Algebra (1) The earlier of these was based on the initial letters of the

names of numbers: For Example:

Algebra is the branch mathematics in which symbols (usually
letters) represent unknown numbers in mathematical equations.
One of the earliest mathematical concepts was to represent a
number by a symbol and to represent rules for manipulating 5 Letter pi
numbers in symbolic form as equations 10 Letter delta
100 Letter H
The number and its classifications 1000 Letter chi
10,000 Letter mu
A number is an entity describing the quantity or position of a
(2) The later system, which was first introduced about the 3rd
mathematical object or extension of these concepts. In general,
century B.C., employed all the letters of the Greek alphabet
numbers can be classified as either cardinal or ordinal.
plus three letters borrowed from the Phoenician alphabet
Cardinal Numbers described the size or quantity of the collections as number symbols.
of objects. In physics, these are used to describe the magnitude of - The first nine letters of the alphabet were used for the
any physical measurable quantity. Examples of which are: 1, 2, number 1 to 9
3 ...10…100……100000 or can even be generalized to infinity. - The second nine letters for the tens from 10 – 90.
- The last nine letters for the hundreds from 100-900.
Ordinal Number refers to the position relative to an ordering. These
are actually used to describe the order or arrangement such as first The Roman numeral
second, third etc.
The system of number symbols created by the Romans written in
Numerals and its Timeline Latin alphabet has the merit of expressing all numbers from 1 to
1,000,000 with a total of seven symbols:
Numerals are signs or symbols for graphic representation of
numbers. I=1 X = 10 C = 100 M = 1000
V=5 L = 50 D = 500
The Ancient Greek Numerals

There were two parallel systems of numeral used in the ancient The Arabic Numerals
Greeks
 Comple
The numeral notation which is commonly used in most parts of the x
world today is the Arabic system. The Hindus were the first to Numbe
develop the system and was in used in India in the 3rd century B.C. rs Imagin
the Hindus numeral system was probably introduced into the Arab Real
ary
Numbe
world about the 7th or 8th century A.D. and believed to be modified Numbe
rs
and called Hindu-Arabic numerals. The first recorded use of the Irration Rationa rs
system was in 976 AD in Europe. al l
Numbe Numbe
The Hindu Arabic numerals are to be written in digit-form; as 0, 1, 2, r rs
5, 7, if taken singly, and can also be used in combination such as 12, Integer Non
57, 70, 500...1000... s Integers
Terminating &
The Number System Infinitely repeating
Negativ Positiv Decimals
The number system is the tree diagram showing the classifications e e
Numbe Zero
of numbers. Numbe
rs rs
Prime Composi
te

The Complex Numbers

Complex number is the sum of real and imaginary numbers. It is

expressed in “a + b I”. where “a” is the real part and “b” is the
imaginary part. The symbol “I” for imaginary was introduced by the
Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler which has numerical
equivalent of √ −i. In Advanced Mathematics, it is more convenient
to use “j” instead of “I” for it confuses us with the current “I” in
electrical circuits.

The Real and Imaginary Parts

A complex number whose imaginary part is zero is called Real and if
the real part is zero then it is called Pure Imaginary.
Rational Numbers
The word rational is taken from the word ratio. In general, any
number that can be expressed as ratio (or quotient) of two integers
“p” to “q” (or P/q) such that “q” cannot be zero is called rational
number. Here are some examples of rational numbers:
½, 0.25, -5, 0.1111....
As shown, ½ is rational for it is obviously expressed as quotient of
two integers (or whole numbers). All fractions are rational numbers.
The number 0.25 is also rational since it is convertible into fraction
of ¼. The number -5 is also rational because it can be written as (-
5/1) and it follows the definition of “p/q”. All whose number
whether positive or negative is rational. The number 0.1111... is also
rational for it is convertible into fraction 1/9. There are only two
types of decimals convertible into fractions:
First, terminating decimals like 0.25 actually, it terminates after 5
and it is being followed by so many zeros which do not affect the
value.
Second, infinitely repeating like 0.1111..., 0.333, 0.123123..., are
also convertible into fraction and all fractions are rational
Irrational Numbers – are the number that cannot be expressed into
ratio of two integers. The first known irrational number is √ 2.
Properties of Real Number – are simply rules where many of which
are axioms (assumptions), and theorems (consequences of these
assumption) that are to be followed in working with mathematical
expressions or equations.
Integer is a real number which is either a counting number, or 0, or
the negative of a counting number. A positive integer is called
composite if it is different from 1 and can be expressed as the
produce of two or more positive integers different from itself. A
positive integer is called prime if it is different from 1 and is not
composite. Two integers are said to be relatively prime if they have
no common prime factors, so that eh only factor they have in
common are 1 and -1.
Algebraic Expressions
Any combination of symbols and numbers related by the
fundamental operations of algebra is called an algebraic expression.
If the expressions consist of just one term, it is called monomial. If it
consists of two terms, it is called binomial. If more than two, it is
called multinomial.
Rules in Equality
- Commutative Property of Addition:
a+b=b+a
- Commutative Property of Multiplication
axb=bxa
- Associative Property of Addition
a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
- Associative Property of Multiplication
a(b c) = (a b) c
- Left Distributive Property
a (b + c) = ab + ac
 - Right Distributive Property 2. Briggsian Logarithm is also known as Common Logarithm
(a + b)c = ac + bc that uses 10 as the base. It was introduced by Henry Briggs
- Additive Identity Property in 1616. The abbreviation “log” is understood as “log10”.
a+0=a
- Multiplicative Identity Property Properties of Common and Natural Logarithms
a(1) = a
- Additive Inverse Property
a + (-a) = 0
- Multiplicative Inverse Property

a ( 1a )=1 where: a ≠ 0

Logarithm

The word logarithm was taken from two Greek words “logus” which
means ratio and “arithmus” which means number. It was first
introduced by john Napier and then by Henry Briggs. In modern
mathematics, the logarithm of a number is the exponent to which
the base must be raised to obtain the number.
- Relation of Common logarithm to Natural logarithm:
N=b
2
¿ x=0.4343 log x
log x=2.0302∈ x
x=log b N - The Euler’s number “e”:

( )
n
Types of Logarithm: 1
e=lim 1+ =2.718 …
x→ ∞ n
1. Napierian logarithm is the logarithm whose base is the Note:
Euler number “e”. It is abbreviated as “In” which means - No real logarithm for negative numbers.
“loge” and was introduced by John Napier in 1610. The - The logarithm of negative number are complex or
other name given to Napierian logarithm is Natural imaginary.
Logarithm. - The logarithm of 1 to any base is always zero.
 - The logarithm of 0 is negative infinity if the base is x 6− y 6 =( x− y ) ( x + y ) ( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) (x 2−xy + y 2)
greater than 1.
- The logarithm of 0 is positive infinity if the base is x 4 + x 2 + y 2+ y 4= ( x 2+ xy + y 2 ) ( x 2−xy + y 2 )
greater than zero but less than 1.
x 4 + 4 y 4 =( x 2+ 2 xy +2 y 2 ) ( x 2−xy + y 2 )
Special Products
Law of Exponents
1. a(x + y) = ax + ay
2. (x + y)(x – y) = x2 – y2 1. aman = am+n
m
3. (x±y)2 = x2 ± 2xy + y2 a m−n
2. =a
4. (x + a)(x + b) = x2 + (a + b)(x + ab a
n

5. (ax +b)(cx + d) = acx2 + (ad + bc)x + bd 3. (am)n = amn

6. (x± y)3x3 ± 3x2y + 3xy2 ± y3 4. (ab)n = anbn
7. (x±y)(x2 ± xy + y2) = x3 ± y3
()
n n
a a
5. = n
b b
Factoring
Law of Radicals
a ( x + y )=ax+ ay
2
x ± 2 xy+ y =¿
2 1. √n an =a
2. √n ab=√n a √n b

√
3 2 2 3
x ± 3 x y +3 x y ± y =¿ n a √
n
a
3. =n
2 b √b
x ( a+b ) x +ab=( x+ a ) ( x+ b )
4. √ √ a=mn√ a
m n

2 2
x − y =( x− y )( x + y )
Law of logarithms
x 3 ± y 3= ( x ± y ) ( x 2 ± xy + y 2 ) 1. LogbMN = logbM + logbN
4 4 2 2 M
x − y = ( x − y )( x + y ) ( x + y ) 2. log b =log b M −log b N
N
5 5 4 3
x ± y = ( x ± y ) (x ± x y+ x y ± xy + y )
2 2 3 4 3. LogbMN = N logbM
Important Properties

1. a⁰ = 1 provided a ≠ 0 The Common Factor

−n 1
2. a = n A common factor of two or more counting numbers is a counting
a
m number which is a factor each of the given number. The set of
3. a n =√ a =( √n a )
n m m
common factors of the two numbers is the intersection of these two
4. a
log a b
=b or e
Inb
=b sets.
m n
5. a = a implies that m = n
The Greatest Common Factor
6. logb M = N implies that M = bN
7. logb M = logbN implies that M = N The greatest common factor or GCF of two or more numbers is the
log b N largest counting number which is a factor each of the given number.
8. log a N =
log b M
Multiple of a Number
9. Logbb = 1 provided b > 0, b ≠1
10. Logb1 = 0 provided b > 0, b ≠ 1 The multiple of a number is the product that the number gives
when multiplied by a counting or natural number.
a c
Basic Proportion =
b d Least Common Multiple

Transformation by transformed form The least Common Multiple or LCM of two or more counting
numbers is the smallest counting number which is a multiple of
a b
Alternation = each of the given numbers.
c d
Relation
b d
Inversion =
d c Is a set of ordered pairs the domain is the set of all abscissas of the
a+b c +d ordered pairs. The range is the set of all ordinates of the ordered
Addition = pairs.
b d

a−b c−d Function

Subtraction =
b d
Is a relation in which each element of the domain is paired with Pascal’s Triangle Binomial Expansion
exactly one element in the range. A function from x to y is set of
ordered pairs (x, y) such that to each x ε X, there corresponds a 1
1 1
unique y ε Y. We may, therefore, use the set notation to describe 2
1 1
the function: 3 3
1 1
4 6 4
{(x , y)/y = f(x)} 1 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
Linear Function
Note: this triangular array of numbers is called Pascal’s triangle.
A first degree function of two variables, written in standard form as: Each row gives the binomial coefficients. Such that, the row 1 2 1
y = ax + b where a and b are constants. are the coefficients of (x + y)2. The next row 1 3 3 1, are the
coefficient of (x + y)3; and so on. To construct the triangle, write 1,
Simultaneous Linear Equations
and below it write 1 1. Begin and end each successive row with 1. To
The equations in the form: a1x + b1y = c1, a2x + b2y + c2 are called construct the intervening numbers, add the two numbers
simultaneous linear equations. immediately above.

Solution to simultaneous linear equations: Properties of Binomial theorem

- Substitution In the expansion of (x + y)n

- Elimination
- The first term is xn
Binomial Expansion - The last term is yn
- The exponent of x decreases by 1
In the expansion (x + y)n the coefficient of the expansion can be - The exponent of y increases by 1
obtained by using the Pascal’s triangle. - The sum of exponents of each term is n
- The number of terms is n + 1
- The coefficient of symmetrical terms are equal

Binomial Formula

AB
D=
C+ 1
Where: A = is the coefficient of previous term, B = is the exponent of - Infinite Geometric Progression
x of previous term, C = is the exponent of y of previous term, D = is - Harmonic Progression
the coefficient of next term.
Arithmetic Progression is a sequence of numbers called terms, each
r
Term involving y : of which, after the first term is derived from the preceding one by
adding to it a fixed number called the common difference
r n−r r
y term=n C r x y
- The nth term of A.P.
n! a n=a1 ( n−1 ) d
Where: n C r=
( n−r ) ! r ! a n=a m+ ( n−m) d
Finding the rth term: - Sum of A.P.
n
th n−r+1 r−1 S= ( a1 + an )
r term=nC r−1 ( x ) ( y) 2
n
Sum of Exponents
S= [2 a1 + ( n−1 ) d]
2
- Common Difference of A.P
S=n(n+1)
d=a2−a1 or d =an−an−1
Sum of Coefficients - Relation between terms:
a 3−a2 =a2−a1
S=¿ - Arithmetic Mean:
If the second term is constant k: a 1 + a3
Am =a2=
2
S=¿ a1 +a2 +a 3 … an
Am =
n
Progression is the sequence of numbers called terms, each of
Where: an is the nth term, S = the sum of the terms, n =
which, after the first is derived from the preceding one.
is the numbers of terms, am = is the mth term, d = the
Types of Progression common difference, Am = is the arithmetic mean

- Arithmetic Progression
- Geometric Progression
Geometric Progression is a sequence of numbers called terms, each Harmonic Progression (HP) is a sequence of numbers called terms in
of which, after the first is obtained by multiplying the preceding which the reciprocals form an Arithmetic Progression. Example ½, ¼,
term by a fixed number called the common ratio. 1/6, 1/8, ...

- The nth term of G.P. Principle of Counting

n−1
a n=a1 r
n−m
1. Simultaneous or Successive Events
a n=a m r If the first event can occur in “h” ways and if after its
- Sum of G.P. occurrence or at the same time another event can occur in
(1−r ¿¿ n) “k” ways, then the two events will happen in h x k different
S=a1 → for r<1.0 ¿
1−r ways.
(r ¿¿ n−1) 2. Mutually Exclusive Events
S=a1 → for r>1.0 ¿
r−1 If the first event can occur in “h” ways and another event
- Common ratio of G.P can occur in “k” ways, if the two events are mutually
a2 a 3 an exclusive, then one or the other event can occur h + k
r= = =
a1 a 2 a n−1 different ways.
- Relation between terms
Arrangements
a3 a2
=
a2 a1 If things are selected then it can be arranged in an orderly manner
- Geometric mean: or arrange them by group. In mathematics, arrangements can be
GM =a2= √ a1 ∙ a3 classified as either permutation or combination.
GM =√ a1 ∙ a 2 ∙ a3 ∙ … an
n
Permutation is an ordered arrangement of any element of a set.
Infinite Geometric Progression is a geometric progression that - The permutations of n different things taken r at a time
approaches infinity. is:
a1 n!
n Pr =
S∞ = ( n−r ) !
1−r
- The permutations of n different things taken n at a time
Note: when: r< 1 and n approaches infinity the value of r n
is:
approaches zero. The above equation is derived from G.P. of r < 1.0.
 n! - The permutations of n different things taken n at a time
n P n= =n !
( n−n ) ! is:
- Permutation of n objects with some alike: The n!
n C n= =1
permutation of n object taken n at a time where q are ( n−n ) ! n!
alike, r are alike, s are alike... - The number of combination of n objects taken 1, 2,3, ...
n! n at a time.
n P n=
p!q! s!… n C n=n C 1+ nC 2 +n C3 + …+n Cn
If taken r at time where there are q, r, s, alike also... Alternate Formula:
n! n
n C 1∨2∨3 … n=2 −1
n Pr =
( n−r ) ! p ! q ! s ! …
- Circular Permutations The Relation between Permutation and Combination
There are two cases of circular-permutations
In the arrangements of objects taken r at a time, the ordered
(a) If clockwise and anti-clock-wise orders are different,
arrangement is related to grouping arrangements as shown:
then total number of circular permutations is given
by (n-1)! n Pr
n!
n Pn= ( n−1 ) ! n C r= n C r=
( n−r ) ! r ! r!
(b) If clock-wise and anti-clock-wise orders are taken as
not different, the total number of cyclic or ring Theory of Sets
permutation with reflection symmetry such as
Set is any defined collection of elements, class, things or objects.
bracelets and necklaces is given by:
( n−1 ) ! Basic Set Operations:
n P n=
2!
- Union: the union of sets A and B is the set of all
Combination is a grouping arrangement of any element of a set. elements which belong to A or to b or to both.
Example:
- The combination of n different things taken r at a time
A = {j, a, m}
is:
B = { m, a, n}
n!
n C r= Then A ∪ B = \{m, a, j, n\}
( n−r ) ! r !
- Intersection: the intersection of sets A and B is the set
of elements which belongs to A and also belongs to B
 Example: - General Quadratic Equation:
A = {j, a, m} 2
Ax + Bx+C=0
B = { m, a, n} - Quadratic Formula: (solving for the roots)
Then A ∩ B = \{m, a,\} −B ± √ B 2−4 AC
- Difference: the difference of two sets A and B is the set x=
2A
of elements which belong to A but which do not belong - Nature of Roots:
to B. 2
B -4AC=0, roots are real and equal
Example: 2
B -4AC>0, roots are real and unequal
A = {j, a, m} 2
B -4AC<0, roots are imaginary or complex
B = { m, a, n}
- Sum of Roots:
Then A – B {j}, B – A {n}
−B
- Complement: the complement of a set A is the set of x1+ x2=
A
elements which do not belong to A, that is; the
- Product of Roots:
difference between universal set A.
C
A = {2, 4, 6, 8, ...} x1 x2=
A
Then A⁰ = {1, 3, 5, 7, ...}
- One root is a negative of the other:
Venn – Euler Diagram of Sets: If x2 = -x1, then B = 0

Cubic Equation: (Cardan’s Method)

A Union B A Intersection B:
- General Cubic Equation:
A B A B 3 2
x + ax +bx+c=0
- Solutions to cubic Equation:
1
A difference B: A Complement: x1= S + T – a
3
-B
1 1 i√3
x2 = - (S + T) - a + (S - T)
A B A B 2 3 2
x 3 = - (S + T) - a - √ (S - T)
1 1 i 3
2 3 2
Quadratic Equation:
Where: x 1 x 2 + x 2 x 3 + x 1 x 3=b

S= √ R+ √Q3 + R2 T= √ R−√ Q3 + R2
3 3
Quartic Equation (Ferrari’s Method)

3 b−a
2
9 ab−27 c−2 a
3 - General Quartic method
Q= R= 4 3 2
9 54 x + ax +bx +cx + d=0
- Solution to quartic equation:
- Nature of Roots: Reduce the general Quartic equation to cubic equation
The discriminant (D) is: then; use Cardan’s Method
D = Q3 + R2
y 3−by 2+ ( ac−4 d ) y + ( 4 bd−c 2−a2 d )=0
If; D = 0 (all roots are equal and at least two are equal)
Then; solving for the roots:
If; D < 0 (all roots are real and unequal)
If; D > 0 (one root is real and two complex conjugate) 1
2
x+ ( a ± √ a2−4 b+ 4 y ) x + 1 ( y ± √ y 2−4 d ) =0
2 2

- Solutions if D < 0: - Sum of roots:

θ - x 1+ x2 + x 3 + x 4=−a
x 1=2 √−Q cos - Products of Roots:
3
x 1 x 2 x 3 x 4=−d
(θ
x 2=2 √−Qcos + 120°
3 ) - Sum of successive products of two roots:
x 1 x 2 + x 2 x 3 + x 3 x 4 + x 4 x 1+ x1 x 3+ x 2 x 4=b
x =2 √−Qcos ( +240 ° )
θ
3
3 - Sum of successive products of three roots:
x 1 x 2 x 3 + x 2 x 3 x 4 + x 1 x 2 x 4 + x 1 x3 x 4=−c
−R
Where: cos θ Theory of Equations:
√−Q3
- Sum of roots: - Factor theorem:
x 1+ x2 + x 3=−a If (x – r) is a factor of f(x), then r is a root of f(x) = 0
- Remainder theorem:
- Product of roots:
If f(x) is divided by (x – r), the remainder is f(r).
x 1 x 2 x 3=−c
- Sum of successive products of two roots: Homogeneous System of Equations:
 - If the variable terms have the same degree; the let y = - Joint Proportion
vx a c e g ae cg
If = ; and = ; then =
b d f h bf d h
Proportion: is a statement of equality between two ratios
Variation:
a c
a :b=c :d∨ =
b d - Direct Variation (y a x)
The following expressions are usually used for direct
Where: b and c are means, a and d are extremes variation:
Properties of Proportions: 1. Y is directly proportional to x
2. Y is proportional to x
- The product of the extremes equals the product of the 3. Y varies directly as x
means: 4. Y varies as x
a c In equation: y = kx
If = ; then ad=bc
b d
- Proportion by Inversion: - ( 1x )
Inverse variation y a
a c b d 1. Y is inversely proportional to x
if = ; then =
b d a c 2. Y varies inversely as x
- Proportion by alternation:
-
a c a b
In equation: y=k ( 1x )= kx
If = ; then = x
b d c d - Joint Variation (z α xy or z α )
y
- Proportion by Composition:
1. Z varies jointly as x and y
a c a+ b c+ d
If = ; then = In equation: z = kxy
b d b d
2. Z varies directly as x and inversely as y
- Proportion by division
a c
If = ; then
b d
a−b c−d
b
=
d
In equation: z=k ( xy )= kxy
- Proportion by composition and division Inequalities:
a c a+b c +d
If = ; then =
b d a−b c−d Theorems on Inequalities:
 A>b If a – b > 0 Hint: It’s better to assume the present age to be the reference and
A<b If a – b < 0 just use positive/plus (+) if the age referred by the problem is future
If a > Then a + c > b + c and minus/negative (-); if age referred to is past
b
If a > Then a – c > b – c  Work problems:
b Case 1: total man-hr to complete work = Sum of unit man-
If a > Then ac > bc for c > 0 hr.
b
Example:
If a > Then ac < bc for c < 0
b 1750 man –hr to build a house = 1,100 man-hr civil works +
If a > a b 650 man-hr electrical and mechanical work.
Then > for c > 0
b c c
If a > a b Case 2: sum of unit work = total unit work.
b Then < for c < 0
c c 1 1 1 1 1
+ + +… =
t1 t 2 t 3 tn T
Where: t1, t2, t3, tn = the time that worker 1, 2, 3, ... each
Problem Application to Algebraic Equations
can do the job along. T= the total time that worker can
 Age Problems finish the job if all of them work together.
Modifiers of time for classification of ages:
1. Past age – was, were, ago, last, yesteryear.... and verbs Case 3: Work (Unit work) time of work done:
in the past tense
2. Present Age – is are, am, now, being ... and verbs in [ 1 1 1
] [
1 1 1
+ + + … t A + + + + … t B=1
t 1 t 2 t3 tx t y tz ]
present tense Where: tA is the time where; 1, 2, & 3 work together, tB is
3. Future age – will, shall, be, further, hence... and verbs the time where; x, y, & z work together
in future tense  Mixture Problems:
- No. of years passed by = Preset Age – Past Age
x y z
- No. of years to come = Future Age – Present Age
- Other modifiers of time: + =
10 years = decade 50 years = golden A B C
20 years = score 75 years = diamond By: Quantity Analysis: A + B = C
25 years = silver 100 years = century or centennial By: Composition Analysis: Ax + By = Cz
 Where: A, B & C are numbers of quantities by volume or
weight. X, y & z are the unit cost or fractional parts
V1
 Clock problems: Basis of Analysis:
Traveling with the
X = no. of minute spaces the minute hand will rotate around wind
the clock. V total = V1 – V2
win
d V2
x
1 V1
1 1 win
1 1 2 2 V2
d
90 3 For every x travel of the
minute hand: Traveling against the
8 4 wind
7 5 Hour hand = x/12 minute
6 spaces second hand = 60x V total = V1 – V2

Other modifiers of the position of hands of the clock  Cost and Investment:
Capital + Profit = Selling Price – Discount
Hands at 90 degrees = 15 minutes spaces Where: Profit = % of capital, Discount = % of selling Price

Hands opposite each other = 30 minute spaces

 Digit Number
 Rate Problems: (Uniform motion) For : 2 digit number
Uniform motion: (No acceleration) 10t + u = original number
Distance (S) = Velocity (V) x Time (t) 10u + t = reversed number
For: 3 digit number
V V
100h + 10t + u = original number
100u + 10t + h = reversed number
Where: u is the unit digit, t is the ten’s digit, h is the hundred’s
S
digit
- Uniform Motion: (velocity Combination)  Diophantine Equations:
 When the number of equations is less than the number of a. 4xy2 + 6x2 – 12y/x
unknowns then the equation are called as “Diophantine b. 4xy2 + 8x2-11y/x
Equations”. c. 4xy2+6x2-10y/x
d. 5xy2+6x2 – 12y/x
8. Find k such that x-3 is a factor of kx3 – 6x2 + 2kx – 12.
Problem: a. 2 b. -2
1. For any number x and y, if x = y and y = x this is known as c. 3 d. -3
3 2
a. Symmetry for equality 9. If x + 3x + (K + 5)x + 2 – K is divided by x + 1 and the
b. associative law for addition remainder is 3, then the value of K is
c. commutative law for addition a. -2 b. -4
d. transitivity for equality c. -3 d. -5
2. The law that states (x + y)b = xb + yb; 10. Find the remainder if the polynomial x6 – 3x4 + 5x3 + 7 is
a. Distributive law b. associative law divided by x + 1.
c. commutative law d. law of equality a. 0 b. -10
3. 5 and 11 are examples of what kind of integers? c. 7 d. 10
a. Prime b. composite 11. Find k such that x – 3 is a factor of kx3 – 6x2 + 2kx – 12.
c. relative prime d. relatively composite a. 2 b. 3
4. Find the sum of (2x – 3y + 5) and x + 2y – 1) c. 4 d. 5
a. 3x – y + 4 b. 3x + y + 4 12. When (x + 3)(x – 4)+4 is divided by x – k, the remainder is k.
c. 3x + y – 4 d. -3x + y – 4 Find the value of k.
5. Find the product of (2x – 3y) and (3x + 4y). a. 4 or -2 b. 2 or -4
a. 6x2 – xy – 12y2 b. 6x – xy + 12y c. -4 or 2 d. -4 or 2
3
2
c. 6x + xy – 12y d. 6x – xy + 12y2 13. Factor the expression x + 8 as completely as possible.
6. Find the product of (x2 – 2y2 + xy) and (2x – y) a. (x – 2)(x2 + 2x + 4)
a. 2x3 – 5xy2 + yx2 + 2y3 b. (x + 4) (x2 + 2x + 2)
b. 2x3 – 5xy2 +6xy + 12y2 c. c. (x + 4)(x2 + 2x + 2)
c. 2x3 – 5xy2 + yx2+6y3 d. (x + 2)(x2 – 2x + 4)
d. 2x3 – 9xy2 + yx2 + 2y3 14. Simplify 3x – 3x-1 – 3x-2.
a. 5x3x-2 b. 33x-3
7. Find the quotient of 12x3y4 + 18x4y2-36xy3 and 3x2y2. c. 25x3x-2 d. 3x3x
15. Simplify ( √ 15 ax 3 )( √ 45 a2 xy 3 ) 7 while the second student made an error in the first
a. 15 a x 2 √ 3 ay degree term and gave the rots as 2 and 16. If you were the
check their solutions, the right equation is:
b. 225 a x 2 y √ 3 axy
a. X2 – 12x + 32 = 0
c. 45 ax 2 y √ 3 ay
b. x2 + 18x + 32 = 0
d. 9 a x 2 y √ 3 axy
c. x2 + 7x – 14 = 0
16. If log5.2 1000 = x, what is the value of x? d. x2 – 12x – 32 = 0
a. 4.19 b. 5.23 c. 3.12 1 3 1
d. 4.69 23. If x− =1 , find the value of x − 3.
7x+1 1.
x x
17. Solve for x: 3 = 656
a. 3 b. 2
a. 1 b. 2
c. 1 d. 1
c. 3 d. 4
24. Solve for x = √ x−√ 1−x=1− √ x .
18. Find x if logX27 + logX3 = 2.
a. 16/25; 0 b. 25/16; 0 c. -
a. 9 b. 12
25/16; 0 d. -16/25; 0
c. 8 d. 7
25. The middle term in the expansion of (x2 – 3)8 is:
19. Solve the simultaneous equations: 3x – y = 6 and 9x – y =
a. 5670x8 b. 70x8 c. -
12.
5670x8 d. 670x8
a. X = 1, y = 3 b. x = -1, y = -3 c. x =

( )
12
2, y = 2 d. x = 4, y = 2 2 2
26. The term involving x9 in the expansion of x + is:
20. If ¼ and -7/2 are the roots of the quadratic equation Ax2 +
x
Bx + C = 0. What is the value of B/ a. 25344x9 b. 24533x9 c.
9 9
a. -28 b. 4 32433x d. 45433x
c. -7 d. 26 27. Find the sum of the coefficients in the expansion (x – 2)3.
21. The equation whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots a. -9 b. 9
of the equation 2x2 – 3x – 5 = 0. c. -1 d. 1
a. 5x2 + 3x – 2 = 0 b. 5x2 – 2x – 3 = 0 28. Find the sum of the coefficients in the expansion of (x + 2y
c. 5x2 + 3x – 24 = 0 d. 3x2 – 5x – 2 = 0 – z)8.
22. Two students were solving a problem that would reduce it a. 256 b. 1024
to a quadractic equation. The first student committed an c. 1 d. 6
error in the constant term and found the roots to be 5 and 29. Find the sum of the coefficient of the terms in the
expansion of (5x – 3y)6.
 a. 64 b. 12 c. 32 d. 10
c. 14896 d. 27 37. A motorist is traveling from town A to town B at 60 kph
30. The sum of the integers between 288 and 887 that are and returns from town B to town A at 30 kph. His average
exactly divisible by 15 is velocity for the roundtrip is
a. 23, 700 b. 22,815 a. 40 kph b. 45 kph
c. 21,800 d. 24,150 c. 35 kph d. NOTA
31. The sum of the prime numbers between 1 and 15. 38. The arithmetric mean of 80 numbers is 55. If two numbers
a. 42 b. 41 namely 250 and 850 are removed, what is the arithmetic
c. 39 d. 38 mean of the remaining numbers?
32. How many terms in the progression 3, 5, 7, 9, must be a. 42.31 b. 57.12
taken in order that the sum is 2, 600? c. 50 d. 38.62
a. 50 b. 52 39. If x varies directly as y and inversely as z, and x = 14 when y
c. 51 d. 53 = 7 and z = 2, find x when z = 4 and y = 16.
33. Find the value of x such that (2x – 1), (3x – 10), (5x – 3) is a. 16 b. 4
an arithmetic sequence of three terms. c. 18 d. 8
a. -16 b. 12 40. The time required for an elevator to lift a weight varies
c. 16 d. -12 directly with the weight and distance through which it is
34. A rubber ball is dropped from a height of 50 inches. On lifted and inversely as the power of the motor. If it takes 30
each rebound, the ball rises to ¾ of the height from which seconds for a 10 HP motor to lift 100 lbs through a height
it last fell. Find the distance traveled by the ball just before of 50 ft, what size of motor is required to lift 800 lbs in 40
it comes to rest. sec through the height of 40 ft?
a. 200 inches b. 350 inches a. 48 b. 36
c. 300 inches d. 250 inches c. 24 d. 84
35. The sum of three numbers in A.P. is 27. If the first number x 5 x+ 9
41. Solve −2<
is increased by 2, the second by 7, and the third by 20, the 3 2
resulting numbers will be in G.P. Find the original numbers. a. x > -3 b. x < -3
a. 6, 9, 12 b. 4, 9, 14 c. x = -3 d. x = 0
c. 5, 9, 13 d. 5, 9, 12 x +2
42. Resolve 2 into partial fractions:
36. The geometric mean proportion of 2 and 32 is; x −7 x+12
a. 8 b. 12
 6 5 6 7 c. 15, 18, 21 d. 32, 41, 48
a. − b. −
x−4 x−3 x−4 x−3 47. I am three times as old as you were when I was as olad as
6 2 6 5 you are now. When you got to be my age together our
c. − d. +
x−4 x−3 x−4 x−3 ages will be 84. How old are we now?
2
x + x +2 a. 24 & 36 b. 24 & 8
43. Resolve into partial fractions ;
2
x( x +1) c. 16 & 8 d. 18 & 27
2 −x+1 1 −x+1 48. Three persons can do a piece of work alone in 4 hours, 5
a. + 2 b. + 2 hours and 6 respectively. How long will they finish the job
x x +1 x x +1
2 −x+2 2 x +1 working together?
c. + 2 d. + 2 a. ¾ b. 30/37
x x +1 x x +1
44. In a club of 40 executives, 27 like to smoke Marlboro and c. ½ d. 37/30
25 like to smoke Phili Morris, How many like both? 49. If 15 men can finish a construction job in 28 days, how long
a. 10 b. 11 c. 13 can 21 men finish the same job?
d. 12 a. 20 days b. 36 days
45. In a commercial survey involving 1000 persons on brand c. 18 days d. 60 days
preferences, 120 were found to prefer brand x only, 200 50. A certain work can be done in as many days as there are
persons prefer brand y only 150 persons prefer brand z men in the group. If the number of men in the group is
only, 370 prefer either brand x or y but nox z, 450 prefer reduced by 3, the job will be delayed by 4 dyas. The
brand y or z but no x, and 370 prefer either brand z or x number of men originally in the group is
but not y, and none prefer all the three brands at a time. a. 12 men b. 10 men
How many persons have no brand preferences with any of c. 8 men d. 14 men
the three brands? 51. Two thousand kilogram of steel containing 8% nickel is to
a. 280 b. 370 c. be made by mixing a steel containing 14% nickel with
187 d. 654 another steel containing 6% nickel. How much of the steel
46. Clyde, Jeffrey and Geneross are three brothers, the sum of containing 14% nickel is needed?
their ages are five years ago is 13/25 of the sum of their a. 500kg b. 800kg
ages from now. If Geneross’s age is the same as the age of c. 750kg d. 1500kg
Clyde five years ago and Clyde is two years older than 52. An alloy silver and gold weighs 15 oz. in air and 14 oz. in
Jeffrey. How old are they ten years from now? water. Assuming that the silver losses 1/10 of its weiht in
a. 18, 23, 32 b. 26, 24, 21
 water and gold losses 1/18 of its weight, how many oz. of a. 81, 121 b. 64, 104
each metal are in the alloy? c. 45. 125 d. 100, 140
a. Ag = 3.75; Au = 11.25 58. Three numbers are in the ratio 2:5:8. If their sum is 60, find
b. Ag = 5.75, Au = 11.25 the numbers?
c. Ag = 5, Au = 10 a. 8, 20, 32 b. 4, 6, 12
d. Ag = 2.75, Au = 12.25 c. 7, 45, 16 d. 4, 12, 16
53. The tank of a car contains 50 liters of alcogas 25% of which 59. If the square of the difference of two given integers equals
is pure alcohol. How much of the mixture must be drawn 13 while the product of those integers is 4, find the sum of
off which when replaced by pure alcohol will yield a 50- the squares of the integers.
50% alcogas? a. 21 b. 8
a. 16 2/3 b. 15 1/3 c. 10 d. 3
c. 14 d. 20 60. In a two digit number, the units digit is 3 greater than the
54. How much silver and how much copper must be added to ten’s digit. Find the number if it is 4 times as large as the
20 kg of an alloy containing 10% silver and 25% copper to sum of its digits.
obtain an alloy containing 36% silver and 38% copper? a. 36 b. 58
a. 14kg 16kg b. 17kg 14kg c. 62 d. 33
c. 12kg 10kg d. 16kg 18kg 61. The sum of the digits of a three-digit number is twele. The
55. A man left his home at pat 3’oclock PM as indicated in his sum ofhte squares of the hundred’s digit and ten’s digit is
wall clock. Between two to three hours after, he returned equal to the square of the units digits. If the hundreds digit
home and noticed that the hands of the clock is increased by two, the digits will be reversed. Find the
interchanged. At what time did he left his home? number.
a. 3:32.47 PM b. 3:41.5 PM a. 345 b. 452
c. 3:35.7 PM d. 3:12.45 PM c. 435 d. 543
56. The product of three consecutive integers is 9240. Find the 62. Nonoy left Pikit to drive to Davao at 6:15 PM and arrived at
third integers. 11:45PM. If he averaged 30mph and stopped 1 hour for
a. 22 b. 21 dinner, how far is Davao from Pikit?
c. 20 d. 23 a. 135 b. 128
57. Two numbers differ by 40 and their arithmetic mean c. 160 d. 256
exceeds their positive geometric mean by 2. The numbers 63. At 2PM, an airplane takes off at 340 mph on an aircraft
are carrier. The aircraft carrier moves due south at 25 mph in
the same direction as the plane. At 4:05 PM, the
communication between the plane and the aircraft carrier
was lost. Determine the communication range in miles
between the plane and the carrier.
a. 656 miles b. 785 miles
c. 557 miles d. 412 miles