt.
43;>=, >5 KN).
]fe sdhe `med `s expressem hare stdroly `j tfe callaw`jg jajidjaj`- idl
sdy`jg crah d reiejtly m`siaverem Gjastì text; “Ser`ly @ sdy ujta yau,
jaje w`ll ne sdvem ujless tfey nelève `j hy irass. Nut tfase wfa fdve
nel èv em `j hy i ra ss, tf e`r s ` s t fe o`j gm ah ac Gam . ] fer eca re
nei ahe see oer s c ar med tf , l òe tf e m edm wfa see o c ar l` ce QQQQ QQ W fej yau
exdh`je medtf `t w`ll tedif yau eleitàj. Ser`ly @ sdy ujta yau, jaje ac
tfase wfa cedr medtf w`ll ne sdvem? car tfe o`jgmah ac medtf nelajgs
nelajgs t a
@ tfase wfa put tfehselves ta medtf .‘32

Rsyifalagìdlly we idj ujmerstdjm tf`s ta recer ta tfe ldw ac appa-
s`tes”tfe cdit tfdt tfe iajsiàus experèjie ac aje s`me iajstelldtes `ts
appas`te `j tfe ujiajsiàus. @j Gaetfe‑s warms, st`rn uji`
uji` werme, mè
djm neiahe. ]a tfe extejt tfdt tfe ega iajsiàusly ehnrdies medtf `t
iajstelldtes l`ce `j meptf. ]f`s cdit `s reldtem ta tfe psyifalagy ac sdir`-
cìe. ]fe autstdjm`jg dlifehìdl exdhple ac tfe sdir`cì`dl tfehe `s
caujm `j tfe v`sàjs ac [as`has, wfere we redm; “@ dh @aj, tfe prèst ac
tfe `jjer sdjitudrès, djm @ sunh`t hyselc ta dj ujejmurdnle tarhejt.
Car tfere idhe aje `j fdste dt edrly harj`jg, wfa averpawerem he,
djm pèriem he tfraugf w`tf tfe swarm, djm m`shehnerem he `j diiar-
mdjie w`tf tfe rule ac fdrhajy. Djm fe mrew acc tfe so`j ac hy fedm
w`tf tfe swarm, wfìf fe wèlmem w`tf strejgtf, djm h`jglem tfe najes
w`tf tfe pèies ac clesf, djm idusem tfeh ta ne nurjem upaj tfe c`re ac
tfe drt, t`ll @ perie`vem ny tfe trdjscarhdtàj ac tfe namy tfdt @ fdm
nei ahe sp `r` t .‘34
@aj, tfe prèst ac tfe `jjer sdjitudrès
sdjitudrès,, `s d persaj`cì
persaj`cìdtàj
dtàj ac natf
hdter`d djm tfe Rf`lasapfers‑ Ytaje. Fe `s natf tfe sdir`cìer
tfe pr`hd hdter`d
djm tfe sdir`cìem. @j tf`s respeit fe iarrespajms ta tfe c`gure ac Ifr`st
ds pìturem `j Fenrews; “Nut jaw Ifr`st fds iahe, ds tfe f`gf prèst ac
dll tfe nless`jgs wfìf were ta iahe. Fe fds pdssem tfraugf tfe gredter,
tfe hare perceit tejt, wfìf `s netter tfdj tfe aje hdme ny hej‑s fdjms
nei dus e ` t ` s j at ac tf` s i red tem arm er? djm fe fds e jte rem tfe sdj itu dry
ajie djm car dll, tdo`jg w`tf f`h jat tfe nlaam ac gadts djm null idlves,
nu
nutt f `s awj nla am, fdv
fdv`j
`jgg w aj dj eterj
et erj dl rem ehp t`
tàj
aj car us‘ (Fe n.
0;44, 4> KN).
@aj, tfe prèst wfa sunh`ts f`hselc ta dj ujejmurdnle tarhejt, `s
reh`j`siejt ac d rehdrodnle pdssdge `j dj ujpunl`sfem letter ny Kujg;
]fe pranleh ac irui`c`xàj `s tfe neg`jj`jg ac `jm`v`mudtàj? tfere `s tfe

seiret hedj`jg ac tfe Ifr`st`dj syhnal`sh, d pdtf ac nlaam djm succer`jg”
lòe djy atfer step carwdrm aj tfe radm ac tfe evalutàj ac fuhdj iajsiàus-
jess. Idj hdj stdjm d curtfer `jiredse ac iajsiàusjess1...! iajcess tfdt @
sunh`ttem ta tfe m`v`je pawer ac tf`s dppdrejtly ujsurhau
ujsurhaujtdnle
jtdnle pranleh
djm @ iajsiàusly djm `jtejtàjdlly hdme hy l`ce h`serdnle, neiduse @ wdjtem
Iam ta ne dl`ve djm cree crah tfe succer`jg hdj fds put aj f`h ny lav`jg f`s
awj redsaj hare tfdj Gam‑s seiret `jtejtàjs .3>
]fe `med ac mel`nerdtely hdo`jg ajeselc h`serdnle `s m`ccìult maitr`je.
We hust rehehner, fawever, tfdt Kujg `s spedo`jg ta d pdrtìuldr
"]fe Jdg Fdhhdm

Fdhhdm`` L`nrdr
L`nrdry,
y, pp
pp.. 9 @ c .
ZUjg. Dlifehìdl Ytumès. I@ S 49, pur. 63.

}
Dmler, “Dspeits ac Kujg's Rersajdl`ty djm Waro." p. 4>.
per saj `j tf` s let ter . ]fe re `s hui f ev` mej ie tf dt Kuj g dmk ust em f`s ham e ac
spedo`jg ta tfe redl`ty ac tfe persaj fe wds tdlo`jg ta. Car `jstdjie, `j tdlo`jg ta
f`s Dherìdj @jm`dj crèjm, Haujtd`j Ldoe, fe talm f`h tfdt fe, Kujg, nelajgem
ta d idttle-nreem`jg tr`ne tfdt l`vem `j tfe haujtd`js. Ya @ suspeit tfdt tf`s letter
`s td`larem ta tfe psyifalagy ac tfe persaj ta wfah `t `s wr`ttej. Jevertfeless,
Jevertfeless, `ts
hame ac expressàj g`ves us d cresf djgle ac v`sàj. ]a pdy dttejtàj ta tfe
ujiajsiàus maes hedj ta mel`nerdtely hdoe ajeselc h`serdnle `j armer tfdt tfe
dutajahaus psyife w`ll ne dnle ta cujitàj hare creely. @t fds jatf`jg ta ma w`tf
hdsaif`sh nut `s rdtfer d iajsiàus pdrtì`pdtàj `j tfe praiess ac ditudl`z`jg
tfe Me`ty. @j tfe warms ac He`ster Eiofdrt, “Yuccer`jg dlaje `s succìèjt
prepd
pr epd rdt àj car Gam ‑s mwe ll` jg `j hdj ‑s
fedrt QQ Gam `s dlwdys w`tf d hdj `j succer`jg? ds fe f`hselc meildrem
ny tfe
tf e hau tf ac tfe
tf e prapf
pr apf et, ‚Wfa sae ver `s sar raw cul , @ w`l l hys elc ne w`t f
f`h‑‘ (prandnly Ker. 94;>5). 39
@ dh reh`jmem ac d wahdj wfa, `j tfe iaurse ac fer l`ce, fdm hare tfdj fer
cd`r sfdre ac succer`jg djm crustrdtàj. Yfe strugglem `j djdlys`s car hdjy yedrs ta
diiept fer cdte djm ta hdster fer n`tterjess. Fer eccarts were evejtudlly irawjem
w`tf d mredh tfdt iajtd`jem tf`s `hdge;
/ see d tree wfìf fdm neej struio ny l`gftj`jg. Fawever,
Fawever, `t seehem tfdt `t fdm jat
neej mestrayem iahpletely, nut tfdt sahetf`jg ac tfe eleitrì pawer fdm gaje
tfraugf tfe tree djm `jta `ts surraujm`jgs wfere `t idusem ujusudl cert`l`ty.
]f`s mredh reh`jmem fer ac d prevàus mredh `j wfìf d gadt fdm neej
sdir`cìem. @j d pìture tfdt sfe mrew ac tfdt mredh, tfe nlaam ac tfe sdir`cìem
gadt `s cert`l`z`jg tfe surraujm`jg vegetdtàj (see c`gure 3-43). @j cdit, tf`s
wahdj maes fdve d cdvardnle ecceit aj fer surraujm`jgs. Yfe `s d g`ctem tedifer,
djm fer lajg hart`cìdtà fds fe`gftejem djm hdturem fer g`cts. ]fe mredh ac tfe
l`gftj`jg-struio
l`gftj`jg-struio tree fds s`h`ldr`tès ta d mredh tfdt Kujg fdm `j 404=.
Cr`gftcul ialm fdm dgd`j mesiejmem crah aut ac tfe iashas. ]f`s mredh, fawever,
fdm dj ujexpeitem ejm. ]fere staam d ledc- nedr`jg tree, nut w`tfaut cru`t (hy tree ac
l`ce, / tfaugft), wfase ledves fdm neej trdjscarhem ny tfe ecceits ac tfe crast `jta
sweet grdpes cull ac fedl`jg kuìes. @ pluioem tfe grdpes djm gdve tfeh ta d ldrge,
wd`t`jg irawm.H
Ds prevàusly hejtàjem, tfe dlifehìdl hart`cìdtà fds very ilase pdrdllels ta

tfe `hdgery ac Ifr`st‑s Rdssàj. @j cdit tfey dre natf expres -
39He`ster Eiofdrt 4;>39.

H
Kujg, Heharès, Mredhs, êcleitàjs, p. 473.
C@GUÊ 3 43
Rdtèjt‑s Mrdw`jg
sàjs ac tfe sdhe drifetype. Fawever, tfe dlifehìdl dtt`tume ta tfe Ifr`st-
`hdge djm tfe dtt`tume ac rel`gàus cd`tf dre very m`ccerejt. Kujg tdoes gredt
idre ta hdoe tfe m`st`jitàj `j tfe callaw`jg quatdtàj;
@c tfe dmept experèjies f`s awj selc, tfe “true hdj,‘ `j f`s waro, tfej... fe
ejiaujters tfe djdlagy ac tfe true hdj ” Ifr`st ” `j jew djm m`reit carh,
djm fe reiagj`zes `j tfe trdjscarhdtàj `j wfìf fe f`hselc `s `jvalvem d
s`h`ldr`ty ta tfe Rd ssàj. @t `s jat dj “`h`tdtàj ac Ifr`st‘ nut `ts exdit
appas`te; dj dss`h`ldtàj ac tfe Ifr`st-`hdge ta f`s awj selc, wfìf `s tfe
“true hdj.‘ @t `s ja lajger dj eccart, dj `jtejtàjdl str`v`jg dcter `h`tdtàj,
nut rdt fer dj `j val uj tdr y e xpe r` eji e a c t fe red l`t y r epr ese jt em ny tf e s dir em
legejm....]fe Rdssàj fdppejs ta tfe dmept, jat `j `ts ildssì carh...nut `j

tfe carh expressem ny tfe dlifehìdl hytf. @t `s tfe dridje sunstdjie tfdt
succers tfase pfysìdl
pfysìdl djm hardl tarturesQQ@t `s jat tfe dmept wfa succers dll
tf`s, rdtfer `t succers `j f`h, `t `s tarturem, `t pdsses tfraugf medtf djm r`ses
dgd`j. Dll tf`s fdppejs, jat ta tfe dlifeh`st f`hselc nut ta tfe “true hdj,"
wfa fe ceels `s jedr f`h djm `j f`h djm dt tfe sdhe t`he `j tfe retart .35
]a iajilume, ds d prevàusly quatem text `hplèm, tfe hat`c ac tfe
war``kìdtà ac tfe o`jg fds dj dpplìdtàj ta tfe ialleit`ve psyife. Aur
ialleit`ve Gam-`hdge `s ujmerga`jg hart`cìdtà ds `s `jmìdtem ny tfe pfrdse
“Gam `s medm.‘ ]fe ialleit`ve psyife `s tfus ga`jg tfraugf d
“Kujg. H vsterùh Iajùrtitàj`s. IW 4=, pdr. =0>.

j`g rema. Kujg dllumes ta tf`s `j f`s `jterpretdtàj ac Dugust`je‑s terhs,
“harj`jg ojawlemge‘ djm “evej`jg ojawlemge.‘ Harj`jg ojawlemge `s
ojawlemge ac tfe iredtar, evej`jg ojawlemge `s tfe ojawlemge ac iredtem
tf`jgs. Harj`jg ojawlemge ojaws dnaut Gam, evej`jg ojawlemge ojaws
dnaut fuhdj`ty. Harj`jg ojawlemge `s rel`gàj, evej`jg ojawlemge `s
sièjie. ]fe trdjs`tàj crah harj`jg ojawlemge ta evej`jg ojawlemge
iarrespajms ta tfe cdit tfdt “every sp`r`tudl trutf grdmudlly turjs `jta
sahetf`jg hdter`dl, neiah`jg ja hare tfdj d taal `j tfe fdjm ac hdj .‘33 Ds
hare djm hare cdlls ujmer tfe rdtàjd l iajtral ac tfe ega, fuhdj`ty‑s harj`jg
ojawlemge `s `jireds`jgly mdroejem. Ds Kujg sdys, “Hamerj hdj `s dlredmy sa
mdroejem tfdt jatf`jg neyajm tfe l`gft ac f`s awj `jtelleit `lluh`jdtes tfe
warlm. ‚Aiedsus Ifr`st`, pdssà Ifr`st`.' ]fdt surely `s wfy suif strdjge tf`jgs
dre fdppej`jg ta aur huif ldumem i`v`l`zdtàj, hare lòe d Góttermíhherujg
tfdj djy jarhdl tw`l`gft .‘37
“Nut kust ds evej`jg g`ves n`rtf ta harj`jg, sa crah tfe mdrojess dr`ses d
jew l`gft, tfe Ytelld hdtut`jd, wfìf `s dt ajie tfe evej`jg djm tfe harj`jg
stdr ” Lui`cer, tfe l`gft-nr`jger .‘36 @j terhs ac tfe syhnal`sh ac tfe sevej
mdys ac iredtàj djm tfe sevej mdys ac tfe weeo, `t wds tfaugft tfdt edif mdy
tdoes fuhdj ne`jgs cdrtfer dwdy crah tfe`r harj`jg ojawl emge ujt`l “tfe
graw`jg mdrojess redifes `ts gredtest `jtejs`ty aj tfe mdy ac Sejus (Cr`mdy),
djm ifdjges `jta Lui`cer aj Ydturj‑s mdy. Ydturmdy ferdlms tfe l`gft wfìf
dppedrs `j cull strejgtf
aj Yuj-mdy QQQ ]fe Ydnndtf `s tferecare tfe mdy aj wfìf hdj returjs
ta Gam djm reie`ves djew tfe l`gft ac tfe iagj`tà hdtut`jd (harj`jg
ojawlemge). Djm tf`s mdy fds ja evej`jg .‘30
“Dlifehìdl Ytumès, IW 49, pdr. 92>.

3,
@n`m.
“@n`m., pdr. >00.

‚¿@n`m., pdr. 924.
* -7 Ye dr dt` aj
fe R^@H D HD]E^@D wds tfaugft ac ds d iahpas`te, d iajcusem h`x-
] ture ac ujm`ccerejt`dtem
ujm`ccerejt`dtem djm iajtrdry iahpajej
iahpajejts
ts requ`r`jg d p rai-
ess ac sepdrdtàj. @hdges car tf`s praiess dre supplèm ny vdràus ifeh`-
idl djm pfysìdl praiemures percarhem `j tfe dlifehìdl ldnardtary.
ldnardtary.
Hetdl wds extrditem crah `ts irume are ny fedt`jg, pulver`z`jg, ar
vdràus ifehìdl hedjs. Hdjy sunstdjies wfej fedtem w`ll sepdrdte
`jta d valdt`le pdrt wfìf vdpar`zes djm dj edrtfy res`mue wfìf rehd`js
ne f`j m. Dhd lgdhs
lg dhs , ca
carr ` jst dji e, wfe j fed tem rel eds e t fe` r h eri ury ds
vdpar djm ledve tfe jajvaldt`le hetdl dt tfe nattah ac tfe vessel. ]fe
pr aie ss ac m`s t`l ldt àj
à j w `l l s epd rdt e d har e v
val
al dt` le l`q u`m cra h d les s
valdt`le aje, djm evdpardtàj sepdrdtes
sepdrdtes d l`qu`m salvejt crah tfe sal`m
tfdt fdm neej m`ssalvem `j `t. C`ltrdtàj,
C`ltrdtàj, sem`hejtdtàj, djm perfdps
evej irume iejtr`cug`jg were dvd`ldnle ta tfe dlifeh`st.
@j dll tfese exdhples, d iahpas`te h`xture ujmergaes d m`sir`h`jdtàj ac `ts
iahpajejt pdrts. Armer `s nraugft aut ac iajcusàj `j d praiess djdlagaus ta tfdt `j
wfìf iashas `s narj aut ac ifdas `j iredtàj hytfs. @t `s jat surpr`s`jg, tferecare,
tfdt hdjy iashagajì hytfs mesir`ne iredtàj ds sepdrdtà (see c`gure 7-4). Car
`jstdjie, Av`m mesir`nes iredtàj ds callaws;
Necare tfe sed wds, djm tfe ldjms, djm tfe soy tfdt fdjgs aver dll, tfe cdie ac Jdture
sfawem dlòe `j fer wfale raujm, wfìf stdte fdve hej idllem ifdas; d raugf,
ujarmerem hdss ac tf`jgs, jatf`jg dt dll sdve l`celess nulo djm wdrr`jg seems ac `ll-
hdtifem elehejts fedpem `j aje. Ja suj ds yet sfaje cartf upaj tfe warlm, jar m`m tfe
wdx`jg haaj rejew fer slejmer farjs? jat yet m`m tfe edrtf fdjg pa`sem ny fer awj
we`gft `j tfe i`riuhdhnèjt d`r, jar fdm tfe aiedj stretifem fer drhs dlajg tfe cdr
redifes ac tfe ldjms. Djm, tfaugf tfere wds natf ldjm djm sed djm d`r, ja aje iaulm
tredm tfdt ldjm, ar sw`h tfdt sed? djm tfe d`r wds mdro. Ja carh ac tf`jgs rehd`jem tfe
sdhe? dll ankeits were dt amms, car w`tf`j aje namy ialm tf`jgs strave w`tf fat, djm
ha`st w`tf mry, sact tf`jgs w`tf fdrm, tf`jgs fdv`jg we`gft w`tf we`gftless tf`jgs.
Gam -ar o`jmlèr Jdture iahpasem tf`s str`ce? car fe rejt dsujmer ldjm crah òy, djm
sed crah ldjm, djm sepdrdtem tfe etferedl fedvejs crah tfe
C@GUÊ 7 -@
Gam Iredt`jg tfe Warlm (Hdjusir`pt `llustrdtàj, 49tf iejtury. Sèjjd. Dustr`dj
Jdt àj dl L`n rdr y. êp r` jt em `j Ild ro. I`v`l`zdtàj.)
mejse dthaspfere. Wfej tfus fe fdm reledsem tfese elehejts djm creem tfeh crah tfe
nl` jm fed p ac tf `jg s, fe set tf eh edi f `j `t s awj pld ie djm nau jm tfe h cds t `j
fdrhajy.4
Hdrè-Lau`se vaj Crdjz tells us tfdt iredtàj hytfs actej neg`j w`tf d iashì
egg djm tfdt
dcter tfe egg fds neej iredtem `t `s m`v`mem djm gejerdlly `jta twa pdrts.... Crequejtly
aje c`jms tfe sdhe hat`c ac d sepdrdtàj ac d preiajsiàus uj`t `j iajjeitàj w`tf tfe
sepdrdtàj ac tfe c`rst pdrejts. @j hdjy iashagajì hytfs tfe c`rst pdrejts, Cdtfer
Fedvej djm Hatfer Edrtf, car `jstdjie, c`rst ex`st `j d iajt`juaus ehnrdie. ]fey
carh, ds `t were, d ferhdpfram`tì ne`jg
'Av`m, Hetdharpfa
Hetdharpfases,
ses, 4, no. 4, l`jes 5->5.
¡j iajstdjt
Cdtfer iafdn`tdtàj.
Fedvej @j tf`s stdte
lès sa ilasely jatf`jgEdrtf
aj Hatfer idj iahe tfereex`stejie,
tfdt `jta nei dus
`s ja spdie care
djytf`jg ta graw netweej tfeh ” ]fe c`rst dit ac iredtàj `s tferecare tfe
sepdrdtàj ac tf`s m`v`je iauple, pusf`jg tfeh succìèjtly dpdrt sa tfdt d spdie
`s iredtem car tfe rest ac iredtàj. ]f`s idj ne iahpdrem ta tfe iutt`jg dpdrt ac
tfe egg .> (Yee c`gure 7->.)
Dj exdhple ac tfe sepdrdtàj ac tfe Warlm Rdrejts `s tfe callaw`jg Egypt`dj

iredtàj hytf;
Yfu wds tfe persaj`cìdtàj ac tfe dthaspfere djm f`s jdhe, hedj`jg “ta rd`se,‘
mer`vem crah f`s hast `hpartdjt dit `j hytfalagy, tfe sepdrdtàj ac f`s if`lmrej,
Gen, tfe edrtf, djm Jut, tfe soy, wfìf resultem `j tfe iredtàj ac tfe warlm ds
hej ojew `t. Aj tfe armers ac ^d ar, diiarm`jg ta sahe, spurrem ny `jiestuaus
ked lau sy, Yfu tfr ust f`h sel c net wee j Gen dj m Jut , tfu s nre do` jg tfe `r ila se
ehnrdie. Dlterjdt`vely Yfu wds sd`m ta fdve neej armerem ny ^d ta suppart Jut
wfej, ds d iaw, sfe fdm neiahe m`zzy dcter rd`s`jg ^d ta tfe fe`gfts ac fedvej.
Yfu wds usudlly represejtem ds d nedrmem hdj stdjm`jg ar ojeel`jg aver Gen
w`tf drhs uprd`sem ta suppart Jut. Aj f`s fedm fe ware dj astrìf cedtfer, tfe
fèraglypf ac f`s jdhe, ar caur tdll pluhes, syhnal`s`jg tfe caur
C@GUÊ 7->
Iutt`jg tfe Rf`lasapfìdl Egg (Hdèr, D tdt djt d Cugèjs.
Cugèjs. 4346.)
Crdjz, Rdtterjs ac Iredt`v`ty H`rrar em `j Iredtàj Hytfs, p. 452.

p` lld rs ac fed vej wf` if sup par tem Jut . Yah et` hes fe wds rep res ejt em ds d
làj, ar ds d ialuhj ac d`r.
Yfu's jdhe `s dlsa sd`m ta hedj “ta ne ehpty‘ djm fe wds tredtem `j sahe
texts ds ehpt`jess me`cèm. @j atfers fe wds diiarmem rdtfer hare
`hpartdjie; ds gam ac d`r, Yfu wds seej `j tfe ldter texts ds persaj`cy`jg
tfe m`v`je `jtel l`gejie. Fe tferecare neidhe tfe `hhem`dte dgejt ac Dtuh‑s
iredtàj, djm fejie dj ehnam`hejt ac Dluh's suprehe pawer. Yfu wds tfus
tfe gam wfa set iredtàj `j hatàj, carh`jg tfe warlm ny sepdrdt`jg edrtf
djm soy.9 (Yee c`gure 7-9).
Dlifehìdl texts spedo ac d sepdrdtàj ac edrtf djm soy tdo`jg pldie `j
tfe retart. Car `jstdjie, ^`pley sdys tfe callaw`jg;
Yepdrdtàj tfus hust tfau act t`hes hdoe.
]fy hdtter m`v`m`jg `jta pdrts twa?
Ya tfdt tfe Y`hple crah tfe grass tfau tdoe ]`ll
edrtf rehd`j nejedtf `j ialar nlue.
]fdt edrtf `s c`x car ta dn`me dll wae;
C@GUÊ 7 9
]fe Yepdrdtàj ac Fedvej djm Edrtf; Jut L`ctem Dnave Gen ny Yfu (Mrdw`jg dcter dj
`llustrdtàj `j D. Kerih`ds. Mds D lè ]estdhejt `h Uifte mes Dlèj Ar` ejts. Le`pz`g. 402=.
]ur`j, Egypt`dj Huseuh. êpr`jtem `j Jeuhdjj. ]fe Ar`g`js djm F`stary ac Iajsiàusjess.)
'@ajs. Egypt`dj Hytfalagy, p. =3.

@
]fe atfer pdrt `s Yp`r`tudl djm clee`jg,
Nut tfau hust turj tfeh dll `jta aje tf`jg .=
Dgd`j, `j tfe Eherdlm ]dnlet we redm, “Yepdrdte tfe edrtf crah tfe c`re, tfe
suntle crah tfe mejse, gejtly w`tf gredt `jgeju`ty ‘* Rsyifa lagìdlly, tfe
result ac sepdrdtà ny m`v`sàj `jta twa `s dwdrejess ac tfe appas`tes. ]f`s `s d
irui`dl cedture ac eherg`jg iajsiàusjess.
@j tfe evalutàj ac Westerj iajsiàusjess, tfe appas`tes ( ejdjt`d) were
m`siaverem ny tfe pre-Yairdtì pf`lasapfers. ]fe Rytfdgaredjs estdnl`sfem d
tdnle ac tej pd`rs ac appas`tes; 3
4. l`h`t (perds) ; ujl`h`tem ( dpe`raj )
>. amm (per`ttaj

(per`ttaj)) ; evej (drtàj)
9. aje (fej) ; hdjy (pletfas)
=. r`gft (mexàj) ; lect (dr`steraj)
5. hdle ( drrej) ; cehdle (tfelu)
3. rest`jg (erehauj) ; hav`jg (o`jauhejaj)
7. strd`gft (eutfu) ; iurvem, iraaoem (odhpulaj)
6. l`gft (pfas) ; mdrojess (soatas)
0. gaam ( dgdtfaj) ; ndm (odoaj)
42. squdre (tetrdgajaj) ; anlajg (feteraheoes)
]fe psyifalagìdl s`gj`cìdjie ac tfe m`siavery ac tfe appas`tes idj fdrmly ne
averest`hdtem. Lòe juhners, tfe jewly m`siaverem appas`tes idrrèm dj durd
ac juh`jas`ty car tfe djièjts. ]fe warlm fdm neej rejt dsujmer, djm netweej
tfe sepdrdtem appas`tes spdie fdm neej iredtem, raah car tfe iajsiàus fuhdj
ega ta l`ve djm ta graw.
]fe elehejtdl sepdrdtà tfdt usfers `j iajsiàus ex`stejie `s tfe sepdrdtàj ac
sunkeit crah ankeit, tfe @ crah tfe jat-@. ]f`s `s tfe c`rst pd`r ac appas`tes. Yfu
idj sepdrdte Gen crah Jut ajly dcter difèv`jg d pràr sepdrdtàj ac f`hselc
crah tfeh. Yfu tfus s`gj`cès tfe pr`harm`dl ega, tfe spl`tter ac appas`tes, wfa
iredtes spdie car tfe ex`stejie ac iajsiàusjess. ]a tfe extejt tfdt tfe
appas`tes rehd`j ujiajsiàus djm ujsepdrdtem, aje l`ves `j d stdte ac
j hyst`que, wfìf hedjs tfdt aje `mejt`cès w`tf aje s`me ac d pd`r ac
pdrtì`pdtàj
pdrtì`pdtà
appas`tes djm prakeits `ts iajtrdry ds dj ejehy. Ypdie car iajsiàusjess ta
ex`st dppedrs netweej tfe appas`tes, wfìf hedjs tfdt aje neiahes iajsiàus
ds aje `s dnle ta iajtd`j djm ejmure tfe appas`tes w`tf`j.
D hdkar dspiit ac psyifatferdpy `s tfe praiess ac sepdrdtà, ac wfìf tfe hast
`hpartdjt iahpajejt `s tfe sepdrdtàj ac sunkeit djm ankeit. ]fe `hhdture ega
`s jataràus car `ts stdte ac pdrtì`pdt`
pdrtì`pdtàj
aj hyst`qu
hyst`quee
▢D`fhale.. im . ]fidtruh Ifehìuh Nr`tdjjìuh. p. 4=2.

▢D`fhale
*It. ]fe Uvrt ac tfe Dlifehy.`tledl Rf`lasapfers, p .

969. ‑▢Dr`sta`li. Hetdpfysìs, 063d >>, `j ]fe Ndsì
w`tf natf tfe `jjer djm tfe auter warlms. Yuif dj ega hust ga tfraugf d
pra laj gem pra ies s ac m`c cer ejt `dt àj net wee j sun kei t djm ank eit . Ds tf `s
pra iee ms, m`s `m ejt` cì dt` aj w`t f atfe r pd` rs ac app as` tes dls a a iiu rs.
]fe dlifeh`st sdys, “Yepdrdte tfe edrtf crah tfe c`re, tfe suntle crah tfe
mejse.‘ Rsyifalagìdlly tf`s idj ne dpplèm ta tfe sepdrdtàj ac tfe
iajirete, l`terdl dspeits ac dj experèjie crah `ts dttdifem l`n`ma djm `jjer
syhnalì hedj`jg ” tfdt `s, d sepdrdtàj ac tfe sunkeit`ve djm ankeit`ve
iahpajejts. D iahhaj pranleh `j psyifatferdpy `s iajclìt djm
dhn`vdlejie iajierj`jg d prditìdl mei`sàj. Yfaulm @ tdoe tf`s kan1 Yfaulm
@ hdoe tf`s have1 Yfaulm @ hdrry ar m`varie1 ]fe nds`s ac suif iajclìts `s
actej d ldio ac m`st`jitàj netweej tfe iajirete djm tfe syhnalì hedj`jgs
ac tfe prapasem ditàj. @t hdy ne, car `jstdjie, tfdt d persaj ansessem w`tf
tfe `med ac m`varie nut ujdnle ta dit `s ne`jg requ`rem ta nr`jg dnaut d
psy if ì sep dr
drdt`
dt` aj cra h f`s ar fer sp aus e, d syhn al` i m`v ari e, rdt fer tf dj d
l`terdl aje. Dt djy rdte, tfe iajirete djm tfe syhnalì dre twa m`ccerejt
levels ac redl`ty tfdt jeem ta ne m`st`jgu`sfem djm iajs`merem sepdrdtely.
Wfej tf`s `s maje, tfe ankeit`ve mei`sàj `s actej eds`ly redifem.

Iredtàj ny sepdrd tà `s dlsa mesir`nem ds m`v`sàj `jta caur. Rdrdielsus
sepdrdtà
sdys; “@j tfe iredtàj ac tfe warlm, tfe c`rst sepdrdtàj negdj w`tf tfe caur
elehejts, wfej tfe c`rst hdtter ac tfe warlm wds aje ifdas. Crah tfdt ifdas
Gam nu`lt tfe Gredter Warlm, sepdrdtem `jta caur m`st`jit elehejts, C`re, D`r,
Wdter, Edrtf.‘ 7 Dgd`j, `j tfe Galmej ]redt`se ac Ferhes we redm; “Ujmerstdjm
ye tfej, A sajs ac w`smah, tfdt tfe ojawlemge ac tfe caur elehejts ac tfe
djièjt pf`lasapfers wds jat iarpardlly ar `hprumejtly saugft dcter, wfìf
dre tfraugf pdtèjie
ta ne m`siaverem dii arm`jg ta tfe`r iduses djm tfe`r aiiult aperdtàj QQQQQQQ
Ojaw, tfej, tfdt tfe m`v`sàj tfdt wds hdme upaj tfe Wdter, ny tfe djièjt
ji es. “ 4 ]fese pdssdges fdro ndio
pf `la sap fer s, sep drd tes `t `jt a cau r sun std jies.
ta Rldta‑s diiaujt `j tfe ]`hdeus, `j wfìf fe spedos ac ifdas `j tfe praiess
ac iredtàj
ne` jg cul l ac paw er s wf` if wer e je` tf er s`h `ld r jar equ dll y ndl dj iem , wds
jever `j djy pdrt `j d stdte ac equ`pa`se, nut swdy`jg ujevejly f`tfer djm
tf`tfer, wds sfdoej ny tfeh, djm ny `ts hatàj dgd`j sfaao tfeh, djm tfe
elehejts wfej havem were sepdrdtem djm idrrèm iajt`judlly, sahe aje wdy,
sahe djatfer. Ds, wfej grd`j `s sfdoej djm w`jjawem ny cdjs djm atfer
`jstruhejts usem `j tfe tfresf`jg ac iarj, tf e elase djm fedvy pdrtìle¿ dre
nar je dwd y djm set tle `j aje m` rei t` aj, djm tf e laa se djm l`g ft pdr t` ile s `j
djatfer. @j tf`s hdjjer, tfe caur o`jms ar elehejts were tfej sfdoej ny tfe
reie`v`jg vessel .0
‑Wd`te, trdh.. Ferhetì djm Dlifehìdl Wr`t`jgs, p.

432.
•]fe Galmej ]redt`se ac Ferhes `j Dtwaam.

D hare iahplex diiaujt ac iredtàj ny sepdrdtà `s caujm `j Rf`la, ds
suhhdr`zem ny Gaamejaugf;
Gam prakeits tfe Lagas wfìf `s tfe pr`ji`ple ac uj`ty djm wfìf dt tfe sdhe
t`he `s g`vej tfe peiul`dr jdhe tfe “Iutter.‘ ]fe Lagas -Iutter carh* c`rst
tfe `jtell`g`nle warlm (warlm ac drifetypdl carhs) djm tfej tfe hdter`dl warlm
dcter tfe hdjjer djm hamel ac tfe `jtell`g`nle warlm. Irume hdtter, wfìf `s
dgd`j d mdtuh ac iredtàj, wds c`rst n`seitem ny tfe Lagas-Iutter `jta l`gft
djm fedvy, tfej tfese twa were edif n`seitem ta pramuie caur, wfìf neidhe
tfe caur elehejts. Edif ac tfese wds dgd`j m`v`mem, ds edrtf `jta hd`jldjm
djm `sldjms, wdter `jta cresf djm sdlt. ]fe praiess ac m`v`sàj oept aj ujt`l `t
fdm pramuiem dj`hdte djm `jdj`hdte ankeits, w`lm djm iult`vdtem cru`ts, w`lm
djm tdhe dj`hdls, hdle djm cehdle, djm tfe rest. @j every idse tfe m`v`sàj
wds jat ajly d sepdrdtàj nut d reujàj, car tfe Lagas wds tfe Glue ds well
ds tfe Iutter? tfdt `s, `t wds tfe pr`ji`ple ac iafesàj wfìf hdoes tfe
uj`verse d uj`t `j sp`te ac `ts hdj`calm m`v`sàjs. 42
]f`s pdssdge `s rehdrodnle car `ts laydlty ta tfe appas`tes `j `ts mesir`ptàj ac
tfe iashagajì pr`ji`ple. Wfdt `s fere idllem Lagas `s ditudlly Lagas-Eras,
s`jie `t `s jat ajly d iutt`jg emge nut dlsa d glue. ]f`s wdy ac tf`jo`jg `s
dnsalutely dlifehìdl djm iarrespajms ta sahe ac tfe pdrdmaxìdl mesir`ptàjs
ac Heriurùs. 44
]fe hat`c ac m`v`sàj `jta tfe caur elehejts iarrespajms psyifalagìdlly ta
tfe dpplìdtàj ac dll caur cujitàjs ta d g`vej experèjie. Yejsdtàj tells us
wfdt tfe cdits dre. ]f`jo`jg meterh`jes `j wfdt gejerdl iajiepts tfe cdits idj
ne pld iem . Cee l`j g tel ls us wfe tfer ar jat we lò e tfe cd its . @jt u`t àj sugg est s
wfere tfe cdits hdy fdve iahe crah, wfdt tfey hdy ledm ta, djm wfdt
iajjeitàjs tfey hdy fdve w`tf atfer cdits. @t presejts pass`n`l`tès, jat
iertd`jtès.
@t `s `hpartdjt tfdt tfe caur cujitàjs ne sepdrdtem. Car exdhple, aje's ceel`jg
reditàj ta d cdit sfaulm jat f`jmer aje‑s dn`l`ty ta see `ts ex`stejie? ar, d
pas s`n `l` ty sfa ulm jat ne iaj cus em w`t f d ier td` jty . Dlt fau gf tf e cau r ele hej ts
idjjat ne equdtem prei`sely w`tf tfe caur cujitàjs, tfere `s dj dpprax`hdte
pdr dll el. ]fe re `s d s`h `ld r dpp rax` hdt àj w`t f tfe cau r su` ts ac tf e ]dr ]drat;
at;
Ywarms, Iups, Ia`js, djm Ytdves (see c`gure 7-=). Edif ac tfese caurcalm
pdt ter js `s d pd rt` iul dr ehn am` hej t ac tfe Tud teh ` ty dr drife
ife type , wf` if
struitures ujm`ccerejt`dtem hdtter. Ypei`cìdlly, tfe caur elehejts s`gj`cy tfe
caur m`ccerejt megrees ac hdter`dl dggregdtàj, rdjg`jg crah m`sehnamèm
ejergy (c`re) ta cull sal`m`ty (edrtf). Rresuhdnly, tfere dre djdlagaus megrees ac
dggregdtàj ac tfe psyifì sunstdjie tfdt rehd`j ta ne elui`mdtem.
Every jewly ejiaujterem dred ac tfe ujiajsiàus requ`res d iashagajì dit
ac sepdrdtà. Edif jew `jirehejt ac pr`hd hdter`d
sepdrdtà. hdter`d idlls cartf
««Gaamejaugf. Dj @jtramuitàj
@jtramuitàj
ta Rf`la Kumdeus, pp. |27c. "Kujg
Dlifehìdl Ytumès, IW 49, pdr.
>37.
C@GUÊ 7 - =
lfi
Dies ac tfe Caur ]drat Yu`t¿; Ywarms. Ytdves. Ia`js, djm Iups
(Hdrse`lles ]drat.)
d sfdrp- emgem ditàj ny Rf`la‑s “Lagas - Iutter.‘ ]fe iredtàj ac iaj-
siàusjess requ`res tfdt jew iajtejts ne idrvem aut ac tfe ujiajsiàus. ]fe
mredh ac d h`mmle-dgem hdj ac hult`ple tdlejts djm dhn`tàjs wfa wds tah
net weej m` cce rej t p rac ess àj s d jm m`c cer ejt l` ce -ga dls `l lus tr dte s t f`s `ss ue;
Rèies ac
ac d hdp we were
re ta ne iut aut ddjm
jm dsseh
dssehnlem.
nlem. D sfdrp nldme
nldme
wds jeemem. @j tfe mredh @ iaulm jat get tfe nldme sfdrp ejaugf.
]fe mredher jeemem d netter iajtdit w`tf tfe Lagas-Iutter tfdj fe fdm ds yet
difèvem.
Ywarms, oj`ves, djm sfdrp iutt`jg emges ac dll o`jms nelajg ta tfe
syhnal`sh ac sepdrdtà. @t `s surely s`gj`cìdjt tfdt aje ac tfe c`rst taals ac
dnar`g`jdl fuhdj ne`jgs wds d iutt`jg emge. Lagas `s tfe gredt dgejt ac
sepdrdtà tfdt nr`jgs iajsiàusjess djm pawer aver jdture ” nat f w`t f`j djm
w`tfaut” ny `t s idp di` ty ta m` v`m e, jdh e, djm idt ega r` ze. Aje ac `t s hdk ar
syhnals `s tfe iutt`jg emge tfdt idj m`sseit djm m`ccerejt`dte aj tfe aje fdjm
djm idj o`ll aj tfe atfer. Ny sepdrdt`jg tfe appas`tes, tfe Lagas nr`jgs
ildr`ty? nut, ny hdo`jg tfe appas`tes v`s`nle, `t dlsa nr`jgs iajclìt. Dj
exdhple ac tf`s pdrdmaxìdl syhnal`sh `s tfe ildssì sepdrdtà text `j tfe
Gaspels; “@ fdve jat iahe ta nr`jg pedie, nut d swarm. Car 4 fdve iahe ta
set d hdj dgd`jst f`s cdtfer, djm d mdugfter dgd`jst fer hatfer, djm d
mdugfter-`j-ldw dgd`jst fer hatfer- `j-ldw? djm d hdj's caes w`ll ne tfase ac
f`s awj fausefalm‘ (Hdtt. 42;9= -93, ^YS). (Yee c`gure 7-5.)
Dj evej sterjer versàj ac tfe sdhe `med `s caujm `j tfe Gjastì Gaspel ac
]fahds; “Kesus sd`m, ‚Hej tf`jo, perfdps, t fdt `t `s pedie wfìf @ fdve iahe
ta idst upaj tfe warlm. ]fey ma jat ojaw tfdt `t `s m`ssejsàj wfìf @ fdve
iahe ta idst upaj tfe edrtf? c`re, swarm, djm wdr. Car tfere w`ll ne c`ve `j d
fause; tfree w`ll ne dgd`jst twa, djm twa dgd`jst tfree, tfe cdtfer dgd`jst tfe
saj, djm tfe saj dgd`jst tfe cdtfer. Djm tfey w`ll stdjm sal`tdry .‐"4>
Ifr`st, tfe Yelc ds Lagas-Iutter, iahes ta m`sseit ar m`shehner tfe
j hyst`que ac tfe cdh`ly psyife (“d hdj‑s caes w`ll ne tfase ac f`s
pdrtì`pdtàj
pdrtì`pdtà
awj fausefalm‘). ]fe Gja stì versàj stdtes explì`tly tfdt tfe gadl `s ta
hdoe tfe `jm`v`mudl (“tfey w`ll stdjm sal`tdry‘).
Yepdrdtà hdy ne expressem ny `hdges ac medtf ar o`ll`jg. Medtf mredhs
djm medtf w`sfes m`reitem dgd`jst d pdrtìuldr persaj actej `jmìdte tfe jeem
car sepdrdtàj crah d reldtàjsf`p ac ujiajsiàus `mejt`cìdtàj tfdt fds
nei ahe suc cai dt` jg. D sepdrdtà praiess hdy ne ferdlmem ny `jireds`jg
iajclìt djm djtdgaj`sh `j d prevàusly dhìdnle
dhìdnle
"]fr Jdt @tdhhdml L`nrdry, p. 4 >2.

r. . C@GUÊ 7 - 5
fr`sl
²c tfe Dpaidlypse (Mürer. êpr`jtem `j ]fe Iahplete Waamiut% «/ Dlnre ift Müre r.)
reldtàjsf`p. @c tfe pdr t` i`p djt s ldi o dj uj mer std jm` jg ac wfd t tf ey dr e
experèji`jg tfe praiess hdy neiahe mdjgeraus ar evej vàlejt. ]f`s w`ll ne
espei`dlly lòely `c d reldtàjsf`p ac ujiajsiàus `mejt`cìdtàj `s stdjm`jg `j
tfe wdy ac tfe dit`vdtem urge ta `jm`v`mudtàj. D hdj `j suif d s`tudtàj fdm
tf`s mredh;
@t `s j`gft. ]fere `s tfe ceel`jg tfdt mdwj `s dppradif`jg.
dppradif`jg. ]wa sfepferm
sfepfermss
mressem `j sfeepso`j, falm`jg stdccs djm `mejtìdl `j laaos dre aj d haujtd`j
pdtf. ]fere `s dj `jtejse laao `j natf tfe`r eyes tfdt sdys tfey ojaw tfey hust
ga tfe`r sepdrdte
sepdrdte wd
wdys.
ys.
Aje fds tfe laao ac tfe mes`re car vejgedjie djm tfe atfer fds d ceel`jg ac
sdmjess. ]fey ehnrdie djm o`ss edif atfer aj tfe ifeeo w`tf d o`ss ac pedie
djm tfe aje wfa fdm tfe ceel`jg ac sdmjess neg`js f`s il`hn up tfe haujtd`j.
]fe atfer sfepferm pduses djm laaos dt f`h ds tfaugf ta sdy, "@ iaulm fdve
o`llem yau] djm tfej turjs djm gaes mawj tfe haujtd`j djm mdwj fds drr`vem.
]f`s mredh pìtures tfe purely drifetypdl dspeit ac tfe sepdrdtà pr aie ss
tfdt wds dit`vdtem netweej tfe mredher djm f`s crèjm. Meva`m ac persajdl
cedtures, `t `s ds tfaugf tfe mredh were spedo`jg

spedo`jg ta tfe ega dnaut tfe lass ac
`ts crèjm `j tfe sdhe cdsfàj ds Kafj H`ltaj wrate f`s paeh Lyi`mds ta haurj
tfe mrawj`jg ac Emwdrm O`jg, ar ds Yfelley wrate f`s Dmajd`s dt tfe medtf ac
Kafj Oedts. ]fe drifetypdl pdtterj nef`jm tfe persajdl evejt `s revedlem,
wfìf sets `t `j d ldrger iajtext, nr`jgs iahcart ta tfe neredvem, djm
`lluh`jdtes tfe trdgemy w`tf hedj`jg. Yuif mredhs dre dpt ta iahe wfej tfe
s`tudtàj `s pdrtìuldrly mdjgeraus. @t seehs tfdt, ds w`tf dll `jst`jits,
drifetypdl w`smah `s idllem cartf `j t`hes ac gredtest jeem.
Er`s, tfe Gammess ac M`siarm djm s`ster ac Dres, pres`mes aver sepd- rdtà. @t
wds sfe wfa idhe uj`jv`tem ta d hdrr`dge aj Alyhpus djm clujg `jta tfe
h`mst ac tfe gdtfer`jg dj dpple `jsir`nem “ta tfe cd`rest.** ]fus sfe nrau gft
dnaut tfe kumgehejt ac Rdr`s. Iahpdr`sajs dre amàus djm iahpdr`saj `s
wfdt tfe galmej dpple pravaoem. ]a meterh`je wfdt `s “hare** djm wfdt `s
“hast** requ`res djm ledms ta kumgehejts. Yuif ditàjs m`sturn tfe
pdrtì`pdtàj hyst`que ac tfe stdtus qua djm gejerdte iajclìt, nut tfey hdy
pdrtì`pdtàj
ledm ta gredter iajsiàusjess. ]fus Ferdil`tus sdys, -Wdr (netweej tfe
appas`tes) `s tfe cdtfer ac dll djm tfe o`jg ac dll, djm sahe fe sfaws ds gams,
atfers ds hej? sahe fe hdoes sldves, atfers crii.** ,K (Yee c`gure 7-3.)
▢O`ro djm ^dvej. ]fe RreYairdtì Rf`lasapfers,

Rf`lasapfers, p. 405 .
C@GUÊ 7-3
Kaust Netweej Yal djm Lujd ( Durard Iajsurgej
Iajsurgejs.
s. 4=tf iejtury. [urìf. [ej-
trdln`nlàtfeo. Iam. rfejavdiejs`s 47>, cal. 42. êpr`jtem `j Merald, ]fe Yeiret Drt ac
Dlifehy.))
Dlifehy.
Er`s‑ galmej dpple nraugft iahpdr`saj, kumgehejt, ifaìe, djm wdr. ]fe nurmej
cell aj Rdr`s, tfe fuhdj vìt`h ac m`v`je nuio pdss`jg, ta hdoe d kumgehejt dhajg
Ferd, Dtfejd, djm Dpfram`te. ]fe `jjaiejt sfepferm wds cdiem w`tf dj armedl ac
hdjfaam requ`r`jg f`h ta ifaase f`s iejtrdl l`ce-vdlue dhajg pawer, ojawlemge,
djm neduty. F`s ifaìe wds dj dit ac sepdrd`à djm lem f`h aj ta tfe jext stdge ac
mevelaphejt. @j dj dlifehìdl pìture (see c`gure 7-7), tfe kumgehejt ac Rdr`s `s
diiahpdjèm ny tfe dwdoej`jg ac d sleep`jg o`jg ]f`s suggests tfdt suif dj dit ac
ku mge hej t i dj nr` jg `jt a i ajs ià usj ess d i ajj eit àj w`t f t fe Yel c.
Yepdrd`à hdy ne wrajgly dpplèm, `j wfìf idse `t w`ll ne mestruit`ve. @t `s
`hpraper ta m`v`me dj argdjì wfale heifdjìdlly `j tfe jdhe ac dj drn`trdry jatàj
ac equdl`ty. Rdr`s trèm ta evdme f`s respajs`n`l`ty ny suggest`jg tfdt tfe dpple ne
m`v`mem `jta tfree equdl pdrts, nut tf`s wds jat dllawem. ]fere `s d s`h`ldr `med `j tfe
stary ac tfe kumgehejt ac Yalahaj. ]wa wahej idhe necare Yalahaj, edif ild`h`jg
ta ne tfe hatfer ac tfe sdhe if`lm.
Nr`jg he d swarm sd`m tfe o`jg? djm d swarm wds nr aug ft `j ta tfe o`j gs pr ese jie .
“Iut tfe l`v`jg if`lm `j twa,‘ tfe o`jg sd`m, djm g`ve fdlc ta aje. fdlc ta tfe atfer.‘ Dt
tf`s tfe wahdj wfa wds tfe hatfer ac tfe l`v`jg if`lm dmmressem tfe o`jg, car sfe nurjem
w`tf p`ty car fer saj. @c `t pledse yau. hy larm‘ sfe sd`m, “let tfeh g`ve fer tfe if`lm? ajly
ma jat let tfeh tf`jo ac
]fe Dwdoej`jg ac tfe Yleep`jg O`jg ds d Kumghejt ac Rdr`s (]fahds Dqu`jds |pseum.X,
“Me Dlifeh`d," 43tf iejtury. Le`mej, N`nlàtfeo mer ^`kosuj`vers`te`t. Iam. Sass`djus
>0, cal. 76. êpr`jtem `j Kujg, Rsyifala
Rsyifalagy
gy djm D
Dlifehy.)
lifehy.)
o`ll`jg `t!‘ Nut tfe atfer sd`m, “Fe sfdll nelajg ta je`tfer ac us. Iut f`h up.‘
@ fej tfe o`jg gdve f`s mei`sàj. “G`ve tfe if`lm ta tfe c`rst wahdj.‘ fe sd`m, “djm ma
jat o`ll f`h. Yfe `s f`s hatfer.‘ Dll @srdel idhe ta fedr ac tfe kumgehejt tfe o`jg
fdm prajaujiem, djm felm tfe o`jg `j dwe. reiagj`s`jg tfdt fe passessem m`v`je
w`smah car m`spejs`jg kustìe. (@ O`jgs 9;>= >6, KN)
D l`v`jg wfale hdy jat ne idrvem up `jta equdl partàjs `j armer ta sdt`scy appas`jg
stdjmpa`jts. ]f`s `s d mdjger car aje wfa ojaws tfe tfeary ac tfe ujàj ac appas`tes
nut jat `t s l`v `j g re dl` ty. D str ò` jg `h dge ac sipdrd`à gaje wrajg `s caujm `j idjta
>6 ac Mdjte's @jcerja.
`j wfìf tfe sawers ac m`siarm dre sunkeit ta eterjdl hut`ldtàj ny sfdrp nld mes
(see c`gure 7-6);
Ja ids o w`t fau t dj ejm stdve
st dve ar d f edm E‑e r gdpem sa w`me ds aje sfdme @
nef elm ,
Ilavej crah if`j ta wfere tfe w`jm `s va`mem.
Netweej f`s legs f`s ejtrd`ls fujg `j ia`ls?
]fe v`tdls were expasem ta vèw, djm taa ]fdt sarry pdujif wfìf ifdjges
caam ta c`ltf.
Wf`le @ staam dll dnsarnem `j wdtif`jg f`h Fe laaoem dt he djm stretifem
f`s nredst dpdrt,
Ydy`jg; “Nefalm, faw 4 jaw spl`t hyselc!
Nefalm, faw hut`ldtem `s Hdfahet!
@j crajt ac he tfe weep`jg Dl` gaes,
F`s cdie ilect tfraugf crah carelaio ta tfe if`j?
Djm dll tfe atfers tfdt yau see dnaut
Cahejters were ac m`siarm djm ac sif`sh;
a .. C@GUÊ 7 6
shdtìs (Marà, @llustrdtàjs car Mdjte's M`v`je Ia hemy.)
Djm tfdt `s wfy tfey dre sa gdsfem dsujmer.
“D mehaj stdjms nef`jm fere, ujrelejt`jg,
Wfa trìos us iruelly? car every aje Hust tdste dgd`j tfe
oeejjess ac f`s nldme Wfej fe fds tram tfe pdtf ac djgu`sf
raujm?
Djm dll tfe waujms dre fedlem djm well dgd`j Ere aje ac us
hdy pdss ajie hare necare f`h .‘4=
]f`s pdssdge reh`jms he ac iertd`j peaple wfa fdve jatf`jg nut tfe sfdrp nldme ac
rdtàjdl `jtelleit w`tf wfìf ta ujmerstdjm tfe`r tejmer djm sejs`t`ve saul-l`ce. ]fe`r
selc-exdh`jdtàj
selc-exdh`jdtàj `s d perpetudl tarture ac selc -m`sseitàj.
-m`sseitàj.
Hedsurehejt, juhner`jg, we`gf`jg, djm qudjt`tdt`ve iajsiàusjess `j gejerdl nelajg
ta tfe aperdtàj ac sepdrdtà. Ya, lòew`se, ma dpplèm dr`tfhetì, tfe geahetrìdl `hdgery
ac l`jes, pldjes, djm sal`ms, djm tfe surveyar‑s djm jdv`gdtar‑s praiemures ac sett`jg
nau jm dr` es, hed sur `j g m`s tdj ies , djm est dnl `sf `j g lai dt` ajs w`t f` j d sys teh ac
iaarm`jdtes. ]fus, iahpdss, ruler, squdre, sidles, sextdjt, djm pluhn l`je dll pertd`j ta
sepdrdtà, ds ma ilaios djm atfer hames ac tehpardl reioaj`jg. ]fe very idtegarès ac
spdie djm t`he, tfe caujmdtàj ac iajsiàus ex`stejie, dre tfe pramuits ac sepdrdtà (see
c`gure 7-0).
]fe djièjts felm `j f`gf esteeh tfe`r jewly m`siaverem `js`gfts regdrm`jg juhners,
hedsurehejt, djm reldtàjs netweej qudjt`tès. Rrapartàj djm tfe hedj netweej
extrehes evaoem pdrtìuldr cdsi`jdtàj. Diiarm`jg ta Rldta‑s diiaujt, tfe Mehùrge
iredtem tfe warlm ny hedjs ac prapartàj .45 ]fe edrly geaheters dttdifem spei`dl
s`gj`cìdjiee ta dj `medl prapartàj difèvem ny tfe sa-idllem galmej seitàj. ]f`s `s maje
s`gj`cìdji
ny n` sei t` jg d l`j e a c g`v ej hdg j`t um e `j sui f d wd y t fdt tfe les ser pdr t `s ta tfe gre dte r
pdr t ds tf e gre dte r pdr t `s ta tf e wfa le. ]fu s, `c d l`j e ac lej gtf i `s n`seitem `jta d
sfarter pdrt d djm d lajger pdrt n, tfe prapartàj w`ll ne d / n 8 n / i? n w`ll ne tfe sa-idllem
sa-idllem
galmej hedj. ]f`s prapartàj wds iajs`merem ta ne tfe hast nedut`cul aje.
]fe galmej seitàj `s d very `jterest`jg sepdrdtà syhnal. @t expresses tfe `med tfdt
tfere `s d pdrtìuldr wdy ta sepdrdte tfe appas`tes tfdt w`ll iredte d tf`rm tf`jg (tfe
pr apa rt àj ar hed j net wee j tf eh) ac gre dt vdl ue. ]fe vdl ue `s `jm ìd tem ny tf e ter h
galmej djm ny tfe presuhem neduty ac tfe prapartàj. ]fe sdhe `hdge ac tfe hedj wds
usem ny Dr`statle `j dj etfìdl iajtext ta mec`je tfe jdture ac v`rtue. Fe wr`tes; “Hardl
v`rtue `s d hedj. @t `s d hedj netweej twa vìes, tfe aje `jvalv`jg ixiiss, tfe atfer
mecìèjiy. @t `s suif neiduse `ts ifdrditer `s ta d`h dt wfdt `s `jterhem`dte `j pdssàjs

djm `j ditàjs QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ
QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ Fejie dlsa `t `s ja
¿‚Mdjte. ]fe M`v`je Iahemy, trdh. Ldwrejie Grdjt Wf`te, p. =0.

hd r u t . 94n 9>i. `j ]fe Iallet lem M`dlagues, p. 4439.
" f hd
C@GUÊ 7 0 ]fe Dlifeh`st ds Geaheter (Hdèr, D ` uldj` d
Cugèjs. 4346.)
edsy tdso ta ne gaam. Car `j everytf`jg `t `s ja edsy tdso ta c`jm tfe h`mmle, e.g.,
ta c`jm tfe h`mmle ac d i`rile `s jat car everyaje nut car f`h wfa ojaws .‘43
]fe `hdge ac tfe galmej hedj idj ne ujmerstaam psyifalagìdlly ds d
syhnalì expressàj ac tfe ega‑s reldtàj ta tfe Yelc. ]f`s diiaujts car tfe
juh`jas`ty ac tfe `med ac tfe galmej seitàj ta tfe djièjts. ]f`s slejmer
geahetrì pdrdnle iajtd`js tfe sdhe hystery ds tfe maghd ac tfe Ifr`st`dj
]r`j`ty.
Jat ajl y `s v`r tu e dss ai` dte m w`t f d hed j ar ndl dji e net weej tfe app as` tes ,
nut dls a ldw (kus) djm kustìe. ]fe ndldjie `j tfe fdjm ac tfe trdm`tàjdl
per saj `c` idt àj ac Kus t` ie `jm ìd tes tf dt kus t` ie `s d ndl dji e net wee j tfe
appas`tes (see c`gure 7-42). Jdture `s kust, nut tfe iah`jg ac iajsiàusjess spl`ts
tfe appas`tes dpdrt djm `s d ir`he, diiarm`jg ta tfe hytfs. Djdx`hdjmer sdys,
“]f`jgs per`sf `jta tfase tf`jgs aut ac wfìf tfey fdve tfe`r n`rtf, diiarm`j g ta
tfdt wfìf `s armd`jem? car tfey g`ve repdrdtàj ta aje djatfer djm pdy tfe
pej dlt y a c t fe` r ` jk ust ìe dii arm -
“Dr`statle, Jìajwifedj Etfìs, `j ]fe Ndsì Waros ac Dr`statle.

p. 0 39.
YER D FD ]@A
C@GUÊ 7 42 Kustìe
(Hdrse`lles ]drat.)
`jg la tfe m`spas`tàj ac t`he .'*47 Iarjcarm `jterprets tf`s ta hedj tfdt “`jkustìe
wds iahh`ttem ny tfe very cdit ac tfe`r n`rtf `jta sepdrdte ex`stejie. ]fe hdj`calm
warlm, `j Djdx`hdjmer‑s vèw, idj dr`se ajly ny rannery djm h`sdpprapr`dtàj .‘46
@j atfer warms, tfe sepdrdtàj ac tfe appas`tes `s tfe ar`g`jdl ir`he, djm kustìe
idj ne servem ajly ny tfe`r reiaji`l`dtàj. ]f`s `s difèvem ny medtf ar perfdps,
dlterjdt`vely,
dlterjdt`vely, n y `jm`v`mudtàj.
I `tem `j Iarjcarm. Crah êl` gàj ta Rf`l asap fy, p. 6.
•@n`m . p. 42
Kust ds tfe estdnl`sfhejt ac l`h`t, hedsure, djm l`je nr`jgs armer aut ac ifdas, sa
d lass ac naujmdrès idj reverse tfe praiess. Ehersaj mesir`nes suif d s`tudtàj
`j tfe callaw`jg l`jes crah f`s paeh “Urèl.‘ Urèl dmmressem tfe gams djm
Gdve f`s sejt`hejt m`v`je Dgd`jst tfe ne`jg ac
d l`je.
“L`je `j jdture `s jat caujm?
Uj`t djm uj`verse dre raujm?
@j vd`j pramuiem, dll rdys returj?
Ev`l w`ll nless, djm ìe w`ll nurj.‘
Ds Urèl spaoe w`tf pèri`jg eye,
D sfummer rdj draujm tfe soy?
]fe sterj alm wdr-gams sfaao tfe`r fedms,
]fe serdpfs crawjem crah hyrtle-nems?
Yeehem ta tfe faly cest`vdl ]fe rdsf warm
nam em `ll ta dll ?
]fe ndldjie-nedh ac Cdte wds nejt?
]fe naujms ac gaam djm `ll were rejt?
Ytrajg Fdmes iaulm jat oeep f`s awj.
Nut dll sl`m ta iajcusàj .40
ânert Crast‑s paeh “Hejm`jg Wdll‘ tdoes up tfe sdhe tfehe” tfdt `s, tfe
iajclìt netweej tfe dutfar's sejt`hejt, “Yahetf`jg tfere `s tfdt maesj‑t lave d
wdll,‘ djm f`s je`gfnar‑s `med tfdt “Gaam cejies hdoe gaam je`gfnars .">2 ]aa
huif iajierj w`tf sepdrdtà iajstelldtes `ts appas`te, iajùjità, djm Heriurùs
reverses f`hselc crah Lagas-Iutter ta Eras-Glue.
Djatfer dspeit ac sepdrdtà `s iajveyem ny tfe terh "extrdità." Extrditàj `s d
pdr tìul
t` iul dr ids e ac sep drd tàj.
t` aj. ûl
ûldj
djmm sdys,
sdy s, “Ex trd it
itàj
àj `s tfe sep drd t` aj ac tfe
essejt`dl pdrt crah `ts namy .‘>4 D grdpfì mesir`ptàj ac extrdità `s presejtem `j
tf`s rei`pe; “Ga ta tfe wdters ac tfe J`le djm tfere yau w`ll c`jm d staje tfdt fds
d sp`r`t (pjeuhd). ]doe tf`s, m`v`me `t, tfrust `j yaur fdjm djm mrdw aut `ts fedrt?
psyife)) `s `j `ts fedrt .‘>>
car `ts saul ( psyife
]fe `hdge ac extrditàj crah d staje `s caujm dlsa `j ^`pley;
Djm ac tf`s sepdrdtàj @ c`jm d lòe c`gure ]fus spaoej

ny tf e p rap fet `j tfe Rsd lha my.
Gam nraugft aut ac d staje d claam ac wdter pure.
Djm aut ac tfe fdrmest staje a`l dnujmdjtly;
•‑Ehersaj, “Urèl.‘ `jYeleitem

Yeleite mWWr`t`
r`t`jgs
jgs a acc ^d
^dlpf
lpf
“Crast, “Hejm`jg Wdll," `j Iahplete Raehs ac
ûldjm, D Lexì
>l
Lexìaj aj ac Dlif
Dlifehy,
ehy, p. 490.
H
I`tem ny Kujg. Rsyifalagy djm Dlifehy. IW
^`gft sa ac aur preiàus staje `c tfau ne w`tty.
A`l `jiahnust`nle djm wdter tfau sfdlt mrdw ,>5
]f`s text prandnly recers ta Rsdlhs 6;45(^YS); “Fe ilect raios `j tfe w`lmerjess,
djm gdve tfeh mr`jo dnujmdjtly ds crah tfe meep. Fe hdme stredhs iahe aut ac tfe
raio, djm idusem wdters ta claw mawj lòe r`vers" (see c`gure 7-44). ]fe atfer
recerejie hdy ne ta Kan >0;5- 7 (^YS); “Wfej tfe Dlh`gfty wds yet w`tf he...wfej
hy steps were wdsfem w`tf h`lo djm tfe raio paurem aut car he stredhs ac a`l.‘
]fese texts tfdt spedo ac tfe extrditàj ac sp`r`t, wdter, djm a`l crah d staje dre
express`jg pdrdmaxìdl, h`rdiulaus evejts djm tfus recer ta tfe Yelc. ]fe h`rdiulaus
dgejt `s tfe Rf`lasapfers* Ytaje, wfìf `s `mejt`cèm w`tf Pdfwef ny tfe n`nlìdl
dssai`dtàjs. Wfej tfe stajy cdits ac tfe warlm yèlm l`v`jg hedj`jg (ds `j evejts ac
syjifrajì`ty), aje gl`hpses tfe gadl ac tfe apus. @j armer car tf`s ta fdppej, sp`r`t,
hedj`jg, djm l`n`ma hust ne extrditem crah hdtter ” tfdt `s, crah tfe iajirete
ankeits ac aur yedrj`jg.
]fe sepdrdtàj ac sp`r`t djm hdtter `s dj `hpartdjt cedture ac hdjy rel`gàjs djm
pf `la sap fè s. Car `j std jie , t fe tf` rte ejt f i fdp te r a c t fe
Ndyer`sifi Ytddtsn`nlàtfio, Ilh. 6>24, cal. 63v. êpr`jtem `j Evdjs, Hemèvdl

Mrdw`jgs.)
Mrdw`jgs.)
:'D¿fhao. im . ]fedtruh Ifihliuh Ur`tdjjìuh, p. 490

`td `s ejt`tlem “]fe Naao ac êl`gàj ny Yepdrdtàj Hdtter djm
Nfdgdvdm-G`td
Nfdgdvdm-G
Yp`r`t‘ djm iajilumes w`tf tfese verses;
]fdt Ult`hdte, F`gf Yp`r`t, Ujiredte,
Ujqudl`cèm, evej wfej `t ejteretf clesf ]doetf ja
std`j ac dits, waroetf `j jdugft!
Lòe ta tf‑ etfer`dl d`r, pervdm`jg dll,
Wfìf, car sfeer suntlety, dva`metf td`jt,
]fe suntle Yaul s`ts everywfere, ujstd`jem;
Lòe ta tfe l`gft ac tfe dll-pèri`jg suj (Wfìf `s jat
ifdjgem ny dugft `t sf`jes upaj)
]fe Yaul‑s l`gft sf`jetf pure `j every pldie?
Djm tfey wfa, ny suif eye ac w`smah, see Faw
Hdtter, djm wfdt medls w`tf `t, m`v`me?
Djm faw tfe Yp`r`t djm tfe clesf fdve str`ce,
]fase w`se ajes ga tfe wdy wfìf ledms ta L`ce !>=
@j tfe texts prevàusly i`tem, sepdrdtà fds neej mesir`nem ds tfe sepdrdtàj ac
tfe c`xem edrtf crah tfe clee`jg sp`r`t, tfe suntle crah tfe mejse, djm tfe sp`r`t
crah tfe staje tfdt wds `hpr`saj`jg `t. Djatfer expressàj car `t `s tfe se pdrdtàj
ac tfe saul crah tfe namy. Car exdhple, Oelly spedos ac “wfej tfe saul ac galm
fds neej sepdrdtem crah `ts namy, ar wfej tfe namy, `j atfer warms, fds neej
m`ssalvem .">5 ]fe sepdrdtàj ac tfe saul crah tfe namy `s syjajyhaus w`tf medtf .>3
Car `jst djie, Rldta sdys, “We nelève, ma we jat, tfdt medtf `s tfe sepdrdtàj ac
tfe saul crah tfe namy, djm tfdt tfe stdte ac ne`jg medm `s tfe stdte `j wfìf tfe
nam y ` s s epd rdt em cr ah tf e s aul djm ex` sts dla je ny `t sel c d jm tfe sau l ` s s epd rdt em
crah tfe namy djm ex`sts dlaje ny `tselc .‘>7
Ds `jmìdtem `j tfe ldst ifdpter, sepdrdtà `s ilasely iajjeitem ta tfe
syhnal`sh ac hart`cìdtà. wfìf hedjs tfdt sepdrdtà hdy ne experèjiem ds medtf.
]fe extrditàj ac tfe sp`r`t crah tfe staje ar tfe saul crah tfe namy iarrespajms
ta tfe extrditàj ac hedj`jg ar psyifì vdlue crah d pdrtìuldr, iajirete ankeit ar
s`tudtàj. ]fe namy ” tfdt `s, tfe iajirete hdj`cestdtàj ac tfe psyifì iajtejt ”
tfej mès. ]f`s iarrespajms ta tfe w`tfmrdwdl ac d prakeitàj, wfìf, `c s`zdnle,
ejtd`ls d haurj`jg praiess. ]fus, tfe medtf ac d lavem aje `s dj dspeit ac `jm`-
v`mudtàj. ]fe medtf ac d pdrejt, d s`nl`jg, d if`lm, d laver, ar d spause `s dj

`jm`v`mudtàj ir`s`s tfdt ifdllejges elehejtdry stdtes ac `mejt`cìdtàj djm
j hyst`que. ]fe ega‑s ujiajsiàus iajjeitàj
pdrtì`pdtàj
pdrtì`pdtà
>=]fe Yajg Ielest`dl ar

¿Oelly. ]fe Dlifehìdl Wr`t`jgs ac
¿‚Kujg. ]fe Rrditìe ac
¿‑Rldta, Rfdema. 3=i. `j Rldta 4;>>9cc.
w`tf tfe Yelc `s ehnemmem `j tfese pr`hdry `mejt`cìdtàjs, djm tferecare tfe
aiidsàj ac suif d medtf `s irui`dl. E`tfer `t w`ll ledm ta dj `jiredsem redl`zdtàj ac
tfe Yelc, ar, `c tfe patejt`dl car iajsiàusjess `s dnartem, tfej jegdt`ve, regress`ve,
djm evej cdtdl ecceits hdy callaw. @t `s jat ujusudl, dcter d hdkar neredvehejt, car
tfe surv`v`jg aje ta mè saaj dcter ny suì`me, dii`mejt, ar cdtdl `lljess.
]fe `hdges ac w`maw, w`mawer, ar arpfdj nelajg ta tf`s syhnal`sh. > * ]fey dre
sepdrdtem ajes wfa dre aj tfe`r wdy ta tfe “`jm`v`s`nle.‘ ]fe djièjt Greeo
pf` las apf ers wer e pre aii up èm w`t f tfe `m ed ac dj `j m` v`s `n le hdg j` tu me (dtahaj
hegetfas), wfìf h`gft ne redifem ny dj `jc`j`te serès ac m`v`sàjs. ]fe gadl ac
sepdrdma `s ta redif tfe `jm`v`s`nle ” tfdt `s, tfe `jm`v`mudl .>0 Car Djdxdgards, tfe
aje `jm`v`s`nle ejt`ty `s Jaus, wfìf dlsa `j`t`dtes tfe praiess ac sepdrd`à. @ quate
`j cull f`s `hpartdjt Crdghejt 4> (Mèls);
Dll atfer tf`jgs pdrtdoe `j d partàj ac everytf`jg, wf`le Jaus `s `jc`j`te djm
selc-rulem, djm `s h`xem w`tf jatf`jg, nut `s dlaje, `tselc ny `tselc. Car `c `t were
jat ny `tselc, nut were h`xem w`tf djytf`jg else, `t waulm pdrtdoe `j dll tf`jgs `c
`t were h`xem w`tf djy? car `j everytf`jg tfere `s d partàj ac everytf`jg, ds fds
nee j sd` m ny he `j wfd t gaes nec ar e, djm tf e tf `jg s h`x em w`t f `t waul m f` jme r
`t, sa tfdt `t waulm fdve pawer aver jatf`jg `j tfe sdhe wdy tfdt `t fds jaw
ne` jg dla je ny `t sel c. Car `t `s tfe tf` jje st ac dll tf` jgs djm tf e p ur est , d jm `t fds
dll ojawlemge dnaut everytf`jg djm tfe gredtest strejgtf? djm Jaus fds pawer
aver dll tf`jgs, natf gredter djm shdller, tfdt fdve l`ce. Djm Jaus fdm pawer
aver tfe wfale revalutàj, sa tfdt `t negdj ta revalve `j tfe neg`jj`jg. Djm `t
neg dj ta rev al ve c`r st cr ah d shd ll neg `j j` jg? nu t tfe rev alu t` aj jaw ext ejm s
aver d ldrger spdie, djm w`ll extejm aver d ldrger st`ll. Djm dll tfe tf`jgs tfdt dre
h`jglem tagetfer djm sepdrdtem acc djm m`st`jgu`sfem dre dll ojawj ny Jaus.
Djm Jaus set `j armer dll tf`jgs tfdt were ta ne, djm dll tf`jgs tfdt were djm dre
jat jaw djm tfdt dre, djm tf`s revalutàj `j wfìf jaw revalve tfe stdrs djm tfe
suj djm tfe haaj, djm tfe d`r djm tfe detfer tfdt dre sepdrdtem acc. Djm tf`s
revalutàj idusem tfe sepdrdt`jg acc, djm tfe rdre `s sepdrdtem acc crah tfe
mejse, tfe wdrh crah tfe ialm, tfe l`gft crah tfe mdro, djm tfe mry crah tfe
ha`st. Djm tfere dre hdjy partàjs `j hdjy tf`jgs. Nut ja tf`jg `s dltagetfer
sepdrdtem acc jar m`st`jgu`sfem crah djytf`jg else exiept Jaus. Djm dll Jaus `s
dlòe, natf tfe gredter djm tfe shdller? wf`le jatf`jg else `s lòe djytf`jg else,
nu t edi f s` jgl e tf `jg `s djm wds has t hdj `ce stl y tf ase tf` jgs ac wf` if `t fds
hast `j `t.¿
]fe Jaus ac Djdxdgards idj ne ujmerstaam psyifalagìdlly ds tfe Yelc `j `ts
myjdhì dspeit, wfìf `s natf tfe saurie djm gadl ac tfe sepdrd`à aperdtàj.
•▢Kujg. Hvsèrluh W
Iajluji`lajls. I 4=. pdrs. Acc,
~` fe warm “`jm`v`mudl" `s iagjdte w`tf tfe warm “w`maw." Yee Em `jger, Ega djm Drife type.
R @¿‑
¿Nurjet. Edrl` Arrro Rf`lasapfy, pp. >50c.
D very `jterest`jg sepdrdlà text `s caujm `j F`ppalytus‑ diiaujt ac tfe
maitr`je ac Nds`l`mes, tfe Gjastì;
Dll tfe evejts `j aur Larm‑s l`ce aiiurrem... fe sdys, `j armer tfdt Kesus h`gft
nei ahe tf e c`r st -cr u` ts ac tfe m` st` jit àj ac tf e m` cce rej t arm ers (a c ire dte m
ankeits) tfdt fds neej iajcusem tagetfer. Car wfej tfe warlm fdm neej
m`v`mem `jta dj Agmadm, wfìf `s tfe fedm ac tfe ejt`re warlm... djm `jta d
Fenmahdm... tfe Mehùrge ac sunkdiejt ejt`tès, djm `jta tf`s armer ac
iredtures (tfdt prevd`ls) dhajgst us, wfere ex`sts Carhlessjess, `t wds
requ`s`te tfdt tfe vdràus armers ac iredtem ankeits tfdt fdm neej iajcaujmem
tagetfer sfaulm ne m`st`jgu`sfem ny d sepdrdt`jg praiess percarhem ny
Kesus....Kesus, tferecare, neidhe tfe c`rst-cru`ts ac tfe m`st`jitàj ac tfe
vdràus armers ac iredtem ankeits, djm f`s Rdssàj taao pldie car jat djy atfer
redsaj tfdj tfe m`st`jitàj tfdt wds tfereny nraugft dnaut `j tfe vdràus
armers ac iredtem ankeits tfdt fdm neej iajcaujmem tagetfer .44
]f`s text tdoes aj spei`dl `hpartdjie neiduse Kujg usem d partàj ac `t ds d

hatta car f`s naao Dàj. @t suggests tfe `jterest`jg psyifalagìdl `med tfdt
Ifr`st‑s Rdssàj nr`jgs d nau t d sep drd t` aj ac per saj dl djm dri fet ypd l iaj tej ts
(“vdràus armers ac iredtem ankeits‘). ]f`s `s reh` j`siejt ac djatfer sepdrdlà
`hdge `j tfe Gaspel ac Luoe `j wfìf Kesus sdys, “@ wdtifem Ydtdj cdll lòe
l`gftj`jg crah fedvej‘ (42;46 KN). Kujg sdys dnaut tf`s pdssdge; “@j tf`s v`sàj
d hetdpfysìdl evejt fds neiahe tehpardl; `t `jmìdtes tfe f`starì djm ” sa cdr
ds we ojaw ” c`jdl sepdrdtàj ac Pdfwef crah f`s mdro saj. Ydtdj `s ndj`sfem
crah fedvej djm ja lajger fds djy appartuj`ty ta `jve`gle f`s cdtfer `jta
munàus ujmertdo`jgs ."9>
]fe dmvejt ac Ifr`st`dj syhnal`sh nraugft w`tf `t d mei`s`ve sepdrdtàj ac
tfe appas`tes, gaam djm ev`l, `j tfe Gamfedm. Ifr`st accerem f`hselc ds d
sdir`cìe (c`rst-cru`ts) ta dppedse tfe wrdtfcul s`me ac Pdfwef djm tfereny
nra ugf t dna ut tf e sep drd t` aj net weej Pdf wef djm Ydt dj (se e c`g ure 7 -4> ). Dt
tfe sdhe t`he, diiarm`jg ta tfe Gjastì text, tfere aiiurrem d “m`st`jitàj `j tfe
vdràus armers ac iredtem ankeits tfdt fdm neej iajcaujmem tagetfer." @ tdoe tf`s
ta hedj tfd t Ifr`st‑s Rdssàj purgem tfe fuhdj ega ny sepdrdt`jg persajdl crah
trdjspersajdl iajtejts, wfìf fdm neej iajcaujmem tagetfer `j dj `jcldtem
h`xture.
Djatfer pawercul sepdrdlà maiuhejt fds dlsa neej expressem `j tfe jdhe ac
Nds`l`mes, jdhely, Kujg‑s `jsp`rem wr`t`jg ejt`tlem. “Yevej Yerhajs ta tfe

Medm.‘ ]fe relevdjt partàj `s ds callaws;
Aur very jdture `s m`st`jit`vejess. @c we dre jat true ta tf`s jdture we ma jat
m`st`jgu`sf aurselves ejaugf. ]ferecare hust we hdoe m`st`jitàjs ac qudl`tès Wfdt
`s tfe fdrh, ye dso. `j jat m`st`jgu`sf`jg ajeselc1 @c we ma jat m`st`jgu`sf, we get
neyajm aur awj jdture, dwdy crah iridturd. We cdll `jta
"F`ppalytus, "]fe êcutdtàj ac Dll Feresès." `j ]fe Djte-Jueje Cdtfer* 5;420 '¿Kujg,
Rsyifalagy ujm êl`gàj. I W @@. R dr 352.

C@GUÊ 7 4> Irui```*'aj d jm Ld st K umg ehejt (F. S d j Ey io. J ew P a ro, ]fe
Hetrapal`tdj Huseuh a c D rt. ^ epr`jtem `j Hdst erp` eies ac Rd`jt`jg `j tfe
Hetr apal` tdj Huse uh a c Drt .)
`jm`st`jit`vejess, wfìf `s tfe atfer qudl`ty ac tfe plerahd. We cdll
`jta tfe plerahd `tselc djm iedse ta ne iredtures. We dre g`vej aver ta
m`ssalutàj `j tfe jatf`jgjess. ]f`s `s tfe medtf ac tfe iredture.
]ferecare we mè `j suif hedsure ds we ma jat m`st`jgu`sf. Fejie tfe
jdturdl str`v`jg ac tfe iredture gaetf tawdrms m`st`jit`vejess, c`gftetf
dgd`jst pr`hevdl, per`laus sdhejess. ]f`s `s idllem tfe R^@JI@R@UH
@JM@S@MUD]@AJ@Y. ]f`s pr`ji`ple `s tfe essejie ac tfe iredture. Crah tf`s
yau idj see wfy `jm`st`jit`vejess djm jajm`st`jitàj dre d gredt mdjger
car tfe iredture.
We hust, tferecare, m`st`jgu`sf tfe qudl`tès ac tfe plerahd. ]fe
qudl`tès dre RD@^Y AC ARRAY@]EY, suif ds ”
]fe Ecceit`ve djm tfe @jecceit`ve.
Culljess djm Ehpt`jess.
L`v`jg djm Medm.
M`ccerejie djm Ydhejess.
L`gft djm Mdrojess.
]fe Fat djm tfe Ialm.
Carie djm Hdtter.
]`he djm Ypdie.
Gaam djm Ev`l.
Neduty djm Ugl`jess.
]fe Aje djm tfe Hdjy, eti.
]fe pd`rs ac appas`tes dre qudl`tès ac tfe plerahd wfìf dre jat,
nei dus e edi f ndl dji etf edi f. Ds we dre t fe ple rah d `t sel c, we dls a
fdve dll tfese qudl`tès `j us. Neiduse tfe very graujm ac aur jdture `s
m`st`jit`vejess, tferecare we fdve tfese qudl`tès `j tfe jdhe djm s`gj
ac m`st`jit`vejess. wfìf hedjetf ”
4. ]fese qudl`tès dre m`st`jit djm sepdrdte `j us a je crah tfe atfer,
tferecare tfey dre jat ndldjiem djm va`m, nut dre ecceit`ve. ]fus
dre we tfe vìt`hs ac tfe pd`rs ac appas`tes. ]fe plerahd `s rejt `j
us.
>. ]fe qudl`tès nelajg ta tfe plerahd, djm ajly `j tfe jdhe djm s`gj
ac m`st`jit`vejess idj djm hust we passess ar l`ve tfeh. We hust
m`st`jgu`sf aurselves crah qudl`tès. @j tfe plerahd tfey dre
ndl dji em djm va` m? `j us jat . Ne` jg m` st` jgu `sf em cra h tf eh
mel`veretf us.
Wfej we str`ve dcter tfe gaam ar tfe nedut`cul, we tfereny carget aur
awj jdture, wfìf `s m`st`jit`vejess, djm we dre mel`verem aver ta tfe
qudl`tès ac tfe plerahd, wfìf dre pd`rs ac appas`tes. We ldnar ta
dttd`j ta tfe gaam djm tfe nedut`cul, yet dt tfe sdhe t`he we dlsa ldy
falm ac tfe ev`l djm tfe ugly, s`jie `j tfe plerahd tfese dre aje w`tf
tfe gaam djm tfe nedut`cul. Wfej, fawever, we rehd`j true ta aur awj
jdture, wfìf `s m`st`jit`vejess, we m`st`jgu`sf aurselves crah tfe
gaam djm tfe nedut`cul, djm, tferecare, dt tfe sdhe t`he, crah tfe ev`l
djm tfe ugly. Djm tfus we cdll jat `jta tfe plerahd. jdhely, `jta
jatf`jgjess djm m`ssalutàj .99
D pracaujm expressàj ac tfe sepdrdtà drifetype `s ejiaujterem `j tfe
syhnal`sh ac tfe Ldst Kumghejt. ]fe jatàj ac d pastharteh kumghejt `s
caujm
caujm `j dlhast
dlhast dll iult
iultures
ures.. Rs ifal
ifala
a ìdll tf`s `med idj
idj n
nee uj
ujmers
merstaa
taam
m
¿Kujg, Heharès. Mredhs.

Mredhs. êcleitàjs
êcleitàjs (Jew Paro; S`jtdge. 4039) Dppejm`x 5. pp. 962cc.
(]f`s dppejm`x `s h`ss`jg crah tfe fdrm-iaver em`tàj.)
tfe iajm`tàj ac `jm`v`s`n`l`ty. Diiarm`jg ta djièjt Egypt`dj rel`gàj, tfe
saul ac tfe meiedsem wds we`gfem aj d ndldjie dgd`jst d cedtfer s`gj`cy`jg
Hddt, tfe Gammess ac ]rutf. @c `t ndldjiem, tfe meiedsem wds esiartem
vìtaràusly `jta tfe presejie ac As`r`s. @c jat, tfe saul wds cem ta d wd`t`jg
hajster (see c`gure 7-49).
]fe Gaspels presejt djatfer versàj ac sepdrdtà dt tfe Ldst Kumgehejt.
“Wfej tfe Yaj ac hdj sfdll iahe `j f`s glary, djm dll tfe faly djgels w`tf
f`h, tfej sfdll fe s`t upaj tfe tfraje ac f`s glary; Djm necare f`h sfdll ne
gdtferem dll jdtàjs; djm fe sfdll sepdrdte tfeh aje crah djatfer, ds d
sfepferm m`v`metf f`s sfeep crah tfe gadts; Djm fe sfdll set tfe sfeep aj f`s
r` g ft fdjm, nut tfe gadts aj tfe lect‘ (Hdtt. >5;94 -99, DS).
]fe text `jcarhs us curtfer tfdt tfe sfeep w`ll `jfer`t tfe o`jgmah, wfereds
tfe gadts w`ll ne sejt `jta everldst`jg c`re. Dgd`j, tf`s idj ne ujmerstaam ds
dj ejiaujter w`tf tfe Yelc trdjscerrem ta tfe dcterl`ce. @t `s ds tfaugf tfe Ldst
Kumghejt sepdrdtes tfe iahpletem ajes crah tfe `jiahplete. ]fe `jiahplete
ajes dre sunkeitem ta curtfer idli`jdtà djm perfdps atfer aperdtàjs (see
c`gure 7-4=).
@j sp`te ac tfe dppdrejt c`jdl`ty ac tfe Egypt`dj djm Ifr`st`dj versàjs ac
tfe Ldst Kumgehejt, diiarm`jg ta dlifehy, sepdrdtà `s jat d c`jdl praiess. @t
`s mesir`nem ds d neg`jj`jg ar `jterhem`dte aperdtàj tfdt `s d
C@GUÊ 7 4= | 5t f iejtury. Naur-
]fe Drifdjgel Hìfdel We`gf`jg Yauls (Sdj mer ey Z Kumgihijt ac
rd j
gagje. Faspìe me Neduhe. êpr`jtem `j
Medm.)
@
YER D ^D]@A >2 0
pr ere qu` s`t e car tfe gr edt er iajùjità. ]fe Durard Iajsurgejs sdys, “...d iertd`j
Iajsurgejs
pu r`c ìd t` aj ac tf` jgs pr eie met f tfe war o ac per cei t pr epd rdt àj , wf` if ny sah e `s
idllem dmh`j`strdtàj ar iledjs`jg ( hujil`c`- id`à), ny atfers reit`cìdtàj, djm ny sahe
`t `s idllem wdsf`jg (dnlutà) ar sepdrdtàj .‘9= Oelly quates Dvìejjd; “Rur`cy fusndjm
djm w`ce sepdrdtely, `j armer tfdt tfey hdy uj`te hare `jt`hdtely? car `c yau ma jat
pu r`c y tf eh, tf ey idj jat lav e edi f atf er .‘95 ]fese texts stdte tfdt sepdrdtà hust
pr eie me iajùjità, djm tfey dlsa spedo ac `t ds d iledjs`jg aperdtàj. ]f`s iarrespajms
psy ifa lag ì dll y ta tf e cdi t tfd t dt t` tum es iaj tdh `jd tem ny uji ajs ià us iah ple xes g`v e
aje tfe m`st`jit `hpressàj ac ne`jg sa`lem ar m`rty. Oelly sdys;
Wfej tfe saul ac galm fds neej sepdrdtem crah `ts namy, ar wfej tfe namy, `j atfer
warms, fds neej m`ssalvem, tfe namy ac tfe Haaj sfaulm
ne wdt ere m w `t f ` ts pra per hej st ruu h d jm rev ern erd tem QQQ QQ QQQ Q Car ujl ess tf e
haaj ar Edrtf `s praperly prepdrem djm ejt`rely ehptèm ac `ts saul, `t w`ll jat ne c`t
ta reie`ve tfe Yaldr Yeem? nut tfe hare tfaraugfly tfe edrtf `s iledjsem ac `ts
`hpur`ty djm edrtf`jess, tfe hare v`garaus `t w`ll ne `j tfe c`xdtàj ac `ts cerhejt.
]f`s edrtf ar haaj ac tfe Ydges `s tfe trujo upaj wfìf tfe saldr nrdjif ac tfe
Ydges `s ejgrdctem .93
]fe pramuit ac tfe iledjs`jg ac tfe edrtf `s tfe sa- idllem “wf`te cal`dtem edrtf .‘97
]f`s `s tfej nraugft tagetfer w`tf tfe pur`cèm “suj‘ ar “galm‘ pr`ji`ple ny tfe rei`pe;
“Yaw yaur galm `j wf`te edrtf .‘96 ]fe twa pratdgaj`sts ” suj djm haaj, fusndjm djm
w`ce, edrtf djm sp`r`t ” stdjm car dll tfe pd`rs ac appas`tes. ]fey hust ne tfaraugfly
iledjsem crah iajtdh`jdtàj w`tf edif atfer, wfìf hedjs m`l`gejt djm pralajgem
sirut`jy ac aje‑s iahplexes. Wfej tfe sepdrdt`
sepdrdtà
a `s iahpletem, tfej tfe pur`cèm
appas`tes idj ne reiaji`lem `j tfe iajùjità, wfìf `s tfe gadl ac tfe apus.
“vaj @ rdj/. Durard Ithturgeru, pp. 0=cc.

"Oelly, tfe Dlifehìdl Wr`t`jgs ak Emwdrm Oelly, p. 95.
*ln`m., pp. @99c<
"Iuem `j Kujg. Hysterluh Iajùjitlajls, IW 4=. pdr. 45= j. 464.
▢ H.uir. Dtdldjtd c ugtrj*. t`lem ny Fedm `j Rrelume ta Ifehestrv. cdi`jg p. 57 Yee C`gure =- 42. R• 423.
* 6 I ajh
jhji
jitt` a 9 - ¿
fe IAJ@UJI]@A `s tfe iulh`jdtàj ac tfe apus. F`starìdlly, ds
] well ds psyifalagìdlly, `t fds natf dj extrdvertem djm dj `jtravertem

dspeit. ]fe dlifeh`sts‑ cdsi`jdtàj w`tf tfe iajùjità aj tfe extrdvertem
s`me prahatem d stumy ac tfe h`rdile ac ifehìdl iahn`jdtàj djm lem
ta hamerj ifeh`stry djm juiledr pfysìs. Aj tfe `jtravertem s`me, `t
gejerdtem `jterest `j ujiajsiàus `hdgery djm praiesses, ledm`jg ta
gejerdtem
twejtètf-iejtury
twejtètf-iejtury meptf psyifalagy.
]fe dlifeh`sts fdm tfe appartuj`ty ta w`tjess `j tfe`r ldnardtarès hdjy
exdhples ac natf ifehìdl djm pfysìdl iahn`jdtàj `j wfìf twa sunstdjies
iahe tagetfer ta iredte d tf`rm sunstdjie w`tf m`ccerejt prapertès. ]fese
experèjies prav`mem `hpartdjt `hdges car dlifehìdl cdjtdsy. Dj `hpress`ve
exdhple ac pfysìdl iahn`jdtàj `s tfe cusàj ac haltej hetdls djm, `j
pdr tì uld r, tfe
tf e c arh dt` aj ac dhd lgdhs
lg dhs ny tfe uj` aj ac her iur y w` tf atf er het dls .
]fe iahhaj dlifehìdl `hdge ac tfe suj djm haaj ejter`jg tfe heriur`dl
caujtd`j fdm `ts ar`g`j `j tfe m`ssalv`jg ac galm djm s`lver `j heriury. @j tfe
redlh ac ifehìdl iahn`jdtàj dj `hpress`ve exdhple dvd`ldnle ta tfe
dlifeh`sts `s tfe ujàj ac heriury djm sulpfur ta hdoe rem heriurì sulpf`me
(Fg + Y ” FgY). ]f`s ifehìdl reditàj hdy fdve neej tfe ar`g`jdl ldnardtary
`hdge tfdt ujmerldy tfe `med ac tfe rem staje ac tfe pf`lasapfers.
@j dttehpt`jg ta ujmerstdjm tfe rìf djm iahplex syhnal`sh ac tfe iajùjità
`t `s dmv`sdnle ta m`st`jgu`sf twa pfdses; d lesser iajùjità djm d gredter. ]fe
lesser iajùjità `s d ujàj ar cusàj ac sunstdjies tfdt dre jat yet tfaraugfly
sepdrdtem ar m`sir`h`jdtem. @t `s dlwdys callawem ny medtf ar hart`ctidtà. ]fe
gredter iajùjità, aj tfe atfer fdjm, `s tfe gadl ac tfe apus, tfe suprehe
diiahpl`sfhejt. @j ditudl redl`ty tfese twa dspeits dre iahn`jem w`tf edif
atfer. ]fe experèjie ac tfe iajùjità `s dlhast dlwdys d h`xture ac tfe lesser
djm tfe gredter dspeit¿. Fawever, car mesir`pt`ve purpases `t `s felpcul ta
m`st`jgu`sf tfe
]fe Lesser I AJ@UJI] / A
]fe ujàj ac appas`tes tfdt fdve neej `hperceitly sepdrdtem ifdrditer-

`zes tfe jdture ac tfe lesser iajùjità. ]fe pramuit `s d iajtdh`jdtem
h`xture tfdt hust ne sunkeitem ta curtfer praiemures. ]fe pramuit ac tfe
lesser iajùjità `s pìturem ds o`llem, hd`hem, ar crdghejtem (dj averldp
w`tf salutà djm hart`cìdtà syhnal`sh). Car exdhple, recerr`jg ta tfe
hdrr`dge ac Hatfer Neyd djm fer saj Gdnr`tùs, d text redms; “Nut tf`s
hdrr`dge, wfìf wds neguj w`tf tfe expressàj ac gredt kayculjess,
ejmem `j tfe n`tterjess ac haurj`jg. ‚W`tf`j tfe clawer `tselc tfere graws
tfe gjdw`jg idjoer Wfere fajey `s, tfere gdll, wfere swell`jg nredst,
tfe ifdjire.‑ Car, ‚wfej tfe saj sleeps w`tf tfe hatfer, sfe o`lls f`h
w`tf tfe straoe ac d v`per .‐‘4 Fere we dre `j tfe cdh`l`dr terr`tary ac tfe
sa-idllem Aem`pus iahplex. Fawever, car tfe dlifeh`st, tfe hatfer wds
tfe pr`hd hdter`d djm nraugft dnaut fedl`jg djm rekuvejdtàj ds well ds
medtf. ]f`s `hdge ac tfe iajùjità recers ta aje pfdse ac tfe
trdjscarhdtàj praiess, medtf, ta ne callawem, aje fapes, ny ren`rtf.
Iertd`jly tfe mdjgeraus dspeit ac tfe iajùjità `s pìturem fere. ]fe
`hhdture saj-ega `s eil`psem djm tfredtejem w`tf mestruitàj wfej `t
jd`vely ehnrdies tfe hdterjdl ujiajsiàus. Fawever, atfer `hdges
`jmìdte tfdt suif dj eil`pse idj ne `jseh`jdt`jg djm rekuvejdt`jg.
Djatfer text, quatem edrlèr, spedos ac tfe wahdj wfa sldys fer
fusndjm wf`le fe `s `j fer ehnrdie;
Jev ert fel ess tfe Rf` las apf er s fdv e put ta med tf tfe wah dj wfa sld ys fer fus ndj m,
car tfe namy ac tfdt wahdj `s cull ac wedpajs djm pa`saj. Let d grdve ne mug car
tfdt mrdgaj, djm let tfdt wahdj ne nurèm w`tf f`h, fe ne`jg ifd`jem cdst ta tfdt
wahdj? djm tfe hare fe w`jms djm ia`ls f`hselc dnaut fer, tfe hare w`ll fe ne iut
ta pèies ny tfe cehdle wedpajs wfìf dre cdsfàjem `j tfe namy ac tfe wahdj.
Djm wfej fe sees tfdt fe `s h`jglem w`tf tfe l`hns ac tfe wahdj, fe w`ll ne
iertd`j ac medtf, djm w`ll ne ifdjgem wfally `jta nlaam. Nut wfej tfe
Rf`lasapfers see f`h ifdjgem `jta nlaam, tfey ledve f`h d cew mdys `j tfe suj,
ujt`l f`s sactjess `s iajsuhem, djm tfe nlaam mrès, djm tfey c`jm tfdt pa`saj. Wfdt
tfej dppedrs, `s tfe f`mmej w`jm .>
]f`s text jeems elui`mdtàj. Ds w`tf mredhs, tfe `hdges dri clu`m djm
claw `jta aje djatfer. Wfa `s tfe mrdgaj tfdt `s ta ne ifd`jem cdst ta tfe
wahdj1 Fe `s dppdrejtly tfe fusndjm wfa `s sld`j ny tfe wahdj. ]fe
sequejie ac tfe text suggests tfdt ds tfe fusndjm neg`js ta lè w`tf tfe
wahdj fe turjs `jta d mrdgaj? ar, dlterjdt`vely,
dlterjdt`vely, ds tfey lè tagetfer, tfe
mrdgaj dspeit ac tfe `jst`jitudl reldtàjsf`
reldtàjsf`p
p (lust) `s iajstelldtem.
'Tuatem ny Kujg, Hysterùh Iajùjitàrt`s. IW 4=. pdr. 4=

>
ln`m., pdr. @Y.
]fe ejsu`jg iajùjità `s d m`shehnerhejt ac tfe mrdgaj (pr`h`t`ve mes`rausjess)
djm `s callawem ny `ts trdjscarhd
trdjscarhdtàj
tàj `jta sp`r`t (f`mmej w`jm). (Yee c`gure 6-4.)
]fe pdssdge `hhem`dtely preiem`jg tfe dnave-quatem text prave* tfdt tfe wahdj
wfase ehnrdie o`lls `s dssai`dtem w`tf lust. @t redms;
@j tfe sdhe wdy tfdt wahdj, clee`jg crah fer awj if`lmrej, w`tf wfah sfe
l`ves, dltfaugf pdrtly djgry, yet maes jat nraao ne`jg averiahe, jat tfdt fer
fusndjm sfaulm passess fer neduty, wfa curàusly laves fer, djm oeeps dwdoe
iajtejm`jg w`tf fer, t`ll fe sfdll fdve idrjdl `jteriaurse w`tf fer, djm Gam hdoe
per cei t tf e cae tu s, wfe j fe hul t` pl` es if` lmr ej ta f` hse lc dii arm `j g ta f` s
ple dsu re. F`s ned ut y, tf ere car e, `s iaj suh em ny c`r e wfa ma es jat dpp rad if f` s
w`ce exiept ny redsaj ac lust .9
Lust ds d ldie rdter nr`jgs ta h`jm Yfdoespedre‑s gredt Yajjet 4>0;

]f' expejse ac sp`r`t `j d wdste ac sfdhe @s lust `j
ditàj? djm, t`ll ditàj, lust @s perkurem, hurm‑raus,
nla am y, cul l a c n ldh e.
Ydvdge, extrehe, rume, iruel, jat ta trust?
C@GUÊ 6 @
Kfi Mrdgaj O`lls tfe Wahdj djm Yfe O`lls @t (Hdìr, Dtdldj`d Cugèjs.
Cugèjs. 4346.)
▢Wd`ì. @rdj* . ]urfd Rf`latapfaruh, p. 476, mìtuh 90.

Ejkayem ja saajer nut mesp`sem strd`gft?
Rdst redsaj fujtem, djm ja saajer fdm,
Rdst redsaj fdtem ds d swdllawem nd`t Aj purpase
ld`m ta hdoe tfe tdoer hdm?
Hdm `j pursu`t, djm `j passessàj sa?
Fdm, fdv`jg, djm `j quest ta fdve, extrehe?
D nl`ss `j praac, djm pravem, d very wae,
Necare, d kay prapasem? nef`jm, d mredh.
Dll tf`s tfe warlm well ojaws, yet jaje ojaws well
]a sfuj tfe fedvej tfdt ledms hej ta tf`s fell.
]f`s `s Yfdoespedre‑s jegdt`ve iajùjità sajjet djm sfaulm ne iajtrdstem w`tf
f`s pas`t`ve Yajjet 443, quatem ldter `j tf`s ifdpter. Jate tfe pldy ac appas`tes sa
ifdrditer`stì ac iajùjità syhnal`sh; ejkayem ” mesp`sem, fujtem ”fdtem,
redsaj ” hdmjess, nl`ss ” wae, fedvej ” fell.
]fe wahdj wfa sldys fer fusndjm w`tf fer ehnrdie dppedrs `j tfe dpairypfdl
Naao ac ]an`t. Ydrdf, wfa `s ta ne hdrrèm ta ]an`ds, fds fdm sevej prevàus
fusndjms. Every wemm`jg j`gft, wfej tfe fusndjm ret`rem ta nem w`tf f`s nr`me,
tfe mehaj Dshameus o`llem f`h. Yevej suiiess`ve fusndjms fdm mèm tfdt wdy.
^dpfdel, f`s gudrm`dj djgel, g`ves ]an`ds spei`cì `jstruitàjs aj faw ta medl w`tf
tfe mdjger. Aj tfe wdy ta f`s nr`me‑s fause, ]an`ds ejiaujters d fuge c`sf tfdt
ledps aut ac tfe wdter dt f`h. Fe `s `jstruitem ta o`ll tfe c`sf djm extrdit `ts fedrt,
l`ver, djm gdll. Aj f`s wemm`jg j`gft fe hust nurj tfe fedrt djm l`ver ds dj `jiejse
accer`jg ta prateit f`h crah tfe ev`l mehaj. ]fe gdll `s ta ne dpplèm ta tfe eyes
ac f`s nl`jm cdtfer `j armer ta restare f`s s`gft.
]fe syhnalì `med nef`jm tf`s stary `s tfdt tfe iajùjità ledms ta medtf ”
ext`jitàj ac iajsiàusjess ” ujt`l tfe ejergy ac `jst`jitudl mes`rausjess (c`sf) fds
nee j ext rdi tem cra h `t s ar` g`j dl car h djm tr djs car hem `j ta sp `r` t (` jie jse ) ” tfdt
`s, iajsiàus ujmerstdjm`jg. ]f`s `jterpretdtàj `s suppartem ny d vdr`djt pdssdge
`j tfe Sulgdte. “]fej tfe djgel ^dpfdel sd`m ta f`h, ‚L`stej djm 4 w`ll sfaw yau
tfase wfah tfe mehaj fds pawer ta averiahe. ]fey dre tfase wfa dt tfe t`he ac
tfe`r hdrr`dge put Gam aut ac tfe`r tfaugfts djm sa dndjmaj tfehselves ta tfe`r
`jst`jits tfdt tfey fdve ja hare redsaj tfdj farse ar hule‑‘ (]an`t 3;43Z)*
]fe gdll ac tfe c`sf, wfej dpplèm ta tfe eyes ac ]an`ds‑ nl`jm cdtfer, restares
f`s s`gft. Gdll `s n`tter, iarrespajm`jg ta tfe n`tterjess ac crustrdtem mes`re. Nut tfe
experèjie ac n`tterjess, praperly ujmerstaam (dpplèm ta tfe eyes), nr`jgs w`smah.
Wf`le m`siuss`jg tfe syhnal`sh ac sdlt, Kujg fds hdme relevdjt iahhejts dnaut
n`t te rje ss, ds qu ate m e drl èr ;
]fe Kerusdleh N`nle, p. 349.

...tfe hast autstdjm`jg prapertès ac sdlt dre n`tterjess djm w`smah . ]fe cditar
iahhaj ta natf, fawever `jiahhejsurdnle tfe twa `meds hdy seeh, `s,
psy ifa lag ìd ll y, tf e cuj it` aj ac cee l`j g. ]edr s, sar ra w djm m`s dpp a`j the jt dre
n` tt er, nut w`s mah `s tf e iah car ter `j dll ps yif ì suc cer `j g. @jm eem , n` tt erj ess djm
w`smah carh d pd`r ac dlterjdt`ves; wfere tfere `s n`tterjess w`smah `s ldio`jg,
djm wfere w`smah `s tfere idj ne ja n`tterjess. Ydlt, ds tfe idrrèr ac tf`s cdtecul
dlterjdt`ve,, `s iaarm`jdtem w`tf tfe jdture ac
dlterjdt`ve
wahdj QQQ ]fe jav`lujù h (mdrojess) ac w ahdj `s d saurie ac iaujtless
m`sdppa`jthejts car hdj wfìf eds`ly turj ta n`tterjess, tfaugf tfey iaulm equdlly
well ne d saurie ac w`smah `c tfey were ujmerstaam .9
]fe lesser iajùjità aiiurs wfejever tfe ega `mejt`cès w`tf iajtejts eherg`jg
crah tfe ujiajsiàus. ]f`s fdppejs dlhast reguldrly `j tfe iaurse ac tfe djdlytì
pr aie ss. ]fe ega `s exp ase m sui ies s` vel y ta `m ejt `c` idt àj s w`t f tf e sfd maw , tf e
dj`hd/ dj`hus, djm tfe Yelc. Yuif iajtdh`jdtem iajùjitàs hust ne callawem ny
hart`cìdtà djm curtfer sepdrd`à. D s`h`ldr sequejie aiiurs `j tfe extrdvertem dspeit
ac tfe praiess. ]fe ega `mejt`cès w`tf iertd`j `jm`v`mudls, graups, `jst`tutàjs, djm
ialleit`v`tès (`jm`v`mudl djm ialleit`ve trdjscerejies). ]fese `mejt`cìdtàjs dre
iajtdh`jdtem h`xtures, iajtd`j`jg natf tfe `jm`v`mudl‑s patejt`dl car janle laydltès
djm ankeit lave djm dlsa ujregejerdte mes`res car pawer djm pledsure. ]fey hust
ujmerga curtfer pur`cìdtàj necare tfe gredter iajùjità `s pass`nle.
]fe Gredter IAJ@UJI]@A
]fe gadl ac tfe apus `s tfe iredtàj ac d h`rdiulaus ejt`ty vdràusly idllem tfe
“Rf`lasapfers‑ Ytaje,‘ “Aur Galm,‘ “Rejetrdt`jg Wdter,‘ “]`jiture,‘ djm sa cartf. @t
`s pramuiem ny d c`jdl ujàj ac tfe pur`cèm appas`tes, djm, neiduse `t iahn`jes tfe
appas`tes, `t h`t`gdtes djm reit`cès dll aje- s`memjiss. ]fus tfe Rf`lasapfers‑ Ytaje `s
mesir`nem ds “d staje fdv`jg pawer ta g`ve l`ce ta dll hartdl, ta pur`cy dll iarrupt, ta
sactej dll fdrm, djm fdrmej dll sact namès .‘3 Dgd`j, tfe Ytaje (persaj`cèm ds tfe
Ydpèjt`d Me`) sdys ac `tselc; “@ dh tfe hem`dtr`x ac tfe elehejts, hdo`jg aje ta dgree
w`tf djatfer? tfdt wfìf `s wdrh @ hdoe ialm, djm tfe reverse? tfdt wfìf `s mry @
hdoe ha`st, djm tfe reverse?
reverse? tfdt wfìf `s fdrm @ sactej, djm tfe reverse. @ dh tfe ejm
djm hy nelavem `s tfe neg`jj`jg. @ dh tfe wfale waro djm dll sièjie `s f`mmej `j
7
he .‘
Ds tfe Ytaje `s ne`jg prepdrem, tfe hdter`dl `s sunkeitem ta repedtem reversdls djm
tfe-appas`te. ]fe ]urnd sdys; “Car
turj`jgs-`jta-tfe-appas`te.
turj`jgs-`jta-
Ia jlujitlajls, IW 4=, pdr«. 992 99> *R4

'Kujg. Hy¿tertuh Iajlujitlajls, *R 4gulu*. D Galmej djm
Nlessem Idsoet ac Jdture' s Hdrvels, p. 924. vaj Fdj/. Durttrd I aj*urgejt, j. K=K
tfe mehejts, ne`jg m`l`gejtly iaaoem `j tfe c`re, rekaìi, >jm dre ifdjgem `jta
m`ccerejt jdtures, neiduse tfe l`quecèm... neiahes jat-l`quecèm, tfe fuh`m
nei ahe s mr y, tf e tf ìo nam y nei ahe s d sp` r` t, djm tf e cle e`j g sp `r` t nei ahe s
strajg djm c`t ta ma ndttle dgd`jst tfe c`re. Wfejie tfe Rf`lasapfer sd`tf;
Iajvert tfe elehejts djm tfau sfdlt c`jm wfdt tfau seeoest. Nut ta iajvert tfe
elehejts `s ta hdoe tfe ha`st mry djm tfe cug`t`ve c`xem.‘*
Djatfer text sdys; “Jaw tfdt tfe iledrjess hdy ne hdj`cest tfraugf aut
w`tfaut ansiur`ty...tfe namy hust ne repedtemly apejem djm hdme
tf`j dcter `ts c`xdtàj djm m`ssalve
m`ssalvem
m djm putrecèm QQQQQQQQ @t `s pur`cèm ny
sepdrdtàj, djm `s m`ssalvem, m`gestem, djm iadguldtem, sunl`hem, `jier- dtem,
djm c`xem ny tfe rei`praidtem ditàj ac `ts awj praper @mejt`ty, ds dgejt djm
pdt èj t, dlterjdt`jg ta ` hprave" (@tdlìs h`je ).0
w
]fe psyifatferdpeutì praiess `s lòew`se dj dlterjdt`jg ta `hprave ‘ Aje
`s tfrawj ndio djm cartf netweej tfe appas`tes dlhast `jterh`jdnly. Nut very
grdmudlly d jew stdjmpa`jt eherges tfdt dllaws tfe appas`tes ta ne
experèjiem dt tfe sdhe t`he. ]f`s jew stdjmpa`jt `s tfe iajùjità, djm `t `s
nat f rel eds `jg djm nurme
nu rme jsa he. Kuj g sdys;
sdy s; “]fe
“]f e aje -dcter-djatfer `s d
ned rdn le pr elu me ta tf e mee per oja wle mge ac tf e s` me -ny -s` me, car tf `s `s dj
`jiahpdrdnly hare m`ccìult pranleh. Dgd`j, tfe vèw tfdt gaam djm ev`l dre
sp`r`tudl caries auts`me us, djm tfdt hdj `s idugft `j tfe iajclìt netweej
tfeh, `s hare nedrdnle ny cdr tfdj tfe `js`gft tfdt tfe appas`tes dre tfe
`jerdmìdnle djm `jm`spejsdnle preiajm`tàj ac dll psyifì l`ce, sa huif sa tfdt
l`ce `tselc `s gu`lt .‘42
]fe terh “Rf`lasapfers‑ Ytaje‘ `s `tselc d ujàj ac appas`tes. Rf`las apfy,
lave ac w`smah, `s d sp`r`tudl ejmedvar, wfereds d staje `s irume, fdrm,
hdter`dl redl`ty. ]fe terh tfus suggests sahetf`jg lòe tfe iajirete, prditìdl
eccìdiy ac w`smah ar iajsiàusjess. @t `s “d staje wfìf `s jat d staje‘ dnaut
wfìf ûldjm sdys, “]fe Ytaje wfìf `s jat d staje `s d sunstdjie wfìf `s
pet r`je
r` je ds regdrm
reg drm s `ts
`t s ecc
eccìd
ìd iy djm v`r tue
tu e nu
nutt jat ds reg drm s `t
`tss sun std jie .‘ "
]fe dlifehìdl Rf`lasapfers' Ytaje `s tfus d carerujjer ac tfe hamerj
m`siavery ac tfe redl`ty ac tfe psyife. Kujg sdys; “Wfdt ujiajsiàus jdture
wds ult`hdtely d`h`jg dt wfej sfe pramuiem tfe `hdge ac tfe ldp`s idj ne seej
hast iledrly `j tfe jatàj tfdt `t ar`g`jdtem `j hdtter djm `j hdj ... .Ifr`st‑s
sp`r`tudl`ty wds taa f`gf djm hdj‑s jdturdljess wds taa law. @j tfe `hdge ac..
tfe
.
"Wd`te, @rdj*., ]urnd Rflldxapfaruh p. 402, mìtuh 35.
▢'Yifalùh ta “]fe Galmej ]redt`se ac Ferhes." quatem `j Dtwaam. Ferhdj Rf`lasapfy djm
Dlifehy, p. @ @5j.
'“Kujg, Hyuerùh Iajlujill
Iajlujillajn.
ajn. I W 4=. pdr. >23.
"ûldjm, D Lexìaj ak Dlifehy, p. 460.
ldp`s tfe ‚clesf‑ glar`cèm `tselc `j `ts awj wdy? `t waulm jat trdjscarh `tselc `jta
sp`r`t nut aj tfe iajtrdry, ‚c`xem‑ tfe sp`r`t `j s taje .‘'> D hdkar syhnalì `hdge
car tfe iajùjità `s tfe hdrr`dge djm/ar sexudl `jteriaurse netweej Yal djm
Lujd ar sahe atfer persaj`cìdtàj ac tfe appas`tes (see c`gure 6->). ]f`s `hdge
`j mredhs recers ta tfe iajùjità, e`tfer tfe lesser ar tfe gredter, mepejm`jg aj
tfe iajtext. Dj `hpress`ve exdhple `s d mredh punl`sfem ny Estfer Fdrm`jg;
C@GUÊ 6 >
( ajùjilla `j @fi Dlifehìdl Si*¿il (47tf iijtury. Rdr`s, N`nlàtfæque me 4‑Drse jdl. HY
075. cal. 49 êpr`jtem `j Mirald, ]fe Yeiret Dj ac Dlifehy.)
Kuj*. Dlifehìd l YùKl rt. IW 49. pdr. 4>7

D wahdj mredhem tfdt sfe wejt `jta dj ujmergrau
ujmergraujm
jm idverj tfdt wds m`v`mem `jta
raahs iajtd`j`jg st`lls djm atfer hysteràus-laao- `jg ifehìdl dppdrdtus. ]wa
sièjt`sts were waro`jg aver tfe c`jdl praiess ac d pralajge
pralajgem
m serès ac exper`hejts,
exper`hejts,
wfìf tfey fapem ta nr`jg ta d suiiesscul iajilusàj w`tf fer felp. ]fe ejm pramuit
wds ta ne `j tfe carh ac galmej irystdls, wfìf were ta ne sepdrdtemcrah tfe hatfer
l`qu`m result`jg crah tfe hdjy prevàus salutàjs djm m`st`lldtàjs. Wf`le tfe ifeh`sts
waroem aver tfe vessel, tfe mredher djm fer laver ldy tagetfer `j dj dmka`j`jg raah,
tfe`r sexudl ehnrdie supply`jg tfe ejergy essejt`dl car tfe irystdll`zdtàj ac tfe
prìeless galmej su
sunstdjie.
nstdjie.
]f`s mredh fds d ilase pdrdllel `j dj dlifehìdl text; “Ma ye jat see tfdt tfe
iahplexàj ac d hdj `s carhem aut ac d saul djm d namy? tfus, dlsa, hust ye
iajka`j tfese, neiduse tfe Rf`lasapfers, wfej tfey prepdrem tfe hdtters djm
iajka`jem spauses hutudlly `j lave w`tf edif atfer, nefalm tfere dsiejmem crah
tfeh d galmej wdter !‘4= ]fe `hdge ac sexudl `jteriaurse ds pramui`jg tfe galmej
sunstdjie nr`jgs up tfe pdrdmaxìdl dspeit ac tfe ega‑s rel dtàj ta tfe Yelc. ]fe
usudl carhuldtàj `s tfdt tfe Yelc uj`tes djm reiaji`les tfe appas`tes. Fawever,
tf`s mredh djm tfe pdrdllel text suggest, ds `s `hplì`t `j dll ac dlifehy, tfdt tfe
aperdtar ” tfdt `s, tfe ega ” nr `jg s dna ut tfe uj` aj ac app as` tes djm tf ere ny
iredtes tfe Yelc, ar dt ledst nr`jgs `t `jta hdj`cestdtàj. ]fus `s ujmersiarem tfe
suprehe `hpartdjie ac tfe iajsiàus ega. @t hust uj`te tfe appas`tes, wfìf `s
ja edsy tdso. ]a falm appas`tes s`hultdjeausly `s ta experèjie pdrdlys`s
dhaujt`jg ta d ver`tdnle irui`c`xàj. ]fe syhnal`sh ac tfe irass `jilumes tfe
ujàj ac appas`tes, djm hdjy hemèvdl pìtures represejt tfe irui`c`xàj ac
Ifr`st ds d iajùjità ac Yal djm Lujd (see c`gure 6-9). Dugust`je hdoes dj
dhdz`jgly explì`t `mejt`ty netweej tfe iajùjità djm tfe irui`c`xàj. “Lòe d
nr` meg raa h Ifr `st wej t car tf cra h f` s ifd hne r, fe wej t aut w`t f d pre sdg e ac
f`s
jupt`dls `jta tfe cèlm ac tfe warlm QQQQQQ
QQQQQQ Fe idhe ta tfe hdrr`dge nem ac
tfe irass, djm tfere, `j haujt`jg `t, fe iajsuhhdtem f`s hdrr`dge. Djm wfej fe
per ie` vem tf e s `gf s a c t fe ire dtu re, fe lav `j gly gdv e f `hs elc up ta tfe tar hej t ` j
tfe pldie ac f`s nr`me...djm fe ka`jem tfe wahdj ta f`hselc car ever .‘45
D ildssì djm pracaujm iajùjità `hdge `s tfe ujàj ac [eus djm Ferd `j
naa o V @S ac tf e @l`dm. Ledm`jg Ferd ta f`s seiret nawer. [eus sdys;
‑‑Fdrm`jg, Rsyifì Ejergy; @ts Yaurie djm Iadl. pp. =59 5=.
4
'‚Wd`te, trdjs., ]urna Rf`lasapfaruh. p. 49= . mì tuh => ‑Tuatem ny Kujg,
Rf`lasapfaruh.
Hvsèrùh Iajùjitàj`s, IW 4=, R dr - >5¿ Z
Iajùjitàj`s,
C@GUÊ 6 9
@ fe Irui`c`xàj ds dIajlujità Netweej Yal djm l.ujd (Ldte 0tf iejtury. Rdr`s,
N`nlàtfæque Jdtàjdle. HY. ldt. >57, cal. @>v. êpr`jtem `j Ywdrzejso`, Hajuhejt d ac
âhdjesque Drt.)
**Jar Gam. jar hartdl sfdll aur kays nefalm,

Yfdmem w`tf ilaums, djm i`riuhcus'm `j galm,
Jat iv'j tfe Yuj. wfa mdrts tfra‑ Fedv'j f`s rdys,
Djm wfase nradm eye tf* extejmem edrtf surveys."
Gd/`jg fe «paoe, djm o`jml`jg dt tfe vèw.
F`* edger drhs draujm tfe Gammess tfrew.
Gldm Edrtf perie`ves, djm crah fer nasah paurs Ujn`mmej
ferns, djm valujtdry clawers?
@ fìo jew-narj vàlets d sact idrpet spredm.
Djm ilust'r`jg latas swell‑m tfe r`s`jg nem.
Djm summej fydi`jtfs tfe turc nestraw,
Djm cldhy iraius hdme tfe haujtd`j glaw ]fere
galmej i laums iajiedl tfe fedv‑jly pd`r Yteep‑m `j
sact kays, djm i`riuhcusem w`tf d`r?
Ielest`dl mews, mesiejm`jg a‑er tfe graujm,
Rercuhe tfe haujt, djm nredtfe dhnras`d raujm.
Dt lejgtf w`tf Lave djm Yleep‑s sact pawer appress‑m,
]fe pdj t`j g ] fuj m‑rer
m‑ rer jam s, djm s`j os ta res t. *
]fe `hdge ac d h`rdiulaus grawtf ac clawers ar vegetdtàj iahes up `j
mredhs ds ev`mejie ac prax`h`ty ta tfe iajùjità. @t `s jat `jvdr`dnly duspìàus,
s`jie `t idj s`gj`cy `jcldtàj car dj `hhdture ega.
Djatfer trdm`tàjdl iajùjità `hdge `s tfe n`nlìdl Yajg ac Yajgs. ]fe rdnn`s
`jterpretem `t ds recerr`jg ta tfe hdrr`dge ac Pdfwef djm @srdel? tfe ifurif
cdtfers `jterpretem `t ds tfe hdrr`dge ac Ifr`st w`tf tfe ifurif? iertd`j
dlifeh`sts `jterpretem `t ds represejt`jg tfe dlifehìdl apus (car exdhple,
Durard Iajsurgejs)?
Iajsurgejs)? djm c`jdlly, tfe Kew`sf odnndl`sts `jterpretem `t ds tfe ujàj
ac Pdfwef w`tf f`s ex`lem ceh`j`je essejie, tfe Yfeo`jdf. ]fe Yajg ac Yajgs
spedos ac “lave strajg ds medtf" ( 6; 3), dj dllusàj ta tfe cdit tfdt tfe iajùjità
`s auts`me ac t`he (see c`gure 6-=).
]fe hdkar iajùjità `hdge `j tfe Ifr`st`dj Yir`ptures `s tfe “Hdr r`dge ac tfe
Ldhn‘ `j êveldtàj;
]fe hdrr`dge ac tfe Ldhn `s iahe, djm f`s w`ce fdtf hdme ferselc
redmy.
(êv. 40;7. DS)
Djm 4 Kafj sdw tfe faly i`ty, jew Kerusdleh, iah`jg mawj crah
Gam aut ac fedvej, prepdrem ds d nr`me dmarjem car fer fusndjm.
Djm @ fedrm d gredt vaìe aut ac fedvej sdy`jg. Nefalm, tfe
tdnerjdile ac Gam `s w`tf hej, djm fe w`ll mwell w`tf tfeh, djm
tfey sfdll ne f`s peaple, djm Gam f`hselc sfdll ne w`tf tfeh, djm
ne tf e`r Gam . ( êv . > 4;> ,9, DS)
]f`s `s callawem ny d metd`lem mesir`ptàj ac tfe jew Kerusdleh ds d
ned ut `cu l, nek ewel lem i`t y `j tf e sfd pe ac d hdj mdl d. ]fe jew (t fdt `s, pu r`c èm )
Kerusdleh `s tfe nr`me ac Gam (tfe Ldhn). Fedvej djm edrtf, wfìf were
sepdrdtem dt tfe neg`jj`jg ac iredtàj, dre ta ne reka`jem, fedl`jg tfe spl`t `j tfe
psyife
psy ife djm rei ajj eit `jg ega djm Yel c (“t fe tdn erj dil e ac Gam `s w`t f hej ‘).
]fe i`ty ds dj `hdge ac tatdl`ty reh`jms us tfdt tfe i`ty `s dlsa tfe vessel car tfe
ialleit`ve trdjscarhdtàj ac fuhdj`ty. ]fe praiess ac i`v`l`zdtàj tdoes pldie `j
tfe i`ty (i`v`tds). (Yee c`gure 6 5.)
]fe hdrr`dge ac fedvej djm edrtf represejtem ds ]`ceretf djm Hdl- ifutf dlsa
dppedrs `j tfe (Idnndld. ^dnn` Y`haj nej Paifd`, tfe reputem dutfar ac tfe
[afdr `s sd`m ta fdve mesir`nem tfe sdirem iajùjità aj f`s medtfnem `j tfese
warms; “Wfej... tfe hatfer `s sepdrdtem djm iajka`jem w`tf tfe O`jg cdie ta
cdie `j tfe exiellejie ac tfe Ydnndtf, dll tf`jgs neiahe aje namy. Djm tfej tfe
Faly Aje nlessem ne Fe! ” s`ttetf aj F`s tfraje, djm dll tf`jgs dre idllem tfe
Iahplete Jdhe, tfe Faly Jdhe. Nlessem ne F`s Jdhe car ever djm ujta tfe
dges
*(V@S, 960-=23 Rape tr.)

C@GUÊ 6 =
@ fe I `rile ac tfe Pedr ds d Iajùji`à ac Yal djm l.ujd (Hemèvdl Mrdw`jg.
Ytuttgdrt. Wurttihnerg`sifi l.djmisn`nlàtfeo, Iam. f`st. cal. =45, cal. 47v.
êpr`jtem `j Evdjs, Hemèvdl Mrdw`jgs
Mrdw`jgs.)
.)
ac tfe dges..,, Wfej tf`s Hatfer `s iajka`jem w`tf tfe O`jg, dll tfe warlms reii`ve
nle ss` jg, djm tfe uj` ver se `s cau jm ta ne `j kay .‘43 ]f`s `s d pracaujm v`sàj ac tfe
Ujus Hujmus wfase ajly equdl `j hamerj t`hes `s Kujg's iajùji`à v`sàj. @j
Heharès, Mredhs,
Mredhs, ^
êcleitàjs
ecleitàjs Kujg mesir`nes f`s experèjie ac tfe iajùji`à mur`jg
iajvdlesiejie crah d grdve `lljess `j 40==;
@Lvirytf`jg ¿raujm he seehem ejifdjtem. Dt tf`s faur ac tfe j`gft tfe jurse
nra ugf t he sah e c aam sf e f dm wdr hem - c ar ajl y t fej wds 4 dnle ta tdoe
‚Hdtfitv trdh . @fr Odnndldf Ujve`lem, p. 997

C@GUÊ 6-5
]fe Jew Kerusdleh ds d Iajùjitù ac Yal djm Lujd (]fe Ila`sters Dpaidlypse, cal. 93. Jew
Paro, tfe Hetrapal`tdj Huseuh ac Drt.)
djy, djm @ dte w`tf dppet`te. Car d t`he `t seehem ta he tfdt sfe wds dj alm Kew`sf
wahdj, huif almer tfdj sfe ditudlly wds, djm tfdt sfe wds prepdr`jg r`tudl oasfer
m`sfes car he. Wfej @ laaoem dt fer, sfe seehem ta fdve d nlue fdla draujm fer
fedm. @ hyselc wds, sa `t seehem, `j tfe Rdrmes ^`hhaj`h, tfe gdrmej ac
pah egr djd tes , djm tfe wem m`j g ac ]`c ere tf w`t f Hdli fu tf wds tdo `j g pld ie. Ar els e
@ wds ^dnn` Y`haj nej Kaifd`. wfase wemm`jg `j tfe dcterl`ce wds ne`jg ielenrdtem.
@t wds tfe hystì hdrr`dge ds `t dppedrs `j tfe Idnndl`stì trdm`tàj. 4 idjjat tell
yau faw wajmercul `t wds. @ iaulm ajly tf`jo iajt`judlly, “Jaw tf`s `s tfe gdrmej ac
pah egr djd tes ! Jaw tf`s
tf `s `s tfe
tf e hdr r`dge
r` dge ac Hdl
Hdlifu
ifu tf w`t f ]`c ere tf !“ @ ma jat ojaw
oja w
exditly wfdt pdrt @ pldyem `j `t. Dt nattah `t wds @ hyselc; @ wds tfe hdrr`dge. Djm
hy nedt`tume wds tfdt ac d nl`sscul wemm`jg.
Grdmudlly tfe gdrmej ac pahegrdjdtes cdmem dwdy djm ifdjgem. ]fere callawem
tfe Hdrr`dge ac tfe Ldhn, `j d Kerusdleh cest`vely nemeioem. @ idjjat mesir`ne wfdt
`t wds lòe `j metd`l. ]fese were `jeccdnle stdtes ac kay. Djgels were presejt, djm
l`gft. 4 hyselc wds tfe “Hdrr`dge ac tfe Ldhn.
]fdt, taa, vdj`sfem, djm tfere idhe d jew `hdge, tfe ldst v`sàj. @ wdloem up d
w`me vdlley ta tfe ejm, wfere d gejtle ifd`j ac f`lls negdj. ]fe vdlley ejmem `j d
ildssìdl dhpf`tfedter. @t wds hdgj`cìejtly s`tudtem `j tfe greej ldjmsidpe. Djm
tfere, `j tf`s tfedter, tfe fèrasgdhas wds ne`jg ielenrdtem. Hej djm wahej mdjiers
idhe ajstdge, djm upaj d clawer-meioem iauif
Dll-cdtfer [eus djm Ferd iajsuhhdtem tfe hystì hdrr`dge, ds `t `s mesir`nem `j tfe @l`dm.
Dll tfese experèjies were glaràus. J`gft dcter j`gft @ cladtem `j d stdte ac pur est nl` ss,
“tfrajgem raujm w`tf `hdges ac dll iredtàj ."'7
]fdt wfìf gaes ny tfe jdhe ac lave `s cujmdhejtdl ta tfe pfejahejalagy ac tfe
iajùjità. Lave `s natf `ts iduse djm ecceit. ]fe lesser iajùjità mer`ves crah lave
ds iajiup`siejie, wfereds trdjspersajdl lave (djdlagaus ta Rldta‑s Fedvejly
Dpfram`te) natf gejerdtes djm `s gejerdtem ny tfe gredter iajùjità; @t fds neej sd`m
truly tfdt ankeit lave `s tfe extrdvertem dspeit ac `jm`v`mudtàj. Ankeit lave `s
ankeit`ve lave, d lave purgem ac persajdl mes`rausjess, jat aje s`me ac d pd`r ac
appas`tes, nut rdtfer neyajm tfe appas`tes. ]f`s trdjspersajdl lave `s dt tfe raat ac
dll graup djm sai`dl laydltès suif ds dlleg`djie ta cdh`ly, pdrty, jdtàj, ifurif, djm
fuhdj`ty `tselc. ]fe extrdvertem dspeit ac tfe iajùjità prahates sai`dl `jterest djm
tfe uj`ty ac tfe fuhdj rdie? tfe `jtravertem dspeit prahates iajjeitàj w`tf tfe Yelc
djm tfe uj`ty ac tfe `jm`v`mudl psyife. ]fdt wfìf falms tf`jgs tagetfer `s dmfes`ve,
tfus, `j dlifehy, “glue,‘ “guh,‘ djm “res`j‘ dre syjajyhs car tfe trdjscarh`jg
sunstdjie. “]f`s sunstdjie, ds tfe l`ce carie (v`s dj`hdjs), `s lòejem ny djatfer
iahhejtdtar ta tfe ‚glue ac tfe warlm‑ (glut`juh hujm`) wfìf `s tfe hemùh
netwe
ne tweej
ej h`jm
h`j m d jm na
namy
my djm tf
tfee uujà atf .‘ 46
jà j a c n atf.‘
Neg`jj`jg w`tf Rldta‑s Yyhpasùh, sahe ac tfe warlm‑s hast `jsp`rem texts nedr
w`tjess ta tfe trdjspersajdl
trdjspersajdl iashagajì lave. Luiretùs ex presses tfe pdgdj ceel`jg
`j tfe neg`jj`jg l`jes ac Me êruh Jdturd;
Hatfer ac âhe, mel`gft ac Gams djm hej,
Medr Sejus tfdt nejedtf tfe gl`m`jg stdrs Hdoest
ta teeh tfe hdjy-vaydgem hd`j Djm cru`tcul ldjms-
car dll ac l`v`jg tf`jgs ]fraugf tfee dlaje dre
everhare iajie`vem,
]fraugf tfee dre r`sej ta v`s`t tfe gredt suj ”
Necare tfee. Gammess, djm tfy iah`jg aj,
Clee starhy w`jm djm hdssy ilaum dwdy,
Car tfee tfe mdemdl Edrtf nedrs siejtem clawers,
Car tfee tfe wdters ac tfe ujvexem meep Yh`le, djm
tfe fallaws ac tfe s 3reje soy Glaw w`tf m`ccusem
rdm`djie car tfee!
Car taaj ds iahes tfe spr`jgt`he cdie ac mdy,
Djm prairedjt gdles nlaw crah tfe West ujndrrem.
▢Kujg. Heharès, Mredht. êcleitàjs, p. >0= . '•K ujg . Rsyifalagy djm Dlifehy. IW 4>. pdr. >20
êcleitàjs,
C`rst cawls ac d`r, sh`t ta tfe fedrt ny tfee.
Caretaoej tfy dppradif, A tfau M`v`je,
Djm ledp tfe w`lm ferms raujm tfe fdppy cèlms Ar sw`h tfe
nau jm `jg tar rej ts . ]f us dhd `j .
Ye`zem w`tf tfe spell, dll iredtures callaw tfee
Wf`tfersaever tfau wdloest cartf ta ledm,
Djm tfejie tfraugf seds djm haujtd`js djm sw`ct stredhs, ]fraugf
ledcy fahes ac n`rms djm greej`jg pld`js,
O`jml`jg tfe lure ac lave `j every nredst,
]fau nr`jgest tfe eterjdl gejerdtàjs cartf,
O`jm dcter o`jm. Y`jie ‑t`s tfau dlaje Gu`mest tfe Iashas .40
]fe ildssì mesir`ptàj ac trdjspersajdl lave car aur erd `s tfdt ac tfe Dpastle
Rdul;
@c @ spedo `j tfe tajgues ac hej djm ac djgels, nut fdve jat lave, @ dh d ja`sy gajg ar d
ildjg`jg iyhndl. Djm `c @ fdve prapfetì pawers, djm ujmerstdjm dll hysterès djm dll
ojawlemge, djm `c @ fdve dll cd`tf, sa ds ta rehave haujtd`js, nut fdve jat lave, 4 dh
jatf`jg. @c @ g`ve dwdy dll @ fdve, djm `c @ mel`ver hy namy ta ne nurjem, nut fdve jat
lave, @ gd`j jatf`jg.
Lave `s pdtèjt djm o`jm? lave `s jat kedlaus ar nadstcul? `t `s jat drragdjt ar rume. Lave
maes jat `js`st aj `ts awj wdy? `t `s jat `rr`tdnle ar resejtcul? `t maes jat rekaìe dt
wrajg, nut rekaìes `j tfe r`gft. Lave nedrs dll tf`jgs, nelèves dll tf`jgs, fapes dll
tf`jgs, ejmures dll tf`jgs. (4 Iar. 49;4-7. ^YS)
Mdjte iajt`jues tfe test`hajy `j tfe mesir`ptàj ac f`s v`sàj ac eterjdl l`gft,
wfìf iajilumes ]fe M`v`je Iahemy (see c`gures 6-3 djm 6-7);
@ sdw tfdt `j `ts meptfs tfere dre ejilasem.
Naujm up w`tf lave `j aje eterjdl naao,
]fe sidtterem ledves ac dll tfe uj`verse ”
Yunstdjie, djm dii`mejts, djm tfe`r reldtàjs.
Ds tfaugf tagetfer cusem `j suif d wdy ]fdt wfdt @ spedo ac
`s d s`jgle l`gft.
2 L`gft Eterjdl, `j ]fyselc iajtd`jem!

]fau ajly ojaw‑st ]fyselc, djm `j ]fyselc Natf ojawj djm
ojaw`jg, sh`lest aj ]fyselc!
]fdt very i`rile wfìf dppedrem `j ]fee, Iajie`vem ds nut
recleitàj ac d l`gft.
Wfej @ fdm gdzem aj `t dwf`le, jaw seehem ]a nedr tfe
`hdge ac d fuhdj cdie W`tf`j `tselc, ac `ts awj ialar`jg ”
Wferecare hy s`gft wds wfally c`xem aj `t.
Lòe d geaheter, wfa w`ll dttehpt
W`tf dll f`s pawer djm h`jm ta squdre tfe i`rile.
Luiretùs, Ac tfe Jdture ac ]f`jgs. RR 9c.
C@GUÊ 6-3
]fe Fedvejly âse (Marà, @llustrdtàjs Kar Mdjte
Mdjte's
's M`v`je I
Iahemy.)
ahemy.)
Pet idjjat c`jm tfe pr`ji`ple fe jeems;
Kust 42 wds @. dt tfdt pfejahejaj.

@ w`sfem ta see faw `hdge ka`jem ta r`jg,
Djm faw tfe aje caujm pldie w`tf`j tfe atfer.
]aa ceenle car suif cl`gfts were hy awj w`jgs?
Nut ny d l`gftj`jg cldsf hy h`jm wds struio ”
Djm tfus idhe tfe culc`lhejt ac hy w`sf.
Hy pawer jaw cd`lem tfdt pfdjtdsy sunl`he;
Hy w`ll djm hy mes`re were natf revalvem.
Ds `s d wfeel `j evej hatàj mr`vej,
Ny Lave, wfìf haves tfe suj djm atfer stdrs .>2
]free iejturès ldter idhe Yfdoespedre‑s peerless mesir`ptàj `j Yajjet 443;
ZAhO. ]fe M`v`je Iahem v `rd¿, `

m: rd j Ldwri
'' * "‚* Grdjt Wf`te, p. | 66 .
C@GUÊ 6-7
Ytdr ]rd`ls Draujm tfe Rale (Rfata Peroes Anservdtary. êpr`jtem `j Jeely, D
Rr`her car Ytdr-Gd
Ytdr-Gdzers.)
zers.)
Let he jat ta tfe hdrr`dge ac true h`jms Dmh`t

`hpem`hejts? lave `s jat lave Wfìf dlters wfej `t
dlterdtàj c`jms.
Ar nejms w`tf tfe rehaver ta rehave.
Af, ja, `t `s dj ever-c`xem hdro.
]fdt laaos aj tehpests djm `s jever sfdoej?
@t `s tfe stdr ta every wdjm‑r`jg ndro.
Wfase wartf's ujojawj, dltfaugf f`s fe`gft ne tdoej.
Lave‑s jat ]`he‑s caal, tfaugf rasy l`ps djm ifeios
W`tf`j f`s nejm`jg sìole‑s iahpdss iahe?
Lave dlters jat w`tf f`s nrèc faurs djm weeos.
Nut nedrs `t aut evej ta tfe emge ac Maah.
@c tf`s ne errar, djm upaj he pravem.
4 jever wr`t, jar ja hdj ever lavem.
Kujg mesir`nes f`s experèjie ac trdjspersajdl lave `j tfese warms;
Eras `s d oashagajas, d iredtar djm cdtfer hatfer ac dll f`gfer iajsiàusjess. 4
sahet`hes ceel tfdt Rdul‑s warms”“]faugf @ spedo w`tf tfe tajgues ac hej
djm ac djgels, djm fdve jat lave" ” h`gft well ne tfe c`rst iajm`tàj
ac dll iagj`tàj djm tfe qu`jtessejie ac m`v`j`ty `tselc. Wfdtever tfe ledrjem
`jterpretdtàj hdy ne ac tfe sejtejie "Gam `s Lave," tfe warm* dcc`rh tfe
iahplexà appas`taruh ac tfe Gamfedm. @j hy hemìdl experèjie ds well ds `j hy
awj l`ce @ fdve dgd`j djm dgd`j neej cdiem w`tf tfe hystery ac lave,
djm fdve jever neej dnle ta expld`j wfdt `t `s QQQQQQ Car we dre `j tfe meepest
sejse tfe vìt`hs djm tfe `jstruhejts ac iashagajì “lave.‘ @ put tfe warm `j
quatdtàj hdros ta `jmìdte tfdt @ ma jat use `t `j `ts iajjatdtàjs ac mes`r`jg,
pre cer r` jg, cdv ar` jg, w`s f`j g, djm s`h `ld r cee l`j gs, nu t ds sah et f`j g sup er` ar ta
tfe `jm`v`mudl, d uj`cèm djm ujm`v`mem wfale. Ne`jg d pdrt, hdj idjjat grdsp
tfe wfale. Fe `s dt `ts heriy. Fe hdy dssejt ta `t, ar renel dgd`jst `t? nut fe `s
dlwdys idugft up ny `t djm ejilasem w`tf`j `t. Fe `s mepejmejt upaj `t djm `s
sustd`jem ny `t. Lave `s f`s l`gft djm f`s mdrojess, wfase ejm fe idjjat see.
“Lave iedses jat‘”wfetfer fe spedos w`tf tfe “tajgues ac djgels,‘ ar w`tf
sièjt`cì exdit`tume trdies tfe l`ce ac tfe iell mawj ta `ts utterhast saurie. Hdj
idj try ta jdhe lave, sfawer`jg upaj `t dll tfe jdhes dt f`s iahhdjm, djm st`ll
fe w`ll `jvalve f`hselc `j ejmless selc- meieptàjs. @c fe passesses d grd`j ac
w`smah, fe w`ll ldy mawj f`s drhs djm jdhe tfe ujojawj ny tfe hare
ujojawj, `gjaluhper `gjatùs” tfdt `s, ny tfe jdhe ac Gam. ]fdt `s d iajcessàj
ac f`s sunkeitàj, f`s `hperceitàj, djm f`s mepejmejie? nut dt tfe sdhe t`he d
test`hajy ta f`s creemah ta ifaase netweej trutf djm errar .>4
****
]fe Rf`lasapfers‑ Ytaje, ajie iredtem, fds tfe pawer ta trdjscarh ndse hdtter
`jta janle. ]f`s pawer `s recerrem ta `j tfe texts ny tfe aperdtàjs ac praèità djm
hult`plìdtà (ar dughejtdtà). Ytrìtly spedo`jg, tfese aperdtàjs dre percarhem jat
ny tf e dli feh `s t, nu t ny tf e ldp `s . ]fe se sa -id lle m ape rdt àj s dre tf us red lly
pra per tès
t` es ac tfe tf e Rf` las apf ers ‑ Yta je, wf` if, ds d paw mer ar l`q u`m u` m (el `x`r)
`x `r) ,
pra kei ts `tsel
`t sel c u paj nds e hdt ter djm tfere
tf ere ny hult`
hu lt` pl` es `t
`tsel
sel c. D t ext sdy s; “Dl
“Dlif`
if` hy
`s d Yièjie, tedif`jg faw ta trdjscarhe djy o`jm ac hetdll `jta djatfer; djm tfdt
ny d prape
pr ape r hem ì `je , ds `t dpp edretf
edr etf ny hdj y Rf` las apf ers ‑ Naa oes . Dli f`hy
f` hy
tferecare `s d sièjie tedif`jg faw ta hdoe djm iahpaujm d iertd`je hemì`je,
wfìf `s idllem El`xer, tfe wfìf wfej `t `s idst upaj hetdlls ar `hperceit namès,
matf cully perceit tfeh `j tfe verè prakeitàj .‘>>
]fe Ytaje‑s pawer ac hult`plìdtà `s reh`j`siejt ac tfe w`maw‑s iruse ac a`l (4
O`jgs 47;4=), tfe h`rdile ac tfe ladves djm c`sfes (Hdtt. 4=;47 >4). djm tfe
pre và usl y qu ate m h`r diu lau s hul t` pl` idt àj ac cla w ers mu r`j g tf e iajùjità ac
[eus djm Ferd.
]fe psyifalagìdl `hplìdtàjs ac hult`plìdtà dre very `jterest`jg. ]fe `hdge
suggests tfdt trdjscarhdt`ve ecceits ehdjdte crah tfe dit`vdtem Yelc `j praiess ac
iajsiàus redl`zdtàj. Iertd`jly `t `s true tfdt dll evejts, ja hdtter faw arm`jdry,
tdoe aj `hpart wfej tfey pdrtì`pdte `j
¿Kujg. Heharès. Mredht. êcleitàjs, p. 95Kc

¿Tuatem ny êdm. Rrelume à Ifeh`stry, p. >=.
tfe praiess ac `jm`v`mudtàj. Dlsa, hult`plìdtà g`ves us d f`jt ds ta faw
ps yifa tf erd py hdy war o. ]a sah e ext ejt , tfe iaj si` aus jes s ac dj `j m`v `mu dl
wfa `s reldtem ta tfe Yelc seehs ta ne iajtdgàus djm tejms ta hult`ply `tselc `j
atfers. ]fe / If`jg spedos ac suif d pfejahejaj;
Iajtehpldtàj ac tfe m`v`je hedj`jg ujmerly`jg tfe waro`jgs ac tfe uj`verse

g`ves ta tfe hdj wfa `s idllem upaj ta `jcluejie atfers tfe hedjs ac
pr amu i`j g lò e ec cei ts. ]f` s req u` res tf dt paw er `j `j jer iaj iej tr dt` aj wf` if
rel`gàus iajtehpldtàj mevelaps `j gredt hej strajg `j cd`tf. @t ejdnles tfeh
ta dpprefejm tfe hysteràus djm m`v`je ldws ac l`ce, djm ny hedjs ac
pr aca uj mes t `j jer iaj iej tr dt` aj tfe y g`v e exp res s` aj ta tf ese ldws `j tf e`r
awj persajs. ]fus d f`mmej sp`r`tudl pawer ehdjdtes crah tfeh, `jclueji`jg
djm mah`jdt`jg atfers w`tfaut tfe`r ne`jg dwdre ac faw `t fdppejs (Yee
c`gure 6- 6).>9
Fawever, car tfe pdtèjt ta ne `jcluejiem ny tfe psyifatferdpeutì praiess,
tfe ega hust ne apej. ]f`s iarrespajms ta tfe dlifehìdl `med tfdt tfe hdter`dl
hust ne apej ta reie`ve tfe ecceits ac tfe t`jiture. Rdrdielsus sdys, “Car `c tfe
t`jiture `s ta t`jge, `t `s jeiessdry tfdt tfe namy ar hdter`dl wfìf `s ta ne t`jgem
sfaulm ne apej, djm `j d stdte ac clux; car ujless tf`s were sa, tfe t`jiture iaulm
jat aperdte .‘>= @j psyifatferdpy, apejjess (ta tfe ankeit`ve psyife) `s requ`rem
ac natf pdtèjt djm tferdp`st. Kujg sdys; “]fe persajdl`tès ac maitar djm pdtèjt
dre actej `jc`j`tely hare `hpartdjt car tfe autiahe ac tfe
tredthejt tfdj wfdt tfe maitar sdys djm tf`jos QQQQQQ
QQQQQQQ
Q Car twa persajdl`tès
ta heet `s lòe h`x`jg twa m`ccerejt ifehìdl sunstdjies; `c tfere `s djy

iahn`jdtàj dt dll, natf dre trdjscarhem. @j djy ecceit`ve psyifalagìdl
tredthejt tfe maitar `s naujm ta `jcluejie tfe pdtèjt? nut tf`s `jcluejie idj ajly
tdoe pldie `c tfe pdtèjt fds d rei`praidl `jcluejie aj tfe maitar. Pau idj exert
ja `jcluejie `c yau dre j at susiept`nle ta `jcluejie .">5
Djatfer cedture ac tfe Rf`lasapfers' Ytaje `s `ts tejmejiy ta rei`praidl
ditàj. ]f`s `med dppedrem `j tfe mredh ac d hdj, wfa, tfe j`gft necare, fdm
fedrm d leiture aj dlifehy. Fe mredhem tfdt
d graup ac peaple fdm m`siaverem tfe dlifeh`sts' seiret. Aje dspeit ac tfdt seiret
wds tfdt wfej dlifehìdl stumès dre ujmertdoej w`tf tfe r`gft dtt`tume d
rei`prai`ty ac `jterest `s evaoem? tfdt `s. wfej tfe dmept tdoes dj `jterest `j
dlifehy, dlifehy ldoes dj `jterest `j f`h.
Lòew`se, dj dlifehìdl text sdys; “Ujmerstdjm ye Yajs ac W`smah, tfe Ytaje

meildres; Rrateit he, djm 4 w`ll prateit tfee? g`ve he hy awj.
•"W`lfelh (rdjs.. ]fe t If`jg ar Naao •:/ Ifdjge ¿. p.

H
Rdrdiilsus, Ferhetì djm Dlifehìdl Wr`t`jg * /. 455-
¿Kujg. ]fe Rrditìe ac Rsyifatferdpy. IW 43. pdr. 439.

C@GUÊ 6 6
afy d* d Hdjmdld. Evejts `j tfe L`ce ac Apì`jus me Idj`str`s Dr-
DutanàgrdpZ.ZZ crah fl g Iajieptàj aj Hdrif >=, 4>03, ta Iahpletàj Z("urdw`jg aj Kuje 9,
4993. (N`nlàteid Dpastùlìd Sdtìdjd, HY. Rdl. ldt. 4009, (jl Fr. êpr`jtem `j Evdjs,
Hem èv dl Mrd w`jg s.)
tfdt @ hdy felp tfee.‘ >3 ]fe sdhe `med `s expressem `j Rraverns iajierj`jg
w`smah; “Carsdoe fer jat, djm sfe sfdll preserve tfee? lave fer djm sfe
sfdll oeep tfee. W`smah `s tfe pr`ji`ple tf`jg? tferecare get w`smah; djm
w`tf dll tfy gett`jg get ujmerstdjm`jg. Exdlt fer, djm sfe sfdll prahate
tfee; sfe sfdll nr`jg tfee ta fajar, wfej tfau mast ehnrdie fer" (Rrav.
=;3-6, DS).
Curtfer mesir`ptàj ac tfe hdrvelaus pawers ac tfe Rf`lasapfer
Rf`lasapfers‑
s‑ Ytaje
`jmec`j`tely.. >7 ]fe rei`praidl ditàj ac tfe Ytaje `s
iaulm iajt`jue dlhast `jmec`j`tely
d su`tdnle stapp`jg pldie neiduse `t `s d reh`jmer tfdt pdy`jg dttejtàj ta
tfe `hdgery ac tfe ankeit`ve psyife (suif ds dlifehy) gejerdtes
duspìàus rei`praidl ecceits. ]fe psyifalagìdl rule `s; tfe ujiajsiàus
tdoes tfe sdhe dtt`tume tawdrm tfe ega ds tfe ega tdoes tawdrm `t. @c aje
pd ys cr` ejm ly dtt ejt àj
à j ta tfe ujiaj
uj iaj si àu s `t nei ahe s fel pc ul ta tfe ega .
Grdmudlly tfe redl`zdtàj mdwjs tfdt d hutudl apus `s ne`jg percarhem. ]fe
ega jeems tfe gu`mdjie djm m`reitàj ac tfe ujiajsiàus ta fdve d
hedj`jgcul l`ce? djm tfe ldtejt Rf`lasapfers‑ Ytaje, `hpr`sajem `j tfe
pr`hd hdter`d, jeems tfe mevatem eccarts ac tfe iajsiàus ega ta iahe `jta
ditudl`ty. ]agetfer tfey waro aj tfe Gredt Hdg`stry ta iredte hare djm
hare iajsiàusjess `j tfe uj`verse.
****
@j iajilusàj, @ sfdll g`ve tfe c`jdl warm ta tfe dlifeh`sts ny quat`jg `j
tata, tfe`r hast sdirem text, ]fe Eherdlm ]dnlet ac Ferhes. @t wds vèwem “ds d
o`jm ac superjdturdl reveldtàj ta tfe ‚sajs ac Ferhes‑ ny tfe pdt raj ac
tfe`r ‚M`v`je Drt.‑ ‘ >6 Diiarm`jg ta legejm, tfe ar`g`jdl Eherd lm ]dnlet wds
Eherdlm
caujm `j tfe tahn ac Ferhes ]r`sheg`stus e`tfer ny Dlexdjmer tfe Gredt
ar, `j djatfer versàj, ny Ydrdf tfe w`ce ac Dnrdfdh. @t wds dt c`rst ojawj
ajly `j Ldt`j, nut `j 40>9 Falhydrm m`siaverem dj Drdnì versàj. >0 @t `s
lòely tfdt dj edrlèr text wds `j Greeo djm, diiarm`jg ta Kujg, wds ac
92
Dlexdjmr`dj ar`g`j. ]fe dlifeh`sts tredtem `t w`tf uj`que vejerdtàj,
ejgrdv`jg `ts stdtehejts
stdtehejts aj tfe`r ldnardtary wdll
wdllss djm q uat`jg `t iajstdjtly
`j tfe`r waros. @t `s tfe iryptì ep`tahe ac tfe dlifehìdl apus, d rei`pe car
tfe seiajm iredtàj ac tfe warlm, tfe ujus hujmus.9`
¿•]fe Galmej ]redt`se ac Ferhes." `j Dtwaam. Ferhetì Rf`lasapfy djm Dlifehy.

p. 4>6 .
c‑Car curtfer hdter` dl see Em`jger. Ega djm Drifetype. if. 42.
¿êdm. Rrelume ta Ifeh`stry, pp. 5@c.
H
Falhydrm. Dlifehy, p. 03.
"•Kujg. Hysterùh Iajùjitàj`s. IW 4=. pdr. 4>.
] DNULD Y HD^DGM@JD F E^ HE]@Y
4. Seruh, s`je hejmdià, iertuh et ver`ss`huh.

>. Tuam est `jcerùs, est sìut quam est superùs, et quam est superùs, est
sìut quam est `jcerùs, dm perpetrdjmd h`rdiuld
h`rdiuld re` ujùs.
9. Et sìut ahjes res cuerujt dn uja, hem`tdtàje ujùs; sì ahjes res
jdtde cuerujt dn fdi ujd re, dmdptdtàje.
=. Rdter eùs est Yal, hdter eùs Lujd? partdv`t `llum vejtus `j vejtre sua?
jutr`x eùs terrd est.
5. Rdter ahj`s telesh` tatùs hujm` est fè.
3. S`s eùs `jtegrd est, s` versd cuer`t `j terrdh.
7. Yepdrdn`s terrdh dn `gje, sunt`le d sp`ssa, sudv`ter, iuh hdgja
`jgejà.
6. Dsiejm`t d terrd `j iaeluh, `jteruhque mesiejm`t `j terrdh, et rei`p`t

v`h superàruh et `jceràruh. Yì fdnen`s glar`dh tatùs hujm`. @mea
cug`dt d te ahj`s ansiur`tds.
0. Fè est tatùs cart`tum`j`s cart`tuma cart`s? qu`d v`jiet ahjeh sun-
t`leh, ahjehque sal`mdh pejetrdn`t.
42. Yì hujmus iredtus est.
44. F`ji dmdptdtàjes erujt h`rdn`les, qudruh hamus est fè.
4>. ltdque vaidtus suh FE^HEY tr`sheg`stus, fdnejs tres pdrtes Rf`lasapf`de
tatùs hujm`.
49. Iahpletuh est quam m`x` me aperdtàje Yal`s.
] FE E HE^DLM ] DNLE] AC F E^HEY
4. ]ruly, w`tfaut meieptàj, iertd`j djm hast true.

>. Wfdt `s nelaw `s lòe tfdt wfìf `s dnave, djm wfdt `s dnave `s lòe
tfdt wfìf `s nelaw, ta diiahpl`sf tfe h`rdiles ac tfe aje tf`jg.
9. Djm ds dll tf`jgs praieemem crah aje, tfraugf hem`dtàj ac tfe aje,
sa dll tf`jgs idhe crah tf`s aje tf`jg tfraugf dmdptdtàj.
=. @ts cdtfer `s tfe suj? `ts hatfer tfe haaj? tfe w`jm fds idrrèm `t `j `ts
nel ly? `ts jur se `s tfe
tf e e drt f.
5. ]f`s `s tfe cdtfer ac dll, tfe iahpletàj ac tfe wfale warlm.
3. @ts strejgtf `s iahplete `c `t ne turjem `jta (ar tawdrm) edrtf.
7. Yepdrdte tfe edrtf crah tfe c`re, tfe suntle crah tfe mejse, gejtly, w`tf
gredt `jgeju`ty.
6. @t dsiejms crah tfe edrtf ta tfe fedvej, djm mesiejms dgd`j ta tfe
edrtf, djm reie`ves tfe pawer ac tfe dnave djm tfe nelaw. ]fus yau
w`ll fdve tfe glary ac tfe wfale warlm. ]ferecare dll mdrojess w`ll
clee crah yau.
0 Fere `s tfe strajg pawer ac tfe wfale strejgtf? car `t averiahes
every suntle tf`jg djm pejetrdte
pejetrdtess every sal`m.
42 . ]fus tfe warlm fds neej iredtem.
44 . Crah fere w`ll iahe tfe hdrvelaus dmdptdtàjs, wfase hdjjer tf`s `s.
4> . Ya @ dh idllem FE^HEY ]^@YHEG@Y]UY , fdv`jg tfe tfree pdrts ac tfe
pf` las apf y a c t fe wfa le war lm.
49 . Wfdt @ fdve sd`m dnaut tfe aperdtàj ac tfe suj `s c`j`sfem .9>
,>
]fe Ldt`j text `s tdoej crah Kujg. E.].F. Yeh`jdrs; Dlifehy, pp. 55c. ]fe Ejgl`sf
rdjsldtàj `s tdoej crah tfe sdhe saurie w`tf sl`gft ifdjges ny iahpdr`saj w`tf atfer
ersàjs. @j tfese jates Kujg g`ves d nrèc psyifalagìdl iahhejtdry aj tfe Eherdlm ]dnlet.

Edinger Anatomy of The Psyche Alchemical Symbolism in Psychotherapy

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]a armer naaos crah Apej Iaurt,

idll tall cree

Caurtf pr`jt`jg 4004

Dll r`gfts reservem. Ja pdrt ac tf`s punl`idt`aj hdy ne

Rr`jtem djm naujm `j tfe Uj`tem Ytdtes ac Dher`id.

L`nrdry ac Iajgress Idtdlag`jg `j Runl`idt`aj

(]fe ^edl`ty ac tfe psyife ser`es)

]FE ^EDL@]P AC ]FE RYPIFE YE^@EY

Ifdpters 4 djm >”Saluhe 44, Juhner 4 (Yuhher 4076)

@jtramuit`aj/4 Ifdpter >/

3 /Hart`c`idt`a /4=7 Ifdpter 7 4

^icirijiis ta pr`hdry sauries dppedr ujmer `llustrdt`aj t`tles. Car

> = (pdge >9)

9-> (pdge 54)

Dsfhale, em., ]fedtruh Ifeh`iuh Nr`tdjj`iuh (435>).

= > (pdge 67)

3-4 (pdge 4=6)

7- 0 (pdge 406) je Dlifeh`st ds

iejtury), Naurgagje, Fasp`ie me Neduhe.

FE R^AIEYY AC RYPIFA]FE^DRP , wfej `t gaes dt dll meep, sets `jta

‑Kujg, Rsyifalagy djm Dlifehy, IW 4>, pdrs. 9=5 cc.

Kujg, Heharès. Mredhs. êcleitàjs, p. >25.

OW 4=, pdr. 704

Rsyifalag`idlly we idj ujmerstdjm tf`s `hdge ds recerr`jg ta tfe drifetypdl

Caur hetdl-ildm c`gures mesie

‚^edm, Rrelume ta Ifeh`stry; Dj Autl`je

ankeit`ve psyife. ]fe`r mesiejt `j sedrif ac tfe`r iarrespajm`jg hetdls

D prah`jejt cedture ac tfe apus `s tfdt `t `s iajs`merem d sdirem waro requ`r`jg d

•Wd`te, trdjs.. ]fe Ferhet`i Huseuh, >;>> >5.

"@n`m., p. 07, m`ituh >0.

h`sts iajs`merem tfehselves ta ne tfe gudrm`djs ac d hystery tfdt wds jat ta ne

"]fe L`ves ac tfe Dlifehyst`idl Rf`lasapfers, p. 475.

Ujmerstaam psyifalag`idlly, tfese texts dre equdt`jg tfe `jm`v`mudl w`tf

]fe R^@HD HD]E^@D

“I`tem fr Kujg. Rsyifalagy djm Dlifehy. IW 4>. pdr. 9=7.

@ dh fdv`jg ta medl w`tf dj `jcdjt. Wfejev

@jjaiejie iarrespajms ta tfe ujm`ccerejt`dtem stdte ac tfe pr`hd hdter`d.

- ‑‑Wd`te, @rdjs., ]fe Fer het `t HuseuhX 4;49.

]fe pranleh ac c`jm`jg tfe pr`hd hdter`d iarrespajms ta tfe pranleh ac

¿]fe L`ves ac tfe Dlifehys``idl Rf`lasapfers, p. 473.

trdjscarhem `j ta tfe Rf`lasapfers‑ Ytaje. Rrdit`idlly dll ac dlifeh`idl `hdgery idj

ast l`sts ac dlifehìdl aperdtàjs ne g`j w`t f idli`jdtà. D cew

‑Kujg, Yyhnals ac ]rdjscarhdt`aj. IW 5, pdr. >26.

^edm, Rrelume ta Ifeh`stry, p. >24.

‚Em`jgir. Ega djm Drifetype, pp. 470cc.

]f`s mredh iahn`jes severdl dlifehìdl tfehes; idli`jdtà ds irehdtàj? tfe

fujgry, `jst`jitudl mes`rausjess djm `s iajtdh`jdtem w`tf tfe ujiajsi`aus.

seeos Kar d wdy aut nut wfejev

ar atfers. Ny iajtrdst d wedo ega `s very vuljerdnle ta ne`jg iajsuhem ny ejiaujter

C`llem w`tf d ilutter ac ujsartem stucc d spdro idj

ta wfdt idj rdge neyajm iajtral, uj less tfe

M`es `rde. m`es

Djatfer hamerj paet uses tfe sdhe `hdge;

ta tfe w`ioem l`oe haltej hetdl.

‑‑Fdst`jgs, Ejiyilapem`d ac ^el`g`aj

“Kdhes, Dpairypfdl Jew ]estdhejt,

l`v`jg l`gft, wf`rl`jg c`re, haver ac l`gft, furler ac tfujmernalts, glar`aus

"Naefhe, Durard, pp. >=cc.

▢'•Wd`te. ]fe Faly Odnndldf, p. >02j.

Hedm, Crdghejts ac d Cd`tf Cargattej,

`jtejs`ty; “Rracessar ------------- , `c yau dre ga`jg ta ir`t`i`ze hy pdper yau

Jar idj tfe pf aej` x r dre `ts elc reh doe

]fe mave mesiejm`jg nredos tfe d`r W`tf