Technique of integration

Jalina Widjaja

February 8, 2021

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

Indefinite integrals of some functions
Let C be any real numbers.
Z
1 k dx = kx + C for any k ∈ R

xn+1
Z
2 xn dx = + C for all n ∈ Z \ {−1}.
n+1
Z
1
3 dx = ln |x| + C
x
Z
4 cos x dx = sin x + C
Z
5 sin x dx = − cos x + C
Z
6 sec2 x dx = tan x + C
Z
7 csc2 x dx = − cot x + C
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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

 Z
1 sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
Z
2 csc x cot x dx = − csc x + C
Z
dx x
3 √ dx = sin−1 + C for a 6= 0
a 2 − x2 a
Z
dx 1 −1 x
 
4 dx = tan + C for a 6= 0
a2 + x2 a a
 
−1 |x|
Z
dx 1
5 √ dx = sec + C for a 6= 0
x x2 − a2 a a
Z
6 cosh x dx = sinh x + C
Z
7 sinh x dx = cosh x + C

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

Methode of substitution

Using the chain rule for finding the derivative of composite function,
we have the substitution method as follows
Z
f 0 (g(x))g 0 (x) dx = f (g(x)) + C

Example :
√ √ 1
Z Z
1 2 3/2 1
2x + 3 dx = u du = u + C = (2x + 3)3/2 + C
2 23 3

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

Integration by parts

Using the product rule for finding the derivative of product of two
functions, we have the following method

d(uv) = u dv + v du

such that Z Z
uv = u dv + v du
Z Z
u dv = uv − v du

Example : Let u = x and dv = ex . Hence

Z Z
xex dx = xex − ex dx = xex − ex + C

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

Example :
√
Z Z
2 3 2 31
x ln xdx = x 2 ln x − x 2 dx
3 3 x
Z
2 3 2 1
= x 2 ln x − x 2 dx
3 3
2 3 4 3
= x 2 ln x − x 2 + C
3 9
√
where u = ln x and dv = xdx.

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

Z Z
1
sin (ln x) dx = x sin (ln x) − x cos (ln x) dx
x
Z
= x sin (ln x) − cos (ln x) dx
 Z 
1
= x sin (ln x) − x cos (ln x) + x sin (ln x) dx
x
Z
= x sin (ln x) − x cos (ln x) − sin (ln x) dx

Z
2 sin (ln x) dx = x sin (ln x) − x cos (ln x) + C.
Z
1
sin (ln x) dx = [x sin (ln x) − x cos (ln x)] + C
2

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

Some Trigonometric Integrals

Some trigonometric identities that are used to find the integral of

trigonometric function are :
1 cos2 x + sin2 x = 1
2 tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x
3 cot2 x + 1 = csc2 x
4 cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x = 1 − 2 sin2 x = 2 cos2 x − 1
5 sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
1
sin(ax) cos(bx) = 2 (sin(a + b)x + sin(a − b)x)
6

7 sin(ax) sin(bx) = 21 (cos(a + b)x − cos(a − b)x)

8 cos(ax) cos(bx) = 12 (cos(a + b)x + cos(a − b)x)

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

Z
cosn x dx =
Z

n−1
1 − sin2 x 2
d (sin x) , n is odd
Z  n
1 + cos 2x 2
dx , n is even
2

Z
sinn x dx =
Z

n−1
− 1 − cos2 x 2
d (cos x) , n ganjil
Z  n
1 − cos 2x 2
dx , n genap
2
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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

 Z
sinm x cosn x dx =
Z

m−1
− 1 − cos2 x 2 cosn x d (cos x) , m is odd
Z

n−1
sinm x 1 − sin2 x 2
d (sin x) , n is odd
Z

m
1 − cos2 x 2 cosn x dx , m dan n is even

Z Z
1
sin mx sin nx dx = [cos(m − n)x − cos(m + n)x] dx
2
Z Z
1
cos mx cos nx dx = [cos(m − n)x + cos(m + n)x] dx
2
Z Z
1
sin mx cos nx dx = [sin(m − n)x + sin(m + n)x]dx
2
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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

Z Z
n
tann x dx = tan 2 −1 x sec2 x − 1 dx

Z Z
n n
= tan 2 −1 d (tan x) − tan 2 −1 x dx , n is even
Z Z
tann x dx = tann−2 x sec2 x − 1 dx

Z Z
= tann−2 xd (tan x) − tann−2 x dx , n is odd
Z
tan x dx = − ln |cos x| + C
Z
tan2 x dx = tan x − x + C

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

Example

Z Z
4

2
sin 5x dx = 1 − cos2 5x dx
Z  2
1
= 1 − (1 + cos 10x) dx
2
Z
1
1 − 2 cos 10x + cos2 10x dx


=
4
Z  
1 1
= 1 − 2 cos 10x + (1 + cos 20x) dx
4 2
Z  
1 3 1
= − 2 cos 10x + cos 20x dx
4 2 2
Z Z Z 
1 3 1
= dx − 2 cos 10xdx + cos 20x dx
4 2 2
 
1 3 1 1
= x − sin 10x + sin 20x + C
4 2 5 40 Nex

Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

Z Z Z
3 2
1 − sin2 x d (sin x) =


cos x dx = cos x cos x dx =
1
sin x − sin3 x + C
3
Z Z
tan4 x dx = tan2 x(sec2 x − 1) dx
Z Z
= tan2 x d (tan x) − tan2 x dx
Z
1
= tan3 x − sec2 x − 1 dx


3
1
= tan3 x − tan x + x + C
3

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

 Z Z
tan3 x sec3 x dx = sec2 x − 1 sec2 x d (sec x)

Z Z
= sec4 x d (sec x) − sec2 x d (sec x)
1 1
= sec5 x − sec3 x + C
5 3
Z Z
1 1
cos y cos 4y dy = [cos 5y − cos 3y] dy = sin 5y− sin 3y+C.
5 3

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

Rationalizing substitution

√
For the integrand contains the function in the form of n ax + b for
n ∈ Z \ {0, 1}, use Zthe √
substitution u = ax + b.
x √
Example : To find dx, let u = x ⇔ x = u2 such that
x+1
1
du = √ dx and dx = 2u du. Thus
2 x
Z √ Z
x 2u
dx = dx = ln |1 + u2 | + C = ln |1 + x| + C.
x+1 1 + u2

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

 √
For the integrand contains the function in the form of a2 − x2 for
some a ∈ R \ {0}, use√the substitution x = a sin t.
4 − x2
Z
Example : To find dx, let x = 2 sin t ⇔ t = sin−1 x2 for
h π πi x
t∈ − , such that dx = 2 cos t dt . Thus
2 2
Z √ Z p
4 − x2 4 − 4 sin2 t
dx = 2 cos t dt
x 2 sin t
cos2 t
Z
=2 dt
sin t
1 − sin2 t
Z
=2 dt
sin t
Z
= 2 (csc t − sin t) dt

= 2 [− ln | csc t + cot t| + cos t] + C

" √ √ #
2 4 − x2 4 − x2
= 2 − ln + + +C
x x 2 Nex

Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

 √
If the integrand is in the form of a2 + x2 , then choose the
= a tan t such that dx = a sec2 t and
substitution x √
√
a2 + x2 = a 1 + tan2 x = a sec t. √
Example :Let x = 3 tan t → dx = 3 sec2 tdt and x2 + 9 = 3 sec t.

3 sec2 t
Z Z
1
√ dx = √ dt
x x2 + 9 3 tan t 9 tan2 t + 9

3 sec2 t
Z Z
1 sec t
= dt = dt
9 sec t tan t 3 tan t
Z Z
1 1 csc t + cot t
− csc t dt = csc t dt
3 3 csc t + cot t
1
= − ln |csc t + cot t| + C
3
√
1 x2 + 9 3
= − ln + +C
3 x x
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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

 √
If the integrand is in the form of x2 − a2 , then choose the
substitution
√ x√= a sec t such that dx = a sec t tan tdt and
x2 − a2 = a sec2 x − 1 = a tan t.
Example
√ : Let x = 4 sec t → dx = 4 sec t tan t &
2
x − 16 = 4 tan t.
Z Z
1 4 sec t tan t
√ dx = √ dt
2 2
x x − 16 2 2
Z 16 sec t 16 Z sec t − 16
dt 1
= = cos t dt
16 sec t 16
√
1 1 x2 − 16
= sin t + C = +C
16 16 x

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

If the integrand is in the form of x2 + Ax + B, then express the
integrand
 as a sum of perfect square
 and 2acorresponding constant,
2 A 2 A


i.e x + Ax + B = x + 2 + B − 4 .
Example :
2x − 1 2x + 4 − 5
Z Z
√ dx = √ dx.
2
x + 4x + 5 x2 + 4x + 5

d x2 + 4x + 5
Z Z

2x + 4 p
√ dx = √ = 2 x2 + 4x + 5 + C.
x2 + 4x + 5 x2 + 4x + 5

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

 2
√ x + 2 = tan t → d(x + 2) = sec tdt and
Let
x2 + 4x + 5 = sec t
Z Z
5 5
√ dx = p dx
2
x + 4x + 5 (x + 2)2 + 1

sec2 tdt
Z Z
=5 √ = 5 sec tdt
tan2 t + 1
Z
sec t + tan t
= sec t dt = 5 ln |sec t + tan t| + C
sec t + tan t
p
= 5 ln x2 + 4x + 5 + x + 2 + C

2x − 1
Z p p
√ dx = 2 x2 + 4x + 5−5 ln x2 + 4x + 5 + x + 2 +C
x2 + 4x + 5

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

Partial Fraction Decomposition (Linear Fraction)

Let P and Q are polynomials and P/Q is a proper rational function

(the degree of numerator is less than the denominator). If Q can be
express as the product of linear functions
(Q(x) = b(x − a1 ) · · · (x − an )) where ai 6= aj for i 6= j, then
P A1 An
(x) = + ··· + .
Q x − a1 x − an
Z Z
P (x) P (x)
dx = dx
Q(x) (x − a1 ) ... (x − an )
Z Z
A1 An
= dx + ... + dx
(x − a1 ) (x − an )

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

Example :

2x2 + x − 4 2x2 + x − 4
Z Z
dx = dx
x3 − x2 − 2x x (x + 1) (x − 2)
Z   Z Z Z
A B C 2 dx dx
= + + dx = dx − +
x x+1 x−2 x x+1 x−2
= 2 ln |x| − ln |x + 1| + ln |x − 2| + K
A(x2 − x − 2) + B x2 − 2x + C x2 + x = 2x2 + x − 4

where A + B + C = 2 and −A − 2B + C = 1 such that

A = 2 → B + C = 0 and −2B + C = 3. Hence B = −1, C = 1.

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

If there is ai = aj for some i 6= j, then
P A1 A2
(x) = + and so on.
Q x − x − i (x − ai )2
Z Z
P (x) P (x)
dx = dx
Q(x) (x − a1 ) ... (x − ai )r ... (x − an )
Z Z
A1 Ai1
+ = dx + ... + dx
(x − a1 ) (x − ai )
Z
Ai2
+ dx +
(x − ai )2
Z Z
Air An
... + r dx + ... + dx
(x − ai ) (x − an )

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

Example :
Z Z
5x + 7 5x + 7
dx = dx
x2 + 4x + 4 (x + 2)2
Z  
A B
= + dx
(x + 2) (x + 2)2
Z Z
5 3
= dx − dx
x+2 (x + 2)2
3
= 5 ln |x + 2| + +C
x+2
A (x + 2) + B = 5x + 7 → A = 5, B = −3.

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

If one of the factor of Q is positive definite quadratic function, then
P A1 x + B1
= 2 + ···
Q x + ax + b

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

Z
P (x)
dx
Q(x)
Z
P (x)
= dx
(x + a1 x + b1 ) (x2 + a2 x + b2 ) ...
2
Z Z
A1 x + B 1 A2 x + B2
= 2
dx + 2
dx
(x + a1 x + b1 ) (x + a2 x + b2 )
Z
An x + B n
+ ... + dx
(x2 + an x + bn )

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

Example :

3x2 + 2x + 4
Z Z  
1 2
dx = + dx
(x2 + 1) (x2 + 2x + 2) x2 + 1 x2 + 2x + 2
Z Z
dx 2
= + dx
x2 + 1 (x + 1)2 + 1
= tan−1 x + 2 tan−1 (x + 1) + C

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

Z
P (x)
dx
Q(x)
Z
P (x)
= dx
(x2+ a1 x + b1 ) ... (x2+ ai x + bi )r ... (x2 + an x + bn )
Z Z
A1 x + B 1 Ai1 x + Bi1
= 2
dx + ... + dx
(x + a1 x + b1 ) (x2 + ai x + bi )
Z Z
Ai2 x + Bi2 Air x + Bir
+ 2 dx + ... + 2 + a x + b )r
dx
2
(x + ai x + bi ) (x r r
Z
An x + Bn
+... + 2
dx
(x + an x + bn )

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

Example :

x3 − 4x
Z Z  
A1 x + B1 A2 x + B2
dx = + dx
(x2 + 1)2 x2 + 1 (x2 + 1)2
Z Z
x x
= dx − 5 dx
x2 + 1 (x + 1)2
2

1
5 1
= ln x2 + 1 + 2
+C
2 2 (x + 1)

(A1 x + B1 ) x2 + 1 + (A2 x + B2 ) = x3 − 4x.

A1 = 1, B1 = 0 = B2 .
A1 + A2 = −4 → A2 = −5.

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration

 5x2 − 11x + 5
Z
1 dx
x3 − 4x2 + 5x − 2
2x4 − 2x + 1
Z
2 dx
2x5 − x4
−24x3 + 30x2 + 52x + 17
Z
3 dx
9x4 − 6x3 − 11x2 + 4x + 4
Z4
x2
4 dx
2x3 + 9x2 + 12x + 4
0
π
Z2
cos x
5 dx
sin x + sin3 x
π
6

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Jalina Widjaja Technique of integration