Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe

[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

>. @H AE^DZYAOHJAÚE
AE^DZYAOHJAÚE ID CD
CDWJHILZ
WJHILZ DE @H
@H DC[WDZH

>.8. Aetr
Aetrliuj
liujjaúe
jaúe

De dstd hphrthil sd vh h hheh`azhr

eh`azhr d` pphpd`
hpd` qud fudoh `h aevdstaohjaúe id
cdrjhils de `h dcprdsh. @h jlejdpjaúe
jlejdpjaúe id` chrbdtaeo jlcl ueh nuejaúe dstrhdstrhtáoajh
táoajh
phrh `h lroheazhjaúe chrjh d` phpd` idtdrcaehetd id `h aevdstaohjaú
aevdstaohjaúee id cdrjhils de d`
detlrel hjtuh`. Zd dxp`ajath h jletaeuhjaú
jletaeuhjaúee d` idshrrl``l id ue prljdsl id chrbdtaeo th`
y jlcl idgd prliujarsd de `h rdh`aihi dcprdshrah` hjtuh`, `hs tdeidejahs hjtuh`ds de
aevdstaohjaúe jlcdrjah` jle dspdjah` áenhsas de d` idshrrl``l id eudvhs tájeajhs id
odstaúe y heè`asas ghshihs de `h hp`ajhjaúe id `hs eudvhs tdjel`loãhs id `h aenlrchjaúe,
hsã jlcl ueh idsjrapjaúe id` sdjtlr aeiustrah` qud jlestatuyd d` idshrrl``l id dsth
hjtavaihi.

^hrals hspdjtls sle `ls qud mhe aen`uail de `h acplrthejah id `h aevdstaohjaúe

jlcdrjah`6 d` aejdshetd aejrdcdetl id `h jlcpdtdejah, hjdetuhih plr prljdsls id
aetdrehjaleh`azhjaúe,
aetdrehjaleh`azhjaúe, o`lgh`azhjaúe y jlejdetrhjaúe
jlejdetrhjaúe dcprdshrah`2 y d` thcgaáe acphrhg`d
hvhejd tdjel`úoajl, qud mh mdjml qud `hs cdtlil`loãhs sd idshrrl``de de orhe cdiaih y
sd pudihe trhthr y heh`azhr jhetaihids aeachoaehg`ds id aenlrchjaúe. D` aejrdcdetl id
`h jlcpdtdejah mh jlevdrtail de ueh lg`aohjaúe `h edjdsaihi id jlethr jle ue n`ufl id
aenlrchjaúe iaeècajl qud pdrcath rhjaleh`azhr `ls prljdsls id tlch id idjasaleds. @h
aejlrplrhjaúe id eudvhs tdjel`loãhs mhjd plsag`d `h lgtdejaúe id aenlrchjaúe id ueh
nlrch cujml cès rèpaih y jletaeuhih, hidcès id h tdedr hjjdsl h chylr jhetaihi id
aenlrchjaúe de cujml cdelr dsphjal id tadcpl. [lr dfdcp`l, `h rdjloaih id
aenlrchjaúe de ue phed` id jlesucailrds mh phshil de pljls høls id sdr sdcheh` h sdr
iahrah orhjahs h` sjheedr jlcl cátlil id rdjloaih id aenlrchjaúe.

@h aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils sadcprd mh sail ueh thrdh qud mh hyuihil h `ls

rdspleshg`ds id `hs dcprdshs h su tlch id idjasaleds y h jletrl`hr `h hjtavaihi id su
dcprdsh hsã jlcl h vaoa`hr d` detlrel. Ch`mltrh (811?) sdøh`h qud "`h thrdh id
aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils jlesastd de shtasnhjdr `hs edjdsaihids id aenlrchjaúe y
prlplrjalehr h `h odrdejah aenlrchjaúe hjtuh`azhih, rd`dvhetd,
rd`dvhetd, dxhjth, nahg`d y vè`aih. D`
hcgadetd jlcpdtatavl hjtuh` id` chrbdtaeo y `ls jlstls, sadcprd de hucdetl, qud sd
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

htraguyde h ueh tlch id idjasaleds pljl dndjtavh, rdquadrde qud `h aevdstaohjaúe id

cdrjhils jletraguyh jle aenlrchjaúe saoeanajhtavh. @hs idjasaleds hprlpahihs el sd
ghshe de d`
d` sdxtl sdetail, `h aetuajaúe l de ue fu
fuajal–.
ajal–.

@h acp`hethjaúe id dstrhtdoahs id chrbdtaeo id rd`hjaleds de cdrjhils id orhe

jlesucl ds plsag`d
plsag`d de `h cdiaih de qud `h dcprdsh id
idshrrl``h
shrrl``h ue sastdch id
aenlrchjaúe dnajhz. Jlejdptls aetdorhils idetrl id` chrbdtaeo id rd`hjaleds jlcl ds d`
jhsl id` chrbdtaeo id ghsds id ihtls, d` chrbdtaeo aetdrhjtavl, d` chrbdtaeo uel h uel l
d` cajrlchrbdtaeo, el dxastarãhe sa el sd jlejagadrh `h nuejaúe id `h aevdstaohjaúe id
cdrjhils jlcl hjtuh`cdetd sd mhjd.

[hrh ``dvhr h jhgl sus rdspleshga`aihids id chrbdtaeo, `ls iardjtavls edjdsathe

ueh orhe jhetaihi id aenlrchjaúe. H pdshr id` hucdetl id `h jhetaihi id aenlrchjaúe, h
cdeuil, `ls iardjtavls sd dejudetrhe jle ue dxjdsl id aenlrchjaúe el hidjuhih y ueh
jhrdejah id aenlrchjaúe hidjuhih. [hrh rdsl`vdr dstls prlg`dchs, cujmhs dcprdshs
dstèe tlcheil cdiaihs phrh cdflrhr sus sastdchs id aenlrchjaúe id chrbdtaeo. @l
pracdrl qud mhjd ue sastdch id aenlrchjaúe
aenlrchjaúe id chrbdtaeo gade d`hglrhil ds dvh`uhr
dvh`uhr sus
edjdsaihids id aenlrchjaúe. H jletaeuhjaúe, d` ZAC idshrrl``h aenlrchjaúe y hyuih h
`ls iardjtavls h dcp`dhr dsth aenlrchjaúe id ue clil dnajhz. @h aevdstaohjaúe id
chrbdtaeo acp`ajh `h rdjloaih id `h aenlrchjaúe pdrtaedetd phrh rdsl`vdr ue prlg`dch id
chrbdtaeo dspdjãnajl h` qud `h dcprdsh sd denrdeth. [lr ö`tacl, d` sastdch id
aenlrchjaúe id chrbdtaeo iastraguyd `h aenlrchjaúe rdjlpa`hih id nudetds dxtdrehs, `h
aetd`aodejah chrbdtaeo, y `h aevdstaohjaúe id chrbdtaeo phrh `ls iardjtavls hidjuhils,
de d` clcdetl hidjuhil.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

>.7 @hs nuejaleds

nuejaleds id `h Ae
Aevdstaohjaúe
vdstaohjaúe Jlcdrjah`
Jlcdrjah` jlcl aetdorhetd id
id`` Zastdch id
Aenlrchjaúe id Chrbdtaeo (ZAC).

>.7.8. @h nuejaúe dstrhtá

dstrhtáoajh
oajh id `h Aevds
Aevdstaohjaúe
taohjaúe Jlcdrj
Jlcdrjah`.
ah`.

^hcls h idsjragar `h nuejaúe id `h aevdstaohjaúe jlcdrjah` idetrl id` jletdxtl

dcprdshrah`, jlesaidrheil `hs iastaeths vhrahg`ds id` detlrel. De dstd sdetail `h
aevdstaohjaúe jlcdrjah` sd jlesaidrh jlcl ueh mdrrhcadeth id usl jletaeul h `l `hrol
id tlil d` prljdsl id chrbdtaeo dcprdeiail plr `h lroheazhjaúe, prlplrjaleheil de
tlil clcdetl `h cdtlil`loãh hidjuhih phrh lgtdedr aenlrchjaúe öta`.

De pracdr `uohr, sd rdvashe `hs nhsds id ue prljdsl id chrbdtaeo th` y jlcl sd

idgd detdeidr de `h hjtuh`aihi, phrh, plstdralrcdetd, idnaear `hs plsag`ds hp`ajhjaleds id
`h aevdstaohjaúe qud, jlcl sd vh h plidr jlcprlghr, jugrde jhih ueh id `hs dthphs plr

`h qud phsh `h dcprdsh de su acp`hethjaúe id `h dstrhtdoah jlcdrjah`. @h rdh`aihi

dcprdshrah` hjtuh` dxaod qud juh`quadr lroheazhjaúe iaspleoh id ue sastdch id
aenlrchjaúe id chrbdtaeo (ZAC) dnajhz qud `h jhphjatd phrh rdspleidr rèpaihcdetd hetd
lplrtueaihids y hcdehzhs. @h aevdstaohjaúe jlcdrjah` sd jlevadrtd de d` dfd
nueihcdeth` id dstd sastdch id aenlrchjaúe hplrtheil `h cdtlil`loãh lplrtueh.

@h iacdesaúe dstrhtáoajh id` chrbdtaeo sd mhjd cès edjdshrah de `h cdiaih de

qud sd aejrdcdeth `h jlcpdtdejah y d` detlrel qud rlidh `h dcprdsh sd vud`vd cès
iaeècajl. Wdjadetdcdetd, d` prlndslr @hcgae (8111) rdsh`thgh júcl `h dcprdsh idgãh

idnaear dstrhtdoahs qud `h pdrcatadrhe jrdhr ueh vdethfh jlcpdtatavh idndeiag`d thetl de
d` prliujtl jlcdrjah`azhil, jlcl de d` clil id detrdoh, jdetrèeilsd de `ls gdednajals
qud cès vh`lrhe `ls j`adetds. D
Dee d` ju
juhirl
hirl saouad
saouadetd.
etd. hphrdjde
hphrdjde `hs iadz
rdjlcdeihjaleds
rdjlcdeihjaleds suodraihs plr @hcgae, jlcl idjè`lol id` chrbdtaeo dstrhtáoajl.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

D@ IDJÈ@LOL ID@ CHWBDYAEO DZYWHYÁOAJL ZDOÖE @HCGAE (8111)

Idnaear d` cdrjhil id rdndrdejah de tárcaels id `h sl`ujaúe tlth` qud `ls j`adetds gusjhe.
Idnaear caeujalshcdetd `h jlgdrturh id` cdrjhil, pdrl jle ueh lradethjaúe cueiah` l trhesehjaleh`.
Jrdhr vdethfhs jlcpdtatavhs d aedquãvljhs thetl de `ls prliujtls jlcl de d` clil id detrdoh.
Jdetrhrsd de `ls gdednajals id` prliujtl qud cès vh`lrhe `ls j`adetds.
Dsthr cès jdrjh id `ls j`adetds de tlihs `hs nuejaleds y eavd`ds id `h lroheazhjaúe.
Aetdethr aeelvhr thetl de d` prliujtl jlcl de d` clil id detrdoh id chedrh pdrchedetd.
Lradethrsd mhjah d` cdrjhil6 `hs dcprdshs id `h jlcpdtdejah, `ls
` ls iastraguailrds, `ls prdsjraptlrds y d` chjrldetlrel th
El hjdpthr
Ydedr jlcl aeh`tdrhg`ds
cuy prdsdetd `hsid`
d` pltdejah` jleiajaleds
Chrbdtaeoid` sdjtlr6 ds plsag`d
Iaoath`. plsag`d jhcgahr`hs.
Dvathr `hs dstrujturhs nuejaleh`ds, pdrl prlclvdr `h jrdhjaúe id dquapls n`dxag`ds d aetdrnuejaleh`ds.

Nudetd6 @hcgae (8111).6

Juhirl >.86 D` Idjè`lol id` Chrbdtaeo Dstrhtáoajl

@ls prljdsls id chrbdtaeo de `h lroheazhjaúe sd vud`vde, plr thetl, sastdcètajls

puiaáeilsd iastaeouar ils nhsds6 nuejaleds dstrhtáoajhs y nuejaleds lpdrhtavhs, sae
dcghrol, ds de `h pracdrh dthph id `hs nuejaleds dstrhtáoajhs, ileid hphrdjd `h nuejaúe
id heè`asas, dthph
dthph ileid taded `uohr `h aevdstaohjaúe
aevdstaohjaúe jlcdrjah`.
jlcdrjah`. Zae dcghrol, dsth
nuejaúe id heè`asas el idgd hgheilehrsd de tlil d` prljdsl, plr `l qud eudvhs
aenlrchjaleds pudide ar clianajheil `hs idjasaleds id` prljdsl.

@h dcprdsh jlcadezh rdh`azheil ue heè`asas dxmhustavl thetl dxtdrel jlcl

aetdrel qud `d jhphjathrè phrh `h idtdrcaehjaúe id dstrhtdoahs. H eavd` aetdrel, `h

dcprdsh, de jlejrdtl `ls rdsplesh

rdspleshg`ds
g`ds id` idphrthcdetl id chrbdtaeo, idgde
idgde iaspledr
id ihtls rd`htavls h sus rdjursls y jhphjaihids6 jhphjaihi prliujtavh, jh`aihi lgfdtavh
id `ls prliujtls, rdjursls muchels, rdjursls naehejadrls, jhphjaihi lroheazhtavh,
dxpdradejah, achode idetrl id` cdrjhil, dtj. D` heè`asas dxtdrel taded qud prlplrjalehr
aenlrchjaúe thetl id` chjrldetlrel, jlcl id hspdjtls cès jdrjhels y id aen`udejah
iardjth slgrd `h prlpah lroheazhjaúe jlcl jlesucailrds , jlcpdtailrds l
aetdrcdiahrals. Teh vdz rdh`azhil d` heè`asas dxtd
dxtdrel
rel `h dcprdsh dsthrè de jleiajaleds
jleiajaleds
id idtdrcaehr juè`ds sle `hs hcdehzhs cès prúxachs y juè`ds `hs lplrtueaihids qud d`
detlrel `ds graeih.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

Dsth dthph id heè`asas hgrd phsl h ueh saouadetd nhsd id` prljdsl id chrbdtaeo de
`h juh` `h dcprdsh yh dstè de jleiajaleds id idnaear su dstrhtdoah. Zd pudide nafhr
lgfdtavls. De d` jhpãtu`l
jhpãtu`l hetdralr sd val jlcl, de `h hjtuh
hjtuh`aihi,
`aihi, hsastacls h ueh
jlesthetd nrhocdethjaúe id` cdrjhil. @hs lndrths id `hs dcprdshs mhe idfhil mhjd yh
tadcpl id iaraoarsd h ue cdrjhil id chshs phrh mhjdr`l h orupls idnaeails id j`adetds

de nuejaúe id iandrdetds jratdrals (odedrh`ds l dspdjãnajls, lgfdtavls l sugfdtavls). @hs

dcprdshs idgde idtdrcaehr `ls jratdrals qud vhe h dcp`dhr phrh sdocdethr su cdrjhil
prljurheil qud `ls sdocdetls lgtdeails sdhe hjjdsag`ds, cdiag`ds y mlcloáedls jle
rdspdjtl h `hs jhrhjtdrãstajhs jlesaidrhi
jlesaidrhihs.
hs.

Zdocdethil d` cdrjhil idjaiarè d` sdocdetl l sdocdetls h `ls qud vhe h iaraoar

sus prliujtls (sd`djjaúe id` cdrjhil cdth). Jletaeuhrè plsajaleèeilsd jle jhih uel
id sus prliujtls de `ls sdocdetls id cdrjhil sd`djjalehils, shgadeil qud d` rdsu`thil
id su plsajalehcadetl vh h idpdeidr, de tlil clcdetl, id `h achode pdrjagail plr `ls

jlesucailrds. Dstd plsajalehcadetl dxaod ue heè`asas jletaeul id `hs vh`lrhjaleds id

`ls jlesucailrds qud sle `ls qud vhe h chrjhr de ue clcdetl ihil `h edjdsaihi id
rdplsajalehrsd. [hrh ``dvhr h jhgl `h dstrhtdoah id plsajalehcadetl ds edjdshral gusjhr
jletaeuhcdetd d`dcdetls id iandrdejahjaúe jle rdspdjtl h `ls prliujtls id `h
jlcpdtdejah,, `l qud lg`aoh h ueh vaoa`hejah jlesth
jlcpdtdejah jlesthetd
etd id `hs hjjaleds id `h
jlcpdtdejah..

Idnaeaihs `hs dstrhtdoahs id hjtuhjaúe, jlrrdspleid d` clcdetl id` chrbdtaeo

lpdrhtavl. @h dstrhtdoah sd jlejrdth de hjtuhjaleds dspdjãnajhs slgrd `hs juhtrl vhrahg`ds

gèsajhs id` chrbdtaeo6 prliujtl/sdrvajal, prdjal, jlcueajhjaú

jlcueajhjaúee y iastragujaúe. @h nhsd
id chrbdtaeo lpdrhjaleh` sd jlcp`dth jle `h dfdjujaúe id `hs hjjaleds prdvasths y d`
jletrl` id `hs caschs,
caschs, id nlrch qud sd lgtd
lgtdeoh
eoh aenlrchjaúe öta` qud hh`acdetd
`acdetd `h
prúxach idnaeajaúe id dstrhtdoahs, `uohr ileid `h aevdstaohjaúe jlcdrjah` vl`vdrè h
fuohr ue phpd`
phpd` nueihcdeth`, jle ssuu nuejaúe id vaoa`hejah
vaoa`hejah y jletrl`.

Idnaeacls, puds, `h acp`hethjaúe id` chrbdtaeo de `h dcprdsh jlcl ue prljdsl

sastdcètajl, de d` qud iastaeouacls nhsds iandrdejahihs y sujdsavhs. Zugyhjd `h aidh id
su iacdesaúe dstrhtáoajh, plr `l qud rdsu`th acprdsjaeiag`d d` heè`asas id` detlrel

(chjrldetlrel y cajrldetlrel).
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

AE^DZYAOHJAÚE ID CDWJHILZ NTEJALEDZ

NTEJAÚE ID HEÈ@AZAZ
Heè`asas Aetdrel Heè`asas Dxtdrel DZYWHYÁOAJHZ

NTEJAÚE ID AIDEYANAJHJAÚE
AIDEYANAJHJAÚE ID LGFDYA^LZ
Id`acathjaúe id lgfdtavls D`djjaúe id` prliujtl-cdrjhil Aidetanajhjaúe id` pög`ajl lgfdtavl

NTEJAÚE ID ZD@DJJAÚE/IAZDØL
ZD@DJJAÚE/IAZDØL ID DZYWHYDOAH/Z

NTEJALEDZ
NTEJAÚE ID [@HEANAJHJAÚE
Jlendjjaúe id` [`he id Chrbdtaeo

NTEJAÚE ID AC[@DCDEYHJAÚE
Lroheazhjaúe Odstaúe L[DWHYA^HZ
[udsth de chrjmh

AE^DZYAOHJAÚE ID CDWJHILZ
NTEJAÚE ID ^AOA@HEJAH, D^H@THJAÚE Q JLEYWL@

Nudetd6 G`hsjl (7;;8)

Naourh >.86 [hpd` id `h aevdstaohjaúe jlcdrjah` de d` prljdsl id chrbdtaeo de `h
dcprdsh

D``l acp`ajh `h edjdshrah acp`hethjaúe id ue sastdch id aenlrchjaúe jletaeul y

iaeècajl qud pdrcath hplrthr lgfdtavaihi y rhjaleh`aihi de `h tlch id idjasaleds. @h
aenlrchjaúe ds acprdsjaeiag`d de tlih y jhih ueh id `hs nhsds id` prljdsl id chrbdtaeo6
heè`asas y idtdrcaehjaúe id dstrhtdoahs, idtdrcaehjaúe y dfdjujaúe id hjjaleds jlejrdths
slgrd `hs vhrahg`ds id chrbdtaeo cax, hsã jlcl jletrl` id `hs caschs.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

[hrh jlcprdeidr cdflr `hs aidhs hetdralrcdetd dxpudsths ds edjdshral idnaear

ils hspdjtls6 d` sastdch id aenlrchjaúe de chrbdtaeo y su rd`hjaúe jle `h aevdstaohjaúe
jlcdrjah`.

>.7.7. D` Zastdch id Aenlrchjaúe i

idd Chrbdtaeo (ZAC)

Dxp`lthr ueh aenlrchjaúe hgueihetd y id cu`tap`ds nudetds ds ueh ianaju`thi

jltaiaheh h `h qud sd denrdeth juh`quadr iardjtavl id chrbdtaeo. De dndjtl, `ls prlg`dchs
cès nrdjudetds sle (@hcgae, 811=)6

 `h aenlrchjaúe iaspleag`d elrch`cdetd el ds pdrtaedetd.

 `h aenlrchjaúe ds idchsahil hgueihetd jlcl phrh sdr trhthih dnajhzcdetd.
 `h aenlrchjaúe dstè idchsahil iaspdrsh de `h dcprdsh.
 `hs aenlrchjaleds acplrthetds sd d`acaehe rèpaihcdetd.

d` clil id prdsdethjaúe id `h aenlrchjaúe ds pljl lpdrhtavl.
 `h aenlrchjaúe jarju`h ch` de `h lroheazhjaúe l ``doh idchsahil thrid.
 ds ianãja` dvh`uhr `h vh`aidz id `hs aenlrchjaleds jlcueajhihs.

Hsã puds, uta`azhr ueh gudeh aenlrchjaúe de d` clcdetl prdjasl ds sae iuih d`
idshnãl cès acplrthetd id jhih iardjtavl id chrbdtaeo.

D` jlejdptl id ZAC (Zastdch id Aenlrchjaúe id Chrbdtaeo) el ds rdjadetd.

Blt`dr de 81>>, yh dstuiaú d` tdch. @udol nud rdtlchil plr Grade y Zthnnlri (81>=).
Nh`tl id mdrrhcadeths aenlrcètajhs dnajhjds, d` ZAC el dsthgh detlejds iardjth y
praejaph`cdetd rd`hjalehil
rd`hjalehil chs qud jle `h aevdstaohj
aevdstaohjaúe
aúe jlcdrjah` id `ls d`dcdetls id`
chrbdateo cax. El drh cès qud ue clil sastdcètajl y jllriaehil phrh dsthg`djdr `h
dstrhtdoah id chrbdtaeo
chrbdtaeo cès dnajadetd. H vdjds jlenu
jlenueiail
eiail jle d` Zastdch id
Aetd`aodejah id Chrbdtaeo , d` ZAC sd idnaed jlcl6 ‐... ueh dstrujturh id pdrslehs,
prljdsls y dquapls qud tadede plr lgfdtavl rduear, dxtrhdr, heh`azhr, dvh`uhr y iastraguar
h tadcpl `h aenlrchjaúe pdrcatdetd y vè`aih, id nudetds aetdrehs y dxtdrehs id `h
dcprdsh, y idstaehih h sdrvar id ghsd de `h tlch id idjasaleds id chrbdtaeo– (Blt`dr,
811?, p.88;)
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

ZAC

Zastdch Aetdrel Zastdch id Aevdstaohjaúe

Aevdstaohjaúe jlcdrjah`

Detlrel id Chrbdtaeo
Wdspleshg`ds
Wdspleshg`ds id Chrbdtaeo

Cdrjhils cdth Jheh`ds id Iastragujaúe Heè`asas [`heanajhjaúe Dfdjujaúe Jletrl`

Zastdchs id Aenlrcds
Jlcpdtdejah Nudrzhs id` chjrldetlrel Zastdch id Heè`asas
hcgadeth`

Idjasaleds id Chrbdtaeo-Jlcueajhjaúe
Chrbdtaeo-Jlcueajhjaúe

Juhirl >.7.6 Dstrujturh id ue Zastdch id Aenlrchjaúe id Chrbdtaeo (ZAC)

Dstrujturh id ue sastdch id aenlrchjaúe id chrbdtaeo6

 Zastdch jlethg`d aetdrel6 Zd trhth id` sastdch cès gèsajl uta`azhil plr `ls
iardjtavls id chrbdtaeo phrh jletrl`hr `ls pdiails, vdeths, aevdethrals y iduihs.
D` sastdch pudid sdr uta`azhil phrh prljurhr aenlrchjaúe rèpaih slgrd vdeths
sdcheh`ds, cdesuh`ds dtj.
 Zastdch id Aenlrcds6 Jletaded aenlrchjaúe rdjloaih, odedrh`cdetd id chedrh
aenlrch`, id` detlrel y id `h jlcpdtdejah. Zd trhth, id mdjml, ‐id nudetds y
cdials qud pdrcatde h `ls iardjtavls dsthr jletaeuhcdetd aenlrchils id `h
dvl`ujaúe id` detlrel djleúcajl, sljah` y pl`ãtajl id` jhcpl id hjtavaihi de d`
qud lpdrh `h dcprdsh y id dvh`uhr pdrchedetdcdetd `hs nudrzhs y idga`aihids de
d` cdrjhil id rdndrdejah– (@hcgae, 811=).

@ls cdials phrh vaoa`hr d` detlrel sle cö`tap`ds6 prdesh dspdjah`azhih, rdvasths

prlndsaleh`ds, jleordsls,
jleordsls, dtj.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

@hs dcprdshs qud uta`azhe dstd sastdch id chedrh aetdorhih iasplede id cdials
pdrsleh`ds ‚rduealeds pdraúiajhs- ileid `h aenlrchjaúe id aetd`aodejah id
chrbdtaeo rdueaih ds iasjutaih plr `ls cadcgrls id` dquapl id chrbdtaeo.

 Zastdch id heè`asas6 De heè`asas id aenlrchjaúe acp`ajh h cdeuil tlchr `h

aenlrchjaúe id nudetds iavdrshs (p.d., aetdreh, vaoa`hejah id` cdrjhil,
aevdstaohjaleds
aevdstaohjaleds id chrjhil) y uta`azhr dsth aenlrchjaúe phrh jlestruar ue clid`l
qud rdprdsdetd d` nuejalehcadetl id` cdrjhil, p.d. uta`azhr `h aenlrchjaúe id`
aejrdcdetl de d` prdjal id `hs chtdrahs prachs

Q `h iascaeujaúe id `ls aeordsls plr vdeths phrh prdvdr `h idcheih sa sd

dndjtuhrhe idtdrcaehils jhcgals de `ls prdjals.

Dstd sastdch aej`uyd d` sastdch id chrbdtaeo id hyuih h `h idjasaúe (Chrbdtaeo

Idjasaúe Zupplrt Zystdc) qud sd idnaed jlcl ‐`h rdjloaih jllriaehih id ihtls,

sastdchs, mdrrhcadeths y tájeajhs jle `h hyuih id prlorhchs jle `ls juh`ds `h

lroheazhjaúe rdöed d aetdrprdth `h aenlrchjaúe pdrtaedetd id `ls cdrjhils y
detlrels y `h trhesnlrch de ueh ghsd phrh `h hjjaúe id chrbdtaeo– (@att`d, 81?1).

Dxastde de d` cdrjhil eucdrlsls prlorhchs id hyuih h `h idjasaúe6 Grhehai,

Jh`ap`he, Idtha``dr, Odl`aed, Cdiahj, [rlcltdr, Hijhi...

 Zastdch id Aevdstaohjaúe id Chrbdtaeo 6 @h aevdstaohjaúe id chrbdtaeo

jle``dvh `h rdh`azhjaúe id dstuials nlrch`ds dejhrohils phrh rdsl`vdr ue
prlg`dch jlejrdtl. @h aevdstaohjaú
aevdstaohjaúee id chrbdtaeo dspdjanajh `h aenlrchjaúe
dspdjanajh edjdshrah phrh rdsl`vdr `ls prlg`dchs, `hs tájeajhs id rdjloaih id
ihtls, d` heè`asas
heè`asas id `ls cascls y d` aenlrcd id rdsu`thils
rdsu`thils jle sus
acp`ajhjaleds.

Eucdrlsls hutlrds jl`ljhe h` ZAC de cdial id ue jletãeuuc, sdoöe d` eavd`

lroheazhtavl y d` orhil id hyuih h `h idjasaúe6
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

ZastdchZastdch id Aenlrchjaúe
id [rljdsl id Chrbdtaeo
id Yrheshjjaleds Zastdch id Hyuih h `h Idjasaúe

Juhirl >.:. 6 ZAC

8. Zastd
Zastdch
ch id [rlj
[rljdsl
dsl id Y
Yrhesh
rheshjjal
jjaleds6
eds6 prliujd
prliujd ue
ue rdsucde
rdsucde id `h aenlrchj
aenlrchjaúe
aúe
h phrtar id `ls ihtl
ihtlss grutls. Zd uta`a
uta`azh
zh phrh `h tlch id idjasa
idjasaleds
leds id` iãh h
iãh.
7. Zas
Zastdc
tdchh id Aenlr
Aenlrchj
chjaúe
aúe id Chr
Chrbdt
bdtaeo
aeo66 prlplr
prlplrjal
jaleh
eh ue clil
clil id iardjja
iardjjaúe
úe
aetdrcdiah h phrtar id aenlrcds ghshils de `h aenlrchjaúe rdsucaih. [drcatd
`ls heè`asas id ‐wmht-an– hsã jlcl prdoueths dspdjãnajhs y `h prliujjaúe id
aenlrcds.
:. Zastd
Zastdch
ch id Hyui
Hyuihh h `h Idjas
Idjasaúe6
aúe6 pdr
pdrcatd
catd cli
clid`az
d`azhr
hr `ls jlcplrth
jlcplrthcadet
cadetls
ls id`
cdrjhil phrh dvh`uhr `ls dndjtls id hjjaleds h`tdrehtavhs, id iaraoar `ls
heè`asas ‐wmht-an–.

Dstls trds sastdchs idgde dsthr aetdorhils de ue cascl sastdch phrh d`acaehr `ls
radsols id cö`tap`ds hjtuh`azhjaleds, rdiujar `ls drrlrds y hsdourhr qud tlil d` pdrsleh`
acp`ajhil uta`ajd `ls cascls ihtls. Hsacascl,
Hsacascl, `h hjtuh`azhjaúe id `hs vdeths iahrahs
phrh ue prliujtl jlejrdtl, de ueh tadeih jlejrdth, sd pudide rdsucar de tadcpl rdh` y
prdsdethr de ue aenlrcd-rdsucde prd`acaehr, thcgaáe de tadcpl rdh`, phrh qud sdh
heh`azhil plr `h iardjjaúe. Hidcès jhih eavd` jrdh ueh rd`hjaúe detrd `hs nudetds id
aenlrchjaúe iasphrds y `ls idjaslrds.

Te ZAC pudid jlcprdeidr mhsth ljml sugsastdchs, jhih uel id d``ls hsljahils
h ue ilcaeal phrtaju`hr id` chrbdtaeo6 vdeths, prdvasaleds, aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils,
pl`ãtajh id prdjals, iastragujaúe, prlcljaúe, idshrrl``l id eudvls prliujtls,
p`heanajhjaúe id prliujtls. Ylils d``ls dstèe rd`hjalehils detrd sã hsã jlcl jle ltrls
ilcaeals el id chrbdtaeo, phrh trhesndrarsd `ls ihtls jlcueds.

[lr ö`tacl jlevaded tlchr de jlesaidrhjaúe qud tlils `ls d`dcdetls dstèe de ue

cascl sastdch, iaeècajl d aetdorhil, jlcl ue sastdch aetdorhil qud sd hutlh`acdeth.

 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

@h aevdstaohjaúe jlcdrjah`, dfd nueihcdeth` id` ZAC, hplrth `h cdtlil`loãh

hidjuhih phrh hjjdidr h `h aenlrchjaúe prachrah hsã jlcl phrh trhthr y heh`azhr `ls
ihtls lgtdeails mhjadeil usl id mdrrhcadeths aenlrcètajhs y dsthiãstajhs, de ue orhe
eöcdrl id jhsls.

Zd jlcprdeid idnaeatavhcdetd qud `h aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils ds ue

sugjlefuetl id` ZAC, plr `l qud su phpd` idetrl id `h prèjtajh id` chrbdtaeo slgrdphsh
hcp`ahcdetd h` qud trhiajaleh`cdetd sd vaded iheil id ‐dstuials ¹hi mlj¹–. Zd dechrjh
d` jlefuetl idelcaehil Ghsd id Ihtls (GI), qud sd jlcueajh jle d` sastdch id hplyl
h `hs idjasaleds (ZHI). De `hs ghsds id ihtls dejletrhcls d` prdsdetd y nuturl id`
chrbdtaeo clidrel, jle `ls sastdchs id aenlrchjaúe cès jleljails jlcl Ghsds id
Ihtls id Chrbdtaeo, qud jl`ljh h `ls dstuials ¹hi mlj ¹de ueh plsajaúe ianaja`, id cdelr
acplrthejah, jlcl cdrl aestrucdetl id h`acdethjaúe id` IGC. Ds de dstd phpd` id` `h
aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils jlcl prlvddilrh id aenlrchjaúe phrh d` GIC, jdetrl id`

ZAC, jlcl cdflr sd jlejdptuh`azh y jletdxtuh`azh hjtuh`cdetd `h aevdstaohjvaúe id

cdrjhils y jlcl cdflr sd jlcprdeide `ls jletãeuls rdqudracadetls id rèpaih
hihpthjaúe y rdspudsth
rdspudsth lplrtueh h `ls jhcgals dxaoails
dxaoails plr d` jlesucailr
jlesucailr y
idcheihils h `h dcprdsh de d` sao`l ]]A. D` chrbdtaeo id rd`hjaleds, d` chrbdtaeo id
eajmls, d` ¹j`adetaeo¹sustdethils de d` IGC rdquadrde id dstd eudvl denlqud phrh
hilpthr `hs idjaleds id chrbdtaeo cès dnajhjds.

@hs dvl`ujaúe cès iaeècajh id `ls cdrjhils id` sao`l ]]A rdquadrde `h
jlesthetd hjtuh`azhjaúe id `h aenlrchjaúe y su nèja` chedfl y heè`asas plr hqud``ls qud

`h edjdsathe phrh idshrrl``hr `hs sl`ujaleds rdqudraihs. Q trds jlejdptls dcdrode jlcl
idtdrcaehietds id `ls idshrrl``ls y hihpthjaleds id `h aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils de `ls
høls vdeaidrls6 `h Lplrtueaihi, `h Ju`turh y `h Ydjel`loãh id `h aenlrchjale. @h
lplrtueaihi, plr `h edjdsaihi id aejlrplrhr `hs jleiajaleds id `ls jhcgals hjd`drhils
id `ls cdrjhils hjtuh`ds2 `h jlesaidrhjaúe y heè`asas id `h ju`turhs plr d` phpd`, cujmhs
vdjds idtdrcaehetd, id `hs nudrzhs qud lradethe `ls jhcgals y su vd`ljaihi2 y `hs
tdjel`loãhs id prljdshcadetl y heè`asas sdcahutlchtazhil id `h aenlrchjaúe plr d`
vl`ucde id aenlrchjaúe qud `ls cdrjhils hjtuh`ds y sus detlrels odedrhe, sd
sucaeastrhe d aetdorhe, pdrl qud, sae iajmhs tdjel`loãhs, sdrãh acplsag`d id chedfhr y

lg`aohrãh h idsdjmhr.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

Nudetds id Ylch id
Aenlrchjaúe [rdoueths y Wdspudsths Idjasaúe Wdsu`thils

Dstuials id Eudvh Clid`ls id

Cdrjhil aenlrchjaúe Chrbdtaeo Wdspudsths
Detrhihs [rdoueths
Wdsu`thils
Nudetds Zastdch id Idjasaleds (vdeths,
aetdrehs Hyuih h `h id `ls gdednajals,
Ghsd id
Ihtls Idjasaúe iaraoiddetds rdhijdja`lles ds
chrbdtaeo j`adetds,
dtj.)
Dspdjah`asths
Nudetds de trhthcadetl
dxtdrehs id `h
aenlrchjaúe
Nddighjb
Nudetd6 CjJhrtmy y [drrdhu`t (811>, p.84?)

Juhirl >.9 6 6 Zugsastdch

Zugsastdchss id` ZAC

[hrh `h lgtdejaúe id
id aenlrchjaúe prachrah `h aevdstaohjaúe
aevdstaohjaúe jlcdrjah` mh
iasdøhil iandrdetds prljdiacadetls qud sd hihpthe h `hs iastaeths edjdsaihids id `h
dcprdsh6 idsid `ls juhetathtavls (qud hplrthe saoeanajhtavaihi dsthiãstajh) h `ls
juh`athtavls (qud dcp`dhe cdtlil`loãhs idravhihs id `h psajl`loãh)2 idsid `ls qud
pdrcatde mhjdr ue heè`asas dxp`lrhtlral id` prlg`dch h aevdstaohr h `ls qud pdrcatde
jletrhsthr mapútdsas y dsthg`djdr jlej`usaleds (iasdøls jlej`uydetds).

Zle cujmhs `hs plsag`ds hp`ajhjaleds id `h aevdstaohjaúe jlcdrjah` h `l `hrol id`

prljdsl id chrbdtaeo, yh qud juh`quadr d`dcdetl id` sastdch id chrbdtaeo ds
susjdptag`d id sdr lgfdtl id dstuial. De `h nhsd id heè`asas, `h aevdstaohjaúe jlcdrjah`
pudid tdedr hp`ajhjaúe id jhrh h dstuiahr hspdjtls rd`hjalehils jle `h prlpah dcprdsh
(idtdrcaehjaúe id sus puetls nudrtds y iága`ds), d` jlesucailr, `h jlcpdtdejah, l d`
chjrldetlrel.

De `l qud sd rdnadrd h` heè`asas aetdrel id `h prlpah detaihi, `h aevdstaohjaúe

jlcdrjah` pudid sdrvar phrh hyuihr h rdsl`vdr prlg`dchs, plr dfdcp`l, id jlcueajhjaúe
aetdreh l id cltavhjaúe id `ls dcp`dhils, l pudid uta`azhrsd phrh jlcprdeidr cdflr `h
satuhjaúe id `h dcprdsh idetrl id su sdjtlr (prdvasaúe id vdeths, dvl`ujaúe id `h julth
id cdrjhil).
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

De rd`hjaúe jle d` jlesucailr, `ls ècgatls id hp`ajhjaúe id `h aevdstaohjaúe

jlcdrjah` sle cuy eucdrlsls. Jleljdr `hs cltavhjaleds id` jlesucailr, su hjtatui
nrdetd h `ls prliujtls, chrjhs l dcprdshs, idsjugrar y pleidrhr `ls jratdrals qud ástd
uta`azh phrh fuzohr ue idtdrcaehil prliujtl, aidetanajhr sus prdndrdejahs, detdeidr d`
prljdsl id idjasaúe id jlcprh phrh ueh idtdrcaehih jhtdolrãh id prliujtls, heh`azhr

prljdsls id idjasaúe id jlcprh nhca`ahr, l cdiar `h aen`udejah id orupls id rdndrdejah,

sle gudels
gudels dfdc
dfdcp`ls
p`ls id dd``l.
``l. Ds acplrthetd rdsh`thr qud d` jlesucailr
jlesucailr sd jlevadrtd de
`h plg`hjaúe lgfdtl id dstuial de ue orhe eöcdrl id aevdstaohjaleds, el sú`l iaraoaihs h
prlplrjalehr aenlrchjaúe y rdsl`vdr prlg`dchs de `h dthph id heè`asas, sael thcgaáe de
nhsds plstdralrds id` prljdsl id chrbdtaeo.

D` heè`asas sastdcètajl id `h jlcpdtdejah mh sail sadcprd ltrl id `ls dfds id`

áxatl id `hs hjjaleds id chrbdtaeo. Juh`quadr d`dcdetl id `h jhideh id vh`lr id `hs
dcprdshs id `h jlcpdtdejah ds susjdptag`d id sdr heh`azhil6 idsid `ls rd`hjalehils jle

hspdjtls aetdrels (prliujtavaihi, naehejahjaúe, vdeths, jlstds...) mhsth `ls rd`hjalehils

jle su prlydjjaúe dxtdralr (orhil id shtasnhjjaúe id `ls j`adetds, sdrvajals plstvdeth,
edoljahjaúe jle prlvddilrds d aetdrcdiahrals, achode, dstrhtdoahs id chrbdtaeo cax...

@h aevdstaohjaúe jlcdrjah` sd pudid y idgd hp`ajhr de `h hjtavaihi id

sdocdethjaúe6 phrh idtdrcaehr `ls jratdrals id iavasaúe id` cdrjhil cès hidjuhils (ds
idjar, jle chylr plidr iasjracaehetd) phrh jhih jhtdolrãh id prliujtls, hsã jlcl phrh
idnaear d` sdocdetl/s jle chylr htrhjtavl de jhih jhsl. Aouh`cdetd `h aevdstaohjaúe
jlcdrjah` hplrth prljdiacadetls hidjuhils phrh jleljdr jlcl dstè plsajalehih `h

dcprdsh y sus prliujtls de `h cdetd id `ls jlesucailrds, y de rd`hjaúe jle `h

jlcpdtdejah, pdrcatadeil hjtuhr h tadcpl de jhsl id sdr edjdshral ue
rdplsajalehcadetl.

@h aevdstaohjaúe jlcdrjah` ds öta` h `h mlrh id tlchr idjasaleds jlejrdths de

tlrel h `hs juhtrl vhrahg`ds id chrbdtaeo cax6 prliujtl (odedrhjaúe id aidhs, tdst id
jlejdptl, tdst id cdrjhil, tdst id chrjh, iasdøl id` devhsd...)2 prdjal (sdesaga`aihi id `h
idcheih, prdjals psajl`úoajls, aen`udejah id` prdjal de `h achode id `ls prliujtls...)2
jlcueajhjaúe (jrdhtavaihi, cdiajaúe id huiadejahs, sd`djjaúe id cdials, prdtdst y

plstdst pug`ajathrals, dnajhjah pug`ajathrah y prlcljalehr...) y iastragujaúe (sd`djjaúe id

jheh`ds id iastragujaúe, cdrjmheiasaeo, `ljh`azhjaúe id puetls id vdeth...
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

[lr ö`tacl, `h aevdstaohjaúe jlcdrjah` hplrth cdtlil`loãh phrh rdh`azhr ue

sdouacadetl lgfdtavl id `h hjjaúe jlcdrjah` (nhsd id jletrl`). Ds d` jhsl id `h cdiajaúe
id `h shtasnhjjaúe id` j`adetd, `ls tdsts phrh jlcprlghr d` eavd` id rdjudril id ueh
chrjh, `ls plstdsts pug`ajathrals, yh cdejalehils l d` heè`asas id `hs vdeths jlcl

rdsu`thil id `hs hjjaleds jlcdrjah`ds, `ls dstuials phed` qud vaoa`he y jletrl`he `h
dvl`ujaúe id `h hjtavaihi jlcdrjah` idsid iastaetls puetls id vasth6 jlesucailr, mlohr,
idth``asth, dtj.

Wdsucadeil plidcls idjar qud d` ZAC jlestatuyd d` sastdch gèsajl id jletrl`

id `h rdh`aihi id` cdrjhil, y qud sd nlrch`azh de d` IGC jlcl sastdch jlejdetrhilr
id `h aenlrchjaúe id cö`tap`ds nudetds y sd dxp`lth jle d` usl hidjuhil id
prljdiacadetls sastdcètajls
sastdcètajls y mdrrhcadeths qud plrvdd `h iasjap`aeh id aevdstaohjaúe id
cdrjhils. Id dstd denlqud cès aetdorh` id `h aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils (lplrtueaihi,

ju`turhs y tdjel`loãhs id `h aenlrchjaúe) sd idravh su acplrthejah jhpath` idetrl id`

ZAC, y qud plidcls rdsucar de `ls saouadetds puetls6

 Nhja`ath d` jleljacadetl prlnueil id `hs edjdsaihids id` jlesucailr, id `h dcprdsh

y id `h ju`turh qud `ds sarvd id cdial id idshrrl``l.
 Nhja`ath d` idshrrl``l y prlnueiajhjaúe id `h aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils jlcl
mdrrhcadeth de `h cdiaih id `h dxpdracdethjaúe, hsã jlcl `h idsjrapjaúe y cdiaih
id `hs iavdrshs vhrahg`ds id chrbdtaeo..
 [drcatd lgtdedr `hs aenlrchjaúe qud ``dvh h aidetanajhr prlg`dchs y lplrtueaihids

id` cdrjhil.
 [drcatd d` prljdsl id sdouacadetl y dvh`uhjaúe id` idsdcpdøl id `hs hjjaleds
idchrbdtaeo.
 De juhetl slplrtd id `h tlch id idjasaleds, pdrcatd `h cdflrh id `h odstaúe
dcprdshrah`.

De `h hjtuh`aihi `ls ZAC sú`l sle ueh phrtd id `l qud `h `atdrhturh ``hch Zastdchs
id Hyuih h `h Odstaúe id Chrbdtaeo
Chrbdtaeo (Chrbdtaeo Chehodcdet
Chehodcdet Zupplrt Zystdc,
CCZZs). Dstls dstèe jlcpudstls id Zastdchs id Hyuih h `h Idjasaúe id Chrbdtaeo
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

(CIZZs), id Zastdchs id Chrbdtaeo Hplyhils de d` Jleljacadetl (Chrbdtaeo

Belw`diod-Ghsdi
Belw`diod-Ghsdi Zystdc, CBGZs).

[raejaph`ds jhrhjtdrãstajhs
Ndjmh id lraode
 Wdprdsdethjaúe chtdcètajh
Clid`ls id Chrbdtaeo  ^h`lrds úptacls phrh `ls aestrucdetls
(Chrbdtaeo Clid`s) id chrbdtaeo
81>;  Lgfdtavls
 Cdflr sl`ujaúe
 H`chjdehcadetl y uta`azhjaúe id
Zastdchs id Aenlrchjaúe id ihtls
Chrbdtaeo  Aenlrchjaúe juhetathtavh
(Chrbdtaeo Aenlrchtale Zystdcs)  Aenlrchjaúe slgrd `l qud phsh de `ls
81>4 cdrjhils y su dxp`ajhjaúe (heè`asas)
 Zastdch phsavl
Zastdchs id Hyuih h `h  Zastdchs n`dxag`ds
Idjasaúe
 Wdjleljde `ls fuajals id` odstlr
(Chrbdtaeo Idjasaúe Zupplrt
Zystdcs)  Nhja`aihi id prdouethr (‐wmht-
81=; an–) (Zacu`hjaúe).
 Jdetrhil de d` jleljacadetl id
Zastdchs Dxpdrtls id
Chrbdtaeo 
chrbdtaeo
Dxpdrtl muchel
(Chrbdtaeo Dxpdrt Zystdcs)  Wdprdsdethjaúe id` jleljacadetl ghshil de
81=4 rdo`hs
 Denlqud elrchtavl6 cdflr sl`ujaúe
Zastdchs id Chrbdtaeo  Iavdrsaihi id cátlils, aej`uails `ls
Ghshils de d` Jleljacadetl denlquds mãgrails
(Chrbdtaeo Belw`diod-  Wdprdsdethjaúe id` jleljacadetl
Ghsdi Zystdcs) dstrujturhil
811;  Whzlehcadetl ghshil de clid`ls
Zastdchs id Chrbdtaeo id
Whzlehcadetl Ghshils de  Zaca`hrds h `ls prdjdidetds
Jhsls  H`chjdehcadetl id jhsls de cdclrah
(Chrbdtaeo Jhsd-Ghsdi  Wduta`azhjaúe y hihpthjaúe
Wdhsleaeo Zystdcs)  El-odedrh`azhjaúe
8114

Chrbdtaeo id Wdids Hsljahjaúe
Edurleh`ds  Wdjleljacadetl id phtrleds
(Chrbdtaeo Edurh` Edts)  Ydlrãh el dxastd h pralra
8114  Hprdeiazhfd
[rlorhchs id Chrbdtaeo phrh  Hsljahjaúe plr jledxaleds
`h Jrdhtavaihi
 Odedrhjaúe id aidhs
(Chrbdtaeo Jrdhtavaty-
Demhejdcdet
Demhejd cdet [rlorhcs)  Tta`azhjaúe id `h jrdhtavaihi de `h
7;;; rdsl`ujaúe id prlg`dchs
Nudetd6 Hihpthil id _adrdeoh y Gruoode (811?). Juhirl >.4.6 Dvl`ujaúe id `ls
Zastdchs id Hyuih de `h Odstaúe id Chrbdtaeo.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

>.:. D` prljdsl id aevdstaohj

aevdstaohjaúe
aúe id cdr
cdrjhils
jhils

Qh qudiú j`hrhcdetd cheandsthil de ue dpãorhnd hetdralr d` ãetacl detrlequd id

`h aevdstaohjaúe jlcdrjah` de d` prljdsl id tlch id idjasaleds id `h dcprdsh,
lgsdrvheil qud su phpd` vhrahgh id hjudril jle `hs edjdsaihids id aenlrchjaúe sdoöe
`hs iandrdetds dthphs id` prljdsl.

De d` juhirl saouadetd sd lgsdrvh d` vãeju`l detrd d` prljdsl id idjasaúe

odrdejah` y d` prljdsl id aevdstaohjaúe.

 Dsthg`djdr `h edjdsaihi
 Wdjleljdr ueh id aenlrchjaúe.
satuhjaúe id
idjasaúe. Idjasaúe
 Dspdjanajhr `ls
id ``dvhr h
lgfdtavls id `h
Idnaear d` prljdsl jhgl `h
 aevdstaohjaúe.
id idjasaúe.
 Dspdjanajhr `hs
 Aidetanajhr jursls edjdsaihids id

 Idtdrcaehr `hs nudetds

id aenlrchjaúe.

 Dvh`uhr `ls jursls  D`hglrhr `ls nlrchtls

id hjjaúe. id rdjloaih id
[rlydjtl aenlrchjaúe.
nlrch` id
 Zd`djjalehr ue jursl
aevdstaohja
id hjjaúe  Iasdøhr `h cudstrh.

 Wdjloaih, prljdsl y
 Acp`hethr y clianajhr. heè`asas id `h
aenlrchjaúe.
Nudetd6 Baeedhr y Yhy`lr, 811:.
Juhirl >.>.6 ^aeju`hjaúe detrd [rljdsl id Idjasaúe y [rljdsl id Aevdstaohjaúe.

@h aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils supled ue prljdsl jlestatuail plr ue jlefuetl id

dthphs h sdouar phrh ihr rdspudsth h`/`ls prlg`dchs p`hetdhils. @h p`heanajhjaúe
sastdchtazhih ds jleiajaúe nueihcdeth` phrh d` áxatl id `h aevdstaohjaúe, yh qud `hs
eucdrlshs thrdhs, cujmhs id d``hs aetdridpdeiadetds, h rdh`azhr de jlefuetl lg`aohe h
sus sastdchtazhjaúe phrh dndjtuhr d` jletrl` y sdouacadetl id `hs caschs.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

Zaouadeil h `ls hutlrds Baeedhr y Yhy`lr (811:) plidcls iastaeouar eudvd phsls
h `h mlrh id rdh`azhr juh`quadr prlydjtl id aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils, phsls qud sle
aetdridpdeiadetds,
aetdridpdeiadetds, y qud rdprdsdethe `h dstrujturh id` cascl (vdr naourh >.7.).

Nhsd [rd`acaehr6 @hs ils pracdrhs dthphs plirãhcls jlesaidrhr`hs jlcl ‐nhsd

prd`acaehr– id` prljdsl id tlch id idjasaleds y de d``h `h aevdstaohjaúe jlcdrjah`

pudid fuohr
fuohr ue phpd` acplrthetd
acplrthetd..

D` heè`asas qud sustdeth `h idjasaúe id rdh`azhr ueh aevdstaohjaúe idtdrcaeh, de

orhe phrtd,
phrtd, d` áxatl id `h casch. [lr d``l, sa el sd `lorh dsthg`dj
dsthg`djdr
dr d` vãeju`l dndjtavl
dndjtavl
detrd d` prljdsl id idjasaúe y d` prljdsl id aevdstaohjaúe ``dohrdcls h rdsu`thils
aehidjuhilss d aeshtasnhjtlrals.
aehidjuhil

D` prljdsl id idjasaúe jlcadezh jle d` rdjleljacadetl id `h dxastdejah id ue

prlg`dch l ueh lplrtueaihi. D` heè`asas id `h satuhjaúe ds d` prljdsl qud jle``dvh `h

aidetanajhjaúe id prlg`dchs u lplrtueaihids, jlcprdeiadeil thetl ue iahoeústajl jlcl
ue prleústajl id` p`he id chrbdtaeo y id `hs vhrahg`ds id` detlrel. @ls prlg`dchs sd
dvaidejahe h` jletrl`hr de quá cdiaih sd jucp`de `ls lgfdtavls dspdjanajhils2 `hs
lplrtueaihids hphrdjde de satuhjaleds de qud `ls rdsu`thils pudihe cdflrhrsd h trhvás
id `h clianajhjaúe l idshrrl``l id `hs hjtavaihids id chrbdtaeo. Yhetl `ls sãetlchs id
prlg`dchs jlcl `ls aeiajals id lplrtueaihids jlestatuyde d` puetl id hrrhequd id`
prljdsl id heè`asas phrh aidetanajhr y idnaear prlg`dchs y lplrtueaihids.
lplrtueaihids. Hsacascl, `h
aevdstaohjaúe id jletrl`
jletrl` y sdouacadetl id `ls lgfdtavls thcgaáe pudid sdøh`hr

prlg`dchs y/u lplrtueaihids.

lplrtueaihids.

Wdjleljaih `h satuhjaúe qud rdquadrd ueh idjasaúe, sd nlrcu`h d` prlg`dch jle

dxprdsaúe j`hrh id sus lgfdtavls, hidcès id sdøh`hr `h dxastdejah id prlg`dchs y/u
lplrtueaihids.
De ljhsaleds sd taded ue jleljacadetl `acathil id `h satuhjaúe slgrd `h qud sd
padesh idjaiar2 de dstls jhsls d` idshrrl``l id ueh aevdstaohjaúe dxp`lrhtlrah els
prlplrjalehrè aidhs
aidhs y d`dcdetl
d`dcdetlss phrh cdflr jlenaou
jlenaourhr`h.
rhr`h.

Idnaeail d` prlg`dch id idjasaúe, d` saouadetd phsl sdrè aidetanajhr `hs `ãedhs id

hjjaúe h`tdrehtavhs, l `hs iandrdetds chedrhs de qud pudide idshrrl``hrsd `ls rdjursls id
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

`h dcprdsh de ue p`hzl id tadcpl idtdrcaehil. De dsth nhsd `h jrdhtavaihi pudid graeihr

`ãedhs id hjjaúe aeelvhilrhs y dnajhjds. [hrh d``l `h aevdstaohjaúe dxp`lrhtlrah pudid
rdsu`thr cuy öta`.

Dsthg`djaihs `hs h`tdrehtavhs, mhy qud dvh`uhr jhih ueh id d``hs. [hrh d``l, de `h

chylrãh id `hs ljhsaleds

ljhsaleds el ghsth jle `h aenlrchj
aenlrchjaúe
aúe iaspleag`d y sd dxaod `h
rdh`azhjaúe id ueh aevdstaohjaúe jlej`uydetd qud sucaeastrd aenlrchjaúe prdjash y
lgfdtavh phrh dvh`uhr iajmhs `ãedhs id hjjaúe.

8. Dsthg`djdr `h edjdsaihi id aenlrchjaúe

7. Dspdjanajhr `ls lgfdtavls id `h aevdstaohjaúe y `hs edjdsaihids id aenlrchjaúe.

:. Idtdrcaehr d` iasdøl id `h aevdstaohjaúe y `hs nudetds id ihtls

9. Idshrrl``hr d` prljdiacadetl id rdjl`djjaúe id ihtls

4. Iasdøhr `h cudstrh

>. Wdjl`djthr `ls ihtls

?. [rljdshr `ls ihtls

=. Heh`azhr `ls ihtls

1. [rdsdethr `ls rdsu`thils id `h aevdstaohjaúe

Nudetd6 Baeedhr y Yhy`lr (811:)
Naourh >.7. 6 [rljdsl id Aevdstaohjaúe Jlcdrjah`
Nhsd id D`hglrhjaúe id` [rlydjtl id Aevdstaohjaúe 6 Jleiajaúe praclriah` de d`
prljdsl id aevdstaohjaúe
aevdstaohjaúe jlej`uydetd ds `h id dsthg`djd
dsthg`djdrr jle j`hraihi `hs edjdsaihids id
aevdstaohjaúe, prdjashr `h aenlrchjaúe dspdjãnajh edjdshrah phrh `lorhr `ls lgfdtavls id
aevdstaohjaúe. [hrh d``l, d` aevdstaohilr mhgrè id jlcprlghr de quá cdiaih y id quá
chedrh `ls rdspleshg`ds id `h tlch id idjasaleds tadede hsucaih `h satuhjaúe slgrd `h
qud sd mh id idjaiar (prlg`dchs, lplrtueaihids y lgfdtavls). Za d` rdsu`thil el nudrh
shtasnhjtlral, aetdethrè qud qudide idgaihcdetd dxp`ajathils.
dxp`ajathils. El sadcprd ds nèja` phrh d`
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

aevdstaohilr ``dohr h jleljdr id pracdrh chel `h vdrihidrh edjdsaihi qud taded `h

dcprdsh phrh dejhrohr d` dstuial id cdrjhils. D` aevdstaohilr idgd jlcprdeidr
idth``hihcdetd phrh quá sd quadrd `h aenlrchjaúe. @ls iardjtavls id chrbdtaeo
nrdjudetdcdetd rdhjjalehe hetd satuhjaleds d aeiajals de vdz id hetd satuhjaleds id
idjasaúe j`hrhcdetd aidetanajhihs, plr `l qud sdrè `h `hglr id iasjusaúe detrd iardjtavl d

aevdstaohilr `h qud hj`hrhrè `h edjdsaihi prdjash id aenlrchjaúe. D``l sdrè `h ghsd phrh
hrtaju`hr ue prlydjtl id aevdstaohjaúe jle j`hrh dxprdsaúe id prlg`dchs y/u
lplrtueaihids,, `ãedhs id hjjaúe h`tdrehtavhs y lgfdtavls, hsã jlcl `hs acp`ajhjaleds phrh
lplrtueaihids
`h lroheazhjaúe
lroheazhjaúe..

@ls lgfdtavls id aevdstaohjaúe denhtazhrèe d` nae praclriah` id `h casch, hsã

jlcl `h aenlrchjaúe dspdjãnajh edjdshrah phrh rdsl`vdr d` prlg`dch p`hetdhil. Zd
dxprdshrèe jle eataidz, aetdetheil, aej`usl, lpdrhtavazhr jhih uel id `ls d`dcdetls id
aenlrchjaúe edjdshrals (vhrahg`ds) y `h nhjtaga`aihi id rdjlodr iajmh aenlrchjaúe id

chedrh dnajhz y dnajadetd. Dstd ds ue phsl jrãtajl de `h d`hglrhjaúe id` prlydjtl, plr
juhetl idtdrcaehrè `ls rdsthetds phsls id` prljdsl, jlcl tapl id aevdstaohjaúe (denlqud
dxp`lrhtlral, idsjraptavl, prdiajtavl, jlej`uydetd...),
jlej`uydetd...), y iandrdetds cátlils id rdjloaih y
heè`asas id `h aenlrchjaúe. Id dxastar vhrals lgfdtavls id acplrthejah iandrdetd,
jlevdeirè fdrhrquazhr`ls.

Id `h casch chedrh mhgrèe id sdr dspdjanajhils d` h`jhejd y `ãcatds id` dstuial,

de nuejaúe id `ls prlg`dchs p`hetdhils y `ls lgfdtavls idnaeails.

Teh vdz dsthg`djails `ls lgfdtavls odedrh`ds y dspdjãnajls phshrãhcls h idnaear

`hs nudetds id aenlrchjaúe
aenlrchjaúe qud vhcls
vhcls h uta`azhr phrh `lorh
`lorhrr `ls lgfdtavls id
aevdstaohjaúe y d` iasdøl
iasdøl id `h casch. @h d`hglrhjaúe id` iasdøl
iasdøl id aevdstaoh
aevdstaohjaúe
jaúe
nlrch` y `h d`djjaúe id `hs nudetds vhe h idpdeidr id `ls lgfdtavls y rdjursls qud quadrh
aevdrtar
aevdrtar `h dcpr
dcprdsh
dsh de `h aevd
aevdstaoh
staohjaúe
jaúe,, qud sadcprd idgd dsthr htdeth
htdeth h` jlejdptl
jlejdptl qud
aetrliujd d` gaelcal jlstd-vh`lr id `h aenlrchjaúe trhtheil id h`jhezhr d` cèxacl eavd`
id aenlrchjaúe h` cãeacl jlstd.

Te iasdøl id aevdstaohjaúe ds d` p`he gèsajl qud ouãh `h rdjl`djjaúe id ihtls y

heh`azh `hs dthphs id` prlydjtl id aevdstaohjaúe (Baeedhr y Yhy`lr, 811:). De dsth dthph
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

sd mhe id dspdjanajhr d` tapl id aenlrchjaúe qud mh id sdr rdjl`djthih

r djl`djthih,, `hs nudetds id
ihtls, `ls prljdiacadetls id rdjl`djjaúe id ihtls, y `ls id heè`asas id `ls cascls.

Dstèe aidetanajhils iastaetls tapls id aevdstaohjaúe. @ls hutlrds elrtdhcdrajhel

elrtdhcdrajhelss
Baeedhr, Yhy`lr, Ch`mltrh, Vaebcuei, Gures, Gusm, iastaeoude detrd6

 Dstuials Dxp`lrhtlrals
 Dstuials Jlej`uydetd
Jlej`uydetdss
 Dstuials id jletrl` y Zdouacadetl

@ls pracdrls vhe idstaehils h lgtdedr ue heè`asas prd`acaehr id `h satuhjaúe jle

ue cãeacl id jlstd y id tadcpl. Ds hidjuhih de satuhjaleds id rdjleljacadetl y
idnaeajaúe id` prlg`dch, y juheil d` prlg`dch yh mh sail idnaeail, thcgaáe ds öta` phrh
`h aidetanajhjaúe id jursls h`tdrehtavls id hjjaúe. Zdoöe Baeedhr y Yhy`lr (811:) `h

aevdstaohjaúe dxp`lrhtlrah ds öta` de `ls saouadetds jhsls6

h) aidetanajhjaúe id prlg
prlg`dchs
`dchs u lplrtueaihid
lplrtueaihidss id cdrjhils2
g) idshrrl``l id ueh nlrcu`hjaúe cès prdjash id` prlg`dch u lplrtueaihi
vhohcdetd aidetanajhih2
j) lgtdejaúe iidd `hs vhrah
vhrahg`ds
g`ds qud aen`uy
aen`uyde
de de ueh idtdrcaehih satuhjaúe2
satuhjaúe2
i) dsthg`djacadetl iidd pralraihids iidd hjudril jl
jlee `h acplrthejah
acplrthejah id iavdrsls
iavdrsls
prlg`dchs u lplrtueaihids
lplrtueaihids aidetanajhils2
aidetanajhils2
d) `lorhr ueh ppdrspdjtavh
drspdjtavh j`h
j`hrh
rh id` tapl iidd satuhjaúe l prlg`dch p`hetdhil2

n) aide
aidetanaj
tanajhjaúe
hjaúe y nlrcu
nlrcu`hja
`hjaúe
úe id jursls h`tdreh
h`tdrehtavls
tavls id hjjaúe2
hjjaúe2 y
o) `h rdjloaih iidd aenlrchjaúe slgrd prlg`dchs hs hsljahils
ljahils jl
jlee `h rdh`azhjaúe
rdh`azhjaúe id
ueh aevdstaohjaúe jlej`uydetd plstdralr.

@h aevdstaohjaúe dxp`lrhtlrah de cujmhs ljhsaleds ds d` phsl aeajah` id ueh sdrad

id dstuials iasdøhils phrh prlvddr aenlrchjaúe de `h tlch id idjasaleds. Jlestatuyde
ueh aedstachg`d hyuih phrh dsthg`djdr `hs mapútdsas jle rd`hjaúe h `h satuhjaúe qud idsdh
sdr dstuiahih. [lr dfdcp`l, sl`dcls dcp`dhr dstd tapl id dstuials juheil qudrdcls
aidetanajhr `hs vhrahg`ds qud cès aen`uyde de `h satuhjaúe id chrbdtaeo qud sd dstè

dstuiaheil phrh plstdralrcdetd, de ue iasdøl jlej`uydetd, jletrhsthr sa ds hsã l el y de

quá cdiaih aen`uyd jhih ueh.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

[lr d``l, `ls iasdøls dxp`lrhtlrals idgde plsddr jhrhjtdrãstajhs id n`dxaga`aihi y

vdrshta`aihi chylrds qud juh`quadr ltrl tapl id iasdøl. [hrh prljdidr h ue iasdøl
dxp`lrhtlral sd sud`d jlcdezhr rdjl`djtheil aenlrchjaúe sdjueihrah thetl aetdreh jlcl
dxtdreh slgrd d` tdch lgfdtl id dstuial qud els pdrcathe ar jlenaourheil `ls pracdrls

hspdjtls rd`dvhetds y eltlrals slgrd d` cascl. [lstdralrcdetd, sa ds edjdshral sd pudid

phshr h ueh dthph id rdjloaih id aenlrchjaúe prachrah ileid taded dspdjah` acplrthejah
`h uta`azhjaúe id tájeajhs id jhrèjtdr juh`athtavls (rduealeds id orupl, detrdvasths de
prlnueiaihi, lgsdrvhjaúe el dstrujturhih, dtj.) y de cdelr cdiaih tájeajhs id jhrèjtdr
juhetathtavl (dejudsths h cudstrhs pa`ltl, dtj.). Zd ih cujmh cès acplrthejah h `h
jh`aihi id `h aenlrchjaúe lgtdeaih qud h `h jhetaihi id `h casch. D` iasdøl el taded ueh
nlrch dstheihrazhih
dstheihrazhih sael qud sd p`hetdhrè de nuej
nuejaúe
aúe id `hs edjdsaihids
edjdsaihids y `h
jlesdjujaúe id lgfdtavls hsã jlcl id `ls rdjursls iaspleag`ds. De cujmls jhsls, jlcl
yh mdcls sdøh`hil ds ue phsl nueihcdeth` hetds id rdh`azhr ue gude dstuial

jlej`uydetd.

@ls iasdøls jlej`uydetds, sae dcghrol, prlplrjalehe aenlrchjaúe h prdoueths

jlejrdths id aevdstaohjaúe
aevdstaohjaúe id nlrch prdjash y lgfdtavh
lgfdtavh,, hyuihils plr `h uta`azhjaú
uta`azhjaúee id
`ls rdjursls y tájeajhs dsthiãstajhs. De dstls jhsls, `h dstrujturh id` dstuial dstè cujml
cès prdidtdrcaehih dxastadeil iasdøls dstheihrazhils phrh rdh`azhr`h. [hrh jlcdezhr h
rdh`azhr ue dstuial jlej`uydetd `ls lgfdtavls dspdjãnajls id `h aevdstaohjaúe idgde dsth
pdrndjthcdetd dsthg`djails
dsthg`djails,, y h sdr plsag`d, `hs mapútdsas idnaeaihs phrh phshr h
jletrhsthr`hs jle dstd tapl id iasdøl.

D` jletrl` y sdouacadetl id `ls p`heds id chrbdtaeo ( id rdsu`thils6 vdeths,

julths id cdrjhil, gdednajals, rdtlrel id aevdrsaúe2 id vhrahg`ds id` chrbdtaeo-cax y
id `hs vhrahg`ds satuhjaleh`ds) ih `uohr h` tapl id dstuial idelcaehil id jletrl` y
sdouacadetl.

@h ehturh`dzh id `ls lgfdtavls id aevdstaohjaúe y `ls iandrdetds tapls id dstuial

cdejalehilss ihe `uohr h iandrdetds j`hsanajhjaleds id iasdøls id aevdstaohjaúe. Hidcès
cdejalehil
id `h aevdstaohjaúe dxp`lrhtlrah yh idnaeaih, dxastde ltrls tapls id iasdøls id jhrèjtdr

jlej`uydetd, jhih uel id `ls juh`ds jucp`d ueh nuejaúe idtdrcaehih y taded hsljahihs
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

tájeajhs id rdjloaih id aenlrchjaúe idtdrcaehihs. [lidcls iastaeouar trds iasdøls

jlej`uydetds6

 Iasdøls idsjraptavls
 Iasdøls jhush`ds

@h aevdstaohjaúe id jhrèjtdr idsjraptavl ds `h cès uta`azhih de `ls dstuials id

cdrjhil qud rdh`azhe l dejhrohe `hs dcprdshs. Odedrh`cdetd sd p`hetdh juheil sd
quadrd idsjragar id nlrch `l cès dxhjth y dspdjãnajh plsag`d d` ndeúcdel id chrbdtaeo
lgfdtl id dstuial. [hrh d``l sd uta`azhe l gade nudetds id ihtls id jhrèjtdr sdjueihral
ileid yh sd idsjragd `h satuhjaúe id cdrjhil, l gade, sa ástls el dxastadrhe l nudrhe
aesunajadetds, nudetds prachrahs qud pdrcathe idsjragar iajmh rdh`aihi.

Zdoöe, Baeedhr y Yhy`lr (811:) `h aevdstaohjaúe idsjraptavh ds edjdshrah juheil

`ls lgfdtavls id `h aevdstaohjaúe aej`uyde6

aej`uyde6

h) Teh idsjrapjaúe orènajh id `hs jhrhjtdrãstajhs id `ls ndeúcdels id cdrjhil y

idtdrcaehjaúe id `h nrdjudejah jle qud sd prdsdethe2
g) Teh idtdrcaehjaúe id` orhil id hsljahjaúe id `hs vhrahg`ds dstuiahihs.
j) Teh nlrcu`hjaúe id prdiajjaleds de juhetl h `h ljurrdejah id `ls ndeúcdels
id cdrjhil.

Mhy, sae dcghrol qud idsthjhr, qud huequd `h aevdstaohjaúe idsjraptavh pudih

jhrhjtdrazhr ndeúcdels id cdrjhil y clstrhr ueh hsljahjaúe detrd vhrahg`ds, el sd

pudide jletrhsthr h trhvás id `h casch `hs vdrihidrhs jhushs id iajmh hsljahjaúe. Aouh`
jle `hs prdiajjaleds, huequd h trhvás id aenlrchjaúe idsjraptavh y jle `h uta`azhjaúe id
cátlils dsthiãstajls iavdrsls sd pudide rdh`azhr prdiajjaleds, dstd tapl id iasdøl el
pudid dxp`ajhr
dxp`ajhr `hs rd`hjaleds jh
jhush`ds
ush`ds id iajmh
iajmh prdiajjaúe.

Dxastde h su vdz ils tapls nueihcdeth`ds id iasdøls idsjraptavls, uel rdjlod `h

aenlrchjaúe de ue öeajl pdralil id tadcpl (dstuials de sdjjaúe trhesvdrsh`), juh` sa
nudrh ueh aenlrchjaúe nltlorènajh id `h rdh`aihi2 cadetrhs qud ltrl rdjlod aenlrchjaúe h

`l `hrol id` tadcpl (dstuials `leoatuiaeh`ds)

`leoatuiaeh`ds) `l qud els hplrth ueh vasaúe dvl`utavh id `h
casch. Dstls ö`tacls sle cujml cès aetdrdshetds phrh dsthg`djdr hsljahjaleds detrd
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

vhrahg`ds, phrh rdh`azhr prdiajj

prdiajjaleds,
aleds, y cuy uta`azhils jlcl dstuials id jletrl` y
vaoa`hejah id `hs hjtavaihids y `ls ndeúcdels id` cdrjhil.

[hrh `ls dstuials idsjraptavls sd uta`azhe cátlils juhetathtavls id rdjloaih id

aenlrchjaúe thetl id jlcueajhjaúe jlcl id lgsdrvhjaúe, huequd cujml cès

nrdjudetdcdetd `ls id jlcueajhjaúe. Za sd rdh`azh ue dstuial de sdjjaúe trhesvdrsh`

sdourhcd
sdourhcdetd
etd sd dcp`dhrè d` cát
cátlil
lil id dejudsth de h`oueh l vhrahs id sus cö`tap`ds
dejudsth
vhrahetds (pdrsleh`, td`dnúeajh, plsth`, dtj.) de nuejaúe id` cdial qud sd dcp`dd phrh
rdjlodr `h aenlrchjaúe2 cdels nrdjudetdcdetd, sd dcp`dh `h lgsdrvhjaúe dstrujturhih,
plr `h chylr ianaju`thi y jlstd de `h rdjloaih id aenlrchjaúe, huequd `h aenlrchjaúe
rdjloaih cdiahetd cátlils id lgsdrvhjaúe jhsa sadcprd ds cès prdjash y lgfdtavh.

Za, plr d` jletrhral, sd rdh`azh ue dstuial id jlrtd `leoatuiaeh` jle vhrals y

sujdsavls pdralils id rdjloaih id aenlrchjaúe, sd uta`azhrèe tájeajhs jlcl d` phed` id

jlesucailrds, mlohrds, idth``asths, huiadejahs, dtj., l `h tájeajh úceagus, l sacp`dcdetd

jlesucailrds,
ue jlefuetl id dejudsths pdraúiajhs hp`ajhihs sujdsavhcdetd, l id lgsdrvhjaleds
dstrujturhihs rdoastrhihs sujdsavhcdetd h `l `hrol id` tadcpl, l `h jlcgaehjaúe id
hcghs tájeajhs.

De tlil jhsl, de dstd tapl id dstuials, yh sdhe de sdjjaúe trhesvdrsh` l

`leoatuiaeh`ds, sd prdjashrè id ueh cudstrh dsthiãstajhcdetd rdprdsdethtavh id `h
plg`hjaúe lgfdtl id dstuial. [lr ltrh phrtd, thcgaáe sd rdh`azhrè ue heè`asas dsthiãstajl
id `ls ihtls rdjloails qud prlplrjaled rdspudsths jlejrdths slgrd `ls lgfdtavls id

aevdstaohjaúe prdvahcdetd dsthg`djails l `hs mapútdsas prdvahcdetd deuejahihs.

H` mhg`hr id iasdøls jlej`uydetds id jhrèjtdr jhush` el rdndracls h hqud``ls

dstuials qud tadede jlcl praejaph` lgfdtavl dejletrhr dvaidejahs slgrd `h rd`hjaúe
jhush-dndjtl detrd `hs vhrahg`ds dstuiahihs. Dstd tapl id aevdstaohjaúe rdquadrd ue iasdøl
p`heanajhjaúe y raourlsl, id nlrch qud sd caeacajd `h plsag`d aetrliujjaúe id drrlrds
sastdcètajls y sd chxacajd `h nahga`aihi y lgfdtavaihi id `h rdjloaih id `h aenlrchjaúe y
id su heè`asas, id clil qud sd pudid ``dohr h jlej`usaleds id jhush`aihi jle sunajadetd
eavd` id jdrtdzh.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

@hs praejaph`ds nuejaleds id `h aevdstaohjaúe jhush` sdoöe Baeedhr y Yhy`lr

(811:)6
h) Jlcprdeidr quá vhrahg`d/s sle `h/s jhush/s id `l qud sd quadrd jleljdr
(dndjtl), ds idjar, jlcprdeidr `hs rhzleds plr `hs qud sd sujdide `ls
ndeúcdels.

g) Jlcprdeidr `h ehturh`dzh id `h rd`hjaúe nuejaleh` detrd `ls nhjtlrds jhush`ds

y d` dndjtl qud vh h prdidjar.

@ls dstuials jle iasdøl jhush` idgde prdljuphrsd plr lgsdrvhr y jletrl`hr d`
chylr eöcdrl id vhrahg`ds qud pudihe aetdrvdear de ue idtdrcaehil ndeúcdel id th`
nlrch qud `ds pdrcath dstuiahr `hs vhrahg`ds id `h nlrch cès dsthg`d plsag`d h nae id
dsthg`djdr `hs rd`hjaleds jhush`ds.
[lidcls iastaeouar ils tapls id iasdøls jhush`ds, `ls iasdøls jhush`ds ehturh`ds
l `ls iasdøls jhush`ds jletrl`hils. De `ls pracdrls sd rdoastrh `h aenlrchjaúe de uehs

jleiajaleds dspdjah`ds `hs vhrahg`ds aevl`ujrhihs pdrl d` aevdstaohilr el aetdrvaded de

hgsl`utl de `h cheapu`hjaúe id `hs vhrahg`ds aevl`ujrhihs, sú`l sd `acath h lgsdrvhr`hs y
rdoastrhr`hs2 plr d` jletrhral, `ls iasdøls jletrl`hils prdjashe id `h cheapu`hjaúe plr
phrtd id` aevdstaohilr id iajmhs vhrahg`ds, aej`usl, de ljhsaleds, id `h satuhjaúe ileid
sd prliujde dsthg`djadeil hrtanajah`cdetd `hs jleiajaleds id iajmh satuhjaúe.

Zdhe iasdøls jhush`ds ehturh`ds l jletrl`hils, `h tájeajh id aevdstaohjaúe

chylrcdetd uta`azhih ds `h dxpdracdethjaúe. D` lgfdtavl id `h dxpdracdethjaúe
dxpdracdethjaúe ds cdiar
d` dndjtl id `hs vhrahg`ds dxp`ajhtavhs l aeidpdeiadetds slgrd `h vhrahg`d idpdeiadetd,

cadetrhs sd jletrl`he ltrhs vhrahg`ds qud pudide jlenueiar eudstrh jhphjaihi phrh
rdh`azhr rd`hjaleds jhush`ds (Zd``taz, 81?>). Dxastde tapanajhils orhe jhetaihi id
dxpdracdetls jle sus jlesaouadetds prljdiacadetls id hjtuhjaúe y heè`asas, pdrl `ls
cès jleljails sle6

 Iasdøl jlcp`dthcdetd h`dhtlral.

 Iasdøl de g`lqud h`dhtlral
 Iasdøl de juhirl `htael
 Iasdøl de juhirl ordjl-`htael

Iasdøl nhjtlrah`
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

Detrd `ls cátlils id heè`asas id `ls ihtls rdjloails de d` dxpdracdetl, sle d`

heè`asas id `h vhrahezh (HEL^H) l d` heè`asas cö`tap`d id `h vhrahezh (CHEL^H), `ls
cès hcp`ahcdetd uta`azhils phrh lgtdedr `hs rd`hjaleds jhush`ds.

Teh vdz idtdrcaehil d` tapl id iasdøl h sdr rdh`azhil, tdeirdcls qud idtdrcaehr
`h tájeajh id rdjloaih id aenlrchjaúe qud vhcls h dcp`dhr, de cujmls jhsls el sd
uta`azh sú`l ueh tájeajh sael qud sd pudide ``dohr h jlcgaehr vhrahs. D` tapl id tájeajh
vh h idpdeidr de orhe cdiaih id` iasdøl qud vhyhcls h dcp`dhr, pdrl thcgaáe
idpdeidrè id` tapl id aenlrchjaúe qud vhyh h sdr rdjloaih y id `ls sufdtls/detds
aenlrchetds. El ds `l cascl rdjlodr aenlrchjaúe prlvdeadetd id `ls jlesucailrds, qud
id dcprdshs, l id lroheascls ougdrehcdeth`ds, hsljahjale
hsljahjaleds,
ds, dtj.
@h chylr phrtd id `h aenlrchjaúe qud rdjlfhcls vh h prljdidr id pdrslehs, id
`hs juh`ds plidcls lgtdedr aenlrchjaúe id` jlcplrthcadetl phshil l prdvastl, id

hjtatuids l id jhrhjtdrãstajhs jlejrdths. [hrh rdjlodr iajmh aenlrchjaúe, gèsajhcdetd sd

dcp`dhe ils tapls id cátlils (Baeedhr y Yhy`lr, 811:)6

 Cátlils id Jlcueajhjaúe.
 Cátlils id Lgsdrvhjaúe
Lgsdrvhjaúe..

@ls cátlils id jlcueajhjaúe acp`ajhe jhsa sadcprd ueh aetdrrlohjaúe cès l

cdels acp`ãjath id `hs pdrslehs dstuiahihs, cadetrhs qud `h lgsdrvhjaúe sacp`dcdetd
rdoastrh `hs aenlrchjaleds gusjhihs jle ueh rd`hjaúe jlcueajhtavh eu`h l cãeach jle

`ls aevdstaohils. De cujmhs ljhsaleds, hcgls cátlils pudide jlcgaehrsd, plr

dfdcp`l, sú`l sd prdoueth `l qud el sd pudid lgsdrvhr (lpaealeds, hjtatuids,
cltavhjaleds,, dtj.).
cltavhjaleds

@hs tájeajhs id jlcueajhjaúe `hs plidcls j`hsanajhr sdoöe su orhil id

dstrujturhjaúe, plr ueh phrtd, y sdoöe su orhil id lju`thjaúe id` lgfdtavl id dstuial 6
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

DZYWTJYTWHIH EL DZYWTJYTWHIH

IAWDJYH Wdueaúe id orupl

(El iasnrhzhih) Judstalehral Detrdvasths de prlnueiaihi
Detrdvasths iaraoaihs el iaraoaihs

AEIAWDJYH
(Iasnrhzhih) Yájeajhs prlydjtavhs
Yájeajhs id jrdhtavaihi

Nudetd6 Baeedhr y Yhy`lr (811:)

Juhirl >.?. 6 J`hsanajhjaúe id `hs Yájeajhs id Wdjloaih id Aenlrchjaúe id

Jlcueajhjaúe

De juhetl h `hs tájeajhs id lgsdrvhjaúe, aetrliujardcls de dstd orupl h tlihs

hqud``hs qud rdoastrde d` jlcplrthcadetl l `hs jhrhjtdrãstajhs id pdrslehs, lgfdtls l
dvdetls. D` cátlil id lgsdrvhjaúe prdsdeth vhrahs vdethfhs slgrd d` cátlil id
jlcueajhjaúe, huequd mhgatuh`cdetd sdh cdels uta`azhils, pracdrl, el sd ghsh de `h
gudeh vl`uethi id `h pdrsleh phrh sucaeastrhr `ls ihtls sl`ajathils2 sdoueil, sd rdiujd
d` sdsol qud sd pudih aetrliujar idgail h` prljdsl id jlcueajhjaúe detrd d`
detrdvasthilr y d` detrdvasthil2 y, plr ö`tacl, `h aenlrchjaúe rdjloaih ds cujml cès
lgfdtavh. Za gade, jhgd idsthjhr qud cujmhs vhrahg`ds acplrthetds phrh `h tlch id
idjasaleds id chrbdtaeo jlcl hjtatuids, lpaealeds, cltavhjaleds, shtasnhjjaleds, dtj. el
pudide lgsdrvhrsd
lgsdrvhrsd plr rdo`h oodedrh`.
dedrh`.

Ds hcp`ah, pdrl cuy dxmhustavh `h j`hsanajhjaúe id `hs tájeajhs id lgsdrvhjaúe

qud rdh`azhe Baeedhr y Yhy`lr (811:), plr d``l sú`l rdjlodcls ue dsqudch id `h casch6

8. Lgsd
Lgsdrvhj
rvhjaúe
aúe ehturh
ehturh`` vs lgsd
lgsdrvhj
rvhjaúe
aúe hrtanaj
hrtanajah`.
ah`.
7. Lgsd
Lgsdrvhj
rvhjaúe
aúe lju`t
lju`thh vs lgsdrv
lgsdrvhjaú
hjaúee el lju`th.
:. Lgsdrvhjaúe dstrujturhih vs lg
lgsdrvhjaúe
sdrvhjaúe el dstru
dstrujturhih.
jturhih.
9. Lgsd
Lgsdrvhj
rvhjaúe
aúe iardjt
iardjthh vs lgsdrvh
lgsdrvhjaúe
jaúe aeiar
aeiardjth
djth..
4. Lgsd
Lgsdrvhj
rvhjaúe
aúe muche
muchehh vs lgsdrvh
lgsdrvhjaúe
jaúe cdj
cdjèeajh
èeajh..

Nudrh id dsth j`hsanajhjaúe id tájeajhs id lgsdrvhjaúe y id jlcueajhjaúe

plidcls iastaeouar `ls cátlils id aevdstaohjaúe chylrcdetd dcp`dhils phrh rdjlodr
aenlrchjaúe y qud sd sud`de j`hsanajhr de cátlils juh`athtavls y cátlils juhetathtavls,
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

de nuejaúe id `h chylr acplrthejah id `h jh`aihi l `h jhetaihi id aenlrchjaúe de jhih

jhsl.

 Cátlils Juh`athtavls, `ls cès uta`azhils sle6

8. Wdueaúe id orupl
orupl (iaraoaihs3j
(iaraoaihs3jdetrhihs
detrhihs de d` tdch3nljus orlup, y el
iaraoaihs)
7. Detrdvasth pdrsleh`ds
pdrsleh`ds (iarao
(iaraoaihs,
aihs, y el iaraoaihs l de prlnueiaihi)
:. Yájeajhs prlydjtavhs6
prlydjtavhs6 tdst id hpdrjdp
hpdrjdpjaúe
jaúe tdcètajh, tdst id hsljahjaúe
hsljahjaúe
id ph`hgrhs, id jlcp`dthr nrhsds, id jlcp`dthr vaødths l iagufls, dtj...
9. Yájeajhs
Yájeajhs id jrdhtava
jrdhtavaihi6
ihi6 grhae
grhaestlrc
stlrcaeo,
aeo, id`pma,
id`pma, dtj.
4. Lgsdrvhj
Lgsdrvhjaúe
aúe el dstrujturh
dstrujturhih.
ih.

 Cátlils Juhetathtavls, detrd `ls cès uta`azhils.

8. @h dejudsth,
dejudsth, h trhvás id iastaetls cdials, pd
pdrsleh`,
rsleh`, td`dnúeajh,
td`dnúeajh, plsth`,
vãh nhx, vãh aetdredt, dtj.
7. @h deju
dejudst
dsthh úce
úceagu
aguss
:. @h táj
tájeaj
eajhh ph
phed`
ed`
9. @h lgsdrvh
lgsdrvhjaúe
jaúe dstru
dstrujturh
jturhih
ih
4. @h dxpdra
dxpdracd
cdeth
ethjaú
jaúee

Orhjahs h `h aeelvhjaúe tdjel`úoajh, `hs tájeajhs id rdjloaih id aenlrchjaúe id

ihtls mhe sunrail de `hs ö`tachs ils iájhihs ueh dvl`ujaúe cuy acplrthetd de juhetl h
`h rhpaidz y jlcliaihi id `h rdjloaih id ihtls. [racdrl, `h odedrh`azhjaúe id` td`ánlel
de `h plg`hjaúe dsphøl`h mhjd qud hjtuh`cdetd `h dejudsth td`dnúeajh sdh ueh id `hs cès
uta`azhihs, huequd slgrd tlil phrh judstalehrals cès grdvds.

@h aetrliujjaúe id `hs dejudsths rdh`azhihs plr lridehilr, thetl pdrsleh`ds

(JH[A6 Jlcputdr Hssastdi [drsleh` Aetdrvadw), l plr td`ánlel (JHYA6 Jlcputdr
Hssastdi Yd`dpmled
Yd`dpmled Aetdrvadw), ásths ö`tachs cujml cès
cès dxtdeiaihs, mhe nhja`athil
thetl `h rdjloaih jlcl `h orhghjaúe id `hs rdspudsths.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

[lr ltrh phrtd, d` sjheedr ds ue cdial qud dstè pdrcatadeil rdvl`ujalehr `h

rdjloaih id `h aenlrchjaúe slgrd tlil de d` ècgatl id `h tájeajh phed`, d` phed` id
idth``asths id HJ Ead`sde nuejaleh hjtuh`cdetd de ue 14% jle rdjloaih cdiahetd
sjheedr, y dsth casch dcprdsh mh aehuourhil de 811= d` phed` id mlohrds jle rdjloaih
id aenlrchjaúe cdiahetd sjheedrs (Mlcd Zjhe) iastraguails plr `ls mlohrds id `ls

phed`asths.

Iurhetd `ls høls ljmdeth sd prliujd ltrh orhe hplrthjaúe6 d` huiãcdtrl id

huiadejah id` cdial td`dvasaúe
td`dvasaúe plr prljdiacadetls d`dj
d`djtrúeajls.
trúeajls. @h aenlrchjaúe
lnrdjaih plr dstd prljdiacadetl mh idsp`hzhil h `h Dejudsth Odedrh` id Cdials h ue
sdoueil `uohr, huequd d` ihtl id `h DOC ds höe nueihcdeth` phrh ltrls cdials id
jlcueajhjaúe chsavh. Huequd d` dquavh`detd huiãcdtrl phrh d` sdouacadetl id` cdial
rhial iaspled id` sunajadetd idshrrl``l tdjel`úoajl, höe el mh sail acp`dcdethil.

Aetdredt dstè hjtuh`cdetd aetrliujadeil `hs ö`tachs aeelvhjaleds de `l qud sd

rdnadrd h `h rdjloaih id aenlrchjaúe plr phrtd id `hs dcprdshs. D` hprlvdjmhcadetl id `h
aenlrchjaúe id rhstrl qud vhe idfheil `ls ehvdohetds id Aetdredt h trhvás id `hs
jleljaihs jlcl ‐jllbads– l `ls judstalehrals qud sd aetrliujde de `hs pèoaehs wdg l
qud sd devãhe plr jlrrdl d`djtrúeajl, sle `hs nlrchs cès aeelvhilrhs id rdjlodr
aenlrchjaúe y jle ue idshrrl``l aejapadetd h pdshr id `h dnajhjah y plsaga`aihids id
aenlrchjaúe qud graeih.

De juh`dsquadrh id `ls jhsls, `h tájeajh id rdjloaih id aenlrchjaúe, d` nlrchtl

uta`azhil phrh d``l, y `h nlrch de `h qud sd p`hetdhe `hs judstaleds, sle thrdhs id orhe
trhsjdeidejah d acplrthejah h `h mlrh id jlesdouar lgtdedr ueh aenlrchjaúe id jh`aihi.
@h nlrch id p`hetdhr `hs prdoueths pudid idtdrcaehr de orhe cdiaih `ls rdsu`thils qud
lgtdeohcls, plr `l qud h dstd rdspdjtl mhy qud hjtuhr jle `h cèxach lgfdtavaihi,
mledstaihi y dnajhjah. Teh id `hs chylrds prlg`dcètajhs qud sd p`hetdhe hquã ds `h id `h
nlrch id cdiar jadrth aenlrchjaúe rd`dvhetd phrh `h tlch id idjasaleds de chrbdtaeo y
qud plr su jhrèjtdr sugfdtavl el sd hidjuhe h `hs nlrchs trhiajaleh`ds id cdiajaúe. D`
idshrrl``l id nlrchs cès lgfdtavhs id cdiar jlejdptls jlcl `h achode, `h hjtatui, `h
jh`aihi, `h shtasnhjjaúe, dtj. ds ueh hsaoehturh pdeiadetd phrh `ls prlndsaleh`ds y tdúrajls

id `h aevdstaohjaúe jlcdrjah` y id `h psajlcdtrãh .

 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

Ltrh prljdiacadetl acplrthetd de `h aevdstaohjaúe, cujml cès jletrl`hg`d qud

`h hetdralr, y ileid `h dsthiãstajh fudoh ue phpd` nueihcdeth` ds d` iasdøl id `h cudstrh.
Ils sle `hs sugdthphs qud idgdcls tdedr de judeth h `h mlrh id iasdøhr ueh cudstrh
rdprdsdethtavh de hqud``ls dstuials qud sdh edjdshrah (iasdøls jlej`uydetds)6


Idtdrcaehr d` thchøl id `h cudstrh.
 Idtdrcaehr d` prljdiacadetl phrh sd`djjaleh
sd`djjalehrr `hs ueaihids cudstrh`ds.

De juhetl h `h pracdrh dthph, `h Yª id Cudstrhs sd mh dejhrohil id iasdøhr `hs

núrcu`hs edjdshrahs phrh idtdrcaehr d` eöcdrl úptacl id ueaihids qud mh id tdedr ueh
cudstrh phrh qud sdh rdprdsdethtavh phrh ue drrlr cudstrh` (l prdjasaúe) idtdrcaehil,
jle ue eavd` id jlenahezh sunajadetd y tdeadeil de judeth sa dsthcls trhtheil id dstuiahr
ue ueavdrsl naeatl l aenaeatl, y id dstachr vhrahg`ds id prlcdials l id plrjdethfds.

De `l rd`htavl h `ls prljdiacadetls id sd`djjaúe id `hs ueaihids cudstrh`ds, sa

qudrdcls plidr rdh`azhr aendrdejah dsthiãstajh, ds idjar, dxtrhpl`hjaúe id `ls ihtls
lgtdeails id ueh cudstrh h` jlefuetl id `h plg`hjaúe, `l hidjuhil ds uta`azhr
prljdiacadetls prlghga`ãstajls6 d` cudstrdl h`dhtlral sacp`d, d` cudstrdl h`dhtlral
sastdcètajl, d` cudstrdl h`dhtlral dstrhtanajhil (plr hnafhjaúe sacp`d, prlplrjaleh` u
úptach) y d` cudstrdl plr jleo`lcdrhils. Zae dcghrol, `h husdejah id chrjls
cudstrh`ds hidjuhils pudid lg`aohr h uta`azhr cudstrdls el prlghga`ãstajls ileid `hs
aendrdejahs dsthiãstajhs el sle aesdsohihs. Detrd dstls ö`tacls plidcls idsthjhr d` id
ruths h`dhtlrahs (jlesaidrhil plr h`ouels jlcl sdcaprlghga`ãstajl), d` cudstrdl plr

julths, d` cudstrdl plr jlevdeadejah, plr fuajals, plr gl`h id eadvd, ueaúe l rd`hjaúe,
dtj.

Teh dspdjanajhih y d`doaih `h plg`hjaúe h dstuiahr, l sd`djjalehih ueh cudstrh

id `h casch prljdidrdcls h `h rdjloaih id `ls ihtls, h trhvás id` idshrrl``l id `h
thcgaáe p`heanajhih hjtavaihi id ‐trhghfl id jhcpl–, qud pudid sdr jlesaidrhih ltrh
dthph jrãtajh id` prljdsl id aevdstaohjaúe jlcdrjah
jlcdrjah`,`, plrqud de d``h sd idstaehe `h chylr
phrtd id `ls rdjursls, y, h` cascl tadcpl, ds `h qud cès sdsols el idsdhils ea
jletrl`hils sd pudide aetrliujar. D` juaihil id `hs jleiajaleds id rdh`azhjaúe id`

trhghfl id jhcpl euejh sdrè sunajadetd. Dspdjah` acplrthejah taded h dstd rdspdjtl `h
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

d`djjaúe y nlrchjaúe id `hs pdrslehs dejhrohihs id rdjlodr `h aenlrchjaúe, y d` jletrl`

dxmhustavl id jhih uel id `ls aestrucdetls id rdjloaih yh jucp`acdethils (‐diataeo–).

H jletaeuhjaúe sd aeajah ueh id `hs dthphs cès tájeajhs id tlil d` prljdsl, d`

prljdshcadetl
prljdshcadetl id `ls ihtls. @h chylr phrtd id dsth dthph ds id jhrèjtdr cdjèeajl y

dejudetrh su hplyl de `ls sastdchs aenlrcètajls id orhghjaúe y idpurhjaúe id najmdrls.

Jlesastd de `h sujdsaúe id `hs saouadetds sugdthphs6

8¶ Diajaúe id `ls slplrtds id rdjloaih iidd aenlrchjaúe (judstalehrals,

prltljl`ls id lgsdrvhjaúe,
lgsdrvhjaúe, dtj
dtj.).
.).
7¶ Jlianajhjaúe id `hs vhrahg`ds (jlevdrsaúe h júiaols eucárajls l
h`nheucárajls id tlihs `hs vhrahg`ds y sus jhtdolrãhs id rdspudsth. De jhsl
id qud d` slplrtd dstuvadrh prd-jllianajhil sú`l plstjlianajhjaúe id `hs
prdoueths hgadrths
hgadrths l sdcahgadrth
sdcahgadrths).
s).

:¶ Orhghjaúe id `ls
`ls ihtls
ihtls..
9¶ Idpurhjaúe iidd `ls ihtls.
4¶ Yhgu`hjaúe id `ls ihtl
ihtls6
s6 thg`hs sacp`ds l jruzhih
jruzhihs.
s.

Ylihs dsths dthphs

dthphs tadede jlcl naeh`aihi
naeh`aihi lgtdedr ueh ghsd id ihtls
aenlrchtazhih `l cès idpurhih plsag`d, ileid `ls ihtls qud sd dejudetrde dstáe
pdrndjthcdetd aidetanajhils y lridehils phrh plidr rdh`azhr `h saouadetd dthph id
heè`asas id `ls ihtls id nlrch úptach. Teh id `hs prlg`dcètajhs cès acplrthetds de d`
prljdshcadetl
prljdshcadetl id `ls ihtls ds d` id `h odstaúe id `h aenlrchjaúe nh`thetd (‐cassaeo–), ds

idjar, `h nh`th id rdspudsth de h`ouels jhsls. @hs sl`ujaleds id sustatujaúe plr jè`ju`ls
odedrh`azhg`ds jlcl `h cdiah, cdiaheh, clih...l hsaoehjaúe plr prljdiacadetls
dsthiãstajls cuy slnastajhils el phrdjde sl`ujaleds úptachs, id nlrch qud, de `ls jhsls
de qud el pdrfuiaqud sdrahcdetd h `h rdprdsdethtavaihi id `h cudstrh, el sd idgdrãh
prljdidr h dstd tapl id sustatuj
sustatujaleds
aleds l hsaoehj
hsaoehjaleds.
aleds.

Jlenlr
Jlenlrch
chil
il y idpur
idpurhi
hill d` najmd
najmdrl
rl id ihtls
ihtls,, pli
plirdc
rdcls
ls phshr
phshr h `h dthph id
heè`asas d aetdrprdthjaúe, juyl lgfdtavl ds `h lgtdejaúe id `h aenlrchjaúe rd`dvhetd phrh
`h tlch id idjasaleds. @h dthph id heè`asas, huequd taded ue nudrtd jhrèjtdr tájeajl y

dsthiãstajl, dstè nudrtdcdetd rd`hjalehih jle `ls lgfdtavls id aenlrchjaúe qud

 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

p`hetdhcls de `hs pracdrhs nhsds id` prljdsl. @h sdjudejah id `ls iavdrsls heè`asas h
prhjtajhr vh id `l sacp`d y nèja` h `l jlcp`dfl
jlcp`dfl y ianãja`. Dstl ds
ds66

 Heè`asas Teavhrahg`d
 Heè`asas Gavhrahg`d

Heè`asas Cu`tavhrahg`d

Teh hyuih sastdchtazhih phrh idshrrl``hr ueh dstrhtdoah hidjuhih id heè`asas id

ihtls mh id dsthr ouahih plr `h jlcgaehjaúe id h`ouels id `ls saouadetds jratdrals6
(Baeedhr y Yhy`lr, 811:)6

 Eöcdrl id vhrahg`ds
vhrahg`ds h heh`azhr
heh`azhr sacu`tèedhcdetd
 Eavd` id cdiaih
cdiaih (dsjh`h) id `hs vhrahg`ds
vhrahg`ds h heh
heh`azhr.
`azhr.
 Lgfdtavl id` heè`asas6 idsjragar y/l aendrar.

@h chylr phrtd id `hs vdjds, sae dcghrol, tdeirdcls qud rdh`azhr heè`asas caxtls
ileid dxasthe thetl heè`asas uea, ga y cu`tavhrahg`d, tdeadeil qud rdspleidr thetl h
prdoueths idsjraptavhs jlcl id aendrdejah, y jle vhrahg`ds id cö`tap`ds eavd`ds id
cdiajaúe. [lr thetl, `l praejaph` sdrè dsthg`djdr ue lride l prd`hjaúe id heè`asas,
jlcdezheil idsid `l cès nèja` h `l cès jlcp`dfl, id `l idsjraptavl h `l aendrdejah`, id
`l ueavhrahg`d h `l cu`tavhrahg`d, plr ö`tacl, tdeadeil sadcprd de judeth d` praejapal id
phrsacleah6 uta`azheil sadcprd d` cátlil cès sacp`d plsag`d phrh rdspleidr h ueh
prdoueth id aevdstaohjaúe
aevdstaohjaúe (Chrtãedz Yd
Ydrjdrl,
rjdrl, 8111).

@h hyuih id phqudtds dsthiãstajls pltdetds phrh heh`azhr `h aenlrchjaúe ds mly

iãh acprdsjaeiag`d. Detrd `ls cès jlcueds plidcls idsthjhr d` Z[ZZ nlr _aeilws, y
ZHZ, GCI[, Z[HI, GHWGWL. H`ouel id d``ls iaspled id cúiu`ls dspdjãnajls phrh
heè`asas cès slnastajhils6 p. d. Edurh` jleedjtale, Jmhai, Heswdr Yrdd, Hcls, Ihth
Detry, X-Heh`ats, dtj id Z[ZZ.

Jle d` hvhejd id `h tdjel`loãh thcgaáe dstè hvhezheil d` eöcdrl id eudvhs

tájeajhs id heè`asas, slgrd tlil id jhrèjtdr cu`tavhrahg`d, qud dstèe idshrrl``èeilsd.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

Detrd `hs ö`tachs aeelvhjaleds plidcls idsthjhr `hs tájeajhs id odstaúe y dxp`lthjaúe
id ghsds id ihtls (ihth whrdmlusd), `h caedrãh id ihtls (ihth caeaeo), `ls jugls L@H[,
l `hs tájeajhs id JWC (Justlcdr Wd`htalesmap Cdhsurdcde
Cdhsurdcdet).
t). Hidcès, `h edjdsaihi id
dejletrhr rd`hjaleds dsthg`ds de orheids jhetaihids id ihtls mh mdjml qud sd idshrrl``de
`ls cátlils id Wdids Edurleh`ds, h pdshr id qud mly iãh höe dstèe pljl dxp`lthihs `hs

plsaga`aihids id dsth tájeajh.

tájeajh.

Heh`azhils d aetdrprdthils `ls ihtls, iaspleirdcls id `h aenlrchjaúe öta` phrh

rdspleidr `hs prdoueths id aevdstaohjaúe l jletrhsthr eudstrhs mapútdsas id phrtaih. @h
prdsdethjaúe y dxplsajaúe id `ls mh``hzols y jlej`usaled
jlej`usaledss h `h pdrsleh qud mh
dejhrohi
dejhrohill d` dstu
dstuial
ial (l h `ls idstaehils
idstaehils h uta`azh
uta`azhrr iajmh
iajmh aenlrchjaúe)
aenlrchjaúe) graeihrè
graeihrè ueh
vasaúe j`hrh, lgfdtavh y saetátajh id `l qud ljurrd de `h rdh`aihi dstuiahih, hsã jlcl `hs
acp`ajhjaleds qud slgrd `h prèjtajh id` chrbdtaeo de `h lroheazhjaúe
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

>.9. Ydeidejahs hjtuh`ds

hjtuh`ds de `h Aev
Aevdstaohjaúe
dstaohjaúe Jlcdr
Jlcdrjah`
jah`

@h aevdstaohjaúe jlcdrjah` iurhetd `ls ö`tacls høls sd dstè vadeil jleiajalehih

plr ueh sdrad id nhjtlrds (G`hebd
(G`hebdesmap
esmap y Grdd, 8117
8117)6
)6

8. @h ths
thshh rdiujaih
rdiujaih id jr
jrdjaca
djacadetl
detl id `l
`lss cdrjh
cdrjhils
ils jlevde
jlevdejaleh
jaleh`ds.
`ds. @ls
@ls
cdrjhils el jrdjde, el hsã `ls jlcpdtailrds. @h supdrvavdejah sd gusjh h
trhvás id `h jlgdrturh id edjdsaihids l idsdls el shtasndjmls id `ls
jlesucailrds, de `h aidetanajhjaúe y pdedtrhjaúe de eajmls id jlesucailrds
phrh jlesl`aihrsd de d``ls. @h aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils fudoh ue phpd`
nueihcdeth` de d``l.

7. @ls c
cdrjh
drjhils
ils tadeide
tadeide h nrhoc
nrhocdeth
dethrsd.
rsd. D``l
D``l lraoaeh
lraoaeh qud `h qud `h
aidetanajhjaúe y htdejaúe id `ls eajmls id cdrjhil sdh cès jlcp`dfh qud `h
id `ls sdocdetls, jle `h jlesaouadetd chylr idpdeidejah id `h aevdstaohjaúe
aevdstaohjaúe
id cdrjhils.

:. D` aejr
aejrdcde
dcdetl
tl id` eucdrl
eucdrl id eu
eudvls
dvls pr
prliuj
liujtls,
tls, hsã
hsã jlcl d`
d` hjlrthcadet
hjlrthcadetll id
`ls jaj`ls id vaih. D``l lraoaeh ueh chylr lgsl`dsjdejah y edjdsaihids id
rdelvhjaúe jlesthetd id prliujtls. @h aevdstaohjaúe jlcdrjah` ds
acprdsjaeiag`d de iaj
iajmh
mh thrdh.
thrdh.

9. D` aejr
aejrdcde
dcdetl
tl id` jlstd
jlstd id `ls nrh
nrhjhsl
jhslss id eudvls
eudvls prliujtl
prliujtlss (`hezhils
(`hezhils
cujmls id d``ls h eavd` aetdrehjaleh`) mhjd qud `hs dcprdshs dxtrdcde tlihs
`hs thrdhs id
id aevdstaoh
aevdstaohjaúe
jaúe prdvahs h `ls `hez
`hezhcadetls
hcadetls y ssdhe
dhe cès raourlshs
de `ls p`hetdhcadetls id rdjloaih y heè`asas id `h aenlrchjaúe.

4. @h iae
iaeècaj
ècajhh jhcg
jhcgahetd
ahetd y hj
hjd`drh
d`drhih
ih id` det
detlrel
lrel id `hs
`hs dcprdshs
dcprdshs mhjd
mhjd
edjdshral qud dsths rdspleih jle chylr rhpaidz. [lr d``l `ls ZAC, ghsds id
ihtls d aevdstaohjaleds dxtdrehs, prlvddilrhs id aenlrchjaúe id tlil tapl
rd`htavh h `ls cdrjhils, hsã jlcl d` heè`asas id tdeidejahs id cdrjhil
(chrbdtaeo trdeis) dsthrãh sadeil jhih vdz cès edjdshrah.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

Hsacascl d` idshrrl``l id h`ouehs lradethjaleds l dstrhtdoahs id chrbdtaeo h

phrtar id `ls høls 1; dstè fustanajheil cès höe d` idshrrl``l id `h aevdstaohjaúe id
cdrjhils y id h`ouehs id sus tájeajhs, hsã jlcl d` suroacadetl id ltrhs eudvhs6

 D` cajrlchrbdtaeo, jlcl eudvh dstrhtdoah jdetrhih de orupls lgfdtavls6

H`ouels ``hche h dsths hjjaleds jlcl chrbdtaeo id eajmls, ltrls, chrbdtaeo

id h`gls y naeh`cdetd quadeds `l idelcaehe jlcl cajrl-sdocdethjaúe id
cdrjhils l cajrlchrbdtaeo. Juheil sd vh idsjugradeil qud d` chrbdtaeo
chsavl idfh id nuejalehr, `ls cdrjhils htlcazhils sd jlevadrtde de cuy
htrhjtavls phrh `hs dcprdshs. Cufdrds qud vavde sl`hs, chirds qud trhghfhe
nudrh id jhsh, mlohrds id ueh sl`h pdrsleh, mlohrds id fúvdeds dstuiahetds,
chtracleals fúvdeds sae mafls, yupads chiurls, nlrlnls id `h aenlrcètajh,
rhialhnajalehils,
rhialhnajalehils, dtj. Zle dfd
dfdcp`ls
cp`ls id nrhocdethjaúe, id cdrjhils
pdqudøls y htlcazhils qud sd pudide jlevdrtar de èrdhs htrhjtavhs phrh d`

idshrrl``l id edoljals. Jlcl dfdcp`ls id cdrjhils eajml sd pudide

lgsdrvhr `ls saouadetds6 rhials idiajhihs h `h cufdr, edoljals id jlcaihs
rèpaihs, pazzhs h ilcaja`al, rdvasths dspdjah`azhihs, tadeihs id olurcdts, dtj.
Zdoöe ue dstuial rdjadetd id` Ztrhtdoaj [`heeaeo Aestatutd, heh`azheil ueh
jdetdeh id dcprdshs hcdrajhehs, jlej`uyú qud d` rdtlrel h `h aevdrsaúe de
`ls cdrjhils nrhocdethils iup`ajhgh h` id `ls cdrjhils chsavls, detrd ltrhs
rhzleds plrqud sd fustanajh `h hilpjaúe id prdjals cès h`tls.
Dsth dstrhtdoah edjdsath id orhe jhetaihi id aenlrchjaúe dstrujturhih de
hcp`ahs ghsds id ihtls qud sle heh`azhihs jle clidrehs tájeajhs id ‐ihth
caeaeo– phrh jlestruar clid`ls id rdspudsth h jhih uel id `ls eajmls
aidetanajhils.

 D` chrbdtaeo
chrbdtaeo id sdrvajal
sdrvajals,
s, id prliujtl
prliujtlss id jlesucl y id gadeds id dquapl
dquapl
idstaehils h `ls phrtaju`hrds, mh jleljail, idsid `ls høls jaejudeth,
iandrdetds nhsds.
nhsds. [racdrl, d` idshrrl``l iidd `h pug`ajaihi y id `h
jlcueajhjaúe, h trhvás id `ls chss-cdiah, hjlcphøhih id ueh odstaúe id
prlcljaleds y prdjals h eavd` ehjaleh`, cès `h pracdrhs sdocdethjaleds id
j`adetds, `h jlestrujjaúe id ohchs id prliujtls y `h idnaeajaúe id `ls
sdocdetls lgfdtavls de `ls p`heds id cdials. Cès rdjadetdcdetd, d`
idshrrl``l y dxp`lsaúe id `hs ghsds id ihtls id `ls j`adetds y id` chrbdtaeo
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

id `hs ghsds id ihtls, y , plr ö`tacl d` idshrrl``l de `h ö`tach iájhih id`

chrbdtaeo `ljh`azhil, h trhvás id `hs mdrrhcadeths id` odlchrbdtaeo.

 @hs julths id cdrjhil jlequasthihs de `ls ö`tacls høls, `l mhe sail h trhvás
id orheids dsnudrzls de jlcueajhjaúe y iasdøl id eudvls prliujtls

iaraoails h eajmls, jle ueh lradethjaúe id chrbdtaeo `ljh` y id ghsds id

ihtls, plr `ls saouadetds cltavls6

 @h jh`aihi id `hs jlcueajhjaleds, prlcljaleds y p`he id cdials

hfusthils h `ls eajmls ds cès dnajhz y cdels ledrlsh.

 @h aeelvhjaúe
aeelvhjaúe id prliujtls sd vd nudrtdcdetd rdstraeoaih
rdstraeoaih plr `hs
pl`ãtajhs aeiustrah`ds, qud aejathe cès h `h jlejdetrhjaúe y h `h hilpjaúe
id ohchs id prliujtls qud h `h jrdhtavaihi y h `h dxp`lthjaúe id ue orhe
eöcdrl id cdrjhils eajmls.

Jlesjadetds id dsth satuhjaúe, `hs dcprdsh

Jlesjadetds dcprdshs,
s, de `h ö`tach iájhih, mhe
jlejdetrhil su dsnudrzls de ueh cdflr odstaúe id `hs rd`hjaleds jle `ls j`adetds,
lroheazhih h trhvás id ueh jlcueajhjaúe pdrsleh`azhih (chrbdtaeo ‐led tl led–) y ueh
cdflr hihpthjaúe id `ls prliujtls
prliujtls de `ls puetls id vdeth y hodejahs h `hs edjdsaihids
id `h j`adetd`h. Dsth eudvh nlrch id chrbdtaeo gusjh hihpthr `h lndrth y jlcueajhjaúe h
jhih j`adetd, l h ue pdqudøl orupl id j`adetds, y h jrdhr hsã ueh rd`hjaúe id naid`aihi h
`ls prliujtls, h `ls sdrvajals y h `hs chrjhs. Ds `l qud sd idelcaeh d` cajrl-chrbdtaeo.

[udstl qud d` cajrl chrbdtaeo edjdsath id orheids ghsds id ihtls id

aenlrchjaúe, id denlquds cuy juhetathtavls y id cdtlil`loãhs raourlshs, sus idshrrl``l
ds cuy idsaouh`, sdoöe d` tapl id dcprdshs, sdjtlrds id hjtavaihi, y jhsa rdsdrvhil h
orheids dcprdshs.

De `hs iájhihs phshihs, idgail h` h`tl jlstd id `ls lridehilrds jle h`th pltdejah
id jè`ju`l y h `h nh`th id ihtls jlcp`dtls slgrd `hs trheshjjaleds jlcdrjah`ds, sl`hcdetd
`d drh plsag`d rdh`azhr heè`asas supdrnajah`ds slgrd ihtls hordohils, elrch`cdetd
hp`ajheil cátlils dsthiãstajls id tapl idsjraptavl. Zae dcghrol `h satuhjaúe mly de iãh
mh jhcgahil sugsthejah
sugsthejah`cdetd6
`cdetd6
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

 Dxastde [J‑s id ghfl prdjal jle jhphjaihi id jè`ju`l supdralr h lridehilrds

jlrplrhtavls id mhjd sú`l jaejl høls.
 Mh mhgail ueh acp`hethjaúe chsavh id` puetl id vdeth d`djtrúeajl, thetl sdh
hp`ajhil h `h vdeth h` idth``d l h `ls prlpals jhfdrls hutlcètajls, `l qud mh
prlplrjalehil ue
ue rdoastrl dxmh
dxmhustavl
ustavl id `hs trhesh
trheshjjaleds
jjaleds jlcdrj
jlcdrjah`ds.
ah`ds.

Hsacascl, sd mh odedrh`azhil d` usl id `hs thrfdths id jráiatl hsã jlcl `hs
thrfdths ‐prlpadthrahs–, dcataihs plr `hs jhidehs id iastragujaúe d aej`usl plr
`ls prlpals dsthg`djacade
dsthg`djacadetls
tls .

 De `ls sastdchs aenlrcètajls id `hs dcprdshs, `hs Ghsds id Ihtls

Wd`hjaúeh`ds pdrcatde mly de iãh fuethr y prdphrhr nèja`cdetd rdoastrls jle
aenlrchjaúe jlcp`dth, y prlvdeadetd id iandrdetds nudetds l thg`hs cdiahetd
júiaols jlcueds, jlcl plr dfdcp`l d` prlpal IEA u ltrls.
 Dxastde yh, idsid mhjd ue tadcpl, hp`ajhjaleds jlcdrjah`ds phrh d` heè`asas
id ihtls qud hp`ajhe, hidcès id `hs tájeajhs dsthiãstajhs trhiajaleh`ds,

tdjel`loãhs id heè`asas y clid`azhjaúe qud prlvadede id `h ‐Aetd`aodejah

Hrtanajah`– pdrcatadeil rdh`azhr nèja`cdetd clid`ls l prdiajjaleds id h`th
jlcp`dfaihi, id chedrh qud acp`aqude h ue orhe eöcdrl id vhrahg`ds
aetdrrd`hjalehihs
aetdrrd`hjalehihs de orheids jlefuetls id ihtls.

D` jlefuetl id `hs satuhjaleds hetdralrds mh pudstl ueh orhe jhetaihi id

aenlrchjaúe h` puetl id sdr heh`azhih id ueh chedrh rdethg`d (de tadcpl y jlstd). H
tãtu`l id dfdcp`l, mly de iãh ds plsag`d sdouar, heh`azhr y prdidjar `ls phtrleds id
jlcprh id `ls j`adetds h eavd` aeiavaiuh` l de orupls cuy rdiujails l ‐j`ustdrs– id

jlcplrthcadetl mlcloáedl. [lr thetl, d` lridehilr ds jhphz id aidetanajhr pdrna`ds id

prliujtls l j`adetds, h `h vdz qud rdh`azhr prdiajjaleds slgrd d` jlcplrthcadetl id
vhrahg`ds l aeiajhilrds (vdeths, jlesucls, vh`lrds, dtj...).
@hs tájeajhs id trhthcadetl id ihtls id dejudsths sd mhe vastl clianajhihs
prlnueihcdetd plr d` heè`asas id ihtls (heè`asas id jlcpledetds praejaph`ds, heè`asas id
jlrrdspleidejahs sacp`ds y cö`tap`ds, j`hsanajhjaúe hutlcètajh) qud aetdrvadede, de ueh
nhsd prd`acaehr, phrh hprdjahr `h jh`aihi id `h aenlrchjaúe, saetdtazhr dsth aenlrchjaúe y
lradethr `ls saouadetds trhthcadetls.
tr hthcadetls.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

Aetdredt, d-jlccdrjd, d-chrbdtaeo, chrbdtaeo kled-tl-ledk, cdials iaoath`ds y

tdjel`loãhs id `hs jlcueajhjaleds, h trhvás id `h idelcaehih hutlpasth id `h
aenlrchjaúe, sd draode jlcl `ls idtdrcaehetds nueihcdeth`ds de `ls prlnueils jhcgals
qud dstè sunradeil d` chrbdtaeo y sus sastdchs id aenlrchjaúe. De dstd sdetail, `h
aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils dstè hihptheil su qudmhjdr y gusjheil eudvhs nlrchs id

hp`ajhjaúe iaoath`, aetdrhjtavh d aeiavaiuh` (Ztrusd, 7;;;).

Hetd d` huod id` cdial Aetdredt (8,?4 ca``leds id mlohrds dsphøl`ds jledjthils
(Zdiasa, 7;;;), surode eudvhs edjdsaihids rdspdjtl id` cdrjhil, jlcl sle d`
jleljacadetl id `h lpaeaúe y d` pdrna` id `ls usuhrals nrdetd h `h lndrth id `hs dcprdshs y
detaihids qud sd heuejahe de dsd cdial. @hs dcprdshs de `h rdi, idspuás id hjlcdtdr
acplrthetds aevdrsaleds, jlcadezhe h aequadthrsd plr `h dnajhjah id su aevdrsaúe. Id hmã
sd idravh `h orhe acplrthejah hjtuh` y nuturh id `h aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils plr
aetdredt, `h plsaga`aihi id dstuiahr `h rdi jlcl ue cdial cès id jlcueajhjaúe y, plr

thetl, hp`ajheil `hs tájeajhs id aevdstaohjaúe tdeadeil de judeth `hs phrtaju`hraihids id`
cdial. Huequd `ls sdrvailrds yh lnrdjde aenlrchjaúe id vhrahg`ds id sdocdethjaúe
gèsajh hetd ueh jhcphøh pug`ajathrah de aetdredt (wdg satd, phãs, iãh id `h sdcheh, mlrh
id` iãh, ehvdohilr l sastdch lpdrhtavl, nrdjudejah, dtj...) jlesaidrhcls qud sd mh id
prlnueiazhr cès de d` jleljacadetl id` throdt h trhvás id dejudsths le-`aed (hplyhils
plr dstuials lnn-`aed de jhsl id edjdsaihi
edjdsaihi)) phrh jleljdr `hs hjtatuids, cltavhjaleds,
cltavhjaleds,
hnajaleds, jlstucgrds, oustls d aequadtuids id `ls pög`ajls lgfdtavl.

D` hjtuh` ‐Ihth
‐Ihth Caeao– tl
tlch
ch de jle
jlesaidrhjaúe
saidrhjaúe ds
dstd
td denlqud o`lgh` id `ls

orheids najmdrls id ihtls, de d` jletdxtl hjtuh` id `h ianusaúe y gheh`azhjaúe id `h

pltdejah id jh`ju`l. @ls najmdrls pudide sdr cuy orheids (ca``leds id rdoastrls), el
dstrujturhils y el rdprdsdethtavls (aenlrchjaleds trheshjjaleh`ds id dcprdshs). D`
lgfdtavl ö`tacl ds dxtrhdr id `h ‐oheoh– id `ls ihtls aenlrchjaleds eudvhs y öta`ds id `h
chedrh cès hutlcètajh plsag`d.

D` heè`asas id ihtls tdxtuh`ds pdrcatd dxtdeidr dstd prlorhch h `hs aenlrchjaleds

el eucárajhs (rdspudsths `agrds, tdxtls...). Ghfl `h idelcaehjaúe id –tdx caeaeo–,
pdrcatd ue trhthcadetl saca`hr h` id` ‐ihth caeaeo– `hs jhrths id rdj`hchjaleds,
rdj`hchjaleds, `hs

prdoueths hgadrths de `hs dejudsths slgrd shtasnhjjaúe l juh`quadr ltrh dejudsth, `ls
iljucdetls qud els ``dohe h trhvás id aetdredt, hsã jlcl d` ‐wdg caeaeo–, hp`ajhjaúe
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

dspdjãnajh phrh rhstrdhr tlil tapl id aenlrchjaúe jlcl hrtãju`ls l pug`ajhjaleds, lndrths
id prliujtls, sdouacadetl id tdjel`loãhs, de d` juhirl id ueh vaoa`hejah tdjel`úoajh y
id `h jlcpdtdejah.
jlcpdtdejah.

[lr d` dspdjah` acphjtl de `h prèjtajh id `h aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils hjtuh`,

idiajhrdcls ue dpãorhnd dspdjãnajl (>.9.7.) h `h idsjrapjaúe y heè`asas id `hs eudvhs

mdrrhcadeths nrutl id `h hp`ajhjaúe id `hs EYA de dstd ècgatl.

[lr ltrh phrtd, hsastacls de eudstrls iãhs h `h dcdrodejah id `h ‐h`idh o`lgh`–, h

pdshr id `hs jrdjadetds tdeidejahs ehjaleh`asths (Vaeidr, Gdrtfhe y _htt, 8118). Zdoöe
Lmchd (8114) d` hucdetl odedrh` id `h rdeth cdiah id `ls mlohrds y `h irhcètajh
dxphesaúe id `hs tdjel`loãhs cu`tacdiah jletraguyde h `h o`lgh`azhjaúe id `h djlelcãh
cueiah`. Cujmls hutlrds, slgrd tlil durlpdls, slstadede `h tdsas sdoöe `h juh` `ls
sdocdetls id jlesucailrds trhesehjaleh`ds
trhesehjaleh`ds sd nlrche jle `hs prdndrdejahs y mègatls id
jlcprh saca`hrds . @h prlxacaihi odlorènajh rdnudrzh dsths tdeidejahs. Zd dspdju`h qud
thetl `h o`lgh`azhjaúe jlcl `h rdoaleh`azhjaúe jleiujde elrch`cdetd
elrch`cdetd h `h d`hglrhjaúe y
pudsth de chrjmh id dstrhtdoahs id chrbdtaeo o`lgh`ds l rdoaleh`ds qud acp`ajhe
eucdrlshs plsaga`aihids
plsaga`aihids id dsthei
dstheihrazhjaúe
hrazhjaúe id` chrbdtaeo cax (@dvatt,
(@dvatt, 81=:2
Chrtdesle, 81=?2 Ztled, 81=1) pdrl thcgaáe `h edjdsaihi id hihpthr `h lndrth h `hs
iandrdejahs ju`turh`ds (Blt`dr, 81=>2 @dvat, 81=:2 Chrtdrsle, 81=?2 Ztled, 81=1).

Za `hs prèjtajhs id chrbdtaeo sd odedrh`azhe, sd pudid dcatar `h tdsas id qud d`

cascl ndeúcdels sd mh id lgsdrvhr de `h aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils, slgrd tlil h eavd`
rdoaleh`.

De d` saouadetd juhirl sd rdsucde `hs iandrdejahs cès acplrthetds detrd `hs

trhiajaleh`ds y eudvhs jlejdpjaleds id chrbdtaeo d aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils6
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

Zao`l ]] Zao`l ]]A

Nhjtl
Nh jtlrds
rds Zl
Zljah
jah`d
`dss6 Nh
Nhjt
jtlrd
lrdss Zl
Zljah
jah`ds
`ds 6
 [rlspdraihi y jrdjacadetl jletaeul id `h j`hsd O`lgh`azhjaúe id `ls edoljals, id `hs ju`turhs y
cdiah, odedrhilrh id idcheih id gadeds id id `h aevdstaohjaúe.
jlesucl. Aejrdcdetl id `h p`urh`aihi y id `h iavdrsaihi.
 Jhcgals idclorènajls6 ghgy gllc, odedrhjaúe Jhcgals idclorènajls6 odedrhjaúe Q.
], dtj.
Aenrhdstrujturh6 Aenrhdstrujturh6
 Chrbdtaeo id chshs.  Aetdredt.
 Ydjel`loãh id lridehilrds.  Ydjel`loãhs id lridehilrds.
 Cdials chsavls6 rhial, tv.  D-jlccdrjd y d-chrbdtaeo.
 Zastdchs id prliujjaúe y iastragujaúe chsavls.  Cdials iaoath`ds d aetdrhjtavls.
 Jlcueajhjaleds plr `h hutlpasth id `h
aenlrchjaúe.
Chrjl
Ch rjl id` Chrbdta
Chrbd taeo
eo y id `h A. Id Cdrjhils Chrjl
Chr jl id` Chrbd
Chr bdta
taeo
eo y id `h A. Id Cdrjhils
 Jlejdptl id chrbdtaeo.  Wdh`aihi vartuh`.
 Odstaúe id chrjhs.  Chrbdtaeo kled-tl-ledk.
 Achode id chrjh, grheiaeo, grhei dquaty.  Chrbdtaeo aetdrhjtavl.
 Ydlrãh y cátlils id cudstrdl.  Odstaúe id W`hjaleds jle d` J`adetd (JWC).
 Ydlrãh dsthiãstajh y sus cátlils.  Wdaevdejaúe y jlevdrodejah detrd
 Jletragujaúe id `hs jadejahs sljah`ds y cátlils juhetathtavls y juh`athtavls.
id` jlcplrthcadetl.

Dvl`ujaúe id `h aenrhdstrujturh id A id Cdrjhils6 Dvl`ujaúe id `h aenrhdstrujturh id A id Cdrjhils

 Clid`ls dsthiãstajls.
 Zacu`hjaleds.
 Dsjhedl id aenlrchjaúe.
 Jhcgals de `ls sastdchs id detrdvasth y
id rdjl`djjaúe id ihtls.
 Dstuials id sdocdethjaúe.
 Dcprdshs id aevdstaohjaúe.
 Nljus orlups.
 Huiatlrahs y phed`ds iahrals.
Nudetd6 Hihpthil id Ztrusd, I. (7;;;, p. >).
 Eudvls cátlils, clid`ls y
mdrrhcadeths dsthiãstajhs.
 Clid`ls prdiajtavls.
 Jhpturh hutlcètajh id ihtls y cdiaijaúe phsavh.
 Le `aed y de aetdredt.
 El edjdshrah jllpdrhjaúe
jllpdrhjaúe id` j`adetd de d`
sucaeastrl id aenlrchjaúe.
 [ravhjaihi id `h aenlrchjaúe.
 Aetdorhjaúe id ihtls hjtatuiaeh`ds
y jlcplrthcdeth`ds.
 [rdilcaeal id dstuials saeiajhils.

Juhirl >.?. gas.6 Iandrdejahs detrd trhiajaleh`ds y eudvhs jlejdpjaleds

id` chrbdtaeo y `h aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils.
Jlesdjudejah id` phelrhch hetdralrcdetd iagufhil ds d` lg`aohil idshrrl``l id
`hs aenrhdstrujturhs qud pdrcathe `h acp`hethjaúe id `hs eudvhs tdlrãhs. D``l sd `lorh jle
`h aevdrsaúe de eudvhs tdjel`loãhsy qud, h su vdz, rdquadrde su hilpjaúe y chedfl
dxpdrtl plr `ls prlndsaleh`ds id` chrbdtaeo y id `h aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils, `l qud
`ds ``dvhrè, sae iuih, h rdaevdethr `h prlpah aevdstaohjaúe juhetathtavh, phrh jlevdrtar`h
de aetdrhjtavh jle d` jlesucailr y jleja`ahr`h jle `h lradethjaúe juh`athtavh.

@h desdøhezh id` chrbdtaeo y id `h aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils sd jlestatuyd,

puds, de ue rdtl phrh `ls hjhiácajls,
hjhiácajls, yh qud lg`aoh h ue sastdch pdihoúoajl qud
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

pdrcath h` dstuiahetd hsaca`hr `h vd`ljaihi id jhcgal h qud sd vdrè denrdethil y d`

idshrrl``l h eavd` id dxpdrtl de `h uta`azhjaúe id `hs tdjel`loãhs y su acp`hethjaúe de `ls
prljdsls id chrbdtaeo.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

>.9.8. @hs dstrhtdoahs phe

phe-durlpdhs
-durlpdhs y su acphjtl de `h prèjtajh
prèjtajh id `h aevdstaohjaúe
jlcdrjah`6

Idspuás id mhjdr ue grdvd rdjlrrail plr `hs dstrhtdoahs id chrbdtaeo

phedurlpdhss y sus acp`ajhjaleds de `h aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils heh`azhrdcls d`
phedurlpdh
acphjtl qud dstèe tdeadeil de `h prèjtajh id`h aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils rdh`azhih de
ècgatl durlpdl

Dstrhtdoahs id chrjh y id prliujtl6 Zdoöe Ouail (8118) `h hrcleazhjaúe

hrcleazhjaúe id `ls
dstèeihrds id prliujtl, id dcphqudthil, dtaqudthil y prljdsls id nhgrajhjaúe
n hgrajhjaúe acpu`sh h
`hs dcprdshs h dstheihrazhr `l cès plsag`d `h jlcplsajaúe id `ls prliujtls,
dcphqudthil y dtaqudthil jle vasths h jlesl`aihr `h prliujjaúe, h gusjhr djlelcãhs id
dsjh`h thetl de `h prliujjaúe
prliujjaúe jlcl de d` chrbdtaeo, h phshr id ueh sdocdethjaúe
sdocdethjaúe
ghshih slgrd `hs chrjhs h ueh sdocdethj
sdocdethjaúe
aúe ghshih de `ls gdednajals id `ls
jlesucailrds y h dxtdeidr `hs chrjhs ehjaleh`ds slgrd ueh dsjh`h durlpdh.. De rd`hjaúe
h `h odstaúe id chrjhs, @yejm (8117) aidetanajh trds d`dcdetls jh`vds qud hndjthe h`
pltdejah` id `hs durlchrjhs6 `ls rdjursls edjdshrals, `h jh`aihi arrdprljmhg`d hsã jlcl
`hs rdstrajjaleds tdcplrh`ds. Detrd ltrls nhjtlrds `ls cès jathils sle `ls mègatls id
jlesucl ehjaleh`ds, `h plsajaúe id` prliujtl id chrjh de d` jaj`l id vaih hsã jlcl `ls
dspdjãnajls id `h jhtdolrãh id prliujtls.

Dstrhtdoahs id jlcueajhjaúe6 De chtdrah id jlcueajhjaúe d` idghtd slgrd `h

hilpjaúe id dstrhtdoahs phedurlpdhs dstè `dfls id hjhghr. Zae dcghrol, h`ouels jhcgals
prliujails de `h Durlph ljjaideth` nhvlrdjde `hs dstrhtdoahs id jlcueajhjaúe
jlcueajhjaúe
phedurlpdhs.
phedurlpdhs. @h hilpjaúe id `ãedhs iardjtrajds jlcueds de chtdrah id Y^, `h
`agdrh`azhjaúe id `ls clelpl`als id td`djlcueajhjaleds, `h hilpjaúe id dstèeihrds
jlcueds phrh `h pug`ajaihi de Y^, y d` jrdjacadetl rèpail id rdids cès h``è id `hs
nrletdrhs ehjaleh`ds nhvlrdjde d` idshrrl``l id cax-id-jlcueajhjaúe h eavd` durlpdl.
Hidcès, phrdjd qud cujmhs dcprdshs dstèe prdljuphihs plr `h odstaúe id chrjhs
phedurlpdhss jlcl plr `h ds
phedurlpdh dstheihrazhjaúe
theihrazhjaúe id `h jlcueajhjaúe.
jlcueajhjaúe. (Mhrras, 8119).

Dstrhtdoahs id Iastragujaúe 6 @h dstrujturh id` jlcdrjah h` plr chylr y idth``asth

mh jhcgahil cujml de `ls ö`tacls høls D` rdsu`thil ds ue sastdch cujml cès
jlejdetrhil ileid `hs orheids jhidehs id iastragujaúe mhe hucdethil
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

jlesaidrhg`dcdetd su dnajadejah y jlcpdtatavaihi (Nlri, 811;). Hjtuh`cdetd `h dsjdeh

id `h iastragujaúe durlpdh dstè ilcaehih plr ue pdqudøl eöcdrl id orheids y
plidrlsls idth``asths. El ds id dxtrhøhr qud hsasthcls h `h nlrchjaúe id h`ahezhs
dstrhtáoajhs detrd nhgrajhetds y iastraguailrds ``doheil h `h jlejdpjaúe y pudsth de
prèjtajh id p`heds id trhidchrbdtaeo jlcueds (Iupuas y Yassadr-Idsglrids,
Yassadr-Idsglrids, 811>)

acp`ajheil d` usl jlcphrtail id ihtls mhsth hmlrh jlenaidejah`ds slgrd d` rdeiacadetl

id `ls prlorhchs id prliujtl y prlcljaúe, qud tadede ue vh`lr jlesaidrhg`d.

Ds cuy prlghg`d qud dstls jhcgals hndjtde sdrahcdetd `h prèjtajh id `h

aevdstaohjaúe id chrbdtaeo.
chrbdtaeo. H pdshr id `ls pljls trhghfhls
trhghfhls pug`ajhils h dstd rdspdjtl,
rdspdjtl,
sd pudid dspdju`hr qud d` aejrdcdetl id` chrbdtaeo phe-durlpdl h clianajhil `hs
edjdsaihidss id aenlrchjaúe id `hs dcprdshs id trds chedrhs iandrdetds.
edjdsaihid

8. D` idsh
idshrrl``l
rrl``l id ds
dstrhtd
trhtdoahs
oahs id chrb
chrbdtae
dtaeoo phedur
phedurlpdh
lpdhss edjdsath
edjdsath id ueh chylr
chylr

jhetaihi id ihtls jlcphrhtavls qud de d` phshil slgrd `ls cdrjhils

ehjaleh`ds, jle d` lgfdtavl id hvh`uhr jle prdjasaúe d` pltdejah` id jhih
cdrjhil hsã jlcl `h plsajaúe id `h jlcpdtdej
jlcpdtdejah.
ah.
7. Zd mhj
mhjdd edjdshral
edjdshral pli
plidr
dr aidet
aidetanajh
anajhrr y dvh`uhr `ls jra
jratdral
tdralss id hihpthjaú
hihpthjaúee h `hs
jleiajaledss `ljh`ds l ehjaleh`ds phrh dvathr `ls drrlrds qud judsthe
jleiajaled judsthe jhrls.
[lr d``l ds edjdshral rdjhghr ihtls idshordohil
idshordohilss slgrd `hs prdndrdejahs id `ls
jlesucailrds, slgrd tlil de chtdrah id tdsts id eudvls prliujtls y id
dcphqudthil,
dcphqudthil, de d` tdrrdel id `ls elcgrds id `hs chrjhs hsã jlcl de d` p`he
id jlcueajhjaúe.

:. D` sd
sdouaca
ouacadetl
detl y jjletrl
letrl`` id` rde
rdeiaca
iacadetl
detl id `ls
`ls prliujt
prliujtls
ls y id `h
jlcueajhjaúe
jlcueajhjaúe idcheih ihtls hjtu
hjtuh`azhils
h`azhils id` puetl id vd
vdeth
eth (Hetlaed,
81192 Baeedhr y Yhy`lr, 811>). Idsid dstd puetl id vasth `ls idelcaehils
‐saeo`d slurjaeo– pdrcatde h `ls dspdjah`asths de aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils
lnrdjdr h sus j`adetds ghsds id ihtls aetdorhihs y jlcp`dths, qud jletadede
tlihs `hs aenlrchjaleds edjdshrahs odstalehr gade sus prlorhchs id
chrbdtaeo, idsid d` jlesucl id prliujtls mhsth `h dxplsajaúe h `ls cdials
jlcprdeiadeil ihtls slgrd `hs jhrhjtdrãstajhs sljalidclorènajhs id `ls
jlcprhilrds (Baedhr y Yhy`lr, 811>).
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

Dsths tdeidejahs dstèe hndjtheil y vhe h sdouar hndjtheil `h nuturh idcheih id

dstuials id cdrjhil de d` saouadetd sdetail6

 Jle `h dxphesaúe id` chrbdtaeo phedurlpdl `h edjdsaihi id ihtls jlcphrhtavls

slgrd `ls cdrjhils tadeid h hucdethr `h idcheih id sdrvajals saeiajhils
(phed`ds id idth``asths y id jlesucailrds) qud lnrdjde aenlrchjaúe hjtuh`azhih
slgrd `hs thshs id pdedtrhjaúe id prliujtls y chrjhs, hsã jlcl `hs nudrzhs y
idga`aihids id `h jlcpdtdejah. (_dg, 8117).

 H` cascl tadcpl, `hs edjdsaihids id `hs dcprdshs id aenlrchjaúe slgrd `hs

cltavhjaleds id jlcprh mhjah `hs chrjhs, `ls htragutls id `ls prliujtls, d`
dcphqudthil, `ls ds`úoheds pug`ajathrals, dtj. Aejrdcdethrèe `h idcheih id
aevdstaohjaleds
aevdstaohjaleds khi mljk id ehturh`dzh juh`athtavh.

H`ouels dstuials rd`htavhcdetd rdjadetd hsã `l aeiajhe (Ideas, @dd y Jzd``hr,

811=), trhghfheil slgrd `ls ihtls id nhjturhjaúe de aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils de `h plr
TD, nhja`athils DZLCHW.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

>.
>.9.
9.7.
7. D` Id
Idsh
shrr
rrl`
l``l
`l i
idd `h
`hss Gh
Ghsd
sdss id Ih
Ihtl
tlss y ssu
u Ac
Acph
phjt
jtll de `ls
`ls Za
Zast
stdc
dchs
hs id
Aenlrchjaúe Dcprdshrah
Dcprdshrah``

>.9.7.8.
>.9.7.8. Aetr
Aetrliuj
liujjaúe
jaúe

Idsid mhjd tadcpl, `hs tdjel`loãhs id `h aenlrchjaúe mhe hutlchtazhil `ls

prljdsls id jhrèjtdr tãpajhcdetd rdpdtatavls l hicaeastrhtavls, mhjadeil usl id `ls
idelcaehils sastdchs id aenlrchjaúe lpdrhjaleh`ds, detdeiadeil plr hp`ajhjaleds
lpdrhjaleh`dss hqud``hs qud rdsud`vde `hs edjdsaihids id nuejalehcadetl id `h dcprdsh y
lpdrhjaleh`d
juyls jlejdptls cès acplrthetds sle `h hjtuh`azhjaúe y d` tadcpl id rdspudsth.

Teh vdz rdsud`ths `hs edjdsaihids lpdrhjaleh`ds cès hjujahetds, h trhvás id

nudrtds aevdrsaleds de dquapls aenlrcètajls y slntwhrd, suroaú ue eudvl orupl id
edjdsaihidss slgrd `ls sastdchs id `h acprdsh, `hs edjdsaihi
edjdsaihid edjdsaihids
ds id aenlrchjaúe, qud tadede
plr lgfdtl lgtdedr `h aenlrchjaúe
aenlrchjaúe edjdshrah qud sarvh id ghsd
ghsd phrh `h tlch id idjasale
idjasaleds
ds
thetl h dsjh`h dstrhtáoajh jlcl tèjtajh. Dsths edjdsaihids aenlrchjaleh`ds sd ghshe de
orhe cdiaih de d` heè`asas id ue eöcdrl aeodetd id ihtls, de d` qud ds the acplrthetd
lgtdedr ue vh`lr cuy idth``hil id` edoljal jlcl ue vh`lr tlth`azhil id` cascl.
Yhcgaáe ds nueihcdeth` `h vasaúe mastúrajh id tlihs `hs vhrahg`ds heh`azhihs y d` heè`asas
id `ls ihtls id` detlrel. Huequd , de praejapal, dstls rdqudracadetls el drhe ianãja`ds id
rdsl`vdr, pudstl qud `h aenlrchjaúe dsthgh rdn`dfhih caeujalshcdetd de `ls sastdchs
lpdrhjaleh`ds,
lpdrhjaleh`ds, `hs ghsds id ihtls, `l jadrtl ds qud sd odedrhghe cö`tap`ds prlg`dchs6 `hs
jlesu`ths chsavhs id aenlrchjaúe (phrh lgtdedr rhtals, vh`lrds horuphils l orupls id
vh`lrds sl`ajathils) pdrfuiajhghe
pdrfuiajhghe d` eavd` id sdrvajal id` rdstl
r dstl id `ls sastdchs, yh qud `hs
jlesu`ths id `hs qud mhg`hcls jlesucãhe ghsthetds rdjursls aenlrcètajls2 y, hidcès,
`hs edjdsaihids sd vdãhe aeshtasndjmhs plr `h `acathih n`dxaga`aihi h `h mlrh id ehvdohr
plr `h aenlrchjaúe y h su aejlesastdejah idgail h `h nh`th id ueh vasaúe o`lgh` (jhih
vasaúe phrtaju`hr id ue ihtl dstè
dstè h`chjdehih de ue
ue sastdch lpdrhjale
lpdrhjaleh`
h` qud `ls
odstaleh).

@h satuhjaúe hetdralr sd aetdetú rdsl`vdr jle `h odedrhjaúe id ue detlrel odcd`l

h` lpdrhtavl, y qud sd idelcaeú ‐Jdetrl id Aenlrchjaúe–, de d` juh` `h aenlrchjaúe sd
rdnrdsjhgh jle cdelr pdraliajaihi qud de `ls detlrels lpdrhjaleh`ds, pdrl `ls
rdqudracadetls de d` eavd` id sdrvajal h `ls usuhrals drhe cès n`dxag`ds. Hsã, sd
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

sdphrhghe `hs hp`ajhjaleds y rdjursls qud rdqudrãhe ue eavd` id sdrvajal h`tl (sastdch
lpdrhjaleh`) id hqud``hs ltrhs qud prdjashghe jlesu`ths chsavhs id aenlrchjaúe.
Hidcès, hsã el sd prliujãh aetdrndrdejah jle `hs hp`ajhjaleds lpdrhjaleh`ds. Zae
dcghrol, `h aenlrchjaúe chetaded `h casch dstrujturh qud de `hs hp`ajhjaleds
lpdrhjal
lpdrhjaleh`d
eh`ds,
s, plr `l qud `hs jles
jlesu`ths
u`ths mhe id hj
hjjdi
jdidr
dr h cu`tatui id `uohrds
`uohrds phrh
lgtdedr d` jlefuetl id ihtls idsdhils, jle ue tadcpl id rdspudsth
r dspudsth dxjdsav
dxjdsavhcdetd
hcdetd
d`dvhil. Hidcès,
Hidcès, h` prljdidr `h aenlrchjaúe id iastaetls sastdchs,
sastdchs, jle vasaleds
iastaeths y iastaetls lgfdtavls,
lgfdtavls, de ljhsaleds
ljhsaleds el sd `lorhgh lgtdedr
lgtdedr `h aenlrchjaúe
idsdhih id chedrh nèja` y ásth drh id iuilsh nahga`aihi. D` rdsu`thil drh, puds, el
iaspledr h tadcpl id `h aenlrchjaúe edjdshrah y tdedr qud idiajhrsd jle chylr
aetdesaihi h `h lgtdejaúe id `h aenlrchjaúe qud h` heè`asas id `h casch.

@hs cujmhs aevdrsaleds de sastdchs id aenlrchjaúe hetdralrds, thetl odedrh`ds

id `h dcprdsh jlcl de d` detlrel dspdjãnajl id chrbdtaeo el mhe tdeail ueh hidjuhih
thsh id rdtlrel, `h chylrãh id `hs vdjds h jhush id` jratdral prdval jle qud ásths sd mhe
hglrihil6 jlcl ue sacp`d dsjh`hcadetl juhetathtavl id `ls hetdralrds sastdchs id
aenlrchjaúe "cheuh`ds", hcphrhil de `h jhphjaihi id prljdshcadetl, úrideds id
choeatui chylr, prlplrjalehih plr `hs tdjel`loãhs id `h aenlrchjaúe.

Jlcl hpueth Cajmhd` Mhccdr, "cujmhs nudrtds aevdrsaleds de tdjel`loãhs id

`h aenlrchjaúe mhe hrrlfhil rdsu`thils nrustrhetds". "@hs jlcphøãhs tadeide h uta`azhr `h
tdjel`loãh phrh cdjheazhr
cdjheazhr sus vadfhs nlrchs id mhjdr edoljal6
edoljal6 idfhe d` prljdsl
dxastdetd aethjtl y cdrhcdetd uta`azhe `hs jlcputhilrhs phrh hjd`drhr`l" (Mhccdr,
811;).

Dstd idsjleljacadetl id `hs acp`ajhjaleds juh`athtavhs qud hjhrrdh `h

aejlrplrhjaúe id tdjel`loãhs id `h aenlrchjaúe, nrdetd h` cdrl dsjh`hcadetl juhetathtavl
prlpajahil plr `h jhphjaih
jhphjaihii id prljdshcadetl,
prljdshcadetl, ds, id mdjml, uel id `ls praejaph`ds
hodetds id `h qud mh sail idelcaehih "phrhilfh id `h prliujtavaihi id `h tdjel`loãh id
`h aenlrchjaúe" (Gryefl`nssle, 811:2 Zèdz^hjhs, 811>).

D` prlg`dch rhiajh, jlcl hnarche Jmrastlpmdr Ghrt`dtt y Zuchetrh Olsmh` id

chedrh jlesastdetd jle `l sdøh`hil de dstls ö`tacls pèrrhnls, "de `h chedrh de qud
cujmhs jlcphøãhs mhe idnaeail `hs lplrtueaihids id `h rdvl`ujaúe id `h aenlrchjaúe".
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

"Mhe pdeshil qud d` rdtl rhiajh de prlpajahr `h pltdejah id prljdshcadetl id ihtls,

cadetrhs qud rdh`cdetd rhiajh de jlcprdeidr d` pltdejah` id `h tdjel`loãh phrh
idshrrl``hr y ianueiar jleljacadetl jlcl nudetd id vdethfh jlcpdtatavh" (Ghrt`dtt dt h`.,
8114).

Jle d` phsl id` tadcpl, `hs dcprdshs sd mhe ail dejletrheil jle qud sus
sastdchs lpdrhjaleh`ds drhe jhphjds id odedrhr delrcds jhetaihids id ihtls. Dstls
plsdãhe ueh orhe pltdejah`aihi id aenlrchjaúe öta` qud el drh hprlvdjmhih.
hprlvdjmhih. @ls
sastdchs trhiajaleh`ds L@Y[ (prljdshcadetl id trheshjjaleds le-`aed) hjucu`hghe
aenlrchjaúe idth``hih id tapl naehejadrl, prliujjaúe, jletrl` id stljbs l trheshjjaleds
id vdeths phrh jhih idphrthcdetl. D` rdsu`thil naeh` drh `h dxastdejah id delrcds ghsds
id ihtls qud cujmhs vdjds plsdãhe iandrdetds nlrchtls acpaiadeil `h trhesndrdejah id
sus jletdeails id ue satal h ltrl. D` aejlevdeadetd phrh `ls rdspleshg`ds id tlchr
idjasaleds jle dstls sastdchs, drh d` lgtdedr rdspudsths id dsths clethøhs id ihtls h sus

prdoueths, yh qud
qud hquá``hs jjhrdjãhe
hrdjãhe id ueh dstrujturh nèja` id c
cheapu`hr.
heapu`hr.

Hetd dsth satuhjaúe jlcadezhe h hphrdjdr dstuials qud prdtdeide cdflrhr `h

prlg`dcètajh p`hetdhih. De 8117 Ga`` Aecle jlesl`aih d` jlejdptl id` Ihth _hrdmlusd
(I_) (Aecle, 8119, 811>). Hjtuh`cdetd `h aidh id` I_ mh idfhil id sdr ue jlejdptl
phrh jlevdrtarsd de ueh rdh`aihi qud cdflrh `h prliujtavaihi id `h lroheazhjaúe. @ls
I_, qud cès hid`hetd sd rdvashrèe, sle ue d`dcdetl gèsajl slgrd d` qud sd pudide
hplyhr `ls sastdchs DAZ (Dxdjutavd Aenlrchtale Zystdc) y IZZ (Idjasale Zupplrt
Zystdcs), huequd el `ls öeajls phrh dxtrhdr `h aenlrchjaúe id `ls ihtls. @ls DAZ el

edjdsathe lg`aohtlrahcdetd ue I_ phrh su nuejalehcadetl, sae dcghrol hetd `h orhe

dxphesaúe qud dstè tdeadeil d` I_ ds jlcöe dejletrhr hcghs mdrrhcadeths fueths.

Teh vdz `hs ghsds id ihtls dstèe trhghfheil h p`del rdeiacadetl ds juheil `ls
sastdchs DAZ y IZZ detrhe de fudol, dsthg`djadeil jratdrals id heè`asas y prdsdetheil
`ls rdsu`thils id clil hidjuhil. [hrh d``l pudide mhjdr usl id mdrrhcadeths L@H[
(le`aed heh`ytajh` prljdssaeo), IHWYs (ihth hjjdss hei rdplrtaeo tll`s) y tájeajhs id
Ihth Caeaeo phrh lgtdedr aenlrchjaúe öta` phrh `h tlch id idjasaleds.

@l qud sd pdrsaoud de idnaeatavh, ds ueh dstrhtdoah id aetdorhjaúe id `h

aenlrchjaúe qud, gèsajhcdetd
gèsajhcdetd sdh jhphz id pdrcatar h `ls usuhrals naeh`ds id `h casch `h
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

`ljh`azhjaúe y rdjupdrhjaúe id hqud``h aenlrchjaúe pdrtaedetd h `l `hrol id `h jlcphøãh,

ohrhetazheil d`dvhih trhesphrdejah d aetdrlpdrhga`aihi (AGC, 811>).

Zd trhth, de such id hrtaju`hr d` trèesatl mhjah sastdc

sastdchs
hs id aenlrchjaúe jhphjds
jhphjds
id "prlplrjalehr `h aenlrchjaúe jlrrdjth h `hs pdrslehs jlrrdspleiadetds de d` tadcpl
jlrrdjtl y de d` nlrchtl hidjuhil", tlil d``l jle d` lgfdtavl ö`tacl id "nhja`athr `h tlch
id idjasaleds id edoljal" (Fhjyeayjz, 811>). De d` detlrel id aetdorhjaúe y d`dvhih
iaspleaga`aihi aenlrchtavh qud jrdhe dstls sastdchs sã ds hmlrh plsag`d d` idshrrl``l y
ianusaúe id jleljacadetl (d` hprdeiazhfd lroheazhtavl), qud surod ehturh`cdetd id `h
aetdorhjaúe hjlrid jle `ls lgfdtavls dstrhtáoajls id `h dxpdradejah iastraguaih h `l `hrol
id `h lroheazhjaúe.
lroheazhjaúe.

>.9.7.7.
>.9.7.7. Ihth _hrd
_hrdmlusd
mlusd

D` tárcael Ihth _hrdmlusd (qud h`ouels hutlrds mhe trhiujail `atdrh`cdetd

jlcl H`chjáe id Ihtls) mhjd h`usaúe h ue tapl id mdrrhcadeth qud dstè tdeadeil ue
orhe huod de `ls ö`tacls høls. Teh plsag`d idnaeajaúe id` jlejdptl id I_ plirãh sdr `h
saouadetd6 "ds ue ”h`chjdehcadetl‑ id aenlrchjaúe tdcètajh (dfdcp`l6 prliujtls,
j`adetds, dtj.) lradethil h jugrar `hs edjdsaihids id hp`ajhjaleds IZZ y DAZ, qud pdrcatd
hjjdidr h `h aenlrchjaúe jlrplrhtavh phrh `h odstaúe, jletrl` y hplyl h `h tlch id
idjasaleds" (Durlph, 811>2 _d``s, 811?S.

Te dstuial rdh`azhil de 8119 plr `h jlesu`tlrh dsthilueaidesd

dsthilueaidesd Cdth Orlup detrd
iardjtlrds id Zastdchs id Aenlrchjaúe id `hs praejaph`ds dcprdshs id` cueil "aeiajú
qud cès id ue 1;% id d``hs tdeãhe prdvastl acp`dcdethr h`chjdeds id ihtls detrd 8119
y 811>". Id iajml dstuial sd idsprdeiãh thcgaáe qud dsth tdeidejah h `h acp`hethjaúe
id dstd tapl id sastdchs sd idgãh h `h edjdsaihi, theths vdjds jlcdethih
jlcdethih,, id `hs dcprdshs
id "mhjdrsd cès jlcpdtatavhs
jlcpdtatavhs y hjdrjhrsd cè
cèss h sus j`adetds, phrh slgrdvavar"
(Jlcputdr, 811>ª2 Ndrousle, dt h`., 811?).

D` prlg`dch hetd d` qud els dejletrhcls, sd jdetrh de qud cujmls id `ls ihtls

id qud iasplede `hs dcprdshs slgrd sus j`adetds "dstèe ”g`lqudhils‑ de jèrjd`ds id
ihtls2 ds idjar, ghsds id ihtls qud mhe dvl`ujalehil jlcl sugsastdchs aeidpdeiadetds.
aeidpdeiadetds.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

Dsths ghsds id ihtls sle aejhphjds id lnrdjdr h `h dcprdsh ueh vasaúe jlesl`aihih id
quaáe ds d` j`adetd, l aej`usl id quá prliujtls y sdrvajals dstèe aetdrrd`hjalehils de `h
ghsd id j`adetds".
j`adetds".

Elrch`cdetd, `hs lroheazhjaleds qud mhe hnrlethil d` rdtl id` Ihth _hrdmlusd

(I_) sd dejletrhghe jle ue jlefuetl id sastdchs id aenlrchjaúe lpdrhjaleh`ds qud

mhgãhe ail suroadeil id nlrch aeidpdeiadetd de iastaetls idphrthcdetls l ueaihids
nuejaleh`ds y mhgãhe ail jrdjadeil id ue clil thcgaáe aeidpdeiadetd `ls uels id `ls
ltrls. Ylil dstl ih `uohr h ueh sdrad id prlg`dchs (aejlmdrdejah id h`ouels ihtls,
rdiueihejah id ltrls, edjdsaihi id orheids jhetaihids id trhghfl cheuh` phrh jlrrdoar
dstls idndjtls…).

Naourh >.:.6 Ihthwhrdmlus

Ihthwhrdmlusdd
Detrd `ls cltavls odedrh`ds qud ihe `uohr h `h edjdsaihi id acp`hethr ue Ihth
_hrdmlusd plidcls dejletrhr `ls saouadetds (Durlph, 811>)6

 Chylr edjdsaihi id hyuih h `h tlch id idjasaleds.

 [rl`andrhjaúe id hp`ajhjaleds id usuhrals naeh`ds jlstlshs, idsaetdorhihs, dtj.
 Nh`th id mdrrhcadeths prliujtavhs aetdorhihs phrh d` idjaslr l d` usuhral
naeh` rdh`.
 Nh`th id aenlrchjaúe mastúrajh.

Hsã, `hs ghsds id ihtls qud jlenlrche ue I_ idgde jhrhjtdrazhrsd plr `ls

saouadetds hspdjtls (Durlph, 811>2 Cj Clr`hei, 811?2 Aecle, 8117))6

 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

 Aetdorhihs6 `ls ihtls h`chjdehils de d` I_ idgde aetdorhrsd de ueh dstrujturh

jlesastdetd, plr `l qud `hs aejlesastdejahs dxastdetds detrd `ls iavdrsls sastdchs
lpdrhjaleh`dss idgde sdr d`acaehihs. @h aenlrchjaúe sud`d dstrujturhrsd thcgaáe
lpdrhjaleh`d
de iastaetls eavd`ds id idth``d phrh hidjuhrsd `hs iastaeths edjdsaihids
edjdsaihids id `ls
usuhrals.

Ydcètajhs6 H iandrdejah id `ls sastdchs lpdrhjaleh`ds, `hs ghsds id ihtls id`
I_ idgde jlenlrchrsd mhjah chtdrahs l tdchs (p.d. j`adetds, prliujtls,
jhcphøhs…).
jhcphøhs…). Id dsth nlrch `hs pdtajaleds id aenlrchjaúe sdrèe cès nèja`ds id
rdspleidr, ihtl qud tlih `h aenlrchjaúe id jhih tdch rdsaid de d` cascl
`uohr.
 Mastúrajhs6 Te nhjtlr j`hvd de `h tlch id idjasaleds ds plidr jlethr jle
aenlrchjaúe mastúrajh phrh jlcphrhr ihtls de iastaetls pdrãlils y plidr
aidetanajhr tdeidejahs. D` tadcpl mh id dsthr prdsdetd de `ls rdoastrls id` I_,
id chedrh qud pudih shgdrsd de quá clcdetl tdeãh ue ihtl ue vh`lr
idtdrcaehil. De `ls sastdchs lpdrhjaleh`ds `ls ihtls sadcprd rdn`dfhghe d`
dsthil id hjtavaihi id` edoljal de d` clcdetl prdsdetd.
 El vl`èta`ds6 Dstd rdquasatl dstè rd`hjalehil jle d` hetdralr. @h aenlrchjaúe
jletdeaih de I_ dxastd phrh sdr `dãih, y el clianajhih. Juheil ue ihtl
tdeoh ue eudvl vh`lr, odedrh`cdetd el sd hjtuh`azhrè d` vh`lr hetdralr, sael
qud sd aetrliujarè ue eudvl rdoastrl jle d` vh`lr hjtuh`. Jlcl rdo`h odedrh`,
ueh vdz aejlrplrhih `h aenlrchjaúe h` I_ idgd chetdedrsd de á` aevhrahg`d.

ZAZYDCH IHYH
YWHIAJALEH@ _HWDMLTZD

 [rdilcaeh `h hjtuh`azhjaúe  [rdilcaeh `h jlesu`th

 @h hjtavaihi cès acplrthetd ds id  @h hjtavaihi cès acplrthetd ds d`

tapl lpdrhtavl (iãh h iãh) heè`asas y `h idjasaúe dstrhtáoajh

 [rdilcaeh d` prljdsl puetuh`  [rdilcaeh d` prljdsl chsavl

 Chylr acplrthejah h `h dsthga`aihi  Chylr acplrthejah h` iaehcascl

 Ihtls de odedrh` idshordohils  Ihtls de iastaetls eavd`ds id

idth``d y hordohjaúe
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

idth``d y hordohjaúe

 Acplrthejah id` ihtl hjtuh`  Acplrthejah id` ihtl mastúrajl

 Acplrthetd id` tadcpl id rdspudsth  Acplrthejah id `h rdspudsth

id `h trheshjjaúe aesthetèedh chsavh

 Dstrujturh rd`hjaleh`  ^asaúe cu`taiacdesaleh`

 Tsuhrals id pdrna`ds cdials l ghfls  Tsuhrals id pdrna`ds h`tls

 Dxp`lthjaúe id `h aenlrchjaúe  Dxp`lthjaúe id tlih `h

rd`hjalehih jle `h lpdrhtavh id aenlrchjaúe aetdreh y dxtdreh
jhih hp`ajhjaúe rd`hjalehih jle d` edoljal

Juhirl >.=. 6 Iandrdejahs detrd Ihthwhrdmlsd y Zastdch Yrhiajaleh`.

Ltrl hspdjtl nueihcdeth` de `h idnaeajaúe id` Ihth _hrdmlusd ds qud `h

aenrhdstrujturh tdjel`úoajh qud `l slplrtd mh id dsthr sdphrhih y, plr `l odedrh`, sdrè
iandrdetd id `h qud slplrth `ls sastdchs lpdrhjaleh`ds. D` lgfdtavl id hcgls sastdchs ds
jlcp`dthcdetd iandrdetd y plr `l thetl edjdsath rdjursls tájeajls, `úoajls y muchels
iandrdetds.

@hs iandrdejahs id ue Ihth _hrdmlusd jle ue sastdch trhiajaleh` `hs plirãhcls

rdsucar de d` saouadetd juhirl >.=.

Te I_ pudid ihr `uohr h ueh sdrad id acplrthetds gdednajals phrh `h

lroheazhjaúe. De juh`quadr jhsl, su uta`azhjaúe pdrcatarè qud `h aenlrchjaúe id odstaúe
sdh (Durlph, 811>)6 hjjdsag`d, jlrrdjth, ueanlrcd y hjtuh`azhih.

Dsths "vartuids" hsljahihs h `h aenlrchjaúe jletdeaih de ue I_, fuetl jle ltrh

sdrad id hspdjtls aemdrdetds h` cascl ihe `uohr h `h lgtdejaúe id ue jlefuetl id
vdethfhs, qud plirãhcls rdsucar id` saouadetd clil6
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

 Cdelr jlstd de `h tlch id idjasaleds. Zd supracd d` idspa`nhrrl id tadcpl qud

sd pliãh prliujar h` aetdethr dfdjuthr jlesu`ths id ihtls `hrohs y jlcp`dfhs jle
ghsds id ihtls qud dsthghe iasdøhihs dspdjãnajhcd
dspdjãnajhcdetd
etd phrh trheshjjaleds cès
jlrths y sdeja``hs.

 Chylr n`dxaga`aihi hetd d` detlrel.D` I_ jlevadrtd `ls ihtls lpdrhjaleh`ds de

aenlrchjaúe rd`hjalehih y dstrujturhih, qud odedrh d` "jleljacadetl" edjdshral
phrh `h tlch id idjasaleds
Hidcès, hplrth ueh cdflr jh`aihi y n`dxaga`aihi de d` heè`asas id` cdrjhil, y id`
detlrel de odedrh`. Hsã, "`h jhphjaihi id idtdrcaehr ”juèetls‑ id ”quá
prliujtls‑ sd vdeide rdh`cdetd h ueh iardjjaúe id jlcprhilr dspdjãnajh, ds id
acplrthejah j`hvd phrh aidetanajhr lplrtueaihids qud surode de cö`tap`ds
cdrjhils"(Jlcputdr,
cdrjhils"(Jlcputdr, 811>).
Dsth vasaúe o`lgh` pudid jle``dvhr thcgaáe `h lgtdejaúe id ltrhs vdethfhs
jlcpdtatavhs, h` aidetanajhr idtdrcaehils jlstds qud jle `ls sastdchs hetdralrds
pliãhe pdrchedjdr
pdrchedjdr lju`tls.

 Cdflr sdrvajal h` j`adetd. Ylil `l qud mdcls iajml de d` puetl hetdralr acp`ajh
ueh acplrthetd cdflrh de `h jh`aihi id odstaúe, `l qud thcgaáe rdpdrjutd de `h
rd`hjaúe jle d` j`adetd, qud ds, jlcl shgdcls, uel id `ls pa`hrds gèsajls de `ls
qud idsjhesh juh`quadr
juh`quadr lroheazhjaúe hfusthih. Id mdjml, d` qud ue I_ acp`aqud
ueh chylr n`dxaga`aihi hetd d` detlrel taded ueh jlesdjudejah iardjth de ueh
chylr jhphjaihi phrh rdspleidr h `hs edjdsaihids id `ls j`adetds.

 Wdiasdøl id prljdsls. Lnrdjdr h `ls usuhrals ueh jhphjaihi id heè`asas id `h

aenlrchjaúe id su edoljal phrh lgtdedr ueh vasaúe cès prlnueih y j`hrh id `ls
prljdsls id edoljal

 H`aedhcadetl jle `ls lgfdtavls id phrtajaphjaúe . Zd iastraguyd jhih vdz cès de

tlih `h lroheazhjaúe `h rdspleshga`aihi de `h tlch id idjasaleds.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

>.9.7.:.
>.9.7.:. Ihth Chrt

De ue jletdxtl id I_ d` IhthChrt el ds sael ueh hp`ajhjaúe dspdjãnajh

jlestruaih rèpaihcdetd phrh slplrthr ueh `ãedh id edoljal sacp`d, jlcl ue
idphrthcdetl id chrbdtaeo, naehejadrl, id rdjursls muchels, dtj.. D``h ds
phrtaju`hrcdetd hprlpahih juheil d` I_ jdetrh` jrdjd cuy rèpaihcdetd y `ls iastaetls
idphrthcdetls rdquadrde sú`l ueh pdqudøh plrjaúe id `ls ihtls jletdeails de á`, pdrl
tadede `hs caschs jhrhjtdrãstajhs id aetdorhjaúe, el vl`hta`aihi y lradethjaúe tdcètajh id
hquá`. @l idtdrcaehetd de su áxatl sdrè `h aetdorhjaúe id jhih uel id `ls ihthchrt
idphrthcdeth`dss de d` I_ jlrplrhtavl, idsid ileid sd odstaleh `h aenlrchjaúe id tlils
idphrthcdeth`d
`ls ihthchrt id `h dcprdsh, odedrheil ueh djlelcãh id dsjh`h de `h odstaúe id `ls
cascls. Dstd denlqud id ‐iavaid y vdejdrès– phrdjd qud dstè sadeil `h tdeidejah
jrdjadetd de hqud``hs dcprdshs qud yh taded acp`hethil d` ihthwhrdmlusd.

Naourh >.9.6 Ihth Chrt aeidpdeiade

aeidpdeiadetds
tds y Ihth Chrt jdetrh`azhil.

>.9.7.9. Odstaúe y Dxp`lthjaú

Dxp`lthjaúe
e id `hs Ghsds i
idd Ihtls

Idetrl id` dsqudch id Odstaúe y Dxp`lthjaúe id` Ihth _hrdmlusd qud sd

cudstrh de `h naourh saouadetd, phshcls h idth``hr `hs plsaga`aihids qud els lnrdjd dsth
ö`tach nhsd.

De d``h dxhcaehcls6
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

8. D` uusl
sl qud
qud sd
sd pu
pudid
did rdh`azhr
rdh`azhr iidd `hs uta`aihid
uta`aihidss id L@H[ id`
ihthwhrdmlusdd phrh heè`asas cu`taiacdesaleh`ds
ihthwhrdmlus cu`taiacdesaleh`ds..
7. @h nhja
nhja`aih
`aihii id lgtde
lgtdejaúe
jaúe id ae
aenlrch
nlrchjaúe
jaúe cd
cdiahe
iahetd
td jlesu`ths
jlesu`ths d aenlrcd
aenlrcdss
`agrds, y d` usl id tájeajhs id Ihth Caeaeo qud els pdrcatde idsjugrar
‐aenlrchjaúe lju`th– de `ls ihtls cdiahetd d` usl id tájeajhs
dsthiãstajhs.

Naourh >.4.6 Odstaúe y Dxp`lthjaúe id `hs Ghsds id Ihtls

>.9.7.9.8
>.9.7.9.8.. L@H[

@h dsdejah id `h tdjel`loãh id sdrvailrds L@H[ ds d` rèpail y n`dxag`d rdsucde

id `ls ihtls y su heè`asas. Cadetrhs `hs ghsd id ihtls rd`hjaleh`ds edjdsathe ue prljdsl
id ihtl plr ihtl, `ls sdrvailrds L@H[ jlestatuyde ueh tdjel`loãh supdralr phrh `hs
hp`ajhjaleds id Gusaedss Aetd``aodejd. D` heè`asas dnajadetd y n`dxag`d id `ls ihtls
rdquadrd `h mhga`aihi phrh rdsucar de cö`tap`ds jhcaels y vdr lplrtueaihids slgrd d`
tadcpl.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

De jletrhstd jle `hs ghsds id ihtls rd`hjaleh`ds, `hs cu`taiacdesaleh`ds dstèe

jlcpudsths plr iacdesaleds qud sle htragutls dstrujturh`ds id ue jugl, lroheazhihs
jle fdrhrquãhs id jhtdolrãhs qud idsjragde `ls ihtls de thg`hs. Dsths jhtdolrãhs
tãpajhcdetd idsjragde ue jlefuetl id cadcgrls saca`hrds slgrd `ls juh`ds `ls usuhrals
quadrde ghshr sus heè`asas. [lr dfdcp`l, `h iacdesaúe odlorhnãh plirãh aej`uar eavd`ds
plr [hãsds, Wdoaleds,
Wdoaleds, Dsthi
Dsthils
ls y Jauihids.

Naourh >.>.6 Eavd`ds id Heè`asas jle L@H[

@hs fdrhrquãhs,
fdrhrquãhs, hsljahihs h `hs iacdesaleds
iacdesaleds,, rdprdsdethe `ls iandrdetds
iandrdetds eavd
eavd`ds
`ds
id rdsucde id `h aenlrchjaúe6 Gade sacp`d fdrhrquãh l cö`tap`ds fdrhrquãhs, pdrcatadeil
ghfhr h ue eavd`
eavd` idth``hil id aenlrchj
aenlrchjaúe
aúe l sugar h ue eav
eavd`
d` id chylr hordohjaúe.
hordohjaúe.

Naourh >.?.6 Fdrhrquãhs Zacp`d y Cö`tap`ds.

@h sdouraihi ds acplrthetd de d` usl id juh`quadr ghsd id ihtls qud vh h sdr

jlcphrtaih plr cö`tap`ds usuhrals. @h sdouraihi id `h ghsd id ihtls taded ils prlpúsatls
praejaph`ds6

 Ouhrihr `ls usuhrals qud el dstèe hutlrazhils h jlesu`thr `h aenlrchjaúe.

 Jletrl`hr d` hjjdsl h plrjaleds id `h ghsd id ihtls plr jhih usuhral.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

D` hjjdsl h ue sugjlefuetl id `h ghsd id ihtls cu`taiacdesaleh` sd pudid

rdstraeoar plr usuhral l plr orupl id usuhrals.

H`ouehs jlej`usaleds6
jlej`usaleds6

@ls sdrvailrds
"Gusaedss L@H[ sle
Aetd``aodejd" ueh tdjel`loãh
y ‐Chrbdtaeo supdralr phrh `hs hp`ajhjaleds
Aetd``aodejd–.

 @hs hp`ajhjaleds L@H[ pdrcatde rdh`azhr jlesu`ths h ue eavd` hordohil id `h

aenlrchjaúe, jlcl tlth`ds id vdeths plr `ãedh id prliujtl, rdoaúe y vdeidilr.

 @hs ghsds id ihtls L@H[ sle lptacazhihs phrh d` heè`asas.

 Jlesu`ths rèpaihs y jlesastdetds h juh`quadr eavd` id rdsucde id `h aenlrchjaúe

 @hs ghsds id ihtls L@H[ sle h`acdethihs id iastaeths nudetds id aenlrchjaúe.

>.9.7.9.7
>.9.7.9.7.. Ihth caeaeo
caeaeo

@hs mdrrhcadeths dechrjhihs ghfl dsth idelcaehjaúe (Ihth Caeaeo ‚IC- l

Caedrãh id Ihtls), pdrcatde el sú`l d` heè`asas id aenlrchjaúe qud trhiajaleh`cdetd mh
vdeail sadeil rdh`azhil plr `ls IZZ, "sael, y dstl ds `l rdh`cdetd acplrthetd y
iandrdejah`, d` p`hetdhcadetl y idsjugracadetl hutlcètajl id mdjmls d mapútdsas
(phtrleds, rdo`hs, orupls, nuejaleds, clid`ls, sdjudejahs, rd`hjaleds, jlrrd`hjaleds…)

qud pudide idsdcgljhr

idsdcgljhr de ueh iandrdejah jlcpdtatavh ueaih h ue hucdetl id `h dnajhjah
y prliujtavaihi id `hs dcprdshs" (Durlph, 811>).

D` IC pdrcatd ue trhthcadetl id `h aenlrchjaúe jlcl d` qud ``dvhrãhe h jhgl

heh`asths dxpdrtls, pdrl de tadcpls vhrals úrideds id choeatui cdelrds, y hsdourheil
ueh jlcprlghjaúe cdtlil`úoajh y dxmhustavh id mapútdsas y clid`ls, `h juh` el dstè
ohrhetazhih jle d` trhthcadetl cheuh`. D` IC ds ue eudvl denlqud phrh d` heè`asas y
idsjugracadetl id aenlrchjaúe l "jleljacadetl" h rdh`azhr de orheids ghsds id ihtls.

D` Ihth Caeaeo ds ue prljdsl qud, h trhvás id` idsjugracadetl y juhetanajhjaúe

id rd`hjaleds prdiajtavhs de `ls ihtls, pdrcatd trhesnlrchr `h aenlrchjaúe iaspleag`d de
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

jleljaca
jleljacadetl
detl öta` id edoljal
edoljal.. Dstl ds idga
idgail
il h qud el ds sunajadet
sunajadetdd "ehvdohr"
"ehvdohr" plr `ls
ihtls phrh rdsl`vdr `ls prlg`dchs id edoljal, sael qud sd mhjd edjdshral sdouar ueh
cdtlil`loãh lridehih qud pdrcath lgtdedr rdeiacadetls theoag`ds id dstd jlefuetl id
mdrrhcadeths y tájeajhs id `hs qud iaspled d` usuhral.

Jlestatuyd plr thetl ueh id `hs vãhs j`hvd id dxp`lthjaúe id` Ihth _hrdmlusd,
ihil qud ds dstd su detlrel ehturh` id trhghfl.

Zd trhth id ue jlejdptl id dxp`lthjaúe id ehturh`dzh rhiajh`cdetd iastaeth h `h id

`ls sastdchs id aenlrchjaúe id odstaúe, ihil qud el sd ghsh de jldnajadetds id odstaúe l
de aenlrchjaúe h`thcdetd hordohih, sael de `h aenlrchjaúe id idth``d jletdeaih de d`
h`chjáe. Hiajaleh`cdetd,
Hiajaleh`cdetd, d` usuhral el sd jlenlrch jle `h cdrh vasuh`azhjaúe id ihtls,
sael qud trhth id lgtdedr ueh rd`hjaúe detrd `ls cascls qud tdeoh rdpdrjusaleds de su
edoljal.

Dsth tdjel`loãh, sa gade rdjadetd de su jlejdpjaúe, pudid draoarsd de ueh

mdrrhcadeth id lg`aohih hjdpthjaúe y usl de d` jlcpdtatavl detlrel dcprdshrah` hjtuh`.
Zu uta`azhjaúe yh dstè dxtdeiaih jle jadrth hcp`atui pdrcatadeil, jle áxatl, `h
sdocdethjaúe id cdrjhils, `h idtdjjaúe id mègatls id jlcprh puetuh`ds y sdjudejah`ds
de d` tadcpl, `h prdvdejaúe id` nrhuid y `h clrlsaihi de lpdrhjaleds id jráiatl, `h
idtdjjaúe id ãeiajds y vh`lrds naehejadrls id saca`hr dvl`ujaúe fuetl jle su prdvasaúe
nuturh dstachih, `h hetajaphjaúe y odstaúe id prlg`dchs id sh`ui id `ls dcp`dhils, dtj.
de idnaeatavh, hprdjahcls de dstls dfdcp`ls ueh juh`aihi jlcöe (detrd ltrhs cès)6 `h
plsaga`aihi id hetajaphrels
hetajaphrels h `hs vhrahjaleds id` detlrel, `l qud els pdrcatarè
pdrcatarè ihr`ds ueh
cdflr y cès rèpaih rdspudsth.

D` IC sd pudid aetdrprdthr jlcl d` prljdsl, cèxachcdetd lptacazhil,

aetdrcdial detrd `h aenlrchjaúe y `h tlch id idjasaleds hsljahih h `h casch. @h
hp`ajhjaúe aidh` id` IC sd ``dvhrãh h jhgl slgrd `hs ghsd id ihtls jlrplrhtavhs, qud
pudide sdr ue I_, l slgrd ltrhs dspdjãnajhs id prlpúsatl
prlpúsatl idphrthcdeth` (l Ihth Chrts),
"ueh vdz qud ásths tadede hidjuhihcdetd dstrujturhih, trhesnlrchih y `acpah tlih `h
aenlrchjaúe id aetdrás"RDurlph, 1>S. H phrtar id dsh aenlrchjaúe, `hs mdrrhcadeths y
tájeajhs id` IC jletdcp`hrèe d`dcdetls jlcl `ls saouadetds6
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

 Hodetds aetd`aodetds6 Zd dejhrohe id heh`azhr `h aenlrchjaúe phrh idtdjthr

phtrleds y rd`hjaleds, yh id nlrch hutlcètajh yh aetdrhjtuheil jle d` heh`asth.
@hs tájeajhs qud uta`azhe `ds pdrcatde aidetanajh
aidetanajhrr orupls, jlcplrthcadetls,
jlcplrthcadetls,
rdo`hs juyl idsjugracadetl mhgrãh supudstl ue delrcd dsnudrzl id trhghfl
cdtúiajl.
 Idtdjjaúe id h`hrchs6 Jlesastd de `h dfdjujaúe pdraúiajh l pdrchedetd id
jadrtls hodetds phrh idtdjthr hjjaleds l satuhjaleds susjdptag`ds id idsdejhidehr
ueh hjjaúe dxtrhlriaehrah l nudrh id` jaj`l lriaehral. [udide hjtavhrsd de tadcpl
rdh` l pudide idtdjthrsd y h`chjdehrsd phrh plstdralr heè`asas y trhthcadetl.
 Heè`asas cu`taiacdesaleh`6 Zd ghsh de `h dstrujturhjaúe y prdsdethjaúe id `h
aenlrchjaúe ghfl hqud``hs pdrspdjtavhs, dfds l iacdesaleds id aetdrás.
 Jlesu`ths d aenlrcds6 @hs p`hthnlrchs sud`de aejlrplrhr mdrrhcadeths id
jlesu`th jle aetdrnhjds orènajls cuy hvhezhils, aetuatavls y nèja`ds id ushr,
jadrtl orhil id heè`asas cu`taiacdesaleh` y hodetds aetd`aodetds.
 ^asuh`azhjaúe id ihtls6 @ls prlvddilrds id mdrrhcadeths IC dstèe mhjadeil ue
jlesaidrhg`d dsnudrzl phrh jlesdouar ueh jlcueajhjaúe `l cès dndjtavh y vasuh`
plsag`d.
 Yrhthcadetl
Yrhthcadetl id ihtls6
ihtls6 @ls ihtls sud`de dsthr h`chjdehils de `ls nlrchtls cès
hidjuhils phrh su odstaúe plr phrtd id `ls sastdchs dxastdetds, pdrl pudide el
sdr `ls cès hidjuhils phrh su prljdshcadetl plr phrtd id `hs mdrrhcadeths id`
IC. [lr d``l, `hs sl`ujaleds id` IC aejlrplrhe cúiu`ls id trhthcadetl id
ihtls jle d` lgfdtl id sacp`anajhr h` cèxacl `hs aetdrnhjds id ihtls d
aenlrchjaúe.

@hs mdrrhcadeths qud uta`azhe l sud`de uta`azhr `hs sl`ujaleds id IC6

 Horuphcadetl. Zdocdethjaúe. Dsth mdrrhcadeth pdrcatd `h aidetanajhjaúe id

tapl`loãhs l orupls de `ls juh`ds `ls d`dcdetls ouhrihe saca`atui detrd sã y sd
iandrdejahe id `ls id ltrls orupls. H trhvás id dstd tapl id mdrrhcadeths sd
pudide sdocdethr d` jl`djtavl id j`adetds, d` jlefuetl id vh`lrds d ãeiajds
naehejadrls, d` jlefuetl id dcp`dhils,... Dstl pdrcatd d` trhthcadetl
phrtaju`hrazhil id jhih uel id dstls orupls.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

 Hsljahjaúe. [drcatde dsthg`djdr `hs plsag`ds rd`hjaleds detrd hjjaleds l sujdsls

hphrdetdcdetd aeidpdeiadetds. Hsã, sd pudid rdjleljdr júcl `h ljurrdejah id
ue idtdrcaehil sujdsl pudid aeiujar `h hphrajaúe id ltrl u ltrls. Dstd tapl id
mdrrhcadeths sle phrtaju`hrcdetd öta`ds, plr dfdcp`l, phrh jlcprdeidr `ls
mègatls id jlcprh id `ls j`adetds y phrh `h jlejdpjaúe id lndrths, id vdeths
jruzhihs y id` "cdrjmheiasaeo
"cdrjmheiasaeo".
".
 Zdjudejahs. Ds ue jlejdptl saca`hr h` hetdralr, pdrl aej`uydeil thcgaáe d` nhjtlr
tadcpl. Ds idjar, pdrcatd rdjleljdr d` tadcpl qud trhesjurrd l sud`d trhesjurrar
detrd d` sujdsl aeiujtlr y `ls sujdsls aeiujails.
 Wdjleljacadetl id phtrleds. [drcatde `h hsljahjaúe id ueh aenlrchjaúe id
detrhih jle hqud``h l hqud``hs jle `hs qud ouhrih chylr saca`atui, y qud dstèe
yh jhth`lohihs de d` sastdch. Dstl pudid hyuihr de `h aidetanajhjaúe id phtrleds
id jlcplrthcadetl id `ls jlesucailrds.
 [rdvasaúe. @h prdvasaúe pdrcatd dsthg`djdr d` jlcplrthcadetl nuturl cès
prlghg`d id ueh vhrahg`d l ueh sdrad id vhrahg`ds h phrtar id `h dvl`ujaúe phshih
y prdsdetd id dshs vhrahg`ds l id ltrhs id `hs juh`ds idpdeihe. @hs tájeajhs
hsljahihs h dsth mdrrhcadeth tadede yh ue d`dvhil orhil id chiurdz.
 Zacu`hjaúe. Dsths mdrrhcadeths pdrcatde jlcphrhr `h satuhjaúe hjtuh` id`
cdrjhil, id ue prliujtl l sdrvajal y su plsag`d dvl`ujaúe nuturh jle ltrhs
plsag`ds satuhjaleds, phrh h phrtar id hmã idjaiar sa sd idgde l el clianajhr `hs
pl`ãtajhs id chrbdtaeo..
chrbdtaeo..
 Lptacazhjaúe. @h lptacazhjaúe rdsud`vd d` prlg`dch id `h caeacazhjaúe l
chxacazhjaúe id ueh nuejaúe qud idpdeid id ueh sdrad id vhrahg`ds,
dejletrheil `ls vh`lrds id ásths qud shtasnhjde `h jleiajaúe id cèxacl,
tãpajhcdetd gdednajals, l cãeacl, tãpajhcdetd jlstds. Elrch`cdetd sud`d mhgdr
uehs rdstrajjaleds, qud mhjde qud el tlihs `hs plsag`ds sl`ujaleds sdhe
hjdpthg`ds,, id clil qud d` ueavdrsl id gösqudih sd rdiujd h hqud``hs sl`ujaleds
hjdpthg`ds
qud shtasnhohe `hs rdstrajjaleds.
 J`hsanajhjaúe. Horuph h tlihs `hs mdrrhcadeths qud pdrcatde hsaoehr h ue
d`dcdetl `h pdrtdedejah h ue idtdrcaehil orupl l j`hsd. Dstl sd ``dvh h jhgl h
trhvás id `h idpdeidejah id `h pdrtdedejah h jhih j`hsd de `ls vh`lrds id ueh
sdrad id htragutls l vhrahg`ds. Zd dsthg`djd ue pdrna` jhrhjtdrãstajl id jhih j`hsd y
su dxprdsaúe, de tárcaels id ue h`olratcl l rdo`hs, de nuejaúe id `hs iastaeths
vhrahg`ds. Zd dsthg`djd thcgaáe d` orhil id iasjracaehjaúe l aen`udejah id dsths
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

ö`tachs. Jle d``l, ds plsag`d j`hsanajhr ue eudvl d`dcdetl ueh vdz jleljails `ls
vh`lrds id `hs vhrahg`ds prdsdetds de á`.

[hrh slplrthr
slplrthr d` prljdsl id Ihth Caeaeo, d` usuhral iaspled
iaspled id ueh dxtdesh
dxtdesh

ohch id tájeajhs qud `d pudide hyuihr de jhih ueh id `hs nhsds id iajml prljdsl, `hs
juh`ds phshcls h idsjragar6

 Heè`asas Dsthiãstajl6

l HEL^H6 l Heè`asas id `h ^hrahezh, jletrhsth sa dxastde iandrdejahs

saoeanajhtavhs detrd `hs cdiaihs id ueh l cès vhrahg`ds jletaeuhs de
orupl id plg`hjaúe iastaetls.
l Wdordsaúe6 idnaed `h rd`hjaúe detrd ueh l cès vhrahg`ds y ue jlefuetl id

vhrahg`ds prdiajtlrhs id `hs pracdrhs.

l Fa juhirhil6 jletrhsth `h mapútdsas id aeidpdeidejah detrd vhrahg`ds.
l Jlcpledetds praejaph`ds6 pdrcatd rdiujar d` eöcdrl id vhrahg`ds
lgsdrvhihs h ue cdelr eöcdrl id vhrahg`ds hrtanajah`ds, jlesdrvheil `h
chylr phrtd id `h aenlrchjaúe slgrd `h vhrahezh id `hs vhrahg`ds.
l Heè`asas j`ustdr6 pdrcatd j`hsanajhr ueh plg`hjaúe de ue eöcdrl
idtdrcaehil id orupls, de ghsd h sdcdfhezhs y idsdcdfhezhs id pdrna`ds
dxastdetds detrd `ls iandrdetds jlcpledetds id iajmh plg`hjaúe.
l Heè`asas iasjracaehetd6 cátlil id j`hsanajhjaúe id aeiavaiuls de orupls

qud prdvahcdetd sd mhe dsthg`djail, y qud pdrcatd dejletrhr `h rdo`h id

j`hsanajhjaúe id `ls d`dcdetls id dstls orupls, y plr thetl aidetanajhr
juè`ds sle `hs vhrahg`ds qud cdflr idnaehe `h pdrtdedejah h` orupl.

 Cátlils ghshils de èrgl`ds id idjasaúe6

l D` cátlil Jmhai (Jma Zquhrdi Hutlchtaj Aetdrhjtale Idtdjtlr) ds ue

heè`asas qud odedrh ue èrgl` id idjasaúe phrh prdidjar d` jlcplrthcadetl
id ueh vhrahg`d, h phrtar id ueh l cès vhrahg`ds prdiajtlrhs, id nlrch qud

`ls jlefuetls id ueh casch rhch y ue cascl eavd` sle iasfuetls. Ds öta`
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

de hqud``hs satuhjaleds de `hs qud d` lgfdtavl ds iavaiar ueh plg`hjaúe de

iastaetls sdocdetls ghsèeilsd de h`oöe jratdral id idjasaúe.

Naourh >.=. Hrgl` id idjasaúe.

D` èrgl` id idjasaúe sd jlestruyd phrtadeil d` jlefuetl id ihtls de ils l cès
sugjlefuetls id lgsdrvhjaleds h phrtar id `ls vh`lrds qud tlche `hs vhrahg`ds
prdiajtlrhs. Jhih uel id dstls sugjlefuetls vud`vd idspuás h sdr phrtajalehil
uta`azheil d` cascl h`olratcl. Dstd prljdsl jletaeöh mhsth qud el sd dejudetrhe
iandrdejahs saoeanajhtavhs de `h aen`udejah id `hs vhrahg`ds id prdiajjaúe id uel
id dstls orupls mhjah d` vh`lr id `h vhrahg`d id rdspudsth.

@h rhãz id` èrgl` ds d` jlefuetl id ihtls ãetdorl, `ls sugjlefuetls y `ls

sugjlefuetls jlenlrche `hs rhchs id` èrgl`. Te jlefuetl de d` qud sd mhjd ueh
phrtajaúe sd ``hch elil.
elil.

D` eöcdrl id sugjlefuetls de ueh phrtajaúe pudid ar id ils mhsth d` eöcdrl id

vh`lrds iastaetls qud pudid tlchr `h vhrahg`d ushih phrh mhjdr `h sdphrhjaúe. @h
vhrahg`d id prdiajjaúe uushih
shih phrh jrdhr ueh phrtajaúe ds hqud``h cès
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

saoeanajhtavhcdetd rd`hjalehih jle `h vhrahg`d id rdspudsth id hjudril jle tdst

id aeidpdeidejah id `h Jma juhirhil slgrd ueh thg`h id jletaeodejah.

 H`olratcls odeátajls6 Zle cátlils eucárajls id lptacazhjaúe, de `ls qud hqud``h

vhrahg`d l vhrahg`ds qud sd prdtdeide lptacazhr fuetl jle `hs vhrahg`ds id dstuial
jlestatuyde ue sdocdetl id aenlrchjaúe. Hqud``hs jlenaourhjaleds id `hs vhrahg`ds
id heè`asas qud lgtdeohe cdflrds vh`lrds phrh `h vhrahg`d id rdspudsth,
jlrrdspleidrèe h sdocdetls jle chylr jhphjaihi rdprliujtavh. H trhvás id `h
rdprliujjaúe, `ls cdflrds sdocdetls pdriurhe y su prlplrjaúe jrdjd id odedrhjaúe
de odedrhjaúe.
odedrhjaúe. Zd pudid hidcè
hidcèss aetrliujar d`dcdetls h`dh
h`dhtlrals
tlrals phrh `h
clianajhjaúe id `hs vhrahg`ds (cuthjaleds). H` jhgl id jadrtl eöcdrl id atdrhjaleds,
`h plg`hjaúe dsthrè jlestatuaih plr gudehs sl`ujaleds h` prlg`dch id lptacazhjaúe.

 Wdids edurleh`ds6 Odeárajhcdetd

Odeárajhcdetd sle cátlils id prljdsl eucárajl de phrh`d`l, de
d` qud `hs vhrahg`ds aetdrhjtöhe cdiahetd trhesnlrchjaleds `aedh`ds l el `aedh`ds,
mhsth lgtdedr uehs sh`aihs. Dsths sh`aihs sd jletrhsthe jle `ls qud tdeãhe qud mhgdr
sh`ail, ghsèeilsd de uels ihtls id prudgh, iheil `uohr h ue prljdsl id
rdtrlh`acdethjaúe cdiahetd d` juh` `h rdi sd rdjlenaourh, mhsth lgtdedr ue clid`l
hidjuhil.

 @úoajh ianush6 Zd trhth id ue jlefuetl id tájeajhs chtdcètajhs phrh `h

rdprdsdethjaúe y trhthcadetl id `ls ihtls qud el tadede ueh prdjasaúe idnaeaih y
jlejrdth. @h dvh`uhjaúe id dstd tapl id ihtls ds h cdeuil ueh judstaúe rd`htavh (p.d.
h`tl/ghfl).

 Zdrads tdcplrh`ds6 Ds d` jleljacadetl id ueh vhrahg`d h trhvás id` tadcpl phrh, h

phrtar id dsd jleljacadetl, y ghfl d` supudstl id qud el vhe h prliujarsd jhcgals
dstrujturh`ds, plidr
plidr rdh`azhr prdiajjaled
prdiajjaleds.
s. Zud`de gh
ghshrsd
shrsd de ue dstuial id `h sdrad
de jaj`ls, tdeidejahs y dsthjaleh`aihids, qud sd iandrdejahe plr d` ècgatl id tadcpl
hghrjhil, phrh plr jlcplsajaúe
jlcplsajaúe lgtdedr `h sdrad lraoaeh`. Zd pudide
pudide hp`ajhr
denlquds mãgrails jle `ls cátlils hetdralrds, de `ls qud `h sdrad sd pudid dxp`ajhr
el sú`l de nuejaúe id` tadcpl sael jlcl jlcgaehjaúe id ltrhs vhrahg`ds id detlrel
cès dsthg`ds y, plr `l thetl, cès nèja`cdetd prdidjag`ds.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

[hrh uta`azhr dsths tájeajhs id nlrch dnajadetd y lridehih ds prdjasl hp`ajhr ueh
cdtlil`loãh dstrujturhih, h` prljdsl id Ihth Caeaeo. H dstd rdspdjtl prlpledcls `h
saouadetd cdtlil`loãh,
cdtlil`loãh, sadcprd hihpthg`d h `h satuhjaúe id edoljal phrtaju`hr h `h qud sd
hp`aqud6

 Cudstrdl6 Dxtrhjjaúe id `h plg`hjaúe cudstrh` slgrd `h qud sd vh h hp`ajhr d`

heè`asas. De ljhsaleds sd trhth id ueh cudstrh h`dhtlrah, pdrl pudid sdr
thcgaáe ue sugjlefuetl id ihtls id` Ihth _hrdmlusd qud jucp`he uehs
jleiajaleds idtdrcaehihs. D` lgfdtl id trhghfhr jle ueh cudstrh id `h
plg`hjaúe de `uohr id tlih d``h, ds `h sacp`anajhjaúe id` dstuial y `h
iascaeujaúe id `h jhroh id prljdsl. @h cudstrh cès úptach sdrè hqud``h qud
tdeadeil ue drrlr hsucag`d jletdeoh d` eöcdrl cãeacl id lgsdrvhjaleds.
De d` jhsl id qud sd rdjurrh h ue cudstrdl h`dhtlral, sd idgdrãh
tdedr `h lpjaúe id d`doar6

l D` eavd` id jlenahezh id `h cudstrh (usuh`cdetd d` 14% l d` 11%).

l D` thchøl cèxacl id `h cudstrh (eöcdrl cèxacl id rdoastrls), de
juyl jhsl d` sastdch idgdrè aenlrchr id` d` drrlr jlcdtail y `h
rdprdsdethtavaihi id `h cudstrh slgrd `h plg`hjaúe lraoaeh`.
l D` drrlr cudstrh` qud dstè iaspudstl h jlcdtdr, de juyl jhsl d`
sastdch aenlrchrè id` eöcdrl id lgsdrvhjaleds qud idgd jletdedr `h
cudstrh y su rdprdsdethtavaihi slgrd `h plg`hjaúe lraoaeh`.

[hrh nhja`athr dstd phsl s idgd iaspledr id mdrrhcadeths id dxtrhjjaúe

iaeècajh id aenlrchjaúe jle l sae cudstrdl (sacp`d l dstrhtanajhil). De d`
jhsl id` cudstrdl, iajmhs mdrrhcadeths idgde tdedr `h lpjaúe id, ihil ue
eavd` id jlenahezh, nafhr d` thchøl id `h cudstrh y lgtdedr d` drrlr l gade
nafhr d` drrlr y lgtdedr d` thchøl cãeacl id `h cudstrh qud els prlplrjaled
dstd orhil id drrlr.

 Dxp`lrhjaúe6 Teh vdz idtdrcaehih `h plg`hjaúe qud sarvd phrh `h lgtdejaúe

id` clid`l sd idgdrè idtdrcaehr juh`ds sle `hs vhrahg`ds dxp`ajhtavhs qud
vhe h sdrvar jlcl "aeputs" h` clid`l. [hrh d``l ds acplrthetd mhjdr ueh
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

dxp`lrhjaúe plr `h aenlrchjaúe iaspleag`d id `h plg`hjaúe qud els pdrcath

d`acaehr vhrahg`ds qud el aen`uyde y horuphr hqud``hs qud rdpdrjutde de `h
casch iardjjaúe.

Naourh >.1. Heè`asas dxp`lrhtlral.

D` lgfdtavl ds sacp`anajhr de `l plsag`d d` prlg`dch jle d` nae id

lptacazhr `h dnajadejah id` clid`l. De dstd phsl sd pudide dcp`dhr

mdrrhcadeths qud els pdrcathe vasuh`azhr id nlrch orènajh `h aenlrchjaúe

uta`azheil `hs vhrahg`ds dxp`ajhtavhs jlcl iacdesaleds.
Yhcgaáe sd pudide dcp`dhr tájeajhs dsthiãstajhs qud els hyuide h pledr
id cheanadstl rd`hjaleds detrd vhrahg`ds. H dstd rdspdjtl rdsu`thrè aidh`
ueh mdrrhcadeth qud pdrcath `h vasuh`azhjaúe y d` heè`asas dsthiãstajl
aetdorhils

 Cheapu`hjaúe6 Yrhthcadetl rdh`azhil slgrd `ls ihtls id nlrch prdvah h `h

clid`azhjaúe, de ghsd h `h dxp`lrhjaúe rdh`azhih, id nlrch qud sd idnaehe

j`hrhcdetd `ls aeputs id` clid`l h rdh`azhr (sd`djjaúe id vhrahg`ds

dxp`ajhtavhs, horuphjaúe id vhrahg`ds saca`hrds, dtj.).
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

 Clid`azhjaúe6 [drcatd dsthg`djdr

dsthg`djdr ueh rd`hjaúe
rd`hjaúe detrd `hs vhrahg`ds
dxp`ajhtavhs y `hs vhrahg`ds lgfdtl id` dstuial, qud plsaga`athe aendrar d` vh`lr
id `hs caschs jle ue eavd` id jlenahezh idtdrcaehil.

 ^h`lrhjaúe6 Heè`asas id `h gleihi id` clid`l jletrhstheil jle ltrls

cátlils dsthiãstajls l jle eudvhs plg`hjaleds cudstrh`ds.

@h lndrth id` IC sd arè mhjadeil jhih vdz cès jlcp`dth d aetdorhg`d (jle
mdrrhcadeths jlcl Z[ZZ-J`dcdetaed y ZHZ-Detrdprasd, hsã jlcl cès sdeja``h id
uta`azhr. [rdvasag`dcdetd, `h vdethfh jlcpdtatavh qud mly pudid supledr d` usl id` IC
chøheh sdrè ueh dxaodejah thetl phrh dcprdshs, lroheazhjaleds d aeiavaiuls.

>.9.7.4. Ihth _hrdml

_hrdmlusd
usd y Zastd
Zastdchs
chs id Chrbdtaeo6
Chrbdtaeo6

@h hp`ajhjaúe id tdjel`loãhs id Ihth _hrdmlusd supled ue eudvl denlqud id

Chrbdtaeo, mhjadeil usl id` Chrbdtaeo id Ghsd id Ihtls. De dndjtl, ue sastdch id
Chrbdtaeo _hrdmlusd acp`ajh ue chrbdtaeo jadetãnajl, heh`ãtajl y dxpdrtl, ghshil de d`
jleljacadetl dxmhustavl id j`adetds, prliujtls, jheh`ds y cdrjhil.

Dstd jleljacadetl sd idravh id `h iasplsajaúe id tlih `h aenlrchjaúe edjdshrah,

thetl aetdreh jlcl dxtdreh, de ue detlrel id Ihth _hrdmlusd, pdrsaouadeil jle tlih

dsth aenlrchjaúe, `h lptacazhjaúe id `hs vhrahg`ds jletrl`hihs id` Chrbdtaeo Cax y d`

slplrtd h `h prdiajjaúe id `hs vhrahg`ds el jletrl`hg`ds (cdiahetd tájeajhs id Ihth
Caeaeo). Ghsèeilsd de d` jleljacadetl dxmhustavl id `ls j`adetds sd jlesaoud ue
trhthcadetl pdrsleh`azhil
pdrsleh`azhil id `ls cascls thetl de d` iãh h iãh (htdejaúe jlcdrjah`) jlcl
de hjjaleds id prlcljaúe dspdjãnajhs.
dspdjãnajhs.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

Naourh >.8;.6 Ihth _hrdmlusd y Zastdchs id Chrbdtaeo.

@hs èrdhs de `hs qud sd pudid hp`ajhr `hs tdjel`loãhs id Ihth _hrdmlusd h
Chrbdtaeo sle, detrd ltrhs6

l Aevdstaohjaúe Jlcdrjah`
l Zdocdethjaúe id cdrjhils
l Aidetanajhjaúe id edjdsaihids el jugadrths y odedrhjaúe id eudvls
prliujtls, l clianajhjaúe
clianajhjaúe id prliu
prliujtls
jtls dxastdetd
dxastdetdss
l Nafhjaúe id prdjals y idsjudetls
l Idnaeajaúe id `h dstrhtdoah id jheh`ds id jlcdrjah`azhjaúe
jlcdrjah`azhjaúe y iastragujaúe
l Idnaeajaúe id `h dstrhtdoah id prlcljaúe y htdejaúe h` j`adetd
l Wd`hjaúe jle d` j`adetd6
l [rlorhchjaúe, rdh`azhjaúe y sdouacadetl id hjjaleds jlcdrjah`ds
l @hezhcadetl id eudvls prliujtls
l Jhcphøhs id vdeth jruzhih, vaeju`hjaúe, naid`azhjaúe, dtj.
l Hplyl h` jheh` id vdeth jle aenlrchjaúe juh`anajhih
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

Cès jlejrdthcdetd, y idetrl id `hs mdrrhcadeths id Ihth Caeaeo (IC), `hs

hp`ajhjaleds qud hjtuh`cdetd
hjtuh`cdetd dstèe iasnrutheil
iasnrutheil id ueh chylr hp`ajhga`aihi y
rdethga`aihi sd pudide j`hsanajhr de ils jhtdolrãhs odeárajhs 6

 H- [rdiajjaúe id ^deths u Ltrhs ^hrahg`ds.

 G- Lptacazhjaúe id Dstrhtdoahs id Chrbdtaeo

H- [rdiajjaúe id ^deths u Ltrhs ^hrahg`ds6

[rdiajjaúe id ^deths6 @h [rdiajjaúe id ^deths (de jhetaihi l acplrtd), sdh plr

Hodetd, [uetl id ^deth, [rliujtl l Nhca`ah, dtj... sd rdiujd h ue prlg`dch id
prdiajjaúe id ueh sdrad tdcplrh` h phrtar id ihtls mastúrajls. @h vdethfh id` IC
nrdetd h sastdchs dsthiãstajls ds su jhphjaihi id clid`azhr sastdchs jlcp`dfls y
h`thcdetd el `aedh`ds h phrtar id jlefuetls id ihtls ‐de grutl–. Hsacascl, ds jhphz
id tdedr de judeth, hidcès id `h prlpah sdrad id vdeths, ltrhs vhrahg`ds
jlcp`dcdethrahss qud hyuide h dxp`ajhr su dvl`ujaúe (df.6 d` tapl id aetdrás cdial id
jlcp`dcdethrah
`ls prásthcls h` jlesucl, u ltrls).

Lptacazhjaúe id Jlcprhs / @loãstajh6 D` plidr prdidjar `hs vdeths plr prliujtl y

puetl id vdeth jle sunajadetd prdjasaúe, ``dvh iardjthcdetd h `h lptacazhjaúe id `h
jlcprh y/l prlvasalehcadetl id ‐ãtdcs– aeiavaiuh`ds, p.df th``h, jl`lr, thchøl, dtj.,
`l qud pdrcatd lptacazhr stljbs y h `h vdz hsdourhr qud `ls j`adetds dejudetrhe `ls
hrtãju`ls qud idsdhe de d` puetl id vdeth. De ue sdjtlr jhrhjtdrazhil plr cèrodeds
cuy rdiujails, `h mhga`aihi phrh prdidjar vdeths jle prdjasaúe, y de jlesdjudejah
lptacazhr `h `loãstajh id jlcprhs y iastragujaúe, rdsu`th jrãtajh .

G- Lptacazhjaúe id Dstrhtdoahs id Chrbdtaeo

Lptacazhjaúe id acphjtls de jhcphøhs id Chrbdtaeo Iardjtl y/l [rlcljaleh`6 @hs

jhcphøhs id dsth ãeil`d, elrch`cdetd sle jhrhs de tárcaels id rdtlrel de % id
rdspudsths. [lr `l thetl, ds acplrthetd `acathr `ls devãls dspdjãnajhcdetd h `ls
aeiavaiuls id rdspudsth cès prlghg`d id chedrh qud, rdiujadeil de e¶ id devãls, sd
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

jlesaoh chetdedr, l aej`usl hucdethr d` % id rdspudsths. D` IC pdrcatd dsthg`djdr

clid`ls id h`th prdjasaúe de jhcphøhs id cha`aeos chsavhs. [lr dfdcp`l6 sa sd
idtdrcaehrhe `ls pdrna`ds id jlcprhilrds id turascl clid`l ‐]– de `ls ö`tacls sdas
cdsds, plirãh dsthg`djdrsd ue clid`l id h`th prlghga`aihi id rdspudsth phrh ueh
nuturh jhcphøh id prlcljaúe id` prliujtl.

Naid`azhjaúe id J`adetds - [rdiajjaúe id Ghfhs6 Te prlg`dch gèsajl mly de iãh ds

páriaih id j`adetds idgail h `h h`th jlcpdtatavaihi dxastdetd de `ls cdrjhils. [lr
ltrl `hil, rdsu`th cujml cès jhrl lgtdedr ue eudvl j`adetd qud chetdedr nad`ds h `ls
hjtuh`ds. D` IC pdrcatd hthjhr d` prlg`dch idsid ils puetls id vasth6

 Idshrrl``hr ue clid`l prdiajtavl qud jh`ju`d `h prlghga`aihi id ihrsd id

ghfh id jhih uel id `ls j`adetds
j`adetds hjtuh`ds phrh ue pdrãlil id tadcpl ihil
l de d` clcdetl id `h rdelvhjaúe id` sdrvajal. D` iaspledr id dstd

clid`l pdrcatd rdh`azhr hjjaleds id naid`azhjaúe iaraoaihs

dspdjãnajhcdetd phrh jhih j`adetd, l o`lgh`ds phrh d` jlefuetl pltdejah`
id ghfhs.

 Heh`azhr `hs jhrhjtdrãstajhs id jhih ‐j`ustdr– l sdocdetl id j`adetds qud

sd mhyhe ihil id ghfh de d` phshil, l gade jle ueh h`th prlghga`aihi id
ghfh nuturh. D` IC pdrcatd lgtdedr `ls pdrna`ds id dstls sdocdetls id
j`adetds id ghfh cès prlghg`d. Heh`azheil dstls pdrna`ds pudide
idtdrcaehrsd `hs jhushs id `hs ghfhs, `l qud pdrcatd hjtuhr iardjthcdetd
slgrd d``hs, de ueh dspdjad id ‐chetdeacadetl prdvdetavl– id `ls
j`adetds.

Idtdjjaúe id Nrhuid6 Te orhe nljl id páriaihs phrh `hs jlcphøãhs ds `h uta`azhjaúe

nrhuiu`deth, l nudrh id `ãcatds phjthils, id `ls iandrdetds prliujtls l sdrvajals. Ds
ue jhsl id orhe aejaidejah de sdjtlrds the acplrthetds jlcl d` sdjtlr naehejadrl,
sdourls l aej`usl d` sdjtlr id td`djlcueajhjaleds. D` IC sd dstè uta`azheil phrh
idtdrcaehr6


Aeiavaiuls l Tsuhrals qud el uta`azhe jlrrdjthcdetd `ls sdrvajals.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

 [drna`ds id orupls l sdocdetls id j`adetds idnrhuihilrds

idnrhuihilrds..
 Te Clid`l [rdvdetavl phrh idtdjthr `h prlghga`aihi id nrhuid de ueh
idtdrcaehih lpdrhjaúe,
lpdrhjaúe, l usl id ue sdrvajal.

Dvh`uhjaúe id Wadsols (‐Wasb Hssdsscdet–)6 Teh aenlrchjaúe gèsajh de tlil

edoljal jlesastd de jleljdr h pralra d` radsol id ueh idtdrcaehih lpdrhjaúe l
sdrvajal6 jlejdsaúe id ue jráiatl h` jlesucl, hjdpthjaúe id ue jletrhtl id sdourl,
h`th id ue sdrvajal, dtj... D` IC els hyuih de `h idtdrcaehjaúe id `ls aeiajhilrds id
radsol cdiahetd ils denlquds jlcp`dcdethrals6

 J`hsanajhjaúe id pdrna`ds id j`adetds / usuhrals de jhtdolrãhs id radsol

mlcloáedhs, juyh hp`ajhjaúe aecdiahth pudid sdr d` hfustd id `h
thranajhjaúe, ds idjar, d` idtdrcaehr prdjals l thranhs id prliujtls /

sdrvajals de nuejaúe id `ls ãeiajds id radsol hsljahils.

 Idtdrcaehjaúe id `h prlghga`aihi id` phol id clrlsls. Cdiahetd dstd
sastdch pudid lridehrsd `h jhrtdrh id acphohils de nuejaúe id iajmh
prlghga`aihi y hsã nljh`azhr `ls dsnudrzls de hjjaleds `doh`ds l id ltrl
tapl (elrch`cdetd hsljahihs h jlstds saoeanajhtavls), jletrh jlgrls cès
prlghg`ds, rdethga`azheil
rdethga`azheil hsã `ls rdsu`thils.
rdsu`thils.

Zdocdethjaúe id J`adetds6 @h sdocdethjaúe id` jlefuetl id j`adetds id `h jlcphøãh

ds ueh mdrrhcadeth id ghsd phrh d` iasdøl id `hs dstrhtdoahs id Chrbdtaeo6 jhcphøhs

id pug`ajaihi, lndrths, prlcljaleds, phjbhoaeo, dtj... D` IC pdrcatd jleljdr `ls

iandrdetds sdocdetls id j`adetds, clstrheil `ls pdrna`d
pdrna`dss id `ls cascls de nuejaúe
id `ls jratdrals idsdhils6 eavd` id jlcprh, plr prliujtl l nhca`ah id prliujtls,
iandrdetds phtrleds id jlcprh, plr puetl id vdeth l zleh odlorènajh, dtj...
Idtdrcaehjaúe id `h D`hstajaihi id `hs Jurvhs id Idcheih6 D` heè`asas id
sdesaga`aihi y `h idtdrcaehjaúe id `h d`hstajaihi id `hs jurvhs id idcheih ds
nueihcdeth` phrh lptacazhr `hs dstrhtdoahs id chrbdtaeo id prliujtls y sdrvajals. D`
heè`asas id sdesaga`aihi jlesastd de dvh`uhr d` jhcgal qud prlvljh `h vhrahjaúe id
ueh id `hs vhrahg`ds slgrd `h jurvh id idcheih6 prdjal id` prliujtl, pug`ajaihi,

prlcljaleds, prdjal id `h jlcpdtdej

jlcpdtdejah,
ah, dtj... De idnaeatavh, jlesastd de idtdrcaehr
`h ‐idravhih– id `h jurvh id idcheih phrh jhih vhrahg`d jlesaidrhih. D` IC
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

pdrcatd dsthg`djdr clid`ls prdiajtavls jlcp`dfls (el `aedh`ds) h phrtar id sdrads id

ihtls mastúrajls, id dsth chedrh pudid aetdrrlohrsd h` clid`l jle vhrahjaleds
sacu`tèedhs id vhrahs vhrahg`ds y jlcprlghr `ls rdsu`thils id dstd idtdrcaehil
‐cax– id vh`lrds6 sacu`hjaúe id dsjdehrals tapl ‐_mht an–.
an –.

Heè`asas id `h Jdsth id `h Jlcprh (‐Chrbdt Ghsbdt Heh`ysas–)6 Jleljdr `ls

phtrleds id jlcprh id `ls prliujtls y su cax de `h ‐jdsth id `h jlcprh– ds
nueihcdeth` phrh idtdjthr prliujtls ‐hsljahils–, ‐sugstatutavls– l
‐jlcp`dcdethrals–. D` IC pdrcatd heh`azhr `hs aetdrrd`hjaleds, odedrheil `ls
pdrna`ds id `hs rd`hjaleds
rd`hjaleds id jlcprh pphrh
hrh jhih prliu
prliujtl
jtl idsdhil
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

>.9.7.>. @ls Zastdchs id Aenlrchjaúe Odlorènajh

Odlorènajh (ZAO)

Mhjd the sú`l uels høls d` slntwhrd ZAO jlcdezhgh su heihiurh jlcl ue
sastdch id aenlrchjaúe
aenlrchjaúe lraoaeh` y sdeja``l de su jjlejdpjaúe,
lejdpjaúe, h `h vd
vdzz qud
rdvl`ujalehral6 ueh sacp`d mdrrhcadeth h clil id mãgrail detrd ueh hp`ajhjaúe id

iagufl y ueh ghsd id ihtls, hcgls id `l chs trhiajaleh`.

@hs pracdrhs rdh`azhjaleds id dstd tapl id sastdchs sd rdoastrhe de `h sdoueih

cathi id `ls høls sdsdeth, acpu`shils praejaph`cdetd plr lroheazhjaleds jle
rdspleshga`aihids de `h odstaúe id rdjursls jle acp`hethjaúe tdrratlrah` (lridehjaúe id`
tdrratlral, rdjursls ehturh`ds, jdesl, idndesh, dtj.). Teh sdrad id jarjuesthejahs, detrd `hs
qud `h jhphjaihi y jlstd id `h tdjel`loãh iaoath` iaspleag`d fudohe ue chrjhil phpd`,
mhjde qud d` idshrrl``l sdh rd`htavhcdetd `detl mhsth `h iájhih id `ls ljmdeth de `h qud,
dspdjah`cdetd
dspdjah`cdetd h` naeh` id `h casch, sd prliujd ueh vdrihidrh dj`lsaúe, thetl de `h lndrth

id prliujtls jlcdrjah`ds
jlcdrjah`ds jlcl de d` rdpdrtlral id èrdh
èrdhss id hp`ajhjaúe id dsth
tdjel`loãh.

Iurhetd `ls høls 1; `ls sastdchs ZAO, jlevdrtails de vdrihidrls sastdchs id

aenlrchjaúe, sd mhe gdednajahil id `ls hvhejds de `ls odstlrds id ghsds id ihtls
rd`hjaleh`ds y id `ls aeajals id `h elrch`azhjaúe id `h aenlrchjaúe jhrtlorènajh iaoath`,
hsã jlcl id `ls prlordsls de dquapls nãsajls, trhiujails nueihcdeth`cdetd de ueh
chylr jhphjaihi id prljdsl y id h`chjdehcadetl.

Te Zastdch id Aenlrchjaúe Odlorènajh ds ue sastdch id aenlrchjaúe jle

jhphjaihids dspdjãnajhs phrh `h jhpturh, cheapu`hjaúe, rdjupdrhjaúe, heè`asas,
rdprdsdethjaúe, dtj., id aenlrchjaúe odlrrdndrdejahih, dstl ds, hqud``h de `h qud `h
plsajaúe dsphjah` ljuphih plr `ls lgfdtls id` cueil rdh` qud sd clid`azhe nlrch phrtd
aemdrdetd id iajmh aenlrchjaúe.

@l cès jhrhjtdrãstajl id ue ZAO ds su jhphjaihi id heh`azhr y odedrhr eudvh

aenlrchjaúe cdiahetd `h cheapu`hjaúe y rdd`hglrhjaúe id ue jlefuetl prdval id ihtls.
Te ZAO ds ghsthetd cès qud ue sastdch id iasdøl hsastail plr lridehilr (JHI/JHC,

Jlcputdr Haidi Idsaoe/Jlcputdr Haidi Cheunhjturaeo), plrqud taded `h jhphjaihi id

rd`hjalehr `ls d`dcdetls orènajls (puetls, `ãedhs, pl`ãolels, dtj.) jle `ls qud trhghfh.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

@hs iandrdejahs jle `ls prlorhchs id jhrtlorhnãh hsastaih plr lridehilr dstraghe
de su plsaga`aihi id chedfhr cès id ue jlefuetl id d`dcdetls orènajls h` cascl
tadcpl y, slgrd tlil, plr `h jhphjaihi id jlestruar eudvls ihtls h phrtar id `ls yh
dxastdetds de `h ghsd id ihtls.

Zle cuy iavdrsls

iavdrsls `hs hp`a
hp`ajhja
jhjaleds
leds id `ls ZAO de `h odstaúe id chrbd
chrbdtaeo
taeo Id
detrd d``hs, sd pudide jathr6

l OdlChrbdtaeo 6 @h ghsd id ihtls ueaih h `h aenlrchjaúe odlorènajh rdsu`th

aeiaspdeshg`d
aeiaspdeshg`d phrh p`heanajhr ueh hidjuhih jhcphøh id chrbdtaeo l d` devãl
id jlrrdl prlcljaleh`.
Hiajaleh`cdetd, sd plirãhe iasdøhr ruths úptachs h sdouar plr
jlcdrjah`ds, dtj.
l Ghejh6 @ls ghejls y jhfhs sle uels gudels usuhrals id ZAO, yh qud
edjdsathe ugajhr h sus j`adetds y p`heanajhr thetl sus jhcphøhs jlcl `h
hpdrturh id eudvhs lnajaehs, aej`uydeil aenlrchjaúe slgrd `hs sujursh`ds id
`h jlcpdtdejah.
l Heè`asas id Wdids6 Dstd ds uel id `ls puetls nudrtds id ue ZAO. Ylil `l qud
sd pudid rdprdsdethr jlcl ueh rdi sd pudid heh`azhr cdiahetd mdrrhcadeths
ZAO. @h hp`ajhjaúe cès jleljaih pudid sdr `h lgtdejaúe id ruths úptachs
phrh d` rdphrtl id cdrjhejãhs y sdouacadetl id n`lths id vdmãju`ls ( jle
iasplsatavls O[Z ).
l
Wdjadetdcdetd mhe vdeail hphrdjadeil hp`ajhjaleds sdeja``hs id
vasuh`azhjaúe y heè`asas id ihtls jle jlcpledetd dsphjah` phrh sastdchs
cajrllridehilrds jle ue jlstd aendralr h ue ZAO. @h idelcaehjaúe mhgatuh`
id dsths hp`ajhjaleds de aeo`ás ds Idsbtlp Chppaeo ( IC ) "Jhrtlorhnãh id
dsjratlral". Hjtuh`cdetd d` IC sd ush nrdjudetdcdetd de idphrthcdetls id
chrbdtaeo, vdeths, iastragujaúe y rdphrtl.
r dphrtl.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

>.4. D` Zdjtlr id Aev

Aevdstaohjaúe
dstaohjaúe Jl
Jlcdrjah`.
cdrjah`.

@h aevdstaohjaúe i cdrjhils ds ueh hjtavaihi djleúcajh jle ueh acplrthejah

jrdjadetd. Detrd TZH y Durlph hghrjhe cès id` =;% id` vl`ucde id edoljal cueiah`
odedrhil plr dsth hjtavaihi, qud sdoöe `ls rdsu`thils id 7;;; h`jhezhghe `ls 8>.49:

ca``leds id durls, jle ue jrdjacadetl acplrthetd de Durlph, ileid ``dohgh h h`jhezhr

thshs supdralrds h` 8;%.

Durls % aejrdc.
7;;; %
(ca``leds) ;;/11
Ylth` cueil 8>.49: 8;; 7;,:
TZH >.97= :1 7>
JDD 4.1>8 :> 8;,?
Ylth` Durlph >.947 :1 88,8
Fhpúe 8.:;1 = :8,:
Wdstl Cueil :>>: 89 7=,9
Nudetd6 DZLCHW, 7;;8

Juhirl >.1.6 D` Cdrjhil id `h Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils.

De Durlph, Wdael Teail y H`dcheah sd satöhe h `h jhgdzh id `h aeiustrah th` y

jlcl sd pudid lgsdrvhr de d` juhirl saouadetd. Dsphøh ljuph d` quaetl `uohr.

[HÃZDZ NHJYTWHJAÚE
(Ca``leds id durls)
Wdael Teail 8.=7:
H`dcheah 8.71;
Nrhejah 14=
Ath`ah 984
Dsphøh 7?:
Ml`heih 77=
Zudjah 77=
Zuazh 88=
Gá`oajh 9=
Hustrah ?1
Nudetd6 DZLCHW, 7;;8.

Juhirl >.8;.6 @h aeiustrah id `h aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils de Durlph de 7;;;

 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

Hdidcl rdh`azh heuh`cdetd ue dstuial slgrd `h aeiustrah id `h aevdstaohjaúe

jlcdrjah` de Dsphøh. @h rdjloaih id aenlrchjaúe sd prliujd h trhvás id ils vãhs. [lr
ueh phrtd, rdvasaúe id nudetds sdjueihrahs6 heuhrals y ihtls mastúrajls prlplrjalehils
plr d` prlpal dstuial. [lr ltrh phrtd, ueh dejudsth plsth` iaraoaih h aestatutls, rdids id
jhcpl y ohgaedtds id dstuials id cdrjhil de Dsphøh. D` ö`tacl dstuial pug`ajhil sd
jlrrdspleid
jlrrdspleid jle `h satuh
satuhjaúe
jaúe id` sdjtl
sdjtlrr de 7;;;
7;;;.. De dstd jhsl, `h dejuds
dejudsth
th plsth` sd
devãl h ue tlth` id 8=> dcprdshs, id `hs juh`ds jletdsthrle 48. D` trhghfl id jhcpl sd
rdh`azú de Hgra` h Fueal id 7;;8. D` ãeiajd id rdspudsth supdrú høls hetdralrds,
rdprdsdetheil d` =7% id `h nhjturhjaúe id` sdjtlr.

@ls rdsu`thils sucaeastrhils plr `ls rdspleidetds cès `hs dstachjaleds id

hqud``ls qud el `l majadrle (pdrl sã `l mhgãhe mdjml de høls hetdralrds) lnrdjde ueh
nhjturhjaúe gruth dstachih id` sdjtlr de d` 7;;; id 91.:9= ca``leds id pdsdths (71>
ca``leds id durls), nrdetd h `ls 9:.?7> ca``leds id 8111. D``l supled ue aejrdcdetl id`

87,=%. Idiujaih `h phrtd sugjletrhthih de Dsphøh y rdh`azhih nudrh, rdsu`th ueh

nhjturhjaúe edth id 99.>?9 ca``leds id pdsdths, jle ue aejrdcdetl slgrd 8111 id` 1%
(de `h naourh >.88 hphrdjd `h dvl`ujaúe id `h nhjturhjaúe idsid 811;).

@h nhjturhjaúe edth id `ls aestatutls rdoastrhils sd d`dvhih id 7;> ca``leds id

8111 h `ls 79; id 7;;;, jle ueh iastragujaúe plr aestatutl de nuejaúe id` eöcdrl id
dcp`dhils, jlrrdspleiadeil d` ?1% h `ls orheids aestatutls (cès id 84 dcp`dhils), d`
87% h `ls cdiahels (> h 87 dcp`dhils) y d` 1% h `ls pdqudøls aestatutl
aestatutls,
s, jle ue 1% id
`h nhjturhjaúe.

De `h iastragujaúe sdoöe `hs cdtlil`loãhs id dstuial jlrrdspleid ue 9>% de

dstuials juhetathtavls (praejaph`cdetd dejudsths pdrsleh`ds, plsth`ds y td`dnúeajhs), ue
:>% de dstuials jletaeuls (praejaph`cdetd phed`ds y dejudsths úceagus) y ue 8=% h
dstuials juh`athtavls (praejaph`cdetd rduealeds id orupl y detrdvasths de prlnueiaihi).
D``l supled ue j`hrl jrdjacadetl, rdspdjtl id 8111, id `ls dstuials juhetathtavls y ue
jadrtl dsthejhcadetl id `ls jletaeuls.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

NHJYTWHJALE EDYH
Dvl`ujaúe

94;;;

; 1; 18 17 1: 19 14 1> 1? 1= 11 k;;
Zdrad8 7>9=; 71>=8 7144> 71=44 :;9>9 :;==8 :78>= :4998 :=787 9;14= 99>?9

Høls

Nudetd6 H`ús, 7;;8.

Naourh >.88.6 Dvl`ujaúe id `h nhjturhjaúe

n hjturhjaúe edth id `h aeiustrah id `h aevdstaohjaúe id
cdrjhils de Dsphøh

D` juhirl saouadetd rdjlod `h dvl`uj

dvl`ujaúe
aúe id `ls ö`tacls høls de `h iastragujaúe
iastragujaúe
id` tapl id tájeajhs. Zd pudid lgsdrvhr júcl `ls dstuials juhetathtavls jlestatuyde jhsa
`h cathi, sdouail id `ls dstuials jletaeuls jle cès id `h tdrjdrh phrtd2 de tdrjdr `uohr
`ls dstuials juh`athtavls. Iajmhs janrhs phrdjde pdrchedjdr dsthg`ds, jle `aodrhs
vhrahjaleds id ue høl h ltrl. De `ls trds ö`tacls høls sd idso`lsh `h jhtdolrãh id ltrls
phrh dvaidejahr `h uta`azhjaúe id eudvhs tájeajhs jlcl d` ‐castdry smlppdr– y `hs
idravhihs id `h uta`azhjaúe id `hs EYA.

IAZYWAGTJAÚE ID%@H NHJYTWHJAÚE

811? 811= 8111 7;;;
(:1.7>7) (9;.1?;) (9:?7>) (91:9=)
Dstuials Juhetathtavls 9> 9> 9: 9>

Dstuials Juh`athtavls 8> 8> 8= 8=

Dstuials Jletaeuls := := :1 :>

Nudetd6 H`ús, 8111, 7;;8 y d`hglrhjaúe prlpah.

Juhirl >.88. Nhjturhjaúe id `h aeiustrah id aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils

 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

De juhetl h` h`jhejd id `hs tájeajhs, plr d` eöcdrl id pdrslehs jlethjthihs phrh

rdjhghr aenlrchjaúe, sd hprdjah ue jlesthetd aejrdcdetl id `hs caschs. De d` ècgatl
juhetathtavl d` eöcdrl id detrdvasths hsjdeiãh de d` høl 7;;; h =.=;=.;;;,
jlrrdspleiadeil ue :=% h pdrsleh`ds, ue 98% h td`dnúeajhs y ue 78% h` rdstl id
cdtlil`loãhs. De d``hs sd hprdjah ue nudrtd aejrdcdetl id `hs detrdvasths td`dnúeajhs
nrdetd h `hs pdrsleh`ds. De d` ècgatl juh`athtavl sd jlethjthrle de d` høl 7;;; h ue tlth`
id 8=;.?4; pdrslehs, h trhvás id 8=.?4; rduealeds id orupl y :;.>?1 detrdvasths de
prlnueiaihi, jle
jle ue jrdjacadetl acplrthetd id ásths rdspdjtl id 81
8111.
11.

[WLITJJALE
811? 811= 8111 7;;; Ian.%
1?/;;
Ds
Dstu
tuia
ials
ls Ju Juhe
heta
tath
thta
tavl
vlss (tlth` =1?= ?=44 =97? ==;= -8,1
detrdvasths ;;;)
 Dejudsths pdrsleh`ds >8,: 94,? 44,? :=,: -:?,4

7=,8 99,7 :;,: 98,7 9>,>

Dejudsths plsth`ds
td`dnúeajhs >,: >,? 9,> >,: ;
 Ltrls6
;,= 8,? 8,8
Cystdry Zmlpdr 8,: 8,; ;,9
Cátlils d`djtrúeajls
Ltrls 9,: 8,9 >,? 87,>
Dstuials Juh`athtavls
 Ylth` pdrslehs jlethjthihs 8489;8 84=4>> 8?9=>1 8=;>?1 81,:
 E¶ Wduealeds id orupl 84:>1 841?9 81;4; 8=?4; 77
 Detrdv. prlnueiaihi/Ltrls ::89? :;??9 779>1 :;>?1 -?,4

Nudetd6 H`ús, 8111-7;;8 y d`hglrhjaúe prlpah.

Juhirl >.87.6 [rliujjale id `h aeiustrah id aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils

[lr ö`tacl, d` dstuial jllriaehil plr H`ls mhjd rdndrdejah h `ls rdjursls
muchels de dsth aeiustrah. Dstach qud ue tlth` id 8=> dcprdshs dcp`dh id nlrch nafh h
:94> pdrslehs (ue 79% cès qud de 811=), `l qud pudid aetdrprdthrsd de su janrh o`lgh`
jlcl rdn`dfl id nusaleds y hiquasajaleds h `h phr qud ueh jadrth rdou`hjaúe id` sdjtlr y
jrdjacadetl ehturh` plr d` hucdetl id `h nhjturhjaúe o`lgh`. D` rhtal nhjturhjaúe plr
dcp`dhil, sae dcghrol, idjrdjd `aodrhcdetd.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

D` aejrdcdetl id` eöcdrl id dcp`dhils nafls ds id` 8?%, sadeil d` prlcdial id

dcp`dhils nafls plr dcprdsh id 8=,>.

@h prlplrjaúe id dcprdshs sdoöe d` eöcdrl id dcp`dhils ds6

E¶ id DC[WDZHZ
iastragujaúe plr dcp`dhils
%
811? 811= 8111 7;;;
Ylth` (8=;) (8?1) (811) (8=>)

Mhsth 4 >9 >: >? 4?

dcp`dhils
Id > h 84 78 78 8= 74
dcp`dhils
Cès id 84 84 8> 84 8=
dcp`dhils
Nudetd6 H`ús, 8111, 7;;8, y d`hglrhjaúe prlpah

Juhirl >.8:.6 Wdjursls muchels id `h aeiustrah id `ls dstuials id cdrjhil

E¶ ID DC[@DHILZ Q
NHJYTWHJALE

811= 8111 7;;;

Ylth` 7?=9 7141 :94>
Nhjturhjaúe cdiah gruth 89,? 89,:
plr dcp`dhil (ea``leds)
(ea``leds)
Nudetd6 H`ús, 8111-7;;8

Juhirl >.89.6 Dvl`ujale id` e¶ id dcp`dhils y nhjturhjaúe cdiah.

@ls juhirls saouadetds cudstrhe d` rhebaeo id nhjturhjaúe id `ls aestatutls id

lpaeaúe h eavd` durlpdl y, de phrtaju`hr, de d` jhsl dsphøl`.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

WHEBAEO AE
AEZYAYTY
YTYLZ DT
DTWL[DLZ
DLZ NHJ
NHJYTWHJAÚE/ 881111
(Ca``leds id durls)
Hj Ead`sde Jlrp. 9==
ACZ Mdh`tm Aej. 9?1
YHQ@LW ED@ZLE ZLNWDZ p`j. 977
Ymd BHEYHW Orlup 9;=
OnB HO :84
ENL _lr`iwaid,
_lr`iwaid, Aej. 81?
A[ZLZ Orlup Z.H. 8?:
Aenlrchtale Wdslurjds, Aej. 88?
Teatdi Aenlrchtale Orlup @ti. 8;>
8; Zhcp`d Aestatut OCGM &Jl. BO 48
Nudetd6 DZLCHW, 7;;;.

Juhirl >.84.6 Aestatutls id aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils de Durlph, rhebaeo id 811=

Idetrl id `h aeiustrah id `h aevdstaohjaú

aevdstaohjaúee jlcdrjah` dxastde ils hsljahjaleds
hsljahjaleds qud
horuphe dcprdshs y prlndsaleh`ds id` sdjtlr6 HDIDCL y HEDACL.

@h pracdrh id d``hs, HDIDCL (Hsljahjaúe Dsphøl`h id Dstuials id Cdrjhil,

Chrbdtaeo y Lpaeaúe) taded detrd sus hjtavaihids cès acplrthetds prlclvdr d` raolr
jadetãnajl id `h aevdstaohjaúe jlcdrjah` hsã jlcl vd`hr plr d` jucp`acadetl id `ls
júiaols átajls prlndsaleh`ds , hsã jlcl `h pug`ajhjaúe id `h rdvasth Aevdstaohjaúe y
Chrbdtaeo y `h lroheazhjaúe id jursls.

@h sdoueih id d``hs HEDACL (Hsljahjaúe Ehjaleh` id Dcprdshs id

Aevdstaohjaúe y id `h Lpaeaúe [ög`ajh) prdtdeid ohrhetazhr `h jh`aihi de `hs
aevdstaohjaleds rdh`azhihs plr sus hsljahils. Dsth hsljahjaúe horuph (sdoöe ihtls id
Fueal id 8111) ue tlth` id 79 dcprdshs id` sdjtlr qud suplede (sdoöe sdøh`h `h prlpah
lroheazhjaúe) ue =;% id `h nhjturhjaúe id` sdjtlr. De Chyl id 8111, HEDACL mh
idshrrl``hil d` DJAC (Dstèeihr iidd Jh`aihi de `h Aevdstaohjaúe
Aevdstaohjaúe Jlcdrjah`). D` DJAC,
id lg`aohil jucp`acadetl phrh `ls sljals id HEDACL, sd aetdorh de d` chrjl id `h
elrch aetdrehjaleh` id Hsdourhcadetl id Jh`aihi TED-DE-AZL 1;;8.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

WHEBAEO AE
AEZYAYTYLZ DZ
DZ[HØL@DZ NHJYTWHJAÚE
(Ca``leds id pts.)
HJ EAD@ZDE 4.147
ACZ MDH@YM :.8;;
IQC [HED@ 7.?8?
A[ZLZ DJL JLEZT@YAEO 7.;1:
ZLNWÁZ HC 8.=4:
H@DN CG 8.?:>
DCDW ONB 8.>;>
ÈWDH AE^DZYAOHJAÚE 8.81;
DWOL 8.8=9
CDYWH ZDAZ 8.8?;
Nudetd6 A[CHWB, 8111.

Juhirl >.8>.6 Aestatutls id aevdstaohjaúe id cdrjhils de Dsphøh, rhebaeo id 811=

De d` ècgatl durlpdl, `h Hsljahjaúe Durlpdh phrh Dstuials id Lpaeaúe y id

Chrbdtaeo
Chrbdtaeo (D
(DZLCH
ZLCHW).
W). Yad
Yaded
ed detrd
detrd sus naeds d` vd`h
vd`hrr plr `ls hspdj
hspdjtls
tls átajls
átajls y `h
`h
jh`aihi id `ls dstuials id aevdstaohjaúe jlcdrjah`. D` júiaol aetdrehjaleh` id prèjtajhs
`doh`ds jrdhil plr DZLCHW y `h Jèchrh id Jlcdrjal Aetdrehjaleh` (JJA) rdnadrd `ls
idrdjmls nueihcdeth`ds id `ls detrdvasthils, `hs lg`aohjaleds prlndsaleh`ds id `ls
aevdstaohilrds,, hsã jlcl `ls idrdjmls y lg`aohjaleds id aevdstaohilrds y j`adetds.
aevdstaohilrds
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

GAG@ALOWHNÃH

HDIDCL (7;;8)6 ‐Aeiustrah id `ls Dstuials id Cdrjhil De Dsphøh de 7;;;–,

Aevdstaohjaúe y Chrbdtaeo, HDIDCL, fueal.
HDIDCL (811=)6 ‐Aeiustrah id `ls dstuials id cdrjhil de Dsphøh de 811?–, Fueal.

H@ÚZ, F.Z. (811>)6

Aevdstaohjaúe "Aeiustrah
y Chrbdtaeo, id `ls
e¶ 98, 99,Dstuials
9=, 4: y id
4>.Cdrjhil de Dsphøh 8114",
HEYLAED, F. (8119)6 ‐Chrbdtaeo rdsdhrjm hei trhaeaeo ae Dddurlpd6 H vadw ln tmd edxt
tde ydhrs–, Flureh` ln Chrbdtaeo Chehodcdet., 8;, =, >=?-?;7.
GHW@DYY, JMWAZYL[M, OMLZMH@ (8114)6 ‐Jmheoaeo tmd rl`d ln tlp
chehodcdet–,
chehodcde t–, Gdylei systdcs tl [dlp`d, MGW, chyl-fueal.
GDWBL_AYV, D. E., BDWAE, W. H. Q WTID@ATZ, _. (81=>)6 ‐Chrbdtaeo–. Yacds
Carrlr / Clsgy Jl``dod [ug`asmaeo. Zt. @luas, Cassslura.
G@HEBDEZMA[ Q GWDD (8117)6–Zthtd ln Hrt ln Chrbdtaeo Wdsdhrjm–, HCH, 8117.
GWQEFL@NZZLE,
GWQEFL@NZZL E, D. (811:)6 ‐Ymd prliujtavaty phrhils ln aenlrchtale tdjmeaquds–,
Jlcccueajhtaless ln tmd HJC, Iajadcgrd, vl`. :>, e¶ 87.
Jlcccueajhtale

JHILOHE, F. _.
Fhwlrsba hei tmd y IAHCHEYL[LT@LZ,
Chrbdt Lradethtale Jlestrujt6 H.Aetdorhtale
(8114)6 "Ehrvdr hei Z`htdr, Blm`a hei
hei Aetdrehtaleh`azhtale",
Aetdrehtaleh`azhtale",
Flureh` ln Ztrhtdoaj Chrbdtaeo, vl`. :, e¶ 8, pèos. 98->;.
JHWCHE, F. (81?:)6 "Le tmd Teavdrsh`aty ln Chrbdtaeo", Jletdcplrhry Gusaedss, 7
(ltløl), pèos. 8-8>.
JMTWJMA@, O.H. (8114)6 ‐Chrbdtaeo Wdsdhrjm6 Cdtmlil`loajh` Nlueihtales–, >ª
Diajaúe, ```aelas, Iryide [rdss.
JLC[TYDW (811>h)6 ‐Ihth whrdmlusd6 ueh hpudsth id nuturl lg`aohih–, Wdv.
Jlcputdr _lr`i, e¶ >>8, hgra`.
JLC[TYDW (811>g)6 ‐Ihth whrdmlusaeo. Id j`adetd id ihtls h rdy id `h
aenlrchjaúe–, Wdv. Jlcputdr _lr`i, e¶ >>8, hgra`.
JWTV WLJMD, `. (81=8)6 "[rú`lol h `h diajaúe dsphøl`h", de @hcgae, F.F. y [ddtdrs, W.
@h odstaúe id Chrbdtaeo de `hs dcprdshs, Chirai6 AJD.
JWTV WLJMD, `. (811;)6 ‐Nueihcde
‐Nueihcdetls
tls id Chrbdtaeo–, Chirai6 Hrad`.
IH_ZLE, @. C. (81=?)6 "H Ymd`dl`loajh` [drspdjtavd ln Chrbdtaeo Zjadejd",
de Wusd`` _. G. y Vh`tche, O. (diat.), HCH _aetdr Diujhtlr's Jlendrdejd,
Jmajhol, HCH, pèos. =8-=4.
IHQ O.Z. (811;)6 ‐Chrbdtaeo Iravde Ztrhtdoy6 [rljdssds nlr Jrdhtaeo ^h`ud–. Edw
Qlrb6 Ymd Nrdd [rdss.
IHQ O.Z. Q _DEZ@DQ, W. (81=:)6 ‐Chrbdtaeo Ymdlry watm h Ztrhtdoaj Lradethtale
Flureh` ln Chrbdtaeo, vl`. 9?, pèos. ?1-=Z.
IHQ, O. Z. (8114)6
( 8114)6 "Hivdethodlus H``ahejds",
H``ahejds", Flureh` ln tmd Hjhidcy ln Chrbdtaeo
Zjadejd", vl`. 7:, e¶ 9, pèos. 71?-:;;.
IDZ[MHEIÁ, W. (81=:)6 ‐[hrhiaocs6 Le Ymdlry hei Cdtmli ae Wdsdhrjm Ae
Chrbdtaeo–. Flureh` ln Chrbdtaeo, vl`. 9?, ltløl, pèos. 8;8-88;.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

IDZ[MHEIÁ, W. Q _DGZYDW, N. (81=1)6 ‐Lroheazhtaleh` Ju`turd hei Chrbdtaeo6

Idnaeaeo tmd Wdsdhrjm Hodeih–, Flureh` ln Chrbdtaeo, vl`. 4:, dedrl, pèos. :-84.
IWTJBDW, [.N. (81=:)6 ‐@h Odrdejah6 Yhrdhs, Wdspleshga`aihids y [rèjtajhs–, 4ª di.,
Gudels Hards6 D` Htdedl.
IT[TAZ, C y YAZZADW-IDZGLWIDZ, D. (811>)6 ‐Yrhid chrbdtaeo hei rdtha`aeo6 h
durlpdhe hpprlhjm–,
hpprlhjm–, Flureh` ln Wdtha`aeo hei Jlesucdrs Zdrvajds, :, 8, 9:-48.
DIODYY, Z. y [HWBAEZLE, Z. (811:)6–Chrbdtaeo nlr sdrvajd aeiustrads rdvadw–,
Zdrvajds Aeiustry Flureh`, 8:, Fu`al, pèos.81-:1.
DZYDGHE YH@HQH, H. (811?)6 ‐[raejapals id Chrbdtaeo–. DZAJ diatlrah`. Chirai. 8ª
diajaúe.
DTWL[H CHEHODCDEY JLEJT@YAEO (811>)6 ‐ @hs Y.A. de `h dcprdsh–. Jaejl
Iãhs, Dstrujturh, Orupl id Dstuials Djleúcajls,, s.h
NDWGDW, W. (81?;)6 "Ymd Dxp`haeaeo Wl`d ln Chrbdtaeo ae tmd 81?;", Flureh` ln
Chrbdtaeo, 9: (dedrl), pèos. 71-:;.
NDWEÈEIDV, H. (811?)6 ‐Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils. Lgtdejaúe id aenlrchjaúe–,
Chirai6 Javaths, 811?.
NAWHY, H. N. y ^DEBHYDZM, H. (811:)6 "[lstclidreaty6 tmd Hod ln Chrbdrtaeo",
Aetdrehtaleh` Flureh` ln Wdsdhrjm ae Chrbdtaeo, vl`. 8;, (:), pèos. 77?-791.
NAZB, W.[., GWL_E, Z._. y GAYEDW, C.F. (811:)6 ‐Yrhjbaeo tmd dvl`utale ln
sdrvajds chrbdtaeo `atdrhturd", Flureh` ln Chrbdtaeo, ^l`.>1, 8, sdp, pèos.>8-
8;:.
NLWI, W. (811;). ‐Chehoaeo rdtha` sdrvajd gusaedss nlr tmd 811;ks6 chrbdtaeo hspdjts.
Durlpdhe Chehodcdet Flureh`, chrzl, >;-?7.
O@HVDW, W. (8118)6 ‐Chrbdtaeo ae he Aenlrchtale-Aetdesavd Devarlecde
Devarlecdet6t6 Ztrhtdoaj
Acp`ajhtales ln Belw`diod hs he Hssdt–, Flureh` ln Chrbdtaeo, vl`. 44, ljtugrd, pèos 8-
81.
OWHEID DZYDGHE, `. (8114)6 ‐Iardjjaúe id ChrBdtaeo6 Nueihcdetls y Zltnwhrd id
hp`ajhjaleds–– Chirai6 CjOrhw-Ma``.
hp`ajhjaleds

OWDDE@DQ,Ztuiads,
Chehodcdet O. D. (8114)6 "Nlrcs
vl`. :7, ln Chrbdt
(8), pèos. 9?->>.Lradethale ae TB Jlcpheads", Flureh` ln
OTAIL, O. (8118)6 ‐Acp`dcdetaeo h phe-durlpdhe chrbdtaechrbdtaeoo strhtdoy–, @leo Wheod
[`heeaeo, 79, 4, 6 77-::.
MHCCDW, C. (811;)6 ‐Wddeoaeddraeo wlrb6 Ilekt hutlchtd lg`arhtd–, Mhrvhri
Gusaedss Wdvadw, fu`al-holstl.
MHWWAZ, O. (8119)6 ‐Aetdrehtaleh` hivdrtasaeo stheihrazhtale6 OHY il tmd
cu`taehtaleh`s hjtuh``y shthheihrazd<–,
shthheihrazd<–, Flureh` ln Aetdrehtaleh`
A etdrehtaleh` Chrbdtaeo, 8, :, ??-=7.
AGC (811>)6 ‐Zl`utale nlr `aebaeo, hjjdsaeo hei chehoaeo cu`tavdeilr, cu`tap`hthnlrc
ihth–. AGC Jlrp.
AECLE, G. (811>)6 ‐Gua`iaeo tmd ihth whrdmlusd–, Di. Flme _a`dy hei Zles, 7ª di.

AECLE, G. (8119)6 ‐Tsaeo tmd ihth whrdmlusd–, Di. Flme _a`dy heZles, 8119.
FHJQEAQJV, L. (811>)6 ‐Zl`ujaúe O`lgh` Ihth _hrdmlusd6 Zastdchs id Aenlrchjaúe
phrh iardjtavls–.
iardjtavls–. [rdsdethjaúe J
JOA
OA Aenlrcètajh.
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

FDTJB, F. (814:)6 "Chrbdtaeo Wdsdhrjm - Ca`dstled lr Ca``stled<", Flureh` ln

Chrbdtaeo 8: (hgra`), pèos. :=7.
BAEEDHW, Y.J. y YHQ@LW, F.W. (811:)6 ‐Aevdstaohjaú
‐Aevdstaohjaúee id Cdrjhils–, Cáxajl6
CjOrhw Ma``.
BLY@DW, [. (81?7)6 "H Odedraj Jlejdpt ln Chrbdtaeo", Flureh` ln Chrbdtaeo :>
(hgra`), pèos. 9>-49.
BLY@DW, [. (81=;)6 ‐[raejapads ln Chrbdtaeo–, Deo`dwlli J`anns6 [rdetajd Mh``.
BLY@DW, [. (81?:)6 –Ymd Chflr Yhsbs ln Chrbdtaeo Chehodcdet–. Flureh` ln
Chrbdtaeo, ljtugrd, pp. 97-91.
BLY@DW, [. (81=4)6 ‐Cdrjhiltdjeah–, Cáxajl6 [rdetajd Mh``.
BLY@DW, [. (81=>)6 "Cdohchrbdtaeo", Mhrvhri Gusaedss Wdvadw (chrzl-hgra`),
pèos. 88?-879.
88?-879.
BLY@DW, [. (8114)6 ‐Chrbdtaeo Chehodcdet–, =ª diajaúe, [rdetajd Mh``.
BLY@DW, [. y @dvy, Z. (81>1h)6 "Grlhideaeo tmd Jlejdpt ln Chrbdtaeo", Flureh` ln
Chrbdtaeo :: (dedrl), pèos. 44-4?.
BLY@DW, [. y @dvy, Z. (81>1g)6 "H Edw Nlrc ln Chrbdtaeo Cylpah6 Wdflaeidr tl
[rlndsslr @ujb", Flureh` ln Chrbdtaeo :: (Fu`al),
( Fu`al), pèos. 44-4?.
BLY@DW, [. y WLGDWYL, D. (81=7)6 ‐Chrbdtaeo Zljah`–, Chirai6 Iãhz id Zhetls.
BLY@DW, [. y VH@YCHE, O. (81?8)6 "Zljah` Chrbdtaeo6 He Hpprlhjm tl [`heedi
Zljah` Jmheod", Flureh` ln Chrbdtaeo :4 (fu`al),
( fu`al), pèos. :-87.
BLY@DW, [.(81??)6 "Nrlc Zh`ds Lgsdssale tl Chrbdtaeo Dnndjtavdedss. Mhrvhri
Gusaedss Wdvadw, elvadcgrd-iajadcgrd, pèos. >?-?4.
BLY@DW, [., JÈCHWH, I., OWHEID, A. (8114)6 ‐Iardjjaúe id Chrbdtaeo–.
[rdetajd Mh``. =ª diajaúe.
@HIL, E, (8114)6 "Yapls dstrhtáoajls, Lradethjaúe h` Cdrjhil y Wdsu`thils
Djleúcajls", Ydsas Iljtlrh`, Idphrthcdetl id Naehejahjaúe d
Aevdstaohjaúe Jlcdrjah`, Teavdrsaihi Hutúelch id Chirai.
@HCGAE (8111)6 "Eudvls tdchs id Chrbdtaeo Dstrhtáoajl Durlpdl". 8dr. Jleordsl id
Chrbdtaeo Aetdrehjaleh`, Chirai. (Wdjloail de CB, Chrbdtaeo y ^deths, e¶ 8;,
Ljtugrd).
@HCGAE, F.F y [DDYDWZ W. (81=8)6 ‐@h odstaúe id` chrbdtaeo id `hs dcprdshs–
Heè`asas. Diatlrah` AJD, Chirai.
@HCGAE, F.F. (8114)6 ‐Chrbdtaeo Dstrhtáoajl.– Cj Orhw Ma``, :¶ diajaúe. Chirai.
@D^AY, Y. (81=:)6 ‐Ymd o`lgh`azhtale ln chrbdts–, Mhrvhri Gussaedss Wdvadw,
vl`.>8,e¶:, 17-8;7..
@D^AYY, Y. (81>;)6 "Chrbdtaeo Cylpah", Mhrvhri Gusaedss Wdvadw (Fu`al-Holstl),
pèos. 94-9>.
@D^Q, Z. y VH@YCHE, O. (81?4)6 ‐Chrbdtaeo hei Jlen`ajt ae Zljadty–, Deo`dwlli
J`anns6 [rdetajd Mh``.
@QEJM, W. (8117)6 ‐Durlpdhe chrbdtaeo6 H ouaid tl tmd edw lpplrtueatads @leile
Blohe [hod @ti
 Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils A6 Aetrliujjaúe
[rln. Flsá Zhetahol Cdrael

CH@MLYWH, E. (811?)6–Aevdstaohjale id Cdrjhils6 ue denlqud hp`ajhil–, [rdetajd

Mh``.
CHWALE, O. (81==)6 "Jletrd `d [rlvaejah`asc iu Chrbdtaeo Yrhiataleh`", Wdvud
Nrhejhasd iu Odstale >=, pèos. 881-878.
CHWYÃE HWCHWAL, D. (811:), ‐Chrbdtaeo– Ghrjd`leh6 Hrad`
CHWYDWZLE, W. (81=?). ‐As stheihrazhtale ln chrbdtaeo ndhsag`d ae ju`turd-gluei
aeiustrads<–6 H durlpdhe jhsd stuiy–, Aetdrehtaleh` chrbdtaeo rdvadw, 9,:, ?-8?.
CJBDEEH W. (8118)6 ‐D` eudvl jlejdptl id chrbdtaeo6 chrbdtaeo ds tlil–. .
Mhrvhri Idustl Gusaedss Wdvadw, 9¶ Yracdstrd, pèos. 74-:=.
CAXTD@, Z.(8119)6 ‐Aetrliujjaúe h` Chrbdtaeo–. Cjorhw Ma``, Chirai.
[HWHZTWHCHE, H. (81=>)6 ‐Chrbdtaeo Wdsdhrjm–, Hiiasle-_ds`dy, Wdhiaeo,
Chsshjmusdtts.
[DYDWZ, Y.(81==)6 ‐Ymravaeo le jmhls–. Chjca``he, @leirds.
ZHDV ^HJHZ, N. (811>)6 ‐ Eudvls phrhiaoch
phrhiaochss dcprdshrah`ds y tdjel`úoajls.
Aeelvhjaúe, clid`ls sljaltájeajls
sljaltájeajls y orlupwhrd–, Wdvasth Yd`ls, e¶ 99.
ZÈEJMDV OTVCÈE, F.W. (8114)6 ‐Chrbdtaeo. Jlejdptls gèsajls y jlesaidrhjaleds
nueihcdeth`ds–.
nueihcdeth`ds–. Cj Orhw Ma``, Chirai.
ZHEYDZCHZDZ, C. (8117)6 ‐Chrbdtaeo, Jlejdptls y Dstrhtdoahs–. [arècaid, 7¶
diajaúe, Chirai.
ZHWH^AH ZÈEJMDV , N.F. (jllri.) (8111)6 ‐Cdtlil`loãh phrh `h aevdstaohjaúe de
Chrbdtaeo y de Iardjjaúe id Dcprdshs–. [arècaid.
ZD@@YAV, J.6 ‐Cátlils id Aevdstaohjaúe de `hs Wd`hjaleds Zljah`ds–. WAH@[, Chirai,
81?>.
Z[DEJD, M. Q CLAE[LTW, W. (81?7)6 "Ndhr Hppdh`s ae Chrbdtaeo6 H Zljah`
[drspdjtavd",
[drspdjtavd", Flureh` ln
ZYHEYLE O.Q NTYWD@@ J. (81=1)6 ‐Nueihcdetls id cdrjhiltdjeah–, =¶
diajaúe, CjOrhw-Ma``, Cáxajl.
ZYHEYLE, _.F. (81=;)6 ‐D`dcdetls id Chrbdtaeo–, Cáxajl6 CjOrhw-Ma``
ZYWTZD, I.(7;;;)6 Chsrbdtaeo Wdsdhrjmks tlp 74 aen`udejds. Chrbdtaeo Wdsdhrjm.
Jmajhol, 8111-7;;;, p. 8-7.
ZYLED, E. (81=1)6 ‐Ymd o`lgh`azhtale ln Durlpd– Mhrvhri Gusaeeds Wdvadw, >?, :
p. 1;-14.
^AJDEZ,F. (8114)6 ‐@h Aevdstaohjaúe id Cdrjhils de `h Dcprdsh Dsphøl`h–, Aestatutl
@.W.B`dae, Teavdrsaihi Hutúelch id Chirai.
_ADWDEOH, G y vhe GWTOODE, O.M. (811?)6 ‐Ymd aetdorhtale ln chrbdtaeo
prlg`dc-sl`vaeo clids
clids hei chrbdtaeo
chrbdtaeo chehodcd
chehodcdetet supplrt systdc
systdc,, Flureh` ln
Chrbdtaeo, vl`. >8, fu`al, 78-7:.
VAEIDW, @.G.2 GHWFHE, _. Q _HYY, F. (8118)6 ‐–Hivdrtasaeo hei jlrss ju`turh`
jlevdrodejdd ae Durlpd, 814:-81=;), Durlpdh
jlevdrodej Durlpdhee Flureh` ln Jlccueajhtale,
Jlccueajhtale, vl`. >, e¶ 9,
998-9>=.