Chemical Bonding

3 and Molecular Structure

Question:

NEET 2023 Manipur

Answer: D

Explanation

Question: Which one of the following represents all isoelectronic species?

NEET 2023 Manipur

Answer: D

Explanation
Total numbers electrons are same

Question: Which one of the following statements is incorrect related to

Molecular Orbital Theory?

Answer: C

Explanation
In the formation of BMO, the two electron waves of the bonding atoms
reinforce each other due to constructive interference. Molecular orbitals
obtained from 2Px and 2Py orbitals are 'unsymmetrical' around bond axis.
Question: Given below are two statements:

Answer: D

Explanation

NEET 2023
Answer: D

Explanation

Total number of species = 3

Question: The correct order of energies of molecular orbitals of N2 molecule,

is

NEET 2023
Answer: D

Question: Taking stability as the factor, which one of the following represents
correct relationship?

NEET 2023
Answer: C

Explanation

Question: Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction and repulsion between

interacting particles that will include:

NEET 2023

A. dipole - dipole forces.

B. dipole - induced dipole forces
C. hydrogen bonding
D. covalent bonding
E. dispersion forces
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
Answer: B

Explanation
Intermolecular forces means force of attraction between two or more
molecules
dipole-dipole (attraction between two or more polar molecules).
Dipole induced dipole (attraction between polar and non-polar molecules)
Hydrogen bonding (it is a special type of dipole-dipole and ion-dipole
attraction)
Dispersion forces (mainly acts between non polar molecules).
Covalent bonding (acts between atom not between molecules)
 2022
MCQ (Single Correct Answer)

Q.1. Match List-I with List-II :

List-I List-II
(Molecules) (Shape)

(a) NH3 (i) Square pyramidal

(b) ClF3 (ii) Trigonal bipyramidal

(c) PCl5 (iii) Trigonal pyramidal

(d) BrF5 (iv) T-shape

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

NEET 2022 Phase 2

Ans. (C)
Explanation
(a) - (iii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (ii), (d) - (i)

Q.2. The correct order of bond angles in the following compounds/species

is :

NEET 2022 Phase 2

Ans. (B)
Explanation
Q.3. Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and
the other is labelled as Reason (R)

Assertion (A) : ICI is more reactive than I2

Reason (R) : I-CI bond is weaker than I-I bond.

In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer
from the options given below:

NEET 2022 Phase 1

Ans. (A)
Explanation
In general, interhalogen compounds are more reactive than halogens
(except fluorine). This is because X - X' bond in interhalogens is weaker
than X - X bond in halogens excepts F - F bond. Therefore I-Cl is more
reactive than I2 because of weaker I - Cl bond then I - I bond.

Q.4. Amongst the following which one will have maximum 'lone pair - lone
pair' electron repulsions?
NEET 2022 Phase 1

Ans. (D)
Explanation

XeF2 having maximum lone pairs, so, it has maximum 'lone pair-lone pair'
electron repulsions.

Q.5. Which amongst the following is incorrect statement?

NEET 2022 Phase 1

Ans. (D)
Explanation
TOPIC 1 (b) CH 2O Hybridisation =
1
(6) = 3 (sp2 ) (d) Ammonia, beryllium difluoride,
Type of Bonds, Bond 2 water, 1,4-dichlorobenzene
Shape = Trigonal planar. Ans. (c)
Parameter and Resonance
In option (c), for all molecules,
01 The correct sequence of bond C [i, vi, iii, viii]µ =0.
H H
enthalpy of ‘CX’ bond is The structure of all compounds are as
[NEET 2021] Dipole moment,µ ≠ 0
follows :
(a) CH3 F < CH3  Cl < CH3 Br< CH3 I CH2O is polar in nature.
1 (i) Boron trifluoride (BF3)
(b) CH3 F> CH3  Cl > CH3 Br > CH3 I (c) SbCl 5 Hybridisation =× 10 = 5 (sp3d)
(c) CH3 F < CH3  Cl > CH3 Br > 2 F
CH3 I Shape = Trigonal bipyramidal ⇒ F B ; µ=0
(d) CH3  Cl > CH3 F > CH3 Br > Cl
CH3 I F
Ans. (b) Cl (ii) Hydrogen fluoride (HF)
Cl Sb
On moving down the group from F to I, ⇒ H F; µ ≠ 0
Cl
the size of atom increases. Order of the (iii) Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Cl
size of halogen atoms is I > Br > Cl > F.
Dipole moment, µ = 0 ⇒ O C O ; µ=0
So, the bond length of C—X bond also
increases from F to I and hence, the SbCl 5 is non-polar in nature.
(iv) 1,3-dichloro benzene
bond enthalpy decreases from F to I. (d) NO2 Hybridisation (m-C6H4Cl2) ⇒ Cl
Correct order of bond length of C—X 1 1
= × (4 + 2) = × 6 = 3 (sp2 ).
bond is 2 2
; µ≠0
H3C  I > H3C Br > H3C  Cl > H3C F.
Correct order of bond enthalpy is Cl
N
H3C  F > H3C  Cl > CH3 Br > H3C I. (v) Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3)

02 Which of the following molecules is Shape = Trigonal planar

Dipole moment,µ ≠ 0 ⇒ N ;µ ≠ 0
non-polar in nature? [NEET 2021]
(a) POCl3 (b) CH2O NO2 is polar in nature. F F
F
(c) SbCl5 (d) NO2
03 Which of the following set of (vi) Beryllium difluoride (BeF2)
Ans. (c) molecules will have zero dipole ⇒ FBeF ;µ=0
1 moment ?
(a) POCl 3 Hybridisation = × 8 = 4 (sp3) [NEET (Sept.) 2020]
2 (a) Boron trifluoride, hydrogen fluoride, (vii) Water (H2O)
carbon dioxide, 1,3-dichlorobenzene
P (b) Nitrogen trifluoride, beryllium
⇒ O ; µ≠0
Cl Cl difluoride, water,
Cl 1,3-dichlorobenzene H H
Shape = Tetrahedral (c) Boron trifluoride, beryllium
Dipole moment, µ ≠ 0 difluoride, carbon dioxide, 1,
POCl3 is polar in nature. 4-dichlorobenzene
 (viii) 1,4-dichloro benzene Key concept The species that have same µ4
(p=C6H4Cl2) ⇒ Cl number of electrons have same bond µ4
N µ1 µ3 N µ1
order. µ3
H µ2H F µ2 F
Species Number of electrons H F
; µ=0
CO 6 + 8 = 14 Resultant of Resultant of
3N  H 3N  F
Cl NO 7 + 8 = 15 bond lie in the same bond lie opposite to µ4
direction as µ4
(ix) Ammonia (NH3) O2 8 + 8 = 16
Hence, µnet = µres + µ4
NO + 7 + 8 − 1 = 14 This is because in case ofNH3, the net
−
6 + 7 + 1 = 14
N H bond dipole is in the same direction
⇒ N ; µ≠0 CN
as the direction of dipole of lone pair but
H H O −2 8 + 8 + 1 = 17 in case of NF3, the direction of net bond
H dipole of three N F bonds is opposite
[Q µ = Dipole moment] Thus, both CN− and CO have equal than that of the dipole of the then lone
number of electrons. So, their bond pair.
order will be same.
04 Which of the following is the
correct order of dipole moment? 08 Which one of the following
06 Predict the correct order among molecules contain no π-bond?
[NEET (Odisha) 2019]
the following. [NEET 2016, Phase I] [NEET 2013]
(a) NH3 < BF3 < NF3 < H2O
(a) lone pair-lone pair > bond pair-bond (a) CO2 (b) H2O
(b) BF3 < NF3 < NH3 < H2O pair > lone pair-bond pair (c) SO2 (d) NO2
(c) BF3 < NH3 < NF3 < H2O (b) bond pair-bond pair > lone pair-bond
(d) H2O < NF3 < NH3 < BF3 Ans. (b)
pair > lone pair-lone pair
Ans. (b) (c) lone pair-bond pair > bond pair-bond All the molecules have O-atom with lone
pair > lone pair-lone pair pairs, but inH2O the H-atom has no
BF3 has zero dipole moment as it is vacant orbital for π-bonding. That’s why
symmetrical in nature.H2O has maximum (d) lone pair-lone pair > lone pair-bond
it does not have any π-bond.
dipole moment as it possess two lone pair > bond pair-bond pair
In all other given molecules, the central
pair of electrons. BetweenNH3 and NF3, Ans. (d)
atom because of the presence of vacant
NH3 has greater dipole moment though According to the postulate of VSEPR orbitals is capable to form π-bonds.
in NH3 and NF3, both N possesses one theory, a lone pair occupies more space
lone pair of electrons. than a bonding pair, since it lies closer to
This is beacuse in case ofNF3, the net
09 Which of the following is least likely
the central atom. This means that the
N—H bond dipole is in the same direction to behave as Lewis base?
repulsion between the different electron
as the direction of dipole of lone pair. [CBSE AIPMT 2011]
pairs follow the order.
But in case ofNF3, the direction of net (a) NH3 (b) BF3
lp − lp > lp − bp > bp − bp
dipole moment of three —N—F bonds is (c) OH− (d) H2O
opposite to that of the dipole moment of Ans. (b)
the lone pair. Thus, the correct of dipole 07 Which of the following molecules
moment is has the maximum dipole moment? BF3 is an electron deficient species, thus
[CBSE AIPMT 2014] behaves like a Lewis acid.
N − Na
O > N >
(a) CO2 (b) CH 4 Q Bond order = b
(c) NH 3 (d) NF 3 2
H H H H
H Ans. (d)
(H2O) (NH3) 10 The electronegativity difference
CO2 and CH4 have zero dipole moment as
these are symmetrical in nature. between N and F is greater than
F
N > F BetweenNH3 and NF3,NF3 has greater that between N and H yet the
B
F F F
dipole moment though inNH3 and NF3 dipole moment of NH3 (1.5 D) is
F both, N possesses one lone pair of larger than that of NF3 (0.2 D). This
(NF3) (BF3) electrons. is because [CBSE AIPMT 2006]
H
µ1 (a) in NH3 as well as inNF3 , the atomic
05 Which one of the following pairs of µres
O C O C µ4 dipole and bond dipole are in the
species have the same bond order? µ1 same direction
net = 0
[NEET 2017] H µH
H 3 (b) in NH3 , the atomic dipole and bond
(a) CO, NO ∴ µ = µ + µ + µ = –µ dipole are in the same direction
res 1 2 3 4
(b) O2 , NO + and µnet = µres + µ4 whereas inNF3 these are in opposite
(c) CN− , CO ∴ µnet = µ1 + µ2 + µ3 + µ4 directions
(d) N2 , O2− = – µ4 + µ4 = 0 (c) in NH3 as well asNF3 , the atomic
dipole and bond dipole are in
Ans. (c) net = 0
opposite directions
 (d) in NH3 the atomic dipole and bond F F Ans. (b)
dipole are in the opposite directions In NH+4 bond angle is maximum (nearer
whereas inNF3 these are in the same B Si 109°) due to its tetrahedral geometry.
directions F F F F
Ans. (b)
µ=0
F 16 In PO 3−
4 ion, the formal charge on
µ=0
each oxygen atom and P—O
N N F F F F bond order respectively are
[CBSE AIPMT 1998]
F F H H S Xe
F H
(a) – 0.75, 0.6 (b) – 0.75, 1.0
F F F F (c) – 0.75, 1.25 (d) – 3, 1.25
µ = 0.24 D µ = 1.47 D
F is more electronegative than N, µ = 0.632 D µ=0 Ans. (c)
therefore direction of bond is from N to (Permanent dipole moment) P—O bond order
F whereas N is more electronegative
Q SF 4 have µ > 0 Total Number of bonds in all possible
than H, the direction of the bond is from
H to N. Thus whereas resultant moment ∴ It has permanent dipole moment. =
direction between two atoms
of N-H bonds adds up to the bond Total number of resonating structures
moment of lone pair, that of 3N-F bonds 13 In BrF3 molecule, the lone pairs 2+ 1+ 1+ 1 5
= = = 1.25
partly cancel the resultant moment of occupy equatorial positions to 4 4
lone pair. Hence, the net dipole moment ∴ Bond order = 1.25
of NF3 is less than that ofNH3.
minimise [CBSE AIPMT 2004]
(a) lone pair-bond pair repulsion Resonating structures are
(b) bond pair-bond pair repulsion –
11 In which of the following molecules O O
(c) lone pair-lone pair repulsion and lone |
| |
are all the bonds not equal? –
O— P—O– O== P—O
–
pair-bond pair repulsion
[CBSE AIPMT 2006] | |
(d) lone pair-lone pair repulsion – –
(a) ClF3 (b) BF3 O O
(c) AlF3 (d) NF3 Ans. (d)
– –
Ans. (a) In BrF3 molecule, Br is sp 3d hybridised, O O
but its geometry is T-shaped due to – | – |
In ClF3 all bonds are not equal due to its O — P==O O— P—O–
distortion of geometry from trigonal | ||
trigonal-bipyramidal (sp3d hybridisation) –
bipyramidal to T-shaped by the O O
geometry
involvement of lone pair-lone pair
Total charge onPO3–4 ion is –3
F repulsion.
Total charge
F Cl F =
F Total entity of O- atom
Trigonal bipyramidal geometry
Br—
So, the average formal charge on each
BF3 and AlF3 show trigonal symmetric F 3
F O-atom is = − = − 0.75
structure due to sp2 hybridisation. Here, lp – lp repulsion = 0 4
F lp – bprepulsion = 4
F B bp – bprepulsion = 2 17 Which one is not paramagnetic
F among the following? [at. no. of
14 In NO −3 ion number of bond pair and Be = 4,Ne = 10, As = 33, Cl = 17]
F
lone pair of electrons on nitrogen [CBSE AIPMT 1998]
and F Al
atom are [CBSE AIPMT 2002] (a) Cl− (b) Be
F
(a) 2, 2 (b) 3, 1 (c) 1, 3 (d) 4, 0 (c) Ne2+ (d) As+
NF3 shows pyramidal geometry due to
Ans. (a)
sp3 hybridisation. Ans. (d)
In NO3− ion Paramagnetic character is based upon
N O presence of unpaired electron.
17 Cl = 1s , 2 s 2p , 3 s 3px 3py 3pz
– – 2 2 6 2 2 2 2
F F O–—N O N O
F O O
3bp + 1lp In Cl − no unpaired electron, so it is in
Nitrogen has four bond pair and zero nature diamagnetic.
lone pair of electrons, due to the
4 Be = 1s , 2 s 2px
2 1 1
12 Which of the following would have presence of one coordination bond.
Ne 2+
= 1s 2
, 2 s 2 2
2p 1 1
x 2py 2pz
a permanent dipole moment? 10

[CBSE AIPMT 2005] 15 In which of the following, bond = 1s 2 , 2 s 2 2p6 , 3 s 2 3p6 3d 10 ,

+
33 As
(a) BF3 (b) SiF4 angle is maximum? 4s 2 4px1 4py1 4pz0
(c) SF4 (d) XeF4 [CBSE AIPMT 2001]
While all others have unpaired electron,
Ans. (c) (a) NH3 (b) NH+4 (c) PCl3 (d) SCl2 so they are paramagnetic in nature.
18 The molecule which does not Ans. (d) Ans. (b)
exhibit dipole moment is H-bond is weakest bond because its NaF has high lattice energy because Na +
[CBSE AIPMT 1997] bond dissociation energy is very low as is smallest in size and lattice energy
(a) NH3 (b) CHCl3 compared to other given bonds (10 kJ increases as the size of cation
mol −1). decreases. (In the given question anion
(c) H2O (d) CCl4
is common in all compound)
Ans. (d) 23 Which of the following pairs will
CCl 4 does not show dipole moment form the most stable ionic bond? 27 Strongest hydrogen bonding is
because it has tetrahedral symmetrical [CBSE AIPMT 1994] shown by [CBSE AIPMT 1992]
structure.
(a) Na and Cl (b) Mg and F (a) H2O (b) NH3
(c) Li and F (d) Na and F (c) HF (d) H2 S
19 For two ionic solids CaO and KI,
Ans. (b) Ans. (c)
identify the wrong statement among
The ionic bond between Mg and F is most HF have strongest hydrogen bond
the following. [CBSE AIPMT 1997]
stable because in these the electrostatic because the electronegativity of F-atom
(a) Lattice energy of CaO is much larger is high and produce strong electrostatic
force of attraction is maximum. As Mg
than that of KI force of attraction.
has high electropositive character and F
(b) KI is soluble in benzene has high electronegative character
(c) KI has lower melting point among all other options that are given in 28 Which one of the following
(d) CaO has higher melting point question. formulae does not correctly
Ans. (b) represent the bonding capacities
KI is ionic compound, so it is not soluble 24 Which of the following statements of the atoms involved?
in non-polar solvent (i.e. dipole moment is not correct? [CBSE AIPMT 1991]
(µ) for benzene = 0). [CBSE AIPMT 1993, 1990] +
 H 
(a) Double bond is shorter than a single 
 
20 Which one of the following has the bond (a) H — P —H 
highest dipole moment? (b) Sigma bond is weaker than a π-bond   
[CBSE AIPMT 1997] (c) Double bond is stronger than a single  H 
(a) AsH3 (b) SbH3 bond F F
(d) Covalent bond is stronger than (b)
(c) PH3 (d) NH3 O
hydrogen bond
Ans. (d) O
Ans. (b)
In the given molecules nitrogen has (c) O ← N
greater electronegativity. So, it has Sigma bond is always stronger than
π-bond because the extent of O —H
greater dipole moment and correct order
of dipole moment is overlapping is maximum in sigma bond O
formation. (d) H —C ==C
NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3
O —H
21 The BCl 3 is a planar molecule 25 Which one of the following is the
correct order of interactions? Ans. (d)
whereas NCl 3 is pyramidal because [CBSE AIPMT 1993] O
1 2
[CBSE AIPMT 1995] In H— C==C carbon number 2
(a) Covalent < hydrogen bonding < van
(a) B — Cl bond is more polar than N — Cl der Waals’ < dipole-dipole O —H
bond (b) van der Waals’ < hydrogen bonding have five valency which is not possible,
(b) N — Cl bond is more covalent than < dipole-dipole < covalent so it does not correctly represent the
B — Cl bond (c) van der Waals’ < dipole-dipole < bonding capacities of C atom.
(c) nitrogen atom is smaller than boron hydrogen bonding < covalent
atom (d) Dipole-dipole < van der Waals’ <
(d) BCl 3 has no lone pair butNCl 3 has a
29 Among LiCl, BeCl 2 , BCl 3 and CCl 4 ,
hydrogen bonding < covalent
lone pair of electrons the covalent bond character
Ans. (b)
Ans. (d) follows the order
The van der Waals’ forces are weakest [CBSE AIPMT 1990]
BCl 3 have sp2 hybridisation and no lone forces and covalent bond is strongest,
pair of electron on central atom butNCl 3 so the order of interactions is van der (a) LiCl <BeCl2 > BCl3 > CCl4
have sp3 hybridisation and also contains Waals’ < H-bonding < dipole-dipole < (b) LiCl <BeCl2 <BCl3 > CCl4
one lone pair of electron on nitrogen, so covalent. (c) LiCl <BeCl2 <BCl3 <CCl4
BCl 3 is planar. (d) LiCl > BeCl2 > BCl3 > CCl4
26 Among the following which Ans. (c)
22 The weakest among the following compound will show the highest The electronegativity increases from left
types of bond is [CBSE AIPMT 1994] lattice energy? [CBSE AIPMT 1993] to right in any period, so the
(a) ionic (b) covalent electronegativity follows the order
(a) KF (b) NaF
(c) metallic (d) H-bond (c) CsF (d) RbF Li < Be < B < C
 and hence, the covalent character of Cl Ans. (c)
chlorides of these elements increase Cl Hybridisation of a central atom can be
from Li to C because size of cation left to Cl P calculate by using the formula :
right decreases and according to Fajans’ Cl 1
rule covalent character increases. Hybridisation = [number of valence
Cl 2
Hybridisation of P → sp3d electrons + Number of side atoms –
30 H2O has a net dipole moment while Positive charge + Negative charge]
Structure of PCl 5 → Trigonal bipyramidal
BeF2 has zero dipole moment Electronic configuration of B
(B) SF6
because [CBSE AIPMT 1989] = 1s 2 , 2s 2 , 2p1
S (Ground state) = 3 s 2 3 p4
(a) H2O molecule is linear whileBeF2 is Number of valence electrons in B = 3
S* (excited state)
bent electrons in last shell, n = 2
3s 3p 3d
(b) BeF2 molecule is linear whileH2O is Number of side atoms in
bent BF3 = 3F-atoms.
(c) fluorine has more electronegativity 1 1
So, hybridisation = (3 + 3) = × 6 = 3.
than oxygen F F F F F F F 2 2
(d) beryllium has more electronegativity
F F Hybridisation of B in BF3 is sp2 .
than oxygen
S Number of electrons around central
Ans. (b) F F atom, B inBF3 is equal to the number of
H2O have bent structure in which the two electrons in three sigma bonds (B—F) i.e.
F
O—H bonds are oriented at an angle of = 3 B—F bonds × 2 electrons in one
104.5°, so water have a net dipole Hybridisation of S→ sp3d2
σ-bond.
moment whereasBeF2 have linear Structure of SF6 → Octahedral
= 6 electrons
geometry, so the dipole moment of one (C) BrF5
bond is cancelled by another bond, so it Br (Ground state) = 3 s 2 3 p5
have zero dipole moment. 33 Match the coordination number
Br* (excited state) and type of hybridisation with
3s 3p 3d
TOPIC 2 distribution of hybrid orbitals in
space based on valence bond theory.
Hybridisation and Lone [NEET (Oct.) 2020]
VSEPR Theory pair F F F F F
Coordination
F number and Distribution of
hybrid orbitals
31 Match List-I with List-II. F F
type of
in space
hybridisation
Br
List-I List-II F F
4, sp 3 trigonal
Square A. I.
A. PCl5 I. bipyramidal
pyramidal Hybridisation of Br → sp d 3 2

Structure of BrF5 → Square pyramidal B. 4, dsp2 II. octahedral

B. SF6 II. Trigonal planar
(D) BF3
3
C. BrF5 III. Octahedral B (Ground state) = 2 s 2 2 p1 C. 5, sp d III. tetrahedral
B* (excited state) 2 3
Trigonal D. 6, d sp IV. square planar
D. BF3 IV. 2p F
bipyramidal 2s
Select the correct option.
Choose the correct answer from B A B C D A B C D
the options given below [NEET 2021] F F F F F
(a) II III IV I (b) III IV I II
A B C D A B C D
Hybridisation of B→ sp2 (c) IV I II III (d) III I IV II
(a) IV III I II (b) II III IV I
Structure of BF3 → Trigonal planar Ans. (b)
(c) III I IV II (d) IV III II I ∴ Correct match is
Ans. (a) (A)-(IV); (B)-(III); (C)-(I); (D)-(II)
(A) PCl 5 (A) CN==4, sp3
P (Ground state) = 3 s 2 3 p3 32 BF 3 is planar and electron deficient
P* (excited state) compound. Hybridisation and or tetrahedral ⇒ (III)
3s 3p 3d number of electrons around the
central atom, respectively are (B) CN==4, dsp2
[NEET 2021]

Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl (a) sp 3 and 4 (b) sp 3 and 6

or square planar ⇒ (IV)
(c) sp2 and 6 (d) sp2 and 8
 Column I Column II (a) The H—O—H bond angle in H2 O is
(C) CN==5, sp3d larger than the H—C—H bond angle in
Distorted CH 4
C. XeOF4 (iii)
or trigonal bipyramidal ⇒ (I) octahedral (b) The H—O—H bond angle in H2 O is
smaller than the H—N—H bond angle
XeO 3 Square in NH 3
D. (iv)
(D) CN ==6, d2sp3 pyramidal (c) The H—C—H bond angle in CH 4 is
larger than the H—N—H bond angle in
Codes NH 3
or octahedral ⇒ (II) A B C D A B C D (d) The H—C—H bond angle in CH 4 , the
Hence, option (b) is correct. (a) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i) (b) (iii) (iii) (i) (iv) H—N—H bond angle in NH 3 and the
(c) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii) (d) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) H—O—H bond angle in H2 O are all
34 Identify the wrongly matched pair. greater than 90°
Ans. (a)
[NEET (Oct.) 2020] Ans. (a)
The given xenon compounds with its
Molecule Shape of geometry of As the number of lone pair of electrons
structures are as follows:
molecule on central element increases, repulsion
F F between those lone pair of electrons
(a) PCl5 Trigonal planar
(A) XeF4 Xe (Square planar) increases and therefore, bond angle
(b) SF6 Octahedral F F decreases.
Molecules Bond angle
(c) BeCl2 Linear
F CH 4 (no lone pair of electrons) 109.5°
(d) NH3 Trigonal pyramidal F F NH 3 (one lone pair of electrons) 107.5°
Ans. (a) (B) XeF6 Xe (Distorted octahedral)
H2 O (two lone pair of electrons) 104.45°
F F
Cl F 38 The hybridisations of atomic
orbitals of nitrogen in NO +2 , NO −3
Cl
O
(A) PCl5 ⇒ Cl P F F and NH+4 respectively are
Cl (C) XeOF4 Xe (Square pyramidal)
sp3d Cl
[NEET 2016, Phase II]
F F (a) sp, sp 3 and sp2 (b) sp2 , sp 3 and sp
⇒ Geometry=shape=trigonal
bipyramidal (c) sp, sp2 and sp 3 (d) sp2 , sp and sp 3
[Nottrigonalplanar] Ans. (c)
F (D) XeO3 Xe (Pyramidal)
Ion Structure Hybridisation
F F O O
O NO 2+ sp
(B) SF6 ⇒ S O==N==O
Hence, the correct match is NO −3 sp 2
F F O
(A) → (ii), (B) → (iii), (C)→ (iv), (D) → (i) N→O
sp3d2 F O
⇒ Geometry = shape = octahedral 36 Predict the correct order among NH 4+ H sp 3
sp the following. [NEET 2016, Phase I]
(C) BeCl2 ⇒ Cl Be Cl
+
N
⇒ Geometry = shape = linear (a) lone pair-lone pair > bond pair-bond H H
pair > lone pair-bond pair H

(b) bond pair-bond pair > lone pair-bond Thus, option (c) is correct.
pair > lone pair-lone pair
(D) NH3 ⇒ H N H
(c) lone pair-bond pair > bond pair-bond 39 Which of the following species
3 pair > lone pair-lone pair contains equal number of σ and
sp H (d) lone pair-lone pair > lone pair-bond π-bonds? [CBSE AIPMT 2015]
⇒electrongeometry = tetrahedral pair > bond pair-bond pair (a) HCO–3 (b) XeO4
⇒ Shape = trigonal pyramidal
Ans. (d) (c) (CN)2 (d) CH2 (CN)2
Hence, option (a) is wrongly matched
According to the postulate of VSEPR Ans. (b)
pair.
theory, a lone pair occupies more space
than a bonding pair, since it lies closer to Structure σ and π bonds
35 Match the xenon compounds in
the central atom. This means that the (a) O
Column I with its structure in
repulsion between the different electron  σ bond-4
Column II and assign the correct pairs follow the order. C
π bond-1
code : [NEET (National) 2019] lp − lp > lp − bp > bp − bp O O H
Column I Column II (b) O
37 Consider the molecules CH4 , NH3

A. XeF4 (i) Pyramidal and H2O. Which of the given Xe
statements is false?  σ bond-4
B. XeF6 (ii) Square planar [NEET 2016, Phase I]
O O O π bond-4
 Structure σ and π bonds Ans. (b) Ans. (d)
(c) N ≡≡ C C ≡≡ N σ bond-3 Symmetrical molecules are generally NO2− → sp2
π bond-4
non-polar although they have polar NO−3 → sp2
bonds. This is because bond dipole of NH2+ → sp3
H one bond is cancelled by that of the
NH−4 → sp3
 σ bond-6 other. BF3, SiF4 and XeF4 being
π bond-4 SCN+ → sp
(d) N ≡≡ C C C ≡≡ N symmetrical as non-polar. SF4 is
 unsymmetrical because of the NO2 and NO−3 both have the same
−

H presence of a lone pair of electrons. hybridisation, i.e. sp2 .

Due to which it is a polar molecule.
46 In which of the following pairs of
40 Which of the following pairs of ions 43 Which of the following species molecules/ions, the central atoms
are isoelectronic and isostructural? contains three bond pairs and one have sp 2 hybridisation?
[CBSE AIPMT 2015] [CBSE AIPMT 2010]
lone pair around the central atom?
(a) CO23– , SO23– (b) CIO–3, CO23– [NEET 2013] (a) NO2− and NH3
(c) SO2– –
3 , NO 3 (d) ClO –3, SO2–
3 (a) H2O (b) BF3 (c) NH2− (d) PCl3 (b) BF3 and NO2−
Ans. (d) Ans. (d) (c) NH2− and H2O
ClO−3 , == SO23− (a) H2O ⇒ O (d) BF3 and NH2−
Cl H H Ans. (b)
S
(2 bp + 2 lp)
O –
O
–
O O – Key Idea For sp2 hybridisation, there
O O [bp = bond pair and lp = lone pair] must be 3 σ-bonds or 2σ-bonds along
F with a lone pair of electrons.
O– O  (i) NO2− ⇒2 σ + 1 lp = 3, i.e. sp2
(b) BF3 ⇒ B
O C N O– F
hybridisation
F
O– O (3 bp + 0 lp) (ii) NH3 ⇒3 σ + 1 lp = 4, i.e. sp3
Number of electrons – hybridisation
(c) NH2 ⇒
–
CO23− = 6 + 2 + 24 = 32 N iii) BF3 ⇒3 σ + 0 lp = 3, i.e. sp2
H H
SO23− = 16 + 2 + 24 = 42 hybridisation
(iv) NH2− ⇒2 σ + 2 lp = 4, i.e. sp3
(2bp + 2lp)
ClO−3 = 4 + 24 + 1 = 42
CO23− = 6 + 24 + 2 = 32
Cl hybridisation
(d) PCl3 ⇒ P
NO−3 = 7 + 2 + 24 = 33 Cl Cl (v) H2O ⇒2 σ + 2 lp = 4, i.e. sp3
hybridisation
Hence, ClO−3 and SO23− are isoelectronic (3 bp + 1 lp)
and are pyramidal in shape. Thus, in PCl3 , the central P-atom is Thus, among the given pairs, only BF3
surrounded by three bond pairs and one and NO2− have sp2 hybridisation.
41 Which one of the following species lone pair.
has plane triangular shape? 47 In which one of the following
44 Considering the state of species the central atom has the
[CBSE AIPMT 2014]
hybridisation of carbon atoms, find type of hybridisation which is not
(a) N3 (b) NO −3
(c) NO2− (d) CO2 out the molecule among the the same as that present in the
Ans. (b)
following which is linear? other three? [CBSE AIPMT 2010]
(b) I−3
[CBSE AIPMT 2011]
Species with sp2 hybridisation are planar (a) SF4
(a) CH3 —C ≡≡ C—CH3 (c) SbCl2− (d) PCl5
triangular in shape. Among the given 5
speciesNO−3 is sp2 hybridised with no
(b) CH2 == CH—CH2 — C ≡≡ CH Ans. (c)
lone pair of electrons on central atom, N. (c) CH3 — CH2 — CH2 — CH3
Key Idea Molecules having same
Whereas,N3, NO2− and CO2 are (d) CH3 — CH == CH— CH3
hybridisation have same number of hybrid
sp hybridised with a linear shape. Ans. (a) orbitals,
– 4 3 2 1 1
O H3 C  C ≡≡ C  CH3 is linear because C2 H = [V + X − C + A]
+ 2
N N N N
– and C3 are sp hybridised carbon atom.
where,
O O 45 Which of the two ions from the list V = number of valence electrons of
–
given below, have the geometry central atom
O N– O O C O that is explained by the same X = number of monovalent atoms
hybridisation of orbitals, C = charge on cation
NO–2 , NO–3 , NH–2 , NH+4 , SCN– ? A = charge on anion
42 Which of the following is a polar [CBSE AIPMT 2011] SbCl25− = sp 3d2 , PCl 5 = sp 3d
molecule? [NEET 2013]
(a) NH+4 and NO –3 −
(b) SCN and NH2– SF 4 = sp 3d , I −3 = sp 3d
(a) BF3 (b) SF4 (c) SiF4 (d) XeF4 (c) NO2– and NH2– (d) NO2– and NO –3
48 In which of the following Ans. (d) Ans. (a)
molecules/ions BF3 , NO −2 , NH−2 and (a) SF4 = irregular tetrahedral (sp3d,one SCl 4 is not isostructural with SiCl 4
H2O, the central atom is lone pair) because it shows square planar
XeF4 = square planar (sp3d2 , two lone structure due to involvement of
sp 2 hybridised? [CBSE AIPMT 2009] pairs) repulsion between lone pair and bond
(a) NO2− and NH2− (b) NH2− and H2O (b) SO23− = pyramidal (sp3, one lone pair) pair of electrons.
(c) NO2− and H2O (d) BF3 and NO2− NO−3 = trigonal planar (sp2 ) SO24− shows tetrahedral structure due to
Ans. (d) (c) BF3 = trigonal planar (sp2 ) sp3 hybridisation.
NF3 = pyramidal (sp3) PO3−
BF3 4 shows tetrahedral structure due
F (d) BrO−3 = pyramidal (sp3, one lone pair) to sp3 hybridisation.
σ XeO3 = pyramidal (sp3, one lone pair)
B— σ
F ⇒3 σ-bonds, i.e. sp2 hybridisation NH+4 shows tetrahedral structure due to
 σ sp3 hybridisation.
F 51 Which of the following species has
Planar structure a linear shape? [CBSE AIPMT 2006] 54 Which of the following molecules
NO2− (a) NO2– (b) SO2 has trigonal planar geometry?
•• s (c) NO2+ (d) O 3 [CBSE AIPMT 2005]
O==•• N •• ==O ⇒2σ-bonds +1 lone pair of Ans. (c) (a) IF3 (b) PCl3
electrons, i.e. sp2 hybridisation + (c) NH3 (d) BF3
NO2 has linear shape due to sp
NH2– +
Ans. (d)
••
H σ—N σ—H ⇒2σ-bonds +2 lone pairs, i.e.
hybridisation of N in NO2 IF3 has bent-T geometry
•× + F
sp3 hybridisation O==N == O
••
•O WhileSO2 , NO2– and O3 have angular I F
•
H2O =σ σ
shape
F
H H S N
2lp + 3 bp = sp d hybridisation
3
⇒ 2σ-bonds +2 lone pairs, i.e. sp3 –
O O O O PCl3 has pyramidal geometry
hybridisation, Thus, inBF3 and NO2− , V-shape V-shape
central atom is sp2 hybridised, while +
NH2 , NH 3 and H2 O are sp 3 hybridised. O
P
49 The angular shape of ozone O O– Cl Cl
V-shape Cl
molecule (O 3 ) consists of 1lp + 3 bp = sp3 hybridisation
[CBSE AIPMT 2008] Angular shape (due to sp 2 hybridisation
of central atom or ion) NH3 has trigonal pyramidal geometry
(a) 1 sigma and 2 pi-bonds
(b) 2 sigma and 2 pi-bonds
(c) 1 sigma and 1 pi-bonds 52 Which of the following is not a
N
(d) 2 sigma and 1 pi-bonds correct statement? H H
[CBSE AIPMT 2006] H
Ans. (d)
(a) The electron deficient molecules can 1lp + 3bp = sp3 hybridisation
In case of single bond, there is only one act as Lewis acids
σ-bond, in case of double bond, there is BF3 has trigonal planar geometry
(b) The canonical structures have no
one σ and one π-bonds while in case of real existence F
triple bond, there is one σ and two (c) Every AB 5 molecule does infact have F B
π-bonds. Thus, angular shape of ozone F
square pyramid structure (µ = 0)
(O3) contains 2σ and 1 π-bonds as shown
(d) Multiple bonds are always shorter 3bp only = sp2 (hydridisation)
below
than corresponding single bond
Ans. (c) 55 H2O is dipolar, whereas BeF2 is not.
Generally, AB 5 molecules have trigonal
It is because [CBSE AIPMT 2004]
2 sigma and one π-bonds. bipyramidal structure due to sp3d
hybridisation but in some cases due to (a) the electronegativity of F is greater
presence of lone pair of electrons, its than that of O
50 In which of the following pairs, the (b) H2O involves hydrogen bonding
geometry becomes distorted.
two species are isostructural? whereas BeF2 is a discrete molecule
[CBSE AIPMT 2007] (c) H2O is linear andBeF2 is angular
53 Which of the following is not
(a) SF4 and XeF4 (d) H2O is angular andBeF2 is linear
− isostructural with SiCl 4 ?
(b) SO2−
3 and NO 3 [CBSE AIPMT 2006] Ans. (d)
(c) BF3 and NF3
(a) SCl4 (b) SO2– The structure of H2O is angular or
(d) BrO −3 and XeO 3 (c) PO 3–
4
(d) NH4+ V-shape and has sp3-hybridisation and
4
 14 Si = 1s , 2 s , 2p , 3s 3p (in ground
2 2 6 2 2
104.5° bond angle. Thus, its dipole 59 Which of the following has pπ - dπ
moment is positive or more than zero. state)
bonding? [CBSE AIPMT 2002]
14 Si = 1s , 2 s 2p , 3s 3p (in excited
2 2 6 1 3
O
state) (a) NO –3 (b) SO2–
3
H
104.5°
H 3s 3p (c) BO 3–
3 (d) CO2–
3

But in BeF2 , structure is linear due to Ans. (b)

3
sp hybridisation (µ = 0) In SO2–
3 , S is sp hybridised, so
180° sp3 hybridisation O–
π σ
3
F Be F
Hence, four equivalent sp hybrid O σ S
orbitals are obtained and they are σ
Thus, due toµ > 0, H2O is dipolar and due O–
overlapped by four p-orbitals of four
to µ = 0, BeF2 is non-polar. 16 S = 1s , 2 s 2p , 3 s
2 2 6 2
3px1 3py1 3pz1
fluorine atoms on their axis. Thus, it
(Sulphur atom in 1442443
shows following structure : excited state) sp 3hybridisation
56 In an octahedral structure, the pair F
of d orbitals involved in 1
3d xy
d 2 sp 3 -hybridisation is Unhybridised
[CBSE AIPMT 2004] Si In ‘S’ the three p-orbitals forms σ-bonds
(a) dx 2 − y 2 , dz 2 (b) dxz , dx 2 − y 2 with three oxygen atoms and
F F unhybridised d-orbital is involved in
(c) dz 2 , dxz (d) dxy , dyz π-bond formation.
Ans. (a)
F O8 = 1s 2 , 2 s 2 2p2x 2py1 2pz1
F
In the formation of d2 sp3 hybrid orbitals, In oxygen two unpaired p-orbitals are
two (n − 1) d-orbitals of e g set, i.e. σ present, one is involved in σ-bond
(n– 1) dz 2 and (n– 1) d x 2 –y 2 orbitals, one n s formation while other is used in π-bond
or Si
and three np (npx , npy and npz .) orbitals σ σ formation.
combine together. F σ F
Thus inSO23– , p and d-orbitals are involved
for pπ- dπ bonding.
57 In a regular octahedral molecule, F
MX 6 the number of X M  X WhileSF4 is not tetrahedral but it is 60 Which of the following two are
bonds at 180° is [CBSE AIPMT 2004] arranged in trigonal bipyramidal isostructural? [CBSE AIPMT 2001]
geometry (has see saw shape) because (a) XeF2 , and IF2– (b) NH3, and BF3
(a) 3 (b) 2 in itS is sp3d hybrid.
(c) 6 (d) 4 (c) CO2–
3 , and SO 3
2–
(d) PCl5 , and ICl5
16 S = 1 s , 2 s 2p , 3s 3px 3py 3pz
2 2 6 2 2 1 1

Ans. (a) Ans. (a)

(in ground state)
In octahedral structure M X6 , the six Compounds having same structure and
hybrid orbitals (sp3d2 ) are directed same hybridisation are known as
= 1s 2 , 2 s 2 2p6 , 3 s 2 3px1 3py1 3pz1, 3d xy
1

towards the cornes of a regular 144424443 isostructural species. e.g.

octahedral with an angle of90°. sp 3d hybridisation XeF2 and IF2– are sp3d hybridised and
According to following structure of M X6 , (in first excitation state) both have linear shape.
the number of X — M — X bonds at 180° F F — I– — F F — Xe — F
must be three.
X 61 Which one of the following is
X X F S planar? [CBSE AIPMT 2000]
(a) XeF4 (b) XeO4
M (c) XeO3F (d) XeO3F2
F F
Ans. (a)
X X F σ F
σ Structure of XeF4 is as follows
X or S
σ σ F F
58 Among the following, the pair in F F
which the two species are not Hence, five sp3d hybrid orbitals are
Xe
isostructural, is [CBSE AIPMT 2004] obtained. One orbital is already paired
F F
(a) SiF4 and SF4 (b) IO –3 and XeO 3 and rest four are overlapped with four
(c) BH−4 and NH+4 (d) PF6− and SF6 p-orbitals of four fluorine atoms on their
axis in trigonal bipyramidal form. It involves sp3d2 hybridisation in
Ans. (a) Xe-atom. The molecules has square
This structure is distorted from trigonal
SiF4 and SF4 are not isostructural bipyramidal to tetrahedral due to planar structure. Xe and four F-atoms
because SiF4 is tetrahedral due to sp3 involvement of repulsion between lone are coplanar. The lone pairs are present
hybridisation of Si. pair and bond pair. on axial positions, minimise electron pair
repulsion.
62 The type of hybridisation of boron (c) H — O — H in water Ans. (b)
in diborane is [CBSE AIPMT 1999] (d) sp bonds BeF2 — sp hybridisation
(a) sp hybridisation Ans. (b) BF3 — sp2 hybridisation
(b) sp2 hybridisation When px and py form bond, then the C2H2 — sp hybridisation
(c) sp 3 hybridisation bond angle is minimum and it is only 90°. NH3 — sp3 hybridisation
(d) sp 3d2 hybridisation NOTE
Ans. (c) Bond angle in sp3 bonds, H − O − H in 70 Which of the following molecule
water and in sp bonds are 109°28, 180 ° does not have a linear arrangement
Each boron atom in diborane (B2H6 ) is
and 180° respectively. of atoms?
sp3 hybridised. In the structure of [CBSE AIPMT 1989]
diborane four H-atoms, two on the left 66 When the hybridisation state of (a) H2 S (b) C2H2
and two on the right, known as terminal (c) BeH2 (d) CO2
hydrogens, are in different environments
carbon atom changes from sp 3 to
from the other two hydrogen atoms sp 2 and finally to sp, the angle Ans. (a)
which are known as bridging atoms. The between the hybridised orbitals H2S have sp3 hybridisation while
two boron atoms and the four terminal [CBSE AIPMT 1993] remaining all have sp hybridisation, so
hydrogen atoms lie in the same plane (a) decreases gradually H2S have bent structure and other have
while the two boron atoms and the two linear geometry.
(b) decreases considerably
bridging hydrogen atoms, one above and
(c) is not affected
the other below, lie in a plane 71 Equilateral shape has
perpendicular to this plane. (d) increases progressively [CBSE AIPMT 1988]
H H H Ans. (d) (a) sp hybridisation
B B In sp3 hybridisation bond angle is 109°28′. (b) sp2 hybridisation
H H H In sp2 hybridisation bond angle is 120°. (c) sp 3 hybridisation
Structure of diborane molecule In sp hybridisation bond angle is 180°. (d) dsp2 hybridisation
Ans. (a)
63 AsF5 molecule is trigonal 67 Which structure is linear? Equilateral or triangular planar geometry
bipyramidal. The hybrid orbitals [CBSE AIPMT 1992]
is formed by sp2 hybridisation.
used by As-atoms for bonding are (a) SO2 (b) CO2
[CBSE AIPMT 1997] (c) CO2−
3 (d) SO2−
4
(a) dx 2 − y 2 , dz 2 , s , px , py Ans. (b) + +
(b) dxy , s , px , py , pz Out of SO2 , CO23− ,SO24−
and CO2 , CO2 have s-orbital p-orbital
(c) s , px , py , pz , dxy sp hybridisation, thus have linear p-orbital
(d) dx 2 − y 2 , s , px , py , pz geometry.
Ans. (c)
68 An sp 3 hybrid orbital contains 120°
As = 1s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2p6 , 3s 13px1 3py1 3pz1 3d 1 [CBSE AIPMT 1991] 120°
14442444 3
1
sp3d hybridisation (a) s-character 120°
Due to this hybridisation, geometry of 4 sp2 hybrid
the AsF5 molecule is trigonal bipyramidal 1 orbital
(b) s-character
and the hybrid orbitals used by As-atom 2
are s , px , py , pz and d xy . 1
(c) s-character
72 The angle between the overlapping
3 of one s-orbital and one p-orbital is
64 Which of the following does not 2 [CBSE AIPMT 1988]
(d) s-character
have a tetrahedral structure? 3 (a) 180° (b) 120°
[CBSE AIPMT 1994]
Ans. (a) (c) 109 °28′ (d) 120° 60′
(a) BH−4 (b) BH3 (c) NH+4 (d) H2O Ans. (a)
In sp3 hybrid orbital one part, out of four
Ans. (b) 1 When s-orbital and p-orbital overlap
orbital is s-orbital, so it have 25% or
BH3 have sp2 hybridisation, so it have 4 each other, then the bond angle formed
trigonal planar structure, not tetrahedral s-character. is 180° as given below
structure.
69 In which one of the following +
65 Among the following orbital bonds, molecules, the central atom said to s-orbital p-orbital
the angle is minimum between adopt sp 2 hybridisation?
[CBSE AIPMT 1994] [CBSE AIPMT 1989]
(a) sp 3 bonds (a) BeF2 (b) BF3 180°
(b) px and py -orbitals (c) C2H2 (d) NH3
TOPIC 3 From the information mentioned in the 77 Consider the following species
above curve, bond energy (BE) of H2
Molecular Orbital Theory, molecule is (b − a) or | b − a |. CN + , CN − , NO and CN
Hydrogen and Metallic Which one of these will have the
Bonding 75 Which of the following diatomic highest bond order? [NEET 2018]
molecular species has only (a) CN+ (b) CN−
π-bonds according to molecular (c) NO (d) CN
73 Identify a molecule which does not
exist. [NEET (Sep.) 2020] orbital theory? [NEET (National) 2019] Ans. (b)
(a) Li2 (b) C2 (c) O2 (d) He2 (a) N2 (b) C2 The formula of bond order is given as
Ans. (d) (c) Be2 (d) O2 B.O.
No. of electrons  No. of electrons 
If bond order of a molecules becomes
Ans. (b) in bonding  − in antibonding 
zero, the molecule will not exist. The molecular orbital configuration of C2 =   
is 2
Bond order
Number of bonding electrons − C2 (Z = 12 ) = σ1s 2 , σ * 1s 2 , σ2s 2 , σ * 2s 2 , Energy level pattern for molecular
orbitals of different molecules depends
Number of antibonding electrons π2p2x = π2p2y . upon their central atom.
=
2 Double bond in C2 consists of both NO : Central atom is N
N b −N a π-bonds because of the presence of last (Total number of electrons = 15)
= (valence) four electrons in two
2 ∴ σ 1s 2 , σ * 1s 2 , σ2s 2 , σ * 2s 2 ,
4−2 π-molecular orbitals.
Li2 (6e ) −
⇒σ21s σ *1s2 σ22 s ; BO = =1 ( π2p2x ~− π2p2y ), σ2p2z ,( π2*px1 ≈ π2*py0 )
The configuration of N2 , Be2 and O2 are as
2 10 − 5
C2 (12e − ) ⇒σ21s σ *1s2 σ22 s σ2*2s π2 p x = π22 py ;
follows: B.O. = = 2.5
2
8−4 N2 (Z = 14) − σ1s 2 , σ * 1s 2 , σ2s 2 , σ * 2s 2 ,
BO = =2 CN − : Central atom is C
2 π2p2x = π2p2y , σ2p2z (1 σ and 2π-bonds)
[Total number of electrons= 14]
O2 (16e − ) ⇒σ21s σ 1*s2 σ22 s σ2*2s σ22 p z π 22 p x Be2 (Z = 8) − σ1s 2 , σ * 1s 2 , σ2s 2 , σ * 2s 2 (σ
= π22 p y π2*1p x = π2*1p y ; σ 1 s 2 , σ * 1 s 2 , σ2s 2 , σ * 2s 2 , ( π2px2
bonds only) ≈ π2py2 σ2p2z )
10 − 6
BO = =2
O2 (Z = 16) − σ1s 2 , σ * 1s 2 , σ2 s 2 , σ * 2 s 2 , 10 − 4
2 B.O. = =3
2−2 σ * 2p2z , π2p2x = π2p2y , π * 2px1 = π * 2pz1 (σ, π 2
He2 (4e − ) = σ21s σ *1s2 ; BO = =0
2 and 1π* bond) CN : Central atom is C
So, He2 does not exist. Hence, option (b) is correct. [Total number of electrons = 13]
σ 1s 2 , σ * 1s 2 , σ2s 2 , σ * 2s 2 ,( π2p2x
74 The potential energy (y) curve for 76 Which of the following is ≈ π2p2y ), σ2pz1
paramagnetic? [NEET (Odisha) 2019] 9−4
H2 formation as a function of B.O = = 2.5
(a) N2 (b) H2 2
internuclear distance (x) of the
H-atoms is shown below. (c) Li2 (d) O2 CN + : Central atom is C
[NEET (Oct.) 2020] Ans. (d) [Total number of electrons = 12]
Key Idea If all the electron in a molecule σ 1s 2 , σ * 1s 2 , σ2s 2 , σ * 2s 2 , ( π2p2x ≈ π2p2y )
are paired, the molecule is diamagnetic 8−4
a B.O = =2
and if there are unpaired electrons in a 2
molecule, it is paramagnetic. Therefore, option (b) is correct.
y
b Molecular orbital configuration of given
c molecules are as follows: 78 Which one of the following
x
(a) N2 (Z = 14) − σ 1s 2 , σ * 1s 2 , σ2s 2 , compounds shows the presence of
The bond energy of H2 is σ * 2s 2 , π2p2x = π2p2y , σ2p2z intramolecular hydrogen bond?
(c − a)
(a) (b − a) (b) It is a diamagnetic molecule due to [NEET 2016, Phase II]
2 absence of unpaired electron.
(b − a) (a) H2O2
(c) (d) (c − a) (b) H2 (Z = 2) − 1σ2 (b) HCN
2 It is a diamagnetic molecule. (c) Cellulose
Ans. (a) (c) Li2 (Z = 6) − σ 1s 2 , σ * 1s 2 , σ2s 2 (d) Concentrated acetic acid
[Repulsion between two H-atoms]
+ve
H H
It is a diamagnetic molecule. Ans. (c)
(0.00) a
H H
(d) O2 (Z = 16) − σ 1s 2 , σ * 1s 2 , σ2s 2 , σ * 2s 2 , Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is
y
–ve BE Infinite separation of two σ2p2z , π2p2x = π2p2y , π * 2px1 = π * 2py1 present in concentrated acetic acid,H2O2
H-atom (No attraction)
(PE)
(No repulsion) It is a paramagnetic molecule due to and HCN while cellulose has intra-
(–ve) b H H
Ovarlapping of two H-atom to
presence of unpaired electrons in molecular hydrogen bonding as shown
C form a covalent bond (σ) each orbital of degenerate levels. below :
x (Internuclear distance) Thus, option (d) is correct.
 δ– δ+ Ans. (b) Molecular orbital configuration of
O H O
Bond order of O2− O2+ ( 8 + 8 − 1 = 15)
H3C C δ+ δ–
C CH3
O H O O2− = σ 1s 2 , σ* 1s 2 ,σ 2s 2 ,σ* 2s 2 = σ 1 s 2 , σ* 1s 2 , σ2 s 2 , σ* 2 s 2 , σ2p2z ,

Concentrated Acetic Acid σ 2p2z ( π2p2x = π2p2y ) ( π *2px1 = π *2py1 ) π2p2x ≈ π2p2y , π* 2px1 ≈ π* 2py0
Bond order Nb − Na
H δ+ number of electrons in BMO − number Bond order (BO) =
O O 2
δ–
δ+ =
of elections ABMO (where,N b = number of electrons in
H δ+ H
2 bonding molecular orbital,
δ– 10 − 7 3 N a = number of electrons in antibonding
O O δ– = = = 1.5
H δ+ 2 2 molecular orbital)
10 − 5
H2O 2 O2+ = σ 1s 2 , σ* 1s 2 , σ 2s 2 , σ* 2s 2 σ 2p2z ∴ BO = = 2.5
2
δ– δ+ δ– ( π2p2x = π 2p2y ) ( π *2px1 = π *2py0 ) Similarly,
H C N H C N
10 − 5 5 (b) O2− (8 + 8 + 1 = 17)
BO = = = 2. 5
HCN 2 2 N − N a 10 − 7
so, BO = b = = 1.5
HO δ+ 3
OH
1 O2 = σ 1s 2 σ* 1s 2 , σ 2s 2 , σ* 2s 2 σ 2p2z 2 2
6 δ– 2 2−
4 O
HO O
( π2p2x = π 2p2y ) ( π* 2px1 = π* 2py1 ) (c) O2 (8 + 8 + 2 = 18)
5 N − N a 10 − 8
O 2 O 10 − 6 4 BO = b = =1
δ+ 3 1 4 5 O BO = = =2 2 2
δ–
HO OH HO 6 n 2 2
(d) O2 (8 + 8 = 16)
Cellulose So, the correct sequence is 10 − 6
O2− < O2 < O2+ BO = =2
In above molecules, dotted lines 2
represent hydrogen bonding. −
Thus, O2 shows the bond order 1.5.
81 Which of the following is
79 Which of the following pairs of ions paramagnetic? [NEET 2013]
83 The pair of species with the same
is isoelectronic and isostructural? (a) CO (b) O2−
bond order is [NEET 2013]
[NEET 2016, Phase II] (c) CN− (d) NO +
(a) O22 − , B2 (b) O2+ , NO +
(a) CO23− , NO −3 (b) CIO −3 , CO23− Ans. (b) (c) NO, CO (d) N2 , O2
(c) SO23− , NO −3 (d) CIO −3 , SO23− Paramagnetic species contains unpaired Ans. (a)
Ans. (a) and (d) electrons in their molecular orbital
electronic configuration. According to molecular orbital theory,
Total
Molecular orbital configuration of the O22 − (8 + 8 + 2 = 18)
Species number of Structure Shape
electrons given species is as = σ 1 s 2 , σ* 1 s 2 , σ2 s 2 , σ* 2 s 2 , σ2p2z , π2p2x
CO (6 + 8 = 14)
ClO –3 42 Cl Pyramidal ≈ π2p2y , π* 2p2x ≈ π* 2p2y
–
O = σ 1s 2 , σ* 1s 2 , σ2 s 2 , σ* 2 s 2 , π2p2x Nb − Na 10 − 8
O O Bond order (BO) = = =1
≈ π2p2y , σ2p2z 2 2
SO 2–
3 42 S Pyramidal
– (All the electrons are paired so, it is
O
– diamagnetic). B2 (5 + 5 = 10) = σ 1s 2 , σ* 1s 2 , σ2 s 2 , σ* 2 s 2 ,
O O
O2− (8 + 8 + 1 = 17) π2px1 ≈ π2py1
CO 2– 32 O Trigonal 6−4
3 BO = =1
C
planar = σ 1s 2 , σ* 1 s 2 , σ2 s 2 , σ* 2s 2 , σ2p2z , π2p2x 2
–
* 2p2 ≈ π Thus, O22 − and B2 have the same bond
≈ π2p2y , π * 2py1
O –
O x order.
NO –3 32 O Trigonal (It contains one unpaired electron so, it NOTE
planar
N is paramagnetic.) BO of O2+ = 2.5 , NO + = 3 , NO = 2 .5 , CO = 3 ,
– CN− (6 + 7 + 1 = 14) = same as CO N2 = 3 and O2 = 2
O O
NO+ ( 7 + 8 − 1 = 14) = same as CO
Hence both options (a) and (d) are Thus, among the given species onlyO2− is 84 Which of the following has the
correct. paramagnetic. minimum bond length?
[CBSE AIPMT 2011]
80 Which of the following options 82 Bond order of 1.5 is shown by (a) O2− (b) O2–
2
represents the correct bond order? [NEET 2013] (c) O2 (d) O2+
[CBSE AIPMT 2015] (a) O2+ (b) O2− Ans. (d)
(a) O2– > O2 > O2+ (b) O2– < O2 < O2+ (c) O2− (d) O2 10 − 5
2 Bond order of O2+ = = 2.5
(c) O2– > O2 < O2+ (d) O2– < O2 > O2+ Ans. (b) 2
 10 − 7 Hence, it is the intermolecular 10 − 5
Bond order of O2– = = 1.5 BO = = 2.5
2 H-bonding that must be overcome in 2
10 − 8 converting liquid CH3OH to gas. C22 − (6 + 6 + 2 = 14) = σ 1s 2 , σ* 1s 2 ,
Bond order of O22 – = =1
2 σ2 s 2 , σ* 2 s 2 , π2p2y ≈ π2p2z , σ2p2x
10 − 6 87 According to molecular orbital 10 − 4
Bond order of O2 = =2 BO = =3
2 theory which of the following lists 2
Q Maximum bond order = minimum bond rank the nitrogen species in terms He2+ (2 + 2 − 1 = 3) = σ 1s 2 , σ* 1s 1
length. of increasing bond order? 2− 1 1
BO = = = 0.5
∴ Bond length is minimum forO2+ [CBSE AIPMT 2009] 2 2
(a) N2− < N2 < N22 − (b) N22 − < N2− < N2 Hence, order of increasing bond order is
85 Which one of the following species (c) N2 < N22 − < N2− (d) N2− < N22 − < N2
He2+ < O2– < NO < C22 –
does not exist under normal Ans. (b)
conditions? [CBSE AIPMT 2010] According to the molecular orbital 89 The correct order of C—O bond
(a) Be +2 (b) Be 2 theory (MOT), length among CO, CO 2−
3 , CO 2 is
(c) B2 (d) Li 2 [CBSE AIPMT 2007]
N2 ( 7 + 7 = 14) = σ 1s 2 , σ* 1s 2 , σ 2 s 2 ,
Ans. (b) (a) CO2 <CO2–
3 <CO
σ* 2 s 2 , π2p2x ≈ 2p2y , σ2p2z
Key Idea Molecules with zero bond order, (b) CO <CO2–
3 <CO2
do not exist. 10 − 4 (c) CO2–
Bond order = =3 3 <CO2 <CO
According to molecular orbital theory, 2 (d) CO <CO2 <CO2–
3
(a) Be 2+ (4 + 4 − 1 = 7) N2− ( 7 + 7 + 1 = 15) Ans. (d)
= σ 1s 2 , σ* 1s 2 , σ 2 s 2 , σ* 2 s 2 , A bond length is the average distance
= σ 1s 2 , σ* 1 s 2 , σ2 s 2 , σ* 2 s 1 between the centres of nuclei of two
σ2p2z , π2p2x ≈ 2p2y , π* 2px1 bonded atoms. A multiple bond (double
4− 3
Bond order (BO) = = 0.5 10 − 5 or triple bonds) is always shorter than
2 BO = = 2.5
2 the corresponding single bond.
(b) Be 2 (4 + 4 = 8)
N22 − ( 7 + 7 + 2 = 16) The C-atom inCO23 – is sp2 hybridised as
= σ 1 s 2 , σ* 1s 2 , σ2 s 2 , σ* 2 s 2 shown:
4−4 = σ 1s 2 , σ* 1s 2 , σ2 s 2 , σ* 2 s 2 ,
BO = =0 O– O
2 σ2p2z , π2p2x ≈ π2p2y , π* 2px1 ≈ π* 2py1 O=
=C ←→ O – —C ←→
(c) B2 (5 + 5 = 10) 10 − 6 O
–
O
–
BO = =2
= σ 1s 2 , σ* 1s 2 , σ2 s 2 , σ* 2 s 2 , π2px1 ≈ π2py1 2 O–
6−4 Hence, the increasing order of bond
Bond order (BO) = =1
–
O —C
2 order is,
O
N22 − < N2− < N2
(d) Li2 (3 + 3 = 6) = σ 1s 2 , σ* 1s 2 , σ2s 2 The C-atom inCO2 is sp hybridised with
4−2 bond distance carbon-oxygen is 122 pm.
BO = =1 88 Four diatomic species are listed –
2 +
below in different sequences. O== C==O ←→ O ≡≡ C —O ←→
Thus, Be2 does not exist under normal Which of these presents the – +
conditions. O— C ≡≡ O
correct order of their increasing
The C-atom in CO is sp hybridised with
86 What is the dominant bond order? [CBSE AIPMT 2008]
C—O bond distance is 110 pm.
intermolecular force on bond that (a) O2–<NO <C2–
2 <He2
+
• ≡≡ + •
2– – + •C O •
must be overcome in converting (b) NO <C 2 <O2 <He2 So, the correct order is
liquid CH3OH to a gas? (c) C2– +
2 <He2 <NO <O2
–
CO < CO2 < CO23–
+ – 2–
[CBSE AIPMT 2009] (d) He2 <O2 <NO <C2
(a) Hydrogen bonding Ans. (d) 90 The number of unpaired electrons
(b) Dipole-dipole interaction The molecular orbital configuration of in a paramagnetic diatomic
(c) Covalent bonds O2− (8 + 8 + 1 = 17) = σ 1s 2 , σ* 1s 2 , molecule of an element with
(d) London or dispersion force σ2 s 2 , σ* 2 s 2 , atomic number 16 is
Ans. (a) σ2px , π2py ≈ π2pz , π 2py ≈ π 2pz1
2 2 2 * 2 * [CBSE AIPMT 2006]
In betweenCH3OH molecules N − N a 10 − 7 (a) 2 (b) 3
Bond order (BO) = b = = 1.5 (c) 4 (d) 1
intermolecular H-bonding exist. 2 2
δ+ δ− δ+ δ− δ+ δ− Ans. (a)
- - - H — O- - - H — O- - - H — O- - - NO (7 + 8 = 15) = σ 1s 2 , σ* 1s 2 , σ2s 2 ,
   σ* 2 s 2 , σ2p2x Suppose the diatomic molecule is X.
CH3 CH3 CH3 π2py ≈ π2pz , π 2py1 ≈ π* 2pz0
2 2 * Then, molecular orbital electronic
configuration of
Intermolecular H-bond
 16 X = σ 1s 2 , σ* 1s 2 , σ2 s 2 , σ* 2 s 2 , σ2p2z , π2p2x 94 Among the following group which So, bond order of
represents the collection of N − N a 10 − 4
N2 = b = =3
≈ π2p2y , π* 2px1 ≈ π* 2py1 2 2
isoelectronic species?
9−4
Due to presence of two unpaired [CBSE AIPMT 2000] and bond order of N2 + = =2.5
electrons, it shows paramagnetic (a) NO, CN–, N2 , O2– 2
character. (b) NO + , C2– – As the bond order ofN2 is greater than
2 , O2 , CO
(c) N2 , C22–, CO, NO N2 + so, the dissociation energy ofN2 will
91 Main axis of a diatomic molecule is be greater thanN2 + .
(d) CO, NO + , CN–, C2– 2
z molecular orbital, p x and p y
Ans. (d) 97 Which one of the following
overlaps to form which of
Species having equal number of molecules will form a linear
the following orbitals? electrons are known as isoelectronic
[CBSE AIPMT 2001] polymeric structure due to
species.
(a) π-molecular orbital hydrogen bonding?
Number of electrons,
(b) σ-molecular orbital [CBSE AIPMT 2000]
In CO = 6 + 8 = 14
(c) δ-molecular orbital (a) NH3 (b) H2 O
In NO+ = 7 + 8 − 1 = 14 (c) HCl (d) HF
(d) No bond will form
In CN– = 6 + 7 + 1 = 14 Ans. (d)
Ans. (a)
In C22 − =12 + 2 = 14
For π-overlap the lobes of the atomic HF molecules have linear polymeric
Hence, all have 14 electrons, so they are structure due to hydrogen bonding.
orbitals are perpendicular to the line
isoelectronic species.
joining the nuclei. H — F --- H — F --- H — F --- H — F
↑
+ + + 95 Which one of the following is not H- bond
π-overlapping paramagnetic? [CBSE AIPMT 2000]
+ 98 The number of antibonding
(a) NO (b) N2+
– – – electron pairs in O 2−
2 molecular ion
(c) CO (d) O2−
on the basis of molecular orbital
Ans. (c)
92 In X — H− − − Y , X and Y both are theory is (at. no. of O is 8)
Paramagnetic character is shown by [CBSE AIPMT 1998]
electronegative elements, then those atoms or molecules which have
[CBSE AIPMT 2001] (a) 5 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6
unpaired electrons.
(a) electron density on X will increase Ans. (c)
In the given compounds CO is not
and on H will decrease paramagnetic since, it does not have Total number of electrons in
(b) in both electron density will increase unpaired electrons. The configuration of O 22 – = 19 + 2 = 18
(c) in both electron density will decrease CO molecule is According to MOT, the configuration of
(d) on X electron density will decrease O 22 − is
CO(14)= σ 1s 2 , σ
*
1s 2 , σ2 s 2 , σ
*
2 s 2 , σ2p2x ,
and on H increase
π2p2y ≈ π2p2z σ 1s 2 , σ* 1s 2 , σ2 s 2 , σ* 2 s 2 , σ2p2x , π2p2y ≈
Ans. (a)
In X — H ----- Y, X and Y both are π 2p2z , π* 2p2y ≈ π* 2p2z
96 The relationship between the
electronegative elements, then electron
density on X will increase and on H will dissociation energy of N 2 and N 2+ is So, the number of antibonding electron
[CBSE AIPMT 2000] pairs = 4
decrease.
(a) dissociation energy ofN2+ >
dissociation energy ofN2 99 The high density of water
93 A compound contains atoms of
(b) dissociation energy ofN2 = compared to ice is due to
three elements A, B and C. If the
dissociation energy ofN2+ [CBSE AIPMT 1997]
oxidation number of A is +2, B is +5 (c) dissociation energy of (a) hydrogen bonding interactions
and that of C is –2, the possible N2 > dissociation energy ofN2+ (b) dipole-dipole interactions
formula of the compound is (d) dissociation energy ofN2 can either (c) dipole-induced dipole interactions
[CBSE AIPMT 2000] be lower or higher than the (d) induced dipole-induced dipole
(a) A2 (BC 3)2 (b) A3 (BC 4 )2 dissociation energy ofN2+ interactions
(c) A3 (B4C)2 (d) ABC2 Ans. (c) Ans. (a)
Ans. (b) The dissociation energy will be more Due to polar nature, water molecules
In A3 (BC 4 )2 when the bond order will be greater and show intermolecular hydrogen bonding
bond order ∝ dissociation energy as
3 × oxidation number of A
Molecular orbital configuration of - - - H —O- - - H —O - - - H —O
+ 2 [oxidation number ofB + 4 × oxidatio
oxidation number ofC ] = 0 N2 (14) = σ 1s 2 , σ
*
1s 2 , σ 1 s 2 , σ
*
2 s 2 , π 2py 2   
H H H
3 × (+2) + 2 [5 + 4 × (–2)] = 0
≈ π2pz2 , σ2px 2 Hydrogen bonding
6 + 2 [–3] = 0
 whereas the ice has open structure with
103 The ground state electronic
large number of vacant spaces. So,
density of ice is lower than water.
100 N 2 and O 2 are converted into
−
monoanions N 2 and O 2 −
respectively. Which of the following
statements is wrong?
[CBSE AIPMT 1997]
(a) In N2 , the N—N bond weakens
(b) In O2− , O—O bond length increases
(c) In O2–, bond order decreases
(d) N2− , becomes diamagnetic
Ans. (d)
In N2− total electrons = 14 + 1 = 15
Electronic configuration of N2− is
σ 1s , σ 1s
2 * 2
, σ2 s , σ 2 s , σ2p2x ,
2 *
π2p2y ≈ π2p2z , π* 2py1
Due to presence of one unpaired
electron, it shows paramagnetic
character.
101 The ion that is isoelectronic with
CO is [CBSE AIPMT 1997]
(a) O2− (b) N2+
(c) O2+ (d) CN−
Ans. (d)
Isoelectronic species are having same
number of electrons.
Number of electrons in CO = 6 + 8 = 14
Number of electrons inO2− = 16 + 1 = 17
Number of electrons inN2+ = 14 − 1 = 13
Number of electrons inO2+ = 16 − 1 = 15
Number of electrons in
CN− = 6 + 7 + 1 = 14
Hence, CO isoelectronic withCN− ion.
102 The correct order of N — O bond
lengths in NO, NO −2 , NO −3 and N 2O 4
is [CBSE AIPMT 1996]
(a) N2O 4 > NO2– > NO –3 > NO
(b) NO > NO –3 > N2O 4 > NO2–
(c) NO –3 > NO2– > N2O 4 > NO
(d) NO > N2O 4 > NO2– > NO –3
Ans. (c)
As the bond order increases, bond length
decreases and bond order is highest for
NO, i.e. 2.5 and least forNO−3 , i.e. 1.33. So,
the order of bond length is
NO–3 > NO2– > N2O4 > NO
2.5
1.33 1.5 1.5
(d) p-nitrophenol has a higher molecular
weight than o-nitrophenol
configuration of valence shell
Ans. (c)
electrons in nitrogen molecule (N 2 )
is written as The boiling point of p-nitrophenol is
higher than that of o-nitrophenol
KK , σ2 s 2 , σ * 2s 2 , σ2p x2 , π2p y2 ≈ π2p z2 because p-nitrophenol have
Bond order in nitrogen molecule is intermolecular hydrogen bonding
[CBSE AIPMT 1995] whereas o-nitrophenol have
(a) 0 (b) 1 intramolecular H-bonding as given below
(c) 0 (d) 3 H
O O
Ans. (d)
N
The MO configuration of N2 is O
KK , σ2 s 2 , * σ2 s 2 , σ2p2x , π2p2y ≈ π2p2z
Bond order of
o-nitrophenol
1
N2 = [N b − N a ]
2 O
1 ---HO— —N O
= [8 − 2] O---HO— —N
2
2 O
p-nitrophenol
6
= =3
2 107 Linus Pauling received the Nobel
Prize for his work on
104 The correct order of the O — O [CBSE AIPMT 1994]
bond length in O 2 , H2O 2 and O 3 is (a) atomic structure
[CBSE AIPMT 1995] (b) photosynthesis
(a) O2 > O 3 > H2O2 (b) O 3 > H2O2 > O2 (c) chemical bonds
(c) O2 > H2O2 > O 3 (d) H2O2 > O 3 > O2
(d) thermodynamics
Ans. (d) Ans. (c)
The bond length of O—O inH2O2 is 147.5 Linus Pauling contributed to chemical
pm, inO3 is 128 pm and inO2 it is 121 pm, bonding, so, he received the Nobel Prize
so the correct order isO2 < O3 < H2O2 . for his work in chemical bonding.
108 Mark the incorrect statement in the
105 Which of the following species is
following.
paramagnetic? [CBSE AIPMT 1995] [CBSE AIPMT 1994]
(a) The bond order in the speciesO2 ,O2+
(a) O2− (b) NO
2
(c) CO (d) CN− and O2− decreases asO2+ > O2 > O2–
(b) The bond energy in a diatomic
Ans. (b)
molecule always increases when an
The molecular orbital configuration of electron is lost
NO is (c) Electrons in antibonding MO
KK (σ 2s ) 2 (σ* 2s ) 2 (σ 2px ) 2 ( π2py ) 2 contribute to repulsion between two
( π2pz )2 ( π* 2py ) 1
atoms
(d) With increase in bond order, bond
length decreases and bond strength
So, NO is paramagnetic because it
contains one unpaired electron. increases
Ans. (b)
106 The boiling point of p-nitrophenol is When a diatomic molecule lost electron,
higher than that of o-nitrophenol then its bond order may increase or
because [CBSE AIPMT 1994] decrease, so its bond energy may
(a) NO2 group at p-position behave in a decrease or increase.
different way from that at o-position
109 The dielectric constant of H2O is
(b) intramolecular hydrogen bonding
exists in p-nitrophenol 80. The electrostatic force of
(c) there is intermolecular hydrogen attraction between Na + and Cl −
bonding in p-nitrophenol
will be [CBSE AIPMT 1994]
 1 (a) sigma bond Since, F is most electronegative and
(a) reduced to in water than in air
40 (b) double bond has smaller size, HF shows maximum
1 strength of hydrogen bond.
(b) reduced to in water than in air (c) coordinate bond
80
(d) pi-bond
(c) will be increased to 80 in water than 112 Which of the following does not
Ans. (a)
in air
When two hybridised orbitals of two atoms
apply to metallic bond?
(d) will remain unchanged [CBSE AIPMT 1989]
undergoes linear combination, they form
Ans. (b) (a) Overlapping valence orbitals
sigma bond.
Water is a polar solvent and have (b) Mobile valence electrons
dielectric constant 80. As NaCl is a polar 111 Which one shows maximum hydrogen (c) Delocalised electrons
compound and like dissolves like so, (d) Highly directed bonds
forces of attraction betweenNa+ and
bonding?
1 [CBSE AIPMT 1990] Ans. (d)
Cl − ion will reduce to in water.
80 (a) H2O (b) H2 Se Metallic bond have force of attraction
(c) H2 S (d) HF on all sides between the mobile
110 Linear combination of two Ans. (d) electrons and the positive kernels.
hybridised orbitals belonging to the Metals having free electrons as a
Hydrogen bonding ∝ electronegativity
1 mobile electrons. So, the metallic
two atoms, each having one ∝ bond does not have directional
electron leads to a Size of atom to which property.
[CBSE AIPMT 1990] H is covalently bonded