WOLAITA SODO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

THE EFFECT OF DEFORESTATION ON ENVIRONMENT IN BOLOSO SORE

WOREDA IN WOLAITA ZONE.

BY

BY; MANAYE MESHESHA

ID; - ECO/WE/226 /12

ADVISOR;- YONAS .Y(MA)

MARCH, 2024

WOLAITA SODO, ETHIOPIA

ABSTRACT
The study examined the effect of deforestation on the environment in in boloso sore woreda in
wolaita zone. It was guided by specific objectives that included; examining the causes, effects
and measures to deforestation in boloso sore woreda in wolaita zone. The study took place in
five villages that included gara godo and tokisa godo kebele in boloso sore woreda in wolaita
zone. A total of 250 respondents that included; modal farmers, agricultural extension
decision makers and policy makers at the district were used in the study. It was both
descriptive and analytical where data where primary and secondary were based on to
establish the magnitude of the study. Primary data were both qualitative and quantitative
where; interview, observation, focus group discussions and questionnaires were used.

Keywords; Effect of deforestation, environment, Boloso Sore

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TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES
ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................................................i
CHAPTER ONE....................................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................1
1.1 Back Ground of study..................................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem statement.......................................................................................................................2
1.3 Objective of the study..................................................................................................................3
1.3.1 General Objective of the study..............................................................................................3
1.3.2 Specific objectives................................................................................................................3
1.4. Research question.......................................................................................................................3
1.5. Significance of the study.............................................................................................................4
1.6 Limitation of the Study................................................................................................................4
1.8 Organization of the study.............................................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO...................................................................................................................................6
2. LITERATURE REVIEW..................................................................................................................6
2.1 Concept of deforestation..............................................................................................................6
2.2 Causes of Deforestation...............................................................................................................6
2.2.1 Direct cause of Deforestation................................................................................................6
2.2.2 Indirect causes of Deforestation............................................................................................7
2.3 Consequences of Deforestation....................................................................................................7
2.3.1 Economic consequences of deforestation..............................................................................8
2.3.2 Social Consequences.............................................................................................................8
2.3.3 Environmental consequences of deforestation......................................................................8
2.4 Effects of Deforestation...............................................................................................................9
2.4.1 Soil Erosion destruction........................................................................................................9
2.4.2 Water cycle Deforestation.....................................................................................................9
2.4.3 Loss of biodiversity............................................................................................................10
2.4.4 Climate Change..................................................................................................................10
CHAPTER THREE.............................................................................................................................11
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................11
3.1 Description study area...............................................................................................................11
3.2. Research Design.......................................................................................................................11
3.2. Sample size and sampling Techniques......................................................................................11
33 Types and sources of data...........................................................................................................11

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 3.4. Method of Data collection........................................................................................................12
3.5 Data collection procedure and instruments................................................................................12
3.6. Method of data analysis............................................................................................................12
4. Budget schedule...............................................................................................................................13
5. WORK PLAN.................................................................................................................................14
REFERENCE......................................................................................................................................15

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 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Back Ground of study

We are living in the dynamic world where the challenge in the stock of natural resources
affects the way we live. Although the economic activity of the homo Spain species is heavily
dependent on the surrounding environment, it is only recently that the effect of the
environment to wellbeing of the society started to get serious consideration. Forest and tree
plantations are important in maintain environmental stability providing wood fuel, swages,
building posts and poles for house hold consumptions and as the sources of industrial raw
materials (Wogare, 2003).

Forest resources are basic input for house construction and for making furniture and
equipment. According the natural report on the environmental and development (1992) 90%
of the fuel wood, while the remaining 6% & 4%go to the industrial uses of construction and
furniture purposes respectively for these purpose, large areas of forest lands are being
cleared.

The clearing of such a large forest lands is dominator farming ranching urbanization uses.
With this regard, trees are not replanted. Deforestation activities are largely practiced in many
parts of Ethiopia. In SNNPR; Wolaita Zone specifically is also practical at Humbo and
Boloso Sore Woreda particularly, deforestation is observable in Gara Godo and Tokisa Godo
kebele (Asefa and Bork,2013).

In developing country, for instance in Kenya, Salles, (1994) reported in the Embu district the
major causes of deforestation were the introduction of large scale tobacco growing in the area
since 1970; and improvement in local infrastructure, which allowed the scale of fuel wood
and charcoal production increase by the rapidly growing urban dwellers; in addition to the
rural local demand for cooking, construction,. Even if well documented and dependable data
is hardly available, it is estimated that forests might have covered more than a half of the
Ethiopia land area. This situation allowed the country to have rich biodiversity, with several
flora and faun4 Mcluding those endemic to Ethiopia (Gebre and Deribe, 2005). °

The high depreciation of forest of the resources happen because in most parts of the country
especially in rural areas. Fuel wood is a major source of energy mainly for cooking purpose.
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Energy sectors are heavily dependent on traditional fuels. This has a negative effect on the
natural environment. Improving the quality environment is & Process OF & pressing
Concern for countries hike Ethiopia where rain fed agriculture is a vital component of
national income. It has also an immediate banning on effects to maintain ecological balance
and keep the national resources bases in management way. The depletion of a zone layer is &
Mayor Impact on our world. The researcher's intention was to give awareness creation of the
people who are affecting due to deforestation of the environment.

1.2 Problem statement

Forest plays an important role in the life of people throughout the world According to FAO
(1984) 35 million ha of land covered by forest, while Cesen (1986) documented 33 million ha
and also the state forest conservation and development department (SFCDD, 1990) reported
27 million ha. However, about six million hectares of closed morst tropical forests are lost
each year primarily through conversion to forest farming (Miller et al. 1991).

Forest management systems seem to reduce resource degradation while improving rural
livelihoods (Devefaf, 2003) The numerous strategies to overcome the problem of
deforestation, including the establishment of protected areas, the involvement of armed forces
and the establishment of new funds have been tried (White and Martin, 2002) and it is
important to commitment of peuple to the conservation and management of resources,
achieving the objectives of social, economic and environmental benefits and inclusion of
traditional values and ecological knowledge in resource management (Kellertet al , 2000).

The rate of deforestation in Ethiopia has been remarkably high. The mayor problem leading
environment of the study area is due to deforestation. It caused soil erosion; landslides, loss
of fertility and that enhance reduction of productivity of crop, loss of grazing land and
resulting declining in wild life habitats and population. This is mainly due to the increasing
population of pressure, cutting of forest for increasing fuel wood and charcoal production
clear felling of forests for raising eucalyptus coffee, and other plantations.

Deliberate removal of forest is one of the oldest and most significant of the wise in which
man humidified environment weather achieved by fire or cutting some times. The removal
has beento allow agriculture to provide fuel for domestic purpose and providing charcoal or
woodforconstruction (Haves, 1994) There are various attitudes on the factors a for fores w
study area due to several reasons. Deforestation was caused by cut down and burns the trees
in forest and woodland and converting the land to other use. Trees are being cut down for

2
construction purpose, lands are cleared for growing crops and trees are also used as firewood,
The population growth is the major cause of world poverty and natural degradation. (Ehrlich
1968).

Further, Domson and Volsky, (2007) reported that the cumulative results of these and related
action cause a rapid change of climate, which was a great risk not only for the study area put
also for today’s world to sustain natural environment and the loss of forest resources through
activities like wild-meat production, fuel wood and charcoal production, wood-carving and
canoe-carving, rattan production, chew stick-gathering, chainsaw lumber production and
hunting have positively affected about 2 million people who engage in such as livelihood
activities.

In the study area, even though there was no reliable recorded document about the forest cover
as well as deforestation coverage of the land in the study area. However, the information was
taken about 5% of forests cover before 20 years ago, but today the forest cover was only
1.5% of the total area (Boloso sore Woreda Agricultural and Rural Development Office
2016).

The Tokisa Godo Kebele is new Kebele and it was organized from previous Gara Godo
Kebele, the full information about deforestation of the study area happened problems. The
researcher being emphasized to carry out this research in the previous period nothing was
being conducted about deforestation, even there was no documents concerning deforestation
but several researchers conducted in deforestation in different places. That was why, the
research need to be conducted in order to at least alleviate deforestation.

1.3 Objective of the study

1.3.1 General Objective of the study

The main objective of this study is to assess the effect of deforestation on environment in
Tokisa Godo Kebele Wolaita zone.

1.3.2 Specific objectives

 To identifies impacts of deforestation on environment in study area
 To assess the attitudes of the People towards deforestation
 To assess the causes of deforestation in the study area
 To find out the basic Coping strategies to solve the problem of deforestation

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1.4. Research question
This Study Research basic research questions:
1. What are the main causes of deforestation?
2. What is the local community perception toward consequences of deforestation?
3. What is the role of local knowledge in forest conservation/management?
4What are the consequences of deforestation in the area?
5. What are the social and economic impacts, on community livelihood, of deforestation on
livelihoods in Tokisa Godo Kebele?
6. What are the mitigation measures to reduce the rate of deforestation in the Tokisa Kodo
Kebele?

1.5. Significance of the study

The study will be important in trying to understand the effect of deforestation on environment
of forest communities due to deforestation is contributing to many serious environmental
problems in Ethiopia. These include a rapid change of climate, loss wild-meat production,
habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity, changing consumption pattern, rising demand for
energy, air pollution, global warming and climate change and water scarcity and water
pollution.

The research is value undertaking considering deforestation is now knocking at the doors of
existing forest and exerting maximum pressure on the regulatory processes of forest. The
study will provide some useful reasons why we should preserve our forests beside
sustainability reasons. The research brought to solve the problems and to inform policy
decisions to get the best out of the forests we have in study area.

The study will not only achieve its purpose but will also open up other avenues for further
research to be done to add to the body of literature that exist on deforestation and impact on
environment that surrounds these areas in question. These findings from the study may
possibly assist policy makers in developing appropriate policies to protect the deforestation
in Tokisa Godo and also, provide better alternatives for the people to take advantage of the
bringing to forest for their own development.

1.6 Limitation of the Study

This Study is limited only in one Kebele of Tokisa Godo woreda in Boloso Sore and has
access poor literature review, shortage financial resource, time constraints and poor
management and destruction of forest by Peoples and that affect environment on removal of

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tree species, wild life, er an d reduction of Crop productivity. In the course of survey work,
some farmers are very restricting to frankly respond to some of the questionnaire. Also due to
potential population in r€ forest was exhausted by different due to their need and most
peoples to collect and interview make a Challenge because of forest destruction considered as
crime so that some of the questionnaire lack exact answers and the respondents may be
attempt to reply by giving range or estimates.

1.8 Organization of the study

This study will be organized into tree chapters. chapter one covers background of the study,
statement of the problem, objective, research question, significance of the study, scope of the
study and limitation of the study. Chapter two reviews findings of other studies relevant to
this research topic. Chapter three presents the methodology used and description of study
area. .

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 CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Concept of deforestation

Deforestation is the preferment convention of forests to some other land cover almost always
to crops pastures or plantation such as palm (Sills 2008). .

According FAO (2000) deforestation is defined as the conversion of forests to another lands
use or the land term reduction of the tree canopy over below 10 percent there should as
defined for the forests. Forests can be lost either because forests resources and trees are not
regarded as being of economic importance or because of a policy frame work that makes it
possible to replace forests which other land inter fraction development or urbanization often
this is based on short from maximization of economic return and lack of supportive forest
polices based on good understanding of the potential of forests as sources of income and
products for local and regional markets and their associated services for other sectors of the
Economy.

Deforestation refers to the conversion of forest to an alternative permanent non-forested land

use such as agriculture, grazing or urban development (van Kooten and Bulte, 2000). It is
primarily a concern for the developing countries of the tropics (Myers, 1994) as it is
shrinking areas of the tropical forests (Barraclough and Ghimire, 2000). Forest degradation
occurs when the ecosystem functions of the forest are degraded but where the area remains
forested rather cleared (Anon., 2010).

2.2 Causes of Deforestation

2.2.1 Direct cause of Deforestation

Regardless to ecological values, forests are being cleared every day. According to Hence,
Jeremy, (2008) deforestation has been practiced by humans for tens of thousands of years
before the beginnings of civilization, it is the logging and/or burning of trees in a forested
area (Maddox, 2006).Forest loss or deforestation is a serious issue in country it stated in

6
different researcher as (Adam and David, 2008) deforestation is a contributor to global
climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse
effect.In connected to this, World Bank (1978) also indicates that between 1990 and 1995
about half of the area of the forest in developing countries was cleared for agriculture, and
more than 300 million hectares are currently under cultivation.

Ethiopia forest action program (1994) identified that agricultural expansion, demand for fire
wood logging, fodder and forest production, grazing, and droughts-etc. as the direct causes of
deforestation. Sharma (1992) argued that the above direct causes are driven by the underlying
cause. These are population growth, rural poverty and the state of economy.

Sharma (19920 also morgues that the direct causes of deforestation are often interrelated and
enhanced by government economic policies, population, market distortion mistreated public
policies concerning land tenure and price play a major role in the loss of natural resources.
Further, overgrazing is one of the direct or chief causes of deforestation and environmental
degradation.

In semi-arid pastoral areas, livestock number are increasing and at the same time both the
quality and availability of land for cattle grazing is on decline, which indicate the carrying
capacity of the tree and grass vegetation of the land has been waked and to a future
degradation of this area.

In addition to these all factors in Ethiopia for Example, the forest fire also contributes highly
to the depletion of forest. For ex, the 1992 E.C problem of forest fire in the country has result
in the destruction of millions of hectares of forest. However, the statistical data that causes/
shows forest five viewed as the major cause of deforestation in the country (Assugna, 2000).

2.2.2 Indirect causes of Deforestation

According to Sharma (1992), indirect and direct causes of deforestation are often interrelated
and enhanced by government economic policies, concerning land tenure and price play a
major part of in loss of natural resources.

In study area deforestation is highly tied to demographic growth, Investigation based on panel
data indicates that population change is the most significant factors that explains changes in
the forest size. Moreover, population pressure is expected to be associated with higher level
of tropical forest clearing through pressure at through pressure at agricultural’ frontier’? and
through demands for food, fuel wood, agricultural lands.

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2.3 Consequences of Deforestation
Deforestation consequences constitute to be economic to be economic social and
environmental consequences.

2.3.1 Economic consequences of deforestation

Deforestation is consequences the most economic consequences of soil erosion followed by
loss of fertility and decline in agricultural productivity. The World Bank (1991) estimated
that in post 50 years deforestation with the subsequent erosion and soil degradation has been
responsible for worldwide loss of 580 million hectares of fertile land, an area bigger than all
of Western Europe.

Deforestation and land degradation has reached catatranspic level in Ethiopia. The forest
currently covers about 3.6% of the total area of country. This roughly 4.5 million hectares
less than what a country was existed country ago about 40 percent of the country is believed
to have been covered by the forest. The ecological and economic costs of lend degradation is
estimated to cost Ethiopia over 15 billion birr in the next 25 years, or about 660 million birr
per annual.

According to Belay and Abebaw, (2004) reported the agriculture is the most important sector
in the country’s economy, Ethiopia has experienced food shortages since the 1970s and mill
ions of people have been suffering from hunger. For the last three decades, information on
the performance of Ethiopian agriculture indicates that there is a gap between food supply
and demand and the sector is unable to produce adequate amounts of food to meet the
growing human population in the country as well as deforestation.

2.3.2 Social Consequences

Over 90% of wood consumption in developing countries is accounted for by fuel wood. Over
explanation of existing fuel wood resources exacerbated by the recent energy crisis has led in
many country to diversion of agricultural reside and dried livestock dung due to for heating
and cooking instead improvingsoil fertility (World Bank, 1978) shortages also mean that
women, generally the man wood gathers have too spend more time traveling longer distances
to find wood (Addisu, 2000)

2.3.3 Environmental consequences of deforestation

At the regional and global level deforestation contributes to a decline in bio diversity and
accelerates the extinction of the world’s flora and fauna>as indicated by united nations fund
for population activates, the current extinction rate has been estimated variously between so

8
and 100 species a day, with several million species facing demise by the year 2000 (assuming
the planetary total of at least 20 million species and conceivably as many as the half of all
species. facing extinction by the end of the next century. Water tables may also be lowered,
as increased run off results in reduced rate of ground water recharge, shallow wells dry up
sooner, and a family, must walk further to get water (Addisu, 2000).

2.4 Effects of Deforestation

It is important to deduce the massive efforts of deforestation and tree cutting activates. A few
of such efforts includes soil erosion destruction, water cycle, loss of bio diversity and climate
change now below are details of each of these efforts.

2.4.1 Soil Erosion destruction

Soils and the nutrients in them) are exposed to the suns heat. Soil moistures are dried up
nutrients evaporation and bacterial those help breaks down organic matter are affected.
Eventually rain washes down the soil never get their full potential back. Soil Erosion being
one from soil degradation is naturally occurring process on all land. The agents of soil
erosion are water and wind, each contributing a significance amount of soil loss each layer.
Soil Erosion may be a slow process that contributed continued relatively un noticed or it may
occur at a farming rate causing servos loss of top soil. The loss of soil from farm found may
be reflected in

a. Reduced crop production

b. Lower surface water quality and
c. Damaged drainage networks.
While erosion a natural process, human activates have increased by 10-40 times the rate at
which erosion is occurring globally. Excessive or accelerated erosion causes both “on site”
and “offsite” problems.

On site impacts includes decreases in agricultural activity and on natural land scopes
/ecological collapse both because of loss of the nutrients rich upper soil layers. In some
causes, the eventual end result is desertification offsite effects includes sedimentation of
water ways and eutrophication of water bodies as well as sediment related damage to roads
and houses water and wind erosion are the two primary causes of land degradation combined,
they are combined responsible for about 15 per cent of the world’s forest was converted to
other land uses between 1850 and 1980 (Rowe et al., 1992).

9
2.4.2 Water cycle Deforestation
when forest is destroyed, the atmosphere, water bodies and the water tables are all affected.
Trees absorb and retain water in their roots. A large part of the water that circulates in the
ecosystem of rain forests remains inside the plants. Some of this moisture is transpired in to
the atmosphere. When this process, is broken at the atmosphere and water bodies began to
dry out. The water shed potential is compromised and Jess water will run through the rivers.
Smaller lakes and streams that take water from these larger water bodies dry out.

2.4.3 Loss of biodiversity

Many wonder full species of plants and animals have been lost many other remain
endangered. More than 80% of the world’s species remain in the tropical rain forest. It is
estimated about 50 to 100 species 90f animals being lost each day as per result of destruction
their habitats and animals have vanished from the face of the earth.

2.4.4 Climate Change

Plants absorb carbon dioxide / CO2 a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere and uses it to
produce food carbon hydrates, fats and proteins that make up trees in return it gives off
oxygen. - Destroying the forests/ deforestation mean CQ will remain in the atmosphere and in
addition, destroyed vegetation will give off more CO2 stored in them as they decompose.
This will alter the climate of that region. Cool climate may get a lot hotter and hot places may
get a lot cooler.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Description study area

Boloso Sore is a woreda in South Ethiopia Regional State, Ethiopia. Part of the Wolayita
Zone, Boloso Sore is bordered on the south by Sodo Zuria and Damot Sore, on the west
by Boloso Bombe, on the northeast by the Kembata Tembaro Zone, on the northeast by
the Hadiya Zone, on the east by Damot Pulasa, and on the southeast by Damot Gale. The
administrative center is at Areka. Boloso Bombe and Damot Sore woredas were separated
from Boloso Sore. Landmarks in this woreda include three megalithic sites with one stele in
each; one of these sites is Cheme Hembico. Near the She'a River there is a site with animal
engravings; obsidian and ceramic fragments have been observed on the surface of the She'a
site.

Boloso Sore has 57 kilometers of all-weather roads and 74 kilometers of dry-weather roads,
for an average road density of 206 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers. [2] The woreda is
culturally homogeneous with Welayta-speaking people, though a small but active minority of
Protestant and Catholic converts formed a sub-culture.

3.2. Research Design

For the purpose of this study both qualitative and quantitative research design will be applied
As Bryman, (2008) the research design can be understood as the framework in which data is
collected and analyzed

3.2. Sample size and sampling Techniques

A kKebdcle will be selected by purposive sampling techniques. The sample size will be taken
5% from the 790 total households of which are 39S approximately 40 participants were
sampled using lottery method im study sites of Tokisa Godo Kebele.

33 Types and sources of data

In this study both primary and secondary data sources will be used. A primary data source
will be collected through face-to-face interview between researcher and respondents. Also
secondary sources will be collected through annual report in the Woreda of Boloso Sore
agricultural and natural resource management, journal and written document.

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3.4. Method of Data collection
Both primary and secondary data will be collected. The primary data will be collected
through questionnaires from sampled respondents Secondary data will be collected reading
documented materials, published materials, reference books and internet net access.

3.5 Data collection procedure and instruments

Data will be taken from Tokisa Godo Kebcle by interviewing each respondent. The study will
be focused effectively on 40 household heads. The instruments will be used for data
collection are given as follows.

Structured questionnaire will be used to collect information and it will be prepared in English
language and translated in to “Wolaitaigna to assess the content, clarity and logical flow of
the questions and the time needed on average to fill out a single questionnaire.

Also an interview will also be conducted with relevant Woreda sector representative working
in population related issues (education agriculture, youth. women, administration, and
health).Finally, Personal observation on the farmers’ deforestation coverage of the area over
focusing on demographic and socio economic factors.

3.6. Method of data analysis.

The study will be conducted using qualitative and quantitative data analysis. The qualitative
data will be analyzed through explanation. But quantitative data will be analyzed using
descriptive statistical statements such as frequency, tables, charts, and graphs.

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4. Budget schedule
To perform the whole process of the research, the researcher will need the following budget
for the success of the research.

No. Materials to be Quantity Price(Birr per Total birr Remark

needed each)

1. Paper 2 200 400

2. Red pen(Bick) 1 package 90 180

3. Blue pen(Bick) 1 package 90 180

4. Note book 1 200 200

5. Type writer - 1000 1000

6. Transport - 2000 2000

7. Other 1000 1000

Total 4960

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5. WORK PLAN
To success the research process in a proper way the researcher will make the following whole
activities of the researcher in the following manner.

No Activities to be done Distribution of time

. March April May June

1. Select the research title 

2. Prepare the research 

proposal

3. Review of literature  

4. Arranging method of 
data collection

5. Sampling size, sample 

techniques

6. Method of data analyzes  

and presentation

7. Writing the result of the  

whole activities of the
research

8. Present the research  

result

14
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