UNIT 2: NOUNS AND ARTICLES

PHẦN 1: LÝ THUYẾT
I. NOUNS
1. Vị trí và chức năng
Định nghĩa: Danh từ là từ chỉ người, vật, nơi chốn, tính chất.
- Đứng đầu câu làm chủ ngữ
Ví dụ: She is a lovely girl.
- Đứng sau:
+ tính từ (Ví dụ: a bad mark)
+ tính từ sở hữu: my, his, her, your, their, its,… (Ví dụ: his mother)
+ mạo từ: a/an/the (Ví dụ: a university, the bus, an error)
+ từ chỉ định: this, that, these, thos, every, … (this pen, these hats..)
+ từ chỉ số lượng: many, some, few, several,… (many people, some coffee,…)
- Đứng sau động từ, giới từ làm tân ngữ
Ví dụ: She likes meat.
I am interested in cartoon.
- Sau “enough” (enough + N)
Ví dụ: We don’t have enough time to complete that work.
2. Các đuôi danh từ thường gặp
STT Đuôi Ví dụ
1 -age garbage (rác thải), language (ngôn ngữ), passage (đoạn văn),…
2 -or actor (diễn viên), doctor (bác sĩ), bachelor (cử nhân),…
3 -er teacher (giáo viên), mother (mẹ), villager (người làng),…
4 -ee employee (người làm công), refugee (người tị nạn),…
-ist dentist (nha sĩ), economist (nhà kinh tế học), pianist (nghệ sĩ dương
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cầm),…

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 6 -ant assistant (người bán hàng), contestant (người dự thi),…
7 -ician musician (nhạc sĩ), electrician (thợ điện),…
-ism heroism (chủ nghĩa anh hùng), criticism (lời phê bình, sự chỉ
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trích),…
-nce (-ance, experience (kinh nghiệm, trải nghiệm), importance (sự quan
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-ence) trọng),…
-ion (tion, television (ti vi), pollution (sự ô nhiễm), suggestion (lời đề nghị, sự
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sion) gợi ý),…
-ment development (sự phát triển), achievement (thành tích, sự đạt được),
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…
12 -ty plenty (sự dồi dào), safety (sự an toàn),…
13 -ship relationship (mối quan hệ, tình họ hàng), scholarship (học bổng),…
14 -th heath (sức khoẻ), breath (hơi thở), truth (sự thật), …
-dom freedom (sự tự do, quyền tự do), wisdom (trí khôn), kingdom
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(vương quốc),…
16 -hood childhood (tuổi thơ), neighborhood (hàng xóm), …
-ure nature (tự nhiên), failure (sự thất bại), pleasure (niềm thích thú, vui
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thích),…
18 -cy accuracy (sự chính xác), efficiency (hiệu lực, năng suất), …
19 -ry bravery (tính gan dạ, dũng cảm), scenery (phong cảnh, cảnh vật),…
20 -logy biology (sinh học), geology (địa lí),..
21 -graphy photography (nghề nhiếp ảnh), biography (tiểu sử),…
22 -ness happiness (niềm hạnh phúc), darkness (bóng tối),…
3. Phân loại
Có 2 loại: Danh từ đếm được và Danh từ không đếm được.
3.1. Danh từ đếm được: có hình thức số ít, số nhiều. Số ít dùng với mạo từ “a, an”; số nhiều thêm
“s” hoặc “es” (ngoại trừ các trường hợp bất quy tắc)

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Danh từ đếm được thường xuất hiện ở bài thi TOEIC
People/Jobs A customer (khách hàng)
(Người/nghề An employee (người lao động, người làm công)
nghiệp) An accountant (nhân viên kế toán)
An attendant (người phục vụ)
A participant (người tham gia, người tham dự)
A representative (người đại diện)
Things (Vật) An account (tài khoản)
An opening (phần mở đầu)
A seatbelt (dây an toàn)
A month (một tháng)
A year (một năm)
Money-related Get a discount
(liên quan đến Get a refund
tiền) Offer a replacement
At a high price
At an additional cost
Cụm từ cố định Make an announcement: thông báo
với “make” Make an attempt: nỗ lực
Make a decision: đưa ra quyết định
Make an effort: nỗ lực
Make a reservation: đặt bàn
Make a request: yêu cầu
Make a suggestion: đưa ra gợi ý
Cụm từ cố định In an effort to: cố gắng làm điều gì đó
khác Reach an agreement: đạt được thỏa thuận
As a result of: = because of: bởi vì

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 As a symbol of: Như là một biểu tượng của
3.2. Danh từ không đếm được: không có hình thức số nhiều, không dùng với mạo từ “a/an”
Danh từ không đếm được thường là:
- Danh từ chỉ chất lỏng: petrol, milk, water, juice, …
- Danh từ chỉ chất liệu: wood, gold, silver, …
- Danh từ chỉ khối, tảng: bread, butter, cheese, meat, stone, …
- Danh từ chỉ môn học tận cùng “ics”: physics, …
- Các danh từ trừu tượng: beauty, importance, happiness, advice, …
- Các danh từ khác: news, information, accomodation, luggage, money, time, weather
Danh từ không đếm được thường xuất hiện trong bài thi TOEIC
Advice: lời khuyên Baggage: hành lý
Evidence: bằng chứng Equipment: thiết bị, dụng cụ Furniture: đồ đạc (trong nhà)
Information: thông tin Merchandise: hàng hóa Luggage: hành lí
Mail: thư điện tử Permission: sự cho phép Work: công việc
Advetising: quảng cáo Clothing: quần áo Housing: nơi ăn chốn ở
Seating: chỗ ngồi, ghế ngồi Correspondance: sự tương ứng, sự phù hợp;
thư từ

II. ARTICLES
1. A/An
- Dùng trước những danh từ số ít đếm được, khi nó được nhắc tới lần đầu tiên. Trong đó:
+ “a” dùng cho những danh từ bắt đầu bằng một phụ âm như: a pen, a ruler, …
+ “a” dùng cho những danh từ bắt đầu bằng một nguyên âm như: an apple, an example, …
- Dùng trước những danh tử chỉ nghề nghiệp như: a student, a teacher, an engineer, …
- Dùng trong các cụm tử chỉ số lượng như: a little, a few, a lot of, a greal deal of, a number of,
…
- Một số trường hợp ngoại lệ trong cách sử dụng “a/an”:

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 + Bắt đầu bằng một phụ âm nhưng sử dụng “an” (do phụ âm đó phát âm là một nguyên âm): an
SOS, an M.A, an hour, …
+ Bắt đầu bằng một nguyên âm nhưng sử dụng “a” (do nguyên âm đó phát âm là một nguyên
âm): a uniform, a university, …
2. The
- Dùng trước tên của vật mà đã được nhắc đến trước đó. Ví dụ: He has a dog. The dog is so
cute.
- Dùng trước những danh từ khi chúng được xác định bằng mệnh đề quan hệ phía sau hoặc một
mệnh đề nào đó.
- Dùng trước những danh từ chỉ độc nhất, duy nhất như The Sun, the Moon, the Earth, the
world, …
- Dùng trước số thứ tự: the first, the second, the third, …
- Dùng trước tính từ để tạo thành danh từ số nhiều chỉ một tầng lớp, một nhóm người trong xã
hội. Ví dụ: the old, the young, the rich, the poor, …
- Dùng trước tên của các quốc gia sau: The Unite States, The United Kingdom, The Netherlands,
The Philippines.
- Dùng trước tên của các loại nhạc cụ, nhưng phải đứng sau động từ “play”: play the guitar,
play the piano, …
- Dùng trước danh từ chỉ tên riêng ở dạng số nhiều để chỉ cả gia đình họ: The James (gia đình
nhà ông Jame)
- Dùng trước tính từ so sánh hơn nhất và so sánh kép.
Ví dụ: The most important person; the biggest room,
The more I say, the more she hates.
- Dùng trước tên của sông, suối, biển, đại dương, sa mạc, dãy núi, …
Ví dụ: The Red River (Sông Hồng); The Fairy Stream (Suối Tiên); The Andaman Sea (Biển
Andaman); The Arctic Ocean (Bắc Băng Dương); The Atlantic Ocean (Đại Tây Dương), The
Sahara (Sa mạc Sahara); The Himalayas (Dãy núi Himalaya)

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 - Dùng trước những danh từ mà cả người nói, người nghe đều biết rõ về nó. (My father is
watching news in the living room)
- Dùng trước các buổi trong ngày
Ví dụ: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening
- Dùng trước tên của các tờ báo
Ví dụ: The New York Times (tờ báo New York Times), The Lao Dong (Báo Lao Động)
- Dùng trước tên của các tổ chức
Ví dụ: The WHO (tổ chức Y tế Thế giới)
- Dùng trước danh từ số ít tượng trương cho một nhóm động vật hoặc một loài hoặc đồ vật. Ví
dụ: The whale (Loài cá voi)
- Dùng trước danh từ chỉ phương hướng. Ví dụ: The south, the east, …
- Dùng với cấu trúc: the + N + of + N. Ví dụ: the driver of the car: tài xế của chiếc xe)
- Dùng trong các cụm từ cố định như: at the end of, at the bottom of, in the middle of
- Dùng trước hospital, church, school, prison, … (khi người đến những nơi này với mục đích
khác không phải mục đích chính).
Ví dụ: My mother goes to the hospital to visit her friend.
3. Không dùng mạo từ
- Trước tên của các môn học: English, Maths, Literature, …
- Trước các môn thể thao: football, voleyball, basketball, tennis, badminton, …
- Trước danh từ số nhiều không xác định.
- Trước tên của các loại phương tiện giao thông nhưng phải đứng sau “by” như: by bus, by train,
by plane, …
- Trước danh từ chỉ màu sắc: red, black, yellow, …
- Sau tính từ sở hữu hoặc sau danh từ ở sở hữu cách như: My friends (My the friends), Mai’s
birthday (Mai’s the birthday)
- Trước tên của các bữa ăn: breakfast, dinner, lunch, …
- Trước thứ, ngày, tháng, năm: on Sunday, in July, in 2001

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- Trước tên quốc gia (trừ các quốc gia đã nêu ở mục 2), tên châu lục, tên núi, tên hồ, tên đường
Ví dụ: Vietnam, Asia, West Lake, Ho Tung Mau Street.
- Trước danh từ trừu tượng như: love, health, …

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 PHẦN 2: BÀI TẬP

Question 1. The local newspaper is trying to hire ________ with previous experience in a media-
related field.

A. writer B. writers

Question 2. Mr. Graham has written a summary of the _________ in the annual reports.

A. informations B. information

Question 3. Damage to the _________ caused by negligence or misuse will not be repaired by the
manufacturer and is not covered by warranty.

A. production B. product
Question 4. Investing in company stocks is _________ excellent way for employees and
employers to reduce their income taxes.

A. a B. an

Question 5. Ms. Smith developed a new curriculum in the business program at the university, with
a strong focus on _________.

A. the economics B. economics

Question 6. Because of _________ fuel prices, many people are choosing to take the subway to
work.

A. a higher B. higher
Question 7. The manager assured me that if I was not satisfied with my purchase, he would
_________.

A. provide refund B. provide a refund

Question 8. _________ will only be admitted into the stadium if accompanied by an adult.
A. Child B. Children

Question 9. Passengers must not unfasten their seat belts while the car is still in _________.

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 A. moving B. motion

Question 10. Clearwater features a recreation _________ that includes a covered playground, as
well as fishing piers and a camping area.

A. complexity B. complex

Question 11. The use of recording equipment and the taking of __________ during a performance
are strictly prohibited by law.

A. photography B. photographs

Question 12. Prior to working as an __________ at LTD Associates, Samuel Fincher had run his
own construction company.

A. architecture B. architect

Question 13. In the foreword, the __________ of the book mentioned that the artworks took more
than six months to complete.

A. illustration B. illustrator

Question 14. The _________ of the roller coaster should make sure that all of the customers are
astened in their seats before shifting the ride into motion.

A. operation B. operator

Question 15. _________ submitted for the annual photo contest will not be returned.

A. Photographers B. Photographs
Question 16. The benefits office has announced an early retirement package available to any full-
time _________ who meets the requirements.

A. employment B. employee

Question 17. Internal job _________ are posted weekly on the bulletin board outside the Personnel
Office.
A. announcers B. announcements

Question 18. We should call the box office to find out the duration of the ___________.

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 A. performers B. performance

Question 19. The latest punished market _________ shows increasing consumer interest in
electronics goods throughout the country.

A. analyst B. analysis

Question 20. The company was able to pay off its loans by transferring the _________ of its
property to the bank.

A. owner B. ownership

Question 21. The chief operating officer announced at the staff meeting that he was searching for
a new _________ for the media and public relations department.

A. direction B. director

Question 22. The firm’s __________ has warned the marketing director not to sign the contract
because some of the terms are overly vague.

A. legal advising B. legal advisor

Question 23. During the program, the chef will cook some of his most popular dishes, and then
offer audience _________ samples to taste.

A. membership B. members

Question 24. Although Mr. Sanders has informally expressed an interest in the new opening, he
has not yet completed _________ for the position.

A. an applicant B. an application

Question 25. The director of Nyla Hospital says many of the improvements to the children’s wing
were financed by charitable _________ from wealthy business people.

A. donors B. donation

Question 26. Harrison Parker is a talented _________ who has taken pictures of many of the
world’s most famous natural wonders.

A. photograph B. photographer

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Question 27. Peter and John’s hotel chain, which has hotels throughout Asia, offers a range of
excellent appliances and services for the business _________.
A. traveling B. travelers

Question 28. Mr. Bronson will review __________ recommendations and determine when the
committee will reconvene.

A. to B. the

Question 29. Before the company audit can be carried out, we need to find _________ consultants.

A. team of B. a team of

Question 30. After a review of a television broadcast, journalists discovered that their program
was __________ error.

A. in an B. in

Question 31. The old bridge was seriously damaged __________ the hurricane that recently hit
the coast.

A. as result of B. as a result of
Question 32. The textile company has decided not to move its factory to Mexico __________
stimulate the local economy.

A. in effort to B. in an effort to

Question 34. _________ parents will receive a progress report for their children at the end of the
month.

A. All of B. All of the

Question 35. You wouldn’t stand up and leave the room to answer a phone call _________ a
conference, so please keep your cell phone off during the meeting.

A. in middle of B. in the middle of

Question 36. _________ to receive prompt delivery, make sure your address is correct.

A. In the order B. In order

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Question 37. I think that your company’s billing _________ are too complicated, so they need to
be changed.
A. the procedures B. procedures

Question 38. A wonderful _________ of models of the planets can be purchased in the planetarium
gift shop.

A. vary B. variety

Question 39. All 150 participants in this year’s architecture __________ submitted their pieces.

A. competitive B. competition

Question 40. We need to get necessary funds from the Office of Management and Budget so that
a complete _________ of the facility can be done.

A. renovation B. renovate

Question 41. There are three experienced clerical _______ who are working in our branch office.

A. works B. work C. workers D. worked

Question 42. Government offices will be closed on July 4, 2005, in ________ of Independence
Day.

A. observably B. observatory C. observe D. observance

Question 43. Every ________ who has been interviewed for the staff editor position will receive
a written response within the next two weeks.
A. apply B. applied C. applicant D. application

Question 44. Pressures to reduce costs and increase profits have led managers to search for
creative ways to improve staff ________.

A. productivity B. processions C. proximity D. profusion

Question 45. The technician instructed all managers in detail concerning the ________ of the new
computer system.

A. operation B. operative C. operator D. operate

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Question 46. The company is seeking an experienced floor manager for long-term ________.

A. employer B. employ C. employed D. employment

Question 47. All employees are encouraged to take advantage of the physical fitness ________
offered at the company health club.

A. actively B. activities C. active D. activeness

Question 48. All employees must remember that the equipment should not be used for non-work-
related ________.

A. purposes B. purpose C. purposely D. purposeful

Question 49. The ________ was temporarily out of order because of a short circuit, so many
people had to walk up the stairs instead.

A. escalate B. escalator C. escalation D. escalating

Question 50. Employees should be warned that ________ careless use of this material may cause
fatal injuries since it is highly flammable.

A. no B. if C. to be D. the
Question 51. ________ equipment that we bought yesterday is under manufacturer’s warranty for
the next three years.

A. An B. These C. A D. The

Question 52. While ________ fabric design has the influence of ancient Egypt, the actual furniture
exhibits a more European influence.

A. it B. the C. and D. every

Question 53. _______ recent high court decision dealing with manufacturer liability has set an
important precedent for future class action suits.

A. It B. But C. A D. These
Question 54. The company will give _______ tour of the manufacturing plant to the visiting
government officials from other countries.

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 A. a B. these C. the D. an

Question 55. Sales __________ are encouraged to familiarize themselves with the location of
different merchandise in department store

A. represents B. represent

C. representational D. representatives

Question 56. The outstanding from __________ our customers helped to ensure that Ms. Bayern
woulđ stay with the company.

A. evaluated B. evaluating C. evaluation D. evaluate

Question 57. The _________ of our factory equipment is vital for the high quality of our products.
A. relied B. reliable C. reliably D. reliability

Question 58. This year__________ for the Athena Award for public service include a research
scientist, a university professor, and a local politician.

A. nominees B. nominate C. nominator D. nomination

Question 59. The _________ for the research team are asked to wait in room 401 for their
interviews.

A. applicants B. applications C. applies D. applied

Question 60. The business weekly magazine suggested that _______ shipping problems in the
upcoming holiday season, businesses should encourage customers to shop early.
A. avoid B. avoided C. to avoid D. avoids

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 PHẦN 3: MINI TEST READING
PART 5
Choose the word phrase that best completes the sentence.
1. At the exposition, there was a large collection of various _______ that drew the public’s interest.
A. machineries B. machine C. mechanical D. machines
2. There was so _____ on the highway that we couldn’t even go half the speed limit.
A. much traffics B. much traffic C. many traffic D. many traffics
3. The couple bought _______ before they got married.
A. a lot of furnitures B. a lot of furniture
C. many furniture D. many furniture
4. I have just finished __________ assignment.
A. a thirsty pages B. thirsty – page
C. thirty – pages D. a thirty - page
5. NBC news program is going to be changed following the active of the reviewers.
A. An B. Other C. A D. Any
6. They are developing ________ one – hour program that may interest older viewers.
A. some B. an C. a D. any
7. Could I borrow _________ pen so that I can finish the test?
A. the B. a C. some D. an
8. Martha is wearing ________ beautiful black dress her uncle bought her.
A. any B. an C. some D. the
9. Some people don’t mind paying _________ price to get quality products
A. the double B. double the
C. as double as D. as the double
10. My uncle works as a cook __________ prison, but my aunt wants him to work as a chef in a
hotel.
A. in B. in a C. in the D. in some

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11. I would _________ coffee to tea.
A. choose B. like C. prefer D. care
12. His wife is said to _________ a supermarket.
A. bring B. run C. shop D. do

13. What is your _________, water or juice?

A. prefer B. preferable C. preference D. preferential
14. As soon as __________ is over, he hurries home to take care of his sister.
A. a school B. the school C. that school D. school
15. The stormy weather kept them ________ going up the mountain.
A. of B. from C. with D. for

PART 6
Choose the best word or phrase for each blank.
Question 1 through 3 are based on the following memo.
Memo
To: As Teaching Assistants
From: Liam Comiskey, Director
Re: Computer Lab Theft

Dear teaching assistants,

As many of you probably know, last Thursday evening (1)__________ our computer labs was
broken into and two of the eight computers were stolen. It appears that (2)________ thieves had
no difficulty in robbing our lab since the door was left unlockeD. Under our budget, it is going to
be difficult for us to replace these computers anytime soon. In the future, please lock (3)_________
lab doors behind you to avoid this type of theft. Your cooperation is greatly appreciateD.
1. A. one of B. the C. an D. one of the

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2. A. one of B. the C. an D. many of
3. A. them B. a C. that D. all

Question 4 through 6 are based on the following notice.

Do Not Enter!
This house has been closed by the City Housing Department because of unsafe (4)________
conditions, code 629. All major plumbing and electrical writing must be repaired before it is
considered sale to be inhabiteD. Once repaired, (5)________ house will be listed for sale by city
officials. Repairs are expected to be completed by the end of September. Interested (6)________
may contact city housing officials directly. For further information, call the city housing
department at 223 – 9945.
4. A. life B. live C. living D. leave
5. A. a B. some C. the D. those
6. A. to buy B. in buying C. bought D. buyers

PART 7
Choose the best answer to each question.
Question 1 through 2 are based on the following notice.
Four Hills Country Club Golf Reservation Sheet
You may sign up below for a tee time up to one week in advance. Make sure to include your
partner’s name(s) and the time you would like to play. Also indicate if you would like to play nine
or eighteen holes. The fee is $35 or $55, respectively, payable the day of the game.
Remember, if you need to cancel your reservation, you must do so at least 24 hours in advance.
Failure to do will result in a $15 cancelation fee.
1. How much does it cost to play nine holes of golf?
A. $55 B. $18 C. $35 D. $15
2. Which of the following is NOT necessary to sign up?

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 A. Players’ names B. Payment
C. Tee time D. Number of holes

Question 3 through 5 are based on the following article.

Lynn Hurley is in the news again, but this time not for her acting. The 32 – year – old movies star
was caught shoplifting from a fancy downtown department store.
Security guards stopped Ms. Hurley at the doors of a well – known department store with over
$1,200 of jewelry in her purse. Officials are investigating the case and trying to decide if Ms.
Hurley was only stealing for fun or if she really needed the jewelry for her next movie. Bail was
set at $2,500 for the release of Ms. Hurley, but so far her family has refused to pay. It convicted
of the crime, the actress could be subject to a fine of $10,000 or one month in jail.
3. What is Ms. Hurley’s profession?
A. Reporter B. Police officer C. Homemaker D. Actress

4. How much is bail for the release of Ms. Hurley?

A. $10.000 B. $2.500 C. $ 1.200 D. $100.000
5. Which did Ms. Hurley probably steal?
A. A necklace B. A purse C. A scarf D. Money

Question 6 through 10 are based on the following poster and email.

Welcome to the XXII Symposium on Romance Languages
University of Grenade, Spain
We are pleased to offer an exciting program of lectures and activities at this year’s Symposium.
As you can see below, we have guest professors from all over the world this year. Some of the
featured countries are Korean, Australia, Italy, France, and the United States. We still need
volunteer presenters for the afternoon workshops. Please contact Professor Jane Wells at
jwells@romance.gren.ac.esp if you are interested. The deadline is January 4 th.

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Eveat Time
- Welcome Message/ Breakfast 8:00 a.m.
- Intonation in Spanish 10:00 a.m.
- Differences in Prosody in Italia and French 11:00 a.m.
- Lunch break 12:00 a.m.
- The Grammar of Portuguese 2:00 p.m.
- Using Computers to Analyze Linguistic Data 3:00 p.m.
- Workshop 4:00 p.m.
- Dinner/ Closing Remarks 5:00 p.m.

To: jwells@romance.gren.ac.esp
From: Mary Adams <madams@yahaa.com>
Subject: XXII Symposium
Date: December 15 2006

Dear Professor Wells

I am or sure if you will remember me, but we met at the twenty – first symposium last year. We
spoke at length about second language acquisition in elementary school aged children. I recently
saw the advertisement for the next symposium, and I would like to offer my assistance. I do not
actually want to be a presenter, but I would be happy to introduce, speakers, help arrange the
program, and do other behind the scenes tasks.
Please let me know if I can help in any way.
Sincerely,
Marry Adams
6. How many years has this symposium been held?
A. Eighteen B. Twenty C. Twenty – one D. Twenty - five
7. When is the presentation of Portuguese?

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 A. In the morning B. Before lunch C. After lunch D. During dinner
8. Where will the conference take place?
A. Korean B. Spain C. United States D. Venezuela
9. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Mary Adams and Professor Wells have met before.
B. Mary Adams and Professor Wells are good friends.
C. Mary Adams and Professor Wells work in the field of education.
D. Mary Adams and Professor Wells are interested in language studied.
10. Why did Mary Adams contact Professor Wells?
A. To volunteer to make a presentation
B. To invite Professor Wells to an elementary school reunion
C. To offer to help at the conference
D. To discuss second language acquisition

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