MIT ADTU’s

MIT School of Engineering, Pune.

21BTAS102: Linear Algebra and Calculus

Unit – I : Matrices

Prepared by
Prof Sunil B. Thakare
 Unit - I: Matrices
1) Introduction of Matrix
2) Rank of a Matrix
3) Canonical Form of a Matrix
4) Normal Form of a Matrix
5) System of Linear Equations- Nonhomogeneous
6) System of Linear Equations- homogeneous
7) Linear Transformations
8) Orthogonal Transformations
9) Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors and diagonalization
10) Cayley Hamilton Theorem and Applications to problems in Engineering

Prof. Sunil Thakare 2

 6. System of Homogeneous Linear Equations
Consider the system of linear equations:
𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + 𝑎13 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 0
𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + 𝑎23 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 0
𝑎31 𝑥1 + 𝑎32 𝑥2 + 𝑎33 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑎3𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 0
………………………………………………………………….
𝑎𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑚2 𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑚3 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 0
These system of equations can be written as in the matrix form
𝐴𝑋 = 𝑂 -------- (1)
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥1 0
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥2 0
⇒ 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 ⋯ 𝑎3𝑛 𝑥3 = 0
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑚3 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 0
Here A = Coefficient Matrix
X = Variable Matrix
O = Zero Matrix
Prof Sunil Thakare 3
 Condition for consistency of homogeneous Equations
Let 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 be a system of m homogeneous linear equations with n unknowns, 𝐵 = 0
m = Total number of equations and n = Total number of unknowns
𝜌 𝐴 = Rank of Coefficient Matrix = 𝜌 𝐴: 𝐵 = Rank of Augmented matrix
Here it is clear that 𝝆 𝑨 = 𝝆 𝑨: 𝑩 ,
Hence the system of homogeneous equations are always consistent.
So, the given system of equations have solutions.
(i) Trivial Solution: If 𝝆 𝑨 =n = Number of variables, then the system of equations
have unique solution.
(ii) Non-trivial Solution: If 𝝆 𝑨 < 𝒏 = Number of variables, then the system of
equations have infinitely many solutions.

Prof Sunil Thakare 4

Condition for consistency of Homogeneous Equations

Lines are intersecting Lines are overlapping

at origin to each others

Trivial Solution or Non Trivial Solutions

only one solution

Prof Sunil Thakare 5

Condition for consistency of Nonhomogeneous Equations

Homogeneous System
AX = O, n = no. of unknowns

Always consistent
Find 𝜌 𝐴 = 𝑟

Trivial Solution if Non trivial solutions if

𝑟 = 𝑛 or |𝐴| ≠ 0 𝑟 < 𝑛 or 𝐴 = 0
Lines are intersecting Lines are overlapping
at origin only to each others
Prof Sunil Thakare 6
• Example 1. Examine for nontrivial solutions of the following system of linear equations and hence
find solutions: 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0; 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 0; 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 0.
• Solution: We have to examine for nontrivial solution of the following system of equations
𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0; 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 0; 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 0 ----- (1)
The system of simultaneous equations (1) can be written as
𝐴𝑋 = 𝑂
1 3 1 𝑥 0
⇒ 2 −2 −6 𝑦 = 0 ----------- (2)
3 1 −5 𝑧 0
Apply 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 and 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
1 3 1 𝑥 0
0 −8 −8 𝑦 = 0
0 −8 −8 𝑧 0
Apply𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
1 3 1 𝑥 0
0 −8 −8 𝑦 = 0
0 0 0 𝑧 0
Prof Sunil Thakare 7
⇒ 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0; --- (3)
−8𝑦 − 8𝑧 = 0 --- (4)
We have three variables and two equation. So, one variable will be independent.
Put 𝑧 = 𝑡 in (4), then we have
𝑦 = −𝑧 ⇒ 𝑦 = −𝑡
Putting the values of y and z in (3), we have
⇒ 𝑥 − 3𝑡 + 𝑡 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 − 2𝑡 = 0
⇒ 𝑥 = 2𝑡
Hence the nontrivial solutions is 𝑥 = 2𝑡, 𝑦 = −𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑡
𝑥 2
𝑦 = 𝑡 −1
𝑧 1
Prof Sunil Thakare 8
• Example 2. Examine for nontrivial solutions of the following system of linear equations and
hence find solutions: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0; 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0; 4𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 0.
• Solution: We have to examine for nontrivial solution of the following system of equations
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0; 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0; 4𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 0 - - - - - (1)
The system of simultaneous equations (1) can be written in 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑂 as

1 2 3 𝑥 0
⇒ 2 3 1 𝑦 = 0 ----------- (2)
4 5 4 𝑧 0
1 2 3
Consider 𝐴 = 2 3 1 =1 3×4−5×1 −2 2×4−4×1 +3 2×5−3×4
4 5 4
= 1 12 − 5 − 2 8 − 4 + 3 10 − 12
= 1 7 − 2 4 + 3 −2 = 7 − 8 − 6 = −7 ≠ 0
∵ 𝐴 ≠0
∴ The system has trivial solution. 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0
i.e.Thakare
Prof Sunil 9
• Example 3. Examine for nontrivial solutions of the following system of linear equations and
hence find solutions: 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0; 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0; 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 0.
• Solution: We have to examine for nontrivial solution of the following system of equations
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0; 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0; 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 0 ----- (1)
The system of simultaneous equations (1) can be written in 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑂 as
2 −1 3 𝑥 0
⇒ 3 2 1 𝑦 = 0 ----------- (2)
1 −4 5 𝑧 0
2 −1 3
Consider 𝐴 = 3 2 1
1 −4 5
= 2 × 2 × 5 − −4 × 1 − −1 × 3 × 5 − 1 × 1 + 3 × 3 × −4 − 1 × 2
= 1 10 + 4 + 2 15 − 1 + 3 −12 − 2
= 1 14 + 2 14 + 3 −14 = 14 + 28 − 42 = 0
∵ 𝐴 =0
∴ The system has non trivial solution.
Prof Sunil Thakare 10
From (2), we have 1 −4 5 𝑥 0
0 1 −1 𝑦 = 0
2 −1 3 𝑥 0
3 2 1 𝑦 = 0 0 0 0 𝑧 0
1 −4 5 𝑧 0 ⇒ 𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 0 --- (3)
Apply 𝑅13 𝑦−𝑧 =0 --- (4)
1 −4 5 𝑥 0 We have three variables and two equation.
3 2 1 𝑦 = 0 So, one variable will be independent.
2 −1 3 𝑧 0 Put 𝑧 = 𝑡 in (4), then we have
Apply 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 and 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1 𝑦−𝑡 =0
1 −4 5 𝑥 0 ⇒ 𝑦=𝑡
0 14 −14 𝑦 = 0 Putting the values of y and z in (3), we have
0 7 −7 𝑧 0
1
⇒ 𝑥 − 4𝑡 + 5𝑡 = 0
Apply 𝑅2 ⇒ 𝑥+𝑡 =0
14

1 −4 5 𝑥 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −𝑡
0 1 −1 𝑦 = 0 Hence the nontrivial solutions is
0 7 −7 𝑧 0
𝑥 = −𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑡
Apply 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 − 7𝑅2
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• Example 4. Show that the system of equations: 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 0; 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 = 0;
𝑐𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏𝑧 = 0 has non-trivial solution only if 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 or 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐.
• Solution: We have to show that the following system of equations
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 0; 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 = 0; 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑏𝑧 = 0 - - - - - (1)
has a nontrivial solutions only if 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 or 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐.
The system of simultaneous equations (1) can be written in 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑂 as
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑥 0
⇒ 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑦 = 0 -----------
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑧 0
(2)
∵ The system has nontrivial solution, then
∴ 𝐴 =0
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 =0
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
Apply 𝑅1 → 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 +𝑅3 , we have
Prof Sunil Thakare 12
 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 =0
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
1 1 1
⇒ 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 =0
𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 − 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑐 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 or 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏𝑐 = 0
⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 or 2𝑎2 + 2𝑏 2 + 2𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑐 − 2𝑏𝑐 = 0
⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 or 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 +𝑎2 = 0
⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 or 𝑎 − 𝑏 2 + 𝑏 − 𝑐 2 + 𝑐 − 𝑎 2 = 0
⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 or 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 − 𝑐 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 − 𝑎 = 0
⇒ 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0 or 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐
∴ The given system has non trivial solution if
𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 or 𝒂 = 𝒃 = 𝒄 (Hence Proved)
Prof Sunil Thakare 13
 Home Assignment
Check whether the following system of linear equations have non trivial solutions or not. If
yes, then solve them.
1. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0; 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0; 4𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 0; 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0.
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0
2. 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0; 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 0. 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0
3. 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0; 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 0; 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 0. 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑥 = 2𝑡, 𝑦 = −𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑡
4. 4𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 + 𝑥4 = 0; 2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 − 𝑥3 − 2𝑥4 = 0; 7𝑥2 − 4𝑥3 − 5𝑥4 = 0; 2𝑥1 −
−𝑎−5𝑏 5𝑎+4𝑏
11𝑥2 + 7𝑥3 + 8𝑥4 = 0. 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑥 = ,𝑦 = , 𝑧 = 𝑏, 𝑡 = 𝑎
14 7
5. For different values of k, discuss the nature of solution of the following equations:
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0; 3𝑥 + 𝑘 + 7 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0; 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑘 − 3 𝑧 = 0.
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 1, 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 𝑡, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = −1, 𝑥 = −2𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 0
6. Show that the system of equations 𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 𝜆𝑥1 ; 3𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 𝜆𝑥2 ; 2𝑥1 +
3𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = 𝜆𝑥3 can possess a non-trivial solution only 𝜆 = 6. Obtain the general solution
for real values of 𝜆 . 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝜆 = 6, 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑡 .

Prof Sunil Thakare 14

 7. Linear Transformation
Let us consider
𝑦1 = 𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + 𝑎13 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛
𝑦2 = 𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + 𝑎23 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛
𝑦3 = 𝑎31 𝑥1 + 𝑎32 𝑥2 + 𝑎33 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑎3𝑛 𝑥𝑛
------------------------------
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛1 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑛2 𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑛3 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑛
This can be written in matrix form as below
𝑦1 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 … 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥1
𝑦2 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 … 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥2
𝑦3 = 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 … 𝑎3𝑛 𝑥3 ⇒ 𝑌 = 𝐴𝑋
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ … ⋮ ⋮
𝑦𝑛 𝑎𝑛1 𝑎𝑛2 𝑎𝑛3 … 𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑛
⇒ 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑦3 , , … , 𝑦𝑛 can be expressed in terms of 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , , … , 𝑥𝑛 .
⇒ 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑦3 , , … , 𝑦𝑛 𝑇 is called linear transformation of 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , , … , 𝑥𝑛 𝑇 .
Prof Sunil Thakare 15
 Properties of Linear Transformation
Suppose 𝑌 = 𝐴𝑋 is a linear transformation from X to Y.
1. A is called Linear Operator or transformation matrix.
2. 𝐴 is called Modulus of Transformation.
3. If 𝐴 ≠ 0, then the transformation is called Non-singular or regular.
4. If 𝐴 = 0, then the transformation is called Singular.
5. If the transformation is Regular, then 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝑌 is called Inverse Regular
Transformation.
6. If the A is regular, then 𝐴−1 is also Regular.
7. If 𝑌 = 𝐴𝑋 is linear transformation from X to Y and 𝑍 = 𝐵𝑌 is a linear transformation
from Y to Z, then 𝑍 = 𝐵𝑌 = 𝐵 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵𝐴 𝑋 is called Composite Transformation of
from X to Z.
8. A regular linear transformation carries linearly independent vectors into linearly
independent vectors.
9. A regular linear transformation carries linearly dependent vectors into linearly dependent
16
vectors. Prof Sunil Thakare
• Example 1. Show that the transformation 𝑦1 = 2𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 − 𝑥3 ; 𝑦2 = −4𝑥1 + 5𝑥2 +
3𝑥3 ; 𝑦3 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 is regular.
• Solution: We have to show that the transformation 𝑦1 = 2𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 − 𝑥3 ; 𝑦2 = −4𝑥1 +
5𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 ; 𝑦3 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 is regular. i.e. |𝐴| ≠ 0
2 −2 −1
Now consider |𝐴| = −4 5 3
1 −1 −1
= 2 × 5 × −1 − −1 × 3 − −2 × −4 × −1 − 1 × 3
+ −1 × −4 × −1 − 1 × 5
= 2 × −5 − −3 + 2 × 4 − 3 − 1 × 4 − 5
= 2 × −5 + 3 + 2 × 1 − 1 × −1
= 2 × −2 + 2 + 1 = −4 + 3 = −1
∴ The given transformation is regular since 𝐴 = −1 ≠ 0 .

Prof Sunil Thakare 17

 2 1 1 𝑥1
• Example 2. Given the transformation 𝑌 = 1 1 2 𝑥2 . Find the coordinate
1 0 −2 𝑥3
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 in X corresponding to 1, 2, −1 in Y.
• Solution: Given transformation is 𝑌 = 𝐴𝑋
2 1 1 𝑥1 𝑦1 2 1 1 𝑥1
𝑌 = 1 1 2 𝑥2 ⇒ 𝑦2 = 1 1 2 𝑥2
1 0 −2 𝑥3 𝑦3 1 0 −2 𝑥3
2 1 1
Now consider |𝐴| = 1 1 2
1 0 −2
= 2 × 1 × −2 − 0 × 2 − 1 × 1 × −2 − 1 × 2
+ 1× 1 × 0 − 1 × 1
= 2 × −2 − 0 − 1 × −2 − 2 + 1 × 0 − 1
= −4 + 4 − 1 = −4 + 3 = −1

Prof Sunil Thakare 18

∵ 𝐴 = −1 ≠ 0 2 1
2+3
𝐴23 = −1 = −(−0 − 1) = 1
∴ 𝐴−1 exists which is given by 1 0
𝑇 1 1
𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐴13 𝐴31 = −1 3+1 =2−1=1
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴 1 1 2
𝐴−1 = = 𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐴23 2 1
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴32 = −1 3+2 = − 4 − 1 = −3
31 𝐴32 𝐴33 1 2
2 1
2 1 1 𝐴33 = −1 3+3 =2−1=1
Here 𝐴 = 1 1 2 1 1
1 0 −2 −2 4 −1 𝑇
−1 1
1 2 ∴ 𝐴 = 2 −5 1
1+1 −1
𝐴11 = −1 = −2 − 0 = −2 1 −3 1
0 −2
1+2 1 2 −2 2 1
𝐴12 = −1 = −(−2 − 2) = 4 ⇒ 𝐴−1 = − 4 −5 −3
1 −2
1 1 −1 1 1
𝐴13 = −1 1+3 = 0 − 1 = −1 2 −2 −1
1 0
1 1 ⇒ 𝐴−1 = −4 5 3
𝐴21 = −1 2+1 = −(−2 − 0) = 2
0 −2 1 −1 −1
2 1
𝐴22 = −1 2+2 = −4 − 1 = −5
1 −2 Prof Sunil Thakare 19
Hence we have 𝑌 = 𝐴𝑋
⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝑌
𝑥1 𝑦1
⇒ 𝑥2 = 𝐴−1 𝑦2
𝑥3 𝑦3

𝑥1 2 −2 −1 1 2 × 1 + −2 × 2 + −1 × −1
⇒ 𝑥2 = −4 5 3 2 = −4 × 1 + 5 × 2 + 3 × −1
𝑥3 1 −1 −1 −1 1 × 1 + −1 × 2 + −1 × −1
𝑥1 2−4+1 −1
⇒ 𝑥2 = −4 + 10 − 3 = 3
𝑥3 1−2+1 0
∴ Hence the coordinate in X is −1, 3, 0 corresponding to 1, 2, −1 in Y.

Prof Sunil Thakare 20

• Example 3. Express each of the transformation 𝑥1 = 3𝑦1 + 2𝑦2 , 𝑥2 = −𝑦1 + 4𝑦2 and
• 𝑦1 = 𝑧1 + 2𝑧2 , 𝑦2 = 3𝑧1 in the matrix form and find the composite transformation which
expresses 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 in terms of 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 .
• Solution: The transformation 𝑥1 = 3𝑦1 + 2𝑦2 , 𝑥2 = −𝑦1 + 4𝑦2 can be written as
𝑥1 3 2 𝑦1
𝑥2 = −1 4 𝑦2 ⇒ 𝑋 = 𝐴𝑌
• Similarly, the transformation 𝑦1 = 𝑧1 + 2𝑧2 , 𝑦2 = 3𝑧1 can be written as
𝑦1 1 2 𝑧1
𝑦2 = 3 0 𝑧2 ⇒ 𝑌 = 𝐵𝑍
∴ The composite transformation is given by
𝑋 = 𝐴𝑌 = 𝐴 𝐵𝑍 = 𝐴𝐵 𝑍
𝑥1 3 2 1 2 𝑧1 3×1+2×3 3 × 2 + 2 × 0 𝑧1
⇒ 𝑥2 = −1 4 3 0 𝑧2 = −1 × 1 + 4 × 3 −1 × 2 + 4 × 0 𝑧2
𝑥1 9 6 𝑧1
⇒ 𝑥2 = 11 −2 𝑧2
⇒ 𝑥1 = 9𝑧1 + 6𝑧2 , 𝑥2 = 11𝑧1Prof
−Sunil
2𝑧Thakare
2. 21
 Home Assignment
4 −5 1 𝑥1
1. Given the transformation 𝑌 = 3 1 −2 𝑥2 . Find the coordinate 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 in X corresponding
1 4 1 𝑥3
to 2, 9, 5 in Y . 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 2, 1, −1
1 1 −2 𝑥1
2. Given the transformation 𝑌 = 2 −1 1 𝑥2 . Find the coordinate 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 in X corresponding
3 1 −1 𝑥3
to 3, 0, 8 in Y . 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 8/5, 5, 9/5
1 −2 3 𝑥1
3. Given the transformation 𝑌 = 2 0 −3 𝑥2 . Find the coordinate 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 in X corresponding
1 1 1 𝑥3
to 2, 3, 0 in Y . 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 21/19, −16/19, −5/19
4. Express each of the transformation 𝑥1 = 3𝑦1 + 5𝑦2 , 𝑥2 = −𝑦1 + 7𝑦2 and 𝑦1 = 𝑧1 + 3𝑧2 , 𝑦2 = 4𝑧1 in the
matrix form and find the composite transformation which expresses 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 in terms of 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 .
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑥1 = 23𝑧1 + 9𝑧2 , 𝑥2 = 27𝑧1 − 3𝑧2
5. Show that the transformation 𝑦1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 ; 𝑦2 = 2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 ; 𝑦3 = 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 is regular.
Also find the coordinate 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 in X corresponding to 6, 20, 2 in Y.
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 1, 2, 3

Prof Sunil Thakare 22

 8. Orthogonal Transformation
The linear transformation 𝑌 = 𝐴𝑋 i.e.
𝑦1 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 … 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥1
𝑦2 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 … 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥2
𝑦3 = 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 … 𝑎3𝑛 𝑥3
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ … ⋮ ⋮
𝑦𝑛 𝑎𝑛1 𝑎𝑛2 𝑎𝑛3 … 𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑛
is said to be orthogonal, if it transforms 𝑥12 + 𝑥22 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛2 into 𝑦12 + 𝑦22 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑛2 .
Orthogonal Matrix
A matrix ‘A’ is said to be orthogonal, if 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼.
Properties of Orthogonal Transformation
1. If A is orthogonal then 𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑇 .
2. If A is orthogonal then 𝐴 = ±1.
3. If A is orthogonal then 𝐴−1 and 𝐴𝑇 is also orthogonal.

Prof Sunil Thakare 23

 1 2 2
1
• Example 1. Show that 𝐴 = 2 1 −2 is orthogonal.
3
2 −2 1
• Solution: We know that a matrix A is orthogonal, then
𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼 ------- (1)
1 2 2 1 2 2
1 1
Now consider 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 2 1 −2 × 3 2 1 −2
3
2 −2 1 2 −2 1
1+4+4 2+2−4 2−4+2
1
= 2+2−4 4+1+4 4−2−2
3×3
2−4+2 4−2−2 4+4+1
9 0 0 1 0 0
1
= 0 9 0 = 0 1 0 =𝐼
9
0 0 9 0 0 1
Similarly, we can prove that 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼.
∴ The given A matrix is orthogonal.

Prof Sunil Thakare 24

 2 1 2 2 2 1
• Example 2. Show that the transformation 𝑦1 = 3 𝑥1 + 3 𝑥2 + 3 𝑥3 , 𝑦2 = − 3 𝑥1 + 3 𝑥2 + 3 𝑥3 ,
1 2 2
𝑦3 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 is orthogonal.
3 3 3
• Solution: Given transformation will be orthogonal if the coefficient matrix is orthogonal. i.e.
𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼 ------- (1)
2 1 2
1
Here 𝐴 = −2 2 1
3
1 2 −2
2 1 2 2 −2 1
1 1
Now consider 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = −2 2 1 ×3 1 2 2
3
1 2 −2 2 1 −2
4 + 1 + 4 −4 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 − 4
1
= −4 + 2 + 2 4 + 4 + 1 −2 + 4 − 2
3×3
2 = 2 − 4 −2 + 4 − 2 1 + 4 + 4
9 0 0 1 0 0
1
= 0 9 0 = 0 1 0 =𝐼
9
0 0 9 0 0 1
Similarly, we can prove that 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼. So, the given transformation is orthogonal.
Prof Sunil Thakare 25
• Example 3. Apply the orthogonal property of the orthogonal matrix 13 −12 −5
1
to find
𝑎 −12
the value of 𝑎.

• Solution: We have to find the value of 𝑎, if the following matrix is orthogonal.

1 −12 −5
• 𝐴 =
13 𝑎 −12
Orthogonal Matrix: A matrix ‘A’ is called orthogonal, iff 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼.
Since the given matrix is orthogonal.
∴ 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐼
1 −12 −5 1 −12 𝑎 1 0
⇒ × =
13 𝑎 −12 13 −5 −12 0 1
1 −12 × −12 + (−5) × (−5) −12 × 𝑎 + (−5) × (−12) 1 0
⇒ =
13×13 𝑎 × −12 + (−12) × (−5) 𝑎 × 𝑎 + (−12) × (−12) 0 1
1 144 + 25 −12𝑎 + 60 1 0
⇒ 2 = .
169 −12𝑎 + 60 𝑎 + 144 0 1
Prof Sunil Thakare 26
 169 −12𝑎 + 60 1 0
⇒ = 169 ×
−12𝑎 + 60 𝑎2 + 144 0 1
169 −12𝑎 + 60 169 0
⇒ =
−12𝑎 + 60 𝑎2 + 144 0 169
Equality of two matrices, we have
−12𝑎 + 60 = 0 and 𝑎2 + 144 = 169
⇒ −12𝑎 = −60 and 𝑎2 = 169 − 144
60
⇒ 𝑎= and 𝑎2 = 25
12

12×5
⇒ 𝑎= and 𝑎 = 25
12

⇒ 𝑎=5 and 𝑎 = ±5

∴ The value of 𝑎 = ±5 .
Prof Sunil Thakare 27
 0 2𝑏 𝑐
• Example 4. Determine the values of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 when 𝑎 𝑏 −𝑐 is orthogonal.
𝑎 −𝑏 𝑐

• Solution: We know that a matrix A is orthogonal, then

𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼 ------- (1)
Now consider 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐼
0 2𝑏 𝑐 0 𝑎 𝑎 1 0 0
⇒ 𝑎 𝑏 −𝑐 × 2𝑏 𝑏 −𝑏 = 0 1 0
𝑎 −𝑏 𝑐 𝑐 −𝑐 𝑐 0 0 1
0 + 4𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 2𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 −2𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 1 0 0
⇒ 2𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 = 0 1 0
−2𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 0 0 1
Equality of two matrices, we have
4𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 = 1, 2𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 = 0, 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 = 0, 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 = 1
From 2𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 = 0, we have
𝑐 2 = 2𝑏 2 ------- (2)
Prof Sunil Thakare 28
Putting the value of 𝑐 2 = 2𝑏 2 in 4𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 = 1, we have
4𝑏 2 + 2𝑏 2 = 1
⇒ 6𝑏 2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑏 2 = 1/6

⇒ 𝑏 = ± 1/ 6

Putting the value of 𝑏 = ± 1/ 6 in 𝑐 2 = 2𝑏 2 , we have

1 1
𝑐2 = 2 × =
6 3

⇒ 𝑐 = ± 1/ 3

Putting the values of 𝑏 = ± 1/ 6 and 𝑐 = ± 1/ 3 in 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 − 𝑐 2 = 0, we have

1 1
𝑎2 − − = 0
6 3
1 1 1+2 3 1
⇒ 𝑎2 = + = = =
6 3 6 6 2

⇒ 𝑎 = ± 1/ 2 .
Prof Sunil Thakare 29
 Home Assignment
1. Verify whether the following matrix is 1 2 3
orthogonal or not, if so write 𝐴−1 . 14 5 70
2 1 6
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 (vi) 𝐴 = − 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑌𝑒𝑠, 𝐴𝑇
(i) 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑌𝑒𝑠, 𝐴𝑇 14 5 70
− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 3 −5
1 −12 −5 0
14 70
(ii) 𝐴 = 13 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑌𝑒𝑠, 𝐴𝑇
5 −12
1 0 1 2. Find the values of a, b, c if the following
1
(iii) 𝐴 = 0 1 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑌𝑒𝑠, 𝐴𝑇 matrix is orthogonal.
2
1 0 1 1/3 2/3 𝑎
1 1 1 𝐴 = 2/3 1/3 𝑏
2 6 3 2/3 −2/3 𝑐
2 1
(iv) 𝐴 = 0 −
6 3
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑌𝑒𝑠, 𝐴𝑇 2 2 1
1 1 1 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑎 = ± , 𝑏 = ± , 𝑐 = ± ,
3 3 3
2 6 3
−8 4 1
(v) 𝐴 = 1 4 −8 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑌𝑒𝑠, 𝐴𝑇
4 7 4 Prof Sunil Thakare 30
 9. Eigen Values and Eigen Vectors
Let us consider the linear transformation 𝑌 = 𝐴𝑋 ------- (1)
Now replace the matrix A by any number say 𝜆, then (1) becomes
𝑌 = 𝜆𝑋 ------- (2)
From (1) and (2), we have
𝐴𝑋 = 𝜆𝑋
⇒ 𝐴𝑋 − 𝜆𝑋 = 0
⇒ 𝐴𝑋 − 𝜆𝐼𝑋 = 0 ∵ 𝐼𝑋 = 𝑋
⇒ 𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 𝑋 = 0 ------- (3)
This is a matrix equation on X.
1. Characteristic Matrix: The matrix 𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 is called Eigen Matrix or Characteristic
Matrix or Latent Matrix.
2. Characteristic Determinant: The determinant |𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| is called Eigen Determinant or
Characteristic Determinant or Latent Determinant.
Prof. Sunil Thakare 31
4. Characteristic Polynomial: The polynomial |𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| in 𝜆 is called Eigen Polynomial or
Characteristic Polynomial or Latent Polynomial.
5. Characteristic Equations: The equation 𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 = 0 in 𝜆 is called Eigen equation or
Characteristic equation or Latent equation. The degree of the characteristic equation of a
matrix is equal to the order of that matrix.
6. Characteristic Value or Root: The values of 𝜆 which is obtained from the polynomial
equation 𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 = 0 are called Eigen values or Characteristic values or latent values or
Proper values.
7. Spectrum of a Matrix: The set of all characteristic roots of a matrix is called the spectrum
of the matrix.
8. Eigen Vector: The values of 𝑋 are called Eigen vectors or characteristic vectors or latent
vectors corresponding to eigen value 𝜆.
Any nonzero vector X is said to be a characteristic vector of a matrix A, if there exits a
number 𝜆 such that 𝐴𝑋 = 𝜆𝑋.
Prof. Sunil Thakare 32
 Properties of Eigen Values
1. Trace of a Matrix A: The sum of the entries on the main diagonal of a matrix is called the Trace of A. That
means Trace of A = 𝑎11 + 𝑎22 + 𝑎33 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛𝑛
2. The sum of the eigen values of a matrix is the sum of the elements of the principal diagonal.
Trace of A = 𝑎11 + 𝑎22 + 𝑎33 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛𝑛 = 𝜆1 + 𝜆2 + 𝜆3 + ⋯ + 𝜆𝑛
3. The eigen values of an upper or lower or diagonal matrix are the elements on its main diagonal.
4. The product of the eigen values of a matrix is equal to the determinant of the matrix.
𝜆1 × 𝜆2 × 𝜆3 × ⋯ × 𝜆𝑛 = |𝐴|
1 1 1 1
5. If 𝜆1 , 𝜆2 , 𝜆3 , … , 𝜆𝑛 are eigen values of A, then , , ,…, are eigen values of 𝐴−1 .
𝜆1 𝜆2 𝜆3 𝜆𝑛
6. If 𝜆1 , 𝜆2 , 𝜆3 , … , 𝜆𝑛 are eigen values of A, then k𝜆1 , 𝑘𝜆2 , 𝑘𝜆3 , … , 𝑘𝜆𝑛 are eigen values of the matrix kA.
7. The eigen values of A and its transpose 𝐴𝑇 are same.
8. If 𝜆1 , 𝜆2 , 𝜆3 , … , 𝜆𝑛 are eigen values of A, then 𝜆1𝑚 , 𝜆𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
2 , 𝜆3 , … , 𝜆𝑛 are eigen values of 𝐴 .
9. If 𝜆1 , 𝜆2 , 𝜆3 , … , 𝜆𝑛 are eigen values of A, then 𝜆1 − 𝑘, 𝜆2 − 𝑘, 𝜆3 −𝑘, … , 𝜆𝑛 − 𝑘 are eigen values of
𝐴 − 𝑘𝐼.
10. The eigen values of a symmetric matrix are real.

Prof. Sunil Thakare 33

 Method to find Eigen Values
A. Direct method
1. Write Characteristic matrix for square matrix A  𝑨 − 𝝀𝑰
2. Find determinant of matrix 𝑨 − 𝝀𝑰 = 𝟎, we will get Characteristic equation.
3. Now find roots / zeros of Characteristic equation which are the eigen values of matrix A.
B. Short Cut Method to Find Characteristic Equation
1. Characteristic Equation for 2 × 2 matrix is given by
𝝀𝟐 − 𝑺𝟏 𝝀 + 𝑨 = 𝟎
Where 𝑆1 = Sum of diagonal elements, 𝐴 = Determinant of A.
2. Characteristic Equation for 3 × 3 matrix is given by
𝝀𝟑 − 𝑺𝟏 𝝀𝟐 + 𝑺𝟐 𝝀 − 𝑨 = 𝟎
Where 𝑆1 = Sum of diagonal elements,
𝑆2 = Sum of minors of diagonal elements
𝐴 = Determinant of A.
Prof. Sunil Thakare 34
 Method to find Eigen Vector
1. To find eigen vector corresponding to each eigen value 𝝀, we will consider matrix equation 𝑨 − 𝝀𝑰 𝑋 = 𝟎,
where 𝑋 = 𝑥1 𝑥2 … . 𝑥𝑛 𝑇 is an Eigen vector with variables.
2. Substitute each eigen values 𝝀 in above matrix equation so we will get linear system of homogeneous
equations.
3. The solution of this system give an Eigen vector 𝑋 = 𝑥1 𝑥2 … . 𝑥𝑛 𝑇 corresponding to eigen value 𝝀.
Properties of Eigen Vectors
1. If X is Eigen vector of a matrix corresponding to an eigen value 𝜆, then kX is also an Eigen vector, when
𝑘 ≠ 0. Thus Eigen vector corresponding to an eigen value 𝜆 is not unique.
2. Let 𝜆1 , 𝜆2 , 𝜆3 , … , 𝜆𝑛 be distinct eigen values of square matrix A of order n, then corresponding eigen vectors
𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3 , … , 𝑋𝑛 are linearly independent.
3. It may or may not be possible to get linearly independent eigen vectors corresponding to the repeated roots.
4. The square matrix A of order n has at most n linearly independent eigen vectors.
5. Orthogonal Eigen Vectors: Two eigen vectors 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 are said to be orthogonal if 𝑋1 𝑋2𝑇 = 0.
6. Eigen vectors of a symmetric matrix corresponding to different eigen values are orthogonal.
7. Corresponding to zero eigen value, eigen vector will not be zero.
Prof. Sunil Thakare 35
• Example 1. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix 𝐴 = 14 −10 .
5 −1
• Solution: We have to find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix.
14 −10
𝐴=
5 −1
Characteristics equation of A is given by
𝜆2 − 𝑆1 𝜆 + 𝐴 = 0 -------- (1)
where 𝑆1 = Sum of diagonal elements = 14 + −1 = 13
14 −10
And 𝐴 = = 14 × −1 − 5 × −10 = −14 + 50 = 36
5 −1
Hence (1) becomes
𝜆2 − 13𝜆 + 36 = 0 -------- (2)
This is Characteristics equation. Now find zeros / roots
⇒ 𝜆−9 𝜆−4 =0
⇒ 𝜆 − 9 = 0, 𝜆 − 4 = 0
⇒ 𝜆 = 4, 9

Prof. Sunil Thakare 36

• Now we have to find the Eigen vectors corresponding to eigen values 𝜆 = 4, 9.
• (i) Eigen vector corresponding to eigen value 𝜆 = 4:
Let 𝑋1 = 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑇 be Eigen vector corresponding to the eigen value 𝜆 = 4 . Then the
characteristics equation of A is given by
𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 𝑋 = 0 -------- (3)
14 −10 1 0 𝑥1 0
⇒ −𝜆 =
5 −1 0 1 𝑥2 0
14 −10 𝜆 0 𝑥1 0
⇒ − =
5 −1 0 𝜆 𝑥2 0
14 − 𝜆 −10 𝑥1 0
⇒ 𝑥 = -------- (4)
5 −1 − 𝜆 2 0
Putting 𝜆 = 4 in (4), we have
14 − 4 −10 𝑥1 0
𝑥 =
5 −1 − 4 2 0
10 −10 𝑥1 0
⇒ =
5 −5 𝑥2 0
⇒ 10𝑥1 − 10𝑥2 = 0, 5𝑥1 − 5𝑥2 = 0

Prof. Sunil Thakare 37

 ⇒ 10𝑥1 − 10𝑥2 = 0, 5𝑥1 − 5𝑥2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 = 0. Putting 𝑥2 = 𝑡, then 𝑥1 = 𝑡.
𝑇 1
∴ Eigen vector corresponding to 𝜆 = 4 is 𝑋1 = 𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑡 .
1
(i) Eigen vector corresponding to eigen value 𝜆 = 9: Let 𝑋2 = 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑇 be Eigen vector
corresponding to the eigen value 𝜆 = 9. Putting 𝜆 = 9 in (4), we have
14 − 9 −10 𝑥1 0
𝑥 =
5 −1 − 9 2 0
5 −10 𝑥1 0
⇒ =
5 −10 𝑥2 0
⇒ 5𝑥1 − 10𝑥2 = 0, 5𝑥1 − 10𝑥2 = 0
⇒ 𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 = 0.Putting 𝑥2 = 𝑡, then 𝑥1 = 2𝑡.
𝑇 2
∴ Eigen vector corresponding to 𝜆 = 9 is 𝑋1 = 2𝑡 𝑡 =𝑡
.
1
Hence the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the given matrix are given by
1 2
𝜆1 = 4, 𝑋1 = , 𝜆 = 9, 𝑋 =
1 Prof. 2Sunil Thakare 2 1 38
 Diagonalization of matrix
• Diagonalization of matrix: Let A be a square matrix of order n, then there is matrix P such that 𝑃−1 𝐴𝑃 = 𝐷
is called diagonalization matrix.
• Where matrix D is eigen values at diagonal and
• P is matrix with column vectors are as eigen vector of matrix A.
2 6
Example 2: Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix 𝐴 = . Also find diagonalizable
0 −1
matrix A.
2 6
Solution: We have to find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix 𝐴 =
0 −1
Characteristics equation of A is given by
𝜆2 − 𝑆1 𝜆 + 𝐴 = 0 -------- (1)
where 𝑆1 = Sum of diagonal elements = 2 + −1 = 1 and 𝐴 = −2
Hence (1) becomes
𝜆2 − 𝜆 − 2 = 0 -------- (2)
This is Characteristics equation. Now find zeros / roots
⇒ 𝜆−2 𝜆+1 =0⇒ 𝜆 = 2, −1
Prof. Sunil Thakare 39
• Now we have to find the Eigen vectors corresponding to eigen values 𝜆 = 2, −1.
• (i) Eigen vector corresponding to eigen value 𝜆 = 2:
Let 𝑋1 = 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑇 be Eigen vector corresponding to the eigen value 𝜆 = 2.
Then the characteristics equation of A is given by
𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 𝑋 = 0 -------- (3)
2 6 1 0 𝑥1 0
⇒ −𝜆 =
0 −1 0 1 𝑥2 0
2−𝜆 6 𝑥1 0
⇒ 𝑥 = -------- (4)
0 −1 − 𝜆 2 0
Putting 𝜆 = 2 in (4), we have
0 6 𝑥1 0
𝑥 =
0 −3 2 0
Solution is ⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑡, 𝑥2 = 0
𝑥1 1
Thus 𝑥 = 𝑡 is the eigen vector.
2 0

Prof. Sunil Thakare 40

• (ii) Eigen vector corresponding to eigen value 𝜆 = −1:
Let 𝑋2 = 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑇 be Eigen vector corresponding to the eigen value 𝜆 = −1.
Then the characteristics equation of A is given by
𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 𝑋 = 0 -------- (3)
2 6 1 0 𝑥1 0
⇒ −𝜆 =
0 −1 0 1 𝑥2 0
2−𝜆 6 𝑥1 0
⇒ 𝑥 = -------- (4)
0 −1 − 𝜆 2 0
Putting 𝜆 = −1 in (4), we have
3 6 𝑥1 0
𝑥 =
0 0 2 0
Solution is ⇒ 3𝑥1 + 6𝑥2 = 0, Let 𝑥2 = 𝑡, so 𝑥1 = −2𝑡
𝑥1 −2
Thus 𝑥 = 𝑡 is the eigen vector.
2 1

Prof. Sunil Thakare 41

• To find diagonalization matrix

Let 𝑃 = 𝑋1 𝑋2 = 1 −2 be a matrix of Eigen vector.

0 1
1 2
Then 𝑃−1 =
0 1
Now 𝐷 = 𝑃−1 𝐴𝑃
1 2 2 6 1 −2
=
0 1 0 −1 0 1
1 2 2 2
=
0 1 0 −1
2 0
=
0 −1
Which is matrix of eigenvalues at diagonal.

Prof. Sunil Thakare 42

 8 −8 −2
• Example 3. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix 𝐴 = 4 −3 −2 .
3 −4 1
• Solution: We have to find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix.
8 −8 −2
𝐴 = 4 −3 −2
3 −4 1
Characteristics equation of A is given by
𝜆3 − 𝑆1 𝜆2 + 𝑆2 𝜆 − 𝐴 = 0 -------- (1)
where 𝑆1 = Sum of diagonal elements = 8 + −3 + 1 = 6
𝑆2 = Sum of minors of diagonal elements
−3 −2 8 −2 8 −8
= + +
−4 1 3 1 4 −3
= −3 × 1 − −4 × −2 + 8 × 1 − 3 × −2
+8 × −3 − 4 × −8
= −3 − 8 + 8 + 6 − 24 + 32 = 11
8 −8 −2
And 𝐴 = 4 −3 −2 = 8 × −3 × 1 − −4 × −2
3 −4 1
− −8 × 4 × 1 − 3 × −2 − 2 × 4 × −4 − 3 × −3 .
Prof. Sunil Thakare 43
And 𝐴 = 8 × −3 × 1 − −4 × −2 − −8 × 4 × 1 − 3 × −2
−2 × 4 × −4 − 3 × −3
= 8 × −3 − 8 − −8 × 4 + 6 − 2 × −16 + 9
= 8 × −11 + 8 × 10 − 2 × −7
= −88 + 80 + 14 = 6
Putting above values in (1), we have
𝜆3 − 𝑆1 𝜆2 + 𝑆2 𝜆 − 𝐴 = 0
⇒ 𝜆3 − 6𝜆2 + 11𝜆 − 6 = 0 ∵ 𝑆1 = 6, 𝑆2 = 11, 𝐴 = 6
This is Characteristics equation. Now find zeros / roots
⇒ 𝜆3 − 𝜆2 − 5𝜆2 + 5𝜆 + 6𝜆 − 6 = 0
⇒ 𝜆3 − 𝜆2 − 5𝜆2 + 5𝜆 + 6𝜆 − 6 = 0
⇒ 𝜆2 𝜆 − 1 − 5𝜆 𝜆 − 1 + 6 𝜆 − 1 = 0
⇒ 𝜆 − 1 (𝜆2 − 5𝜆 + 6) = 0
⇒ 𝜆−1 𝜆−3 𝜆−2 =0
⇒ 𝜆 = 1, 2, 3
These are the eigen values of the given matrix A.

Prof. Sunil Thakare 44

• Now we have to find the Eigen vectors corresponding to eigen values 𝜆 = 1, 2, 3.
• (i) Eigen vector corresponding to eigen value 𝜆 = 1:
Let 𝑋1 = 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑇 be Eigen vector corresponding to the eigen value 𝜆 = 1. Then
the characteristics equation of A is given by
𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 𝑋 = 0 -------- (2)
8 −8 −2 1 0 0 𝑥1 0
⇒ 4 −3 −2 − 𝜆 0 1 0 𝑥2 = 0
3 −4 1 0 0 1 𝑥3 0
8 −8 −2 𝜆 0 0 𝑥1 0
⇒ 4 −3 −2 − 0 𝜆 0 𝑥2 = 0
3 −4 1 0 0 𝜆 𝑥3 0
8−𝜆 −8 −2 𝑥1 0
⇒ 4 −3 − 𝜆 −2 𝑥2 = 0 -------- (3)
3 −4 1 − 𝜆 𝑥3 0
Putting 𝜆 = 1 in (3), we have

Prof. Sunil Thakare 45

 8−1 −8 −2 𝑥1 0
4 −3 − 1 −2 𝑥2 = 0
3 −4 1 − 1 𝑥3 0
7 −8 −2 𝑥1 0
⇒ 4 −4 −2 𝑥2 = 0
3 −4 0 𝑥3 0
It can written as
7𝑥1 − 8𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 = 0 -------- (4)
4𝑥1 − 4𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 = 0 -------- (5)
3𝑥1 − 4𝑥2 + 0. 𝑥3 = 0 -------- (6)
Solving (4) and (5) using Cremer’s Rule, we have
𝑥1 −𝑥2 𝑥3
−8 −2 = 7 −2 = 7 −8
−4 −2 4 −2 4 −4
𝑥1 −𝑥2 𝑥3
⇒ = =
−8 × −2 − −4 × −2 7 × −2 − 4 × −2 7 × −4 − 4 × −8
𝑥1 −𝑥2 𝑥3
⇒ = = .
16−8 −14+8 −28+32
Prof. Sunil Thakare 46
 𝑥1 −𝑥2 𝑥3
⇒ = =
16−8 −14+8 −28+32
𝑥1 −𝑥2 𝑥
⇒ = = 3
8 −6 4
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3
⇒ = = = 𝑘(𝑠𝑎𝑦𝑠)
4 3 2
⇒ 𝑥1 = 4𝑘, 𝑥2 = 3𝑘, 𝑥3 = 2𝑘
∴ The Eigen vector corresponding to the eigen value 𝜆 = 1 is given by
𝑋1 = 4𝑘 𝑇 ⇒ 𝑋1 = 𝑘 4 𝑇
3𝑘 2𝑘 3 2
• (ii) Eigen vector corresponding to eigen value 𝜆 = 2:
Let 𝑋2 = 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑇 be Eigen vector corresponding to the eigen value 𝜆 = 2.
Putting 𝜆 = 2 in (3), we have
8−2 −8 −2 𝑦1 0
4 −3 − 2 −2 𝑦2 = 0
3 −4 1 − 2 𝑦3 0
Prof. Sunil Thakare 47
 8−2 −8 −2 𝑦1 0
4 −3 − 2 −2 𝑦2 = 0
3 −4 1 − 2 𝑦3 0
6 −8 −2 𝑦1 0
⇒ 4 −5 −2 𝑦2 = 0
3 −4 −1 𝑦3 0
It can written as
6𝑦1 − 8𝑦2 − 2𝑦3 = 0 -------- (7)
4𝑦1 − 5𝑦2 − 2𝑦3 = 0 -------- (8)
3𝑦1 − 4𝑦2 − 𝑦3 = 0 -------- (9)
Solving (7) and (8) using Cremer’s Rule, we have
𝑦1 −𝑦2 𝑦3
−8 −2 = 6 −2 = 6 −8
−5 −2 4 −2 4 −5
𝑦1 −𝑦2 𝑦3
⇒ = =
−8 × −2 − −5 × −2 6 × −2 − 4 × −2 6 × −5 − 4 × −8
𝑦1 −𝑦2 𝑦3
⇒ = =
16−10 −12+8 −30+32
Prof. Sunil Thakare 48
 𝑦1 −𝑦2 𝑦3
⇒ = =
16−10 −12+8 −30+32
𝑦1 −𝑦 𝑦
⇒ = 2= 3
6 −4 2
𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦3
⇒ = = = 𝑘(𝑠𝑎𝑦𝑠)
3 2 1
⇒ 𝑦1 = 3𝑘, 𝑦2 = 2𝑘, 𝑦3 = 𝑘
∴ The Eigen vector corresponding to the eigen value 𝜆 = 2 is given by
𝑋2 = 3𝑘 𝑇 ⇒ 𝑋1 = 𝑘 3 2 1 𝑇
2𝑘 𝑘
• (iii) Eigen vector corresponding to eigen value 𝜆 = 3:
Let 𝑋3 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3 𝑇 be Eigen vector corresponding to the eigen value 𝜆 = 3.
Putting 𝜆 = 3 in (3), we have
8−3 −8 −2 𝑧1 0
4 −3 − 3 −2 𝑧2 = 0
3 −4 1 − 3 𝑧3 0
Prof. Sunil Thakare 49
 8−3 −8 −2 𝑧1 0
4 −3 − 3 −2 𝑧2 = 0
3 −4 1 − 3 𝑧3 0
5 −8 −2 𝑧1 0
⇒ 4 −6 −2 𝑧2 = 0
3 −4 −2 𝑧3 0
It can written as
5𝑧1 − 8𝑧2 − 2𝑧3 = 0 -------- (10)
4𝑧1 − 6𝑧2 − 2𝑧3 = 0 -------- (11)
3𝑧1 − 4𝑧2 − 2𝑧3 = 0 -------- (12)
Solving (10) and (11) using Cremer’s Rule, we have
𝑧1 −𝑧2 𝑧3
−8 −2 = 5 −2 = 5 −8
−6 −2 4 −2 4 −6
𝑧1 −𝑧2 𝑧3
⇒ = =
−8 × −2 − −6 × −2 5 × −2 − 4 × −2 5 × −6 − 4 × −8
𝑧1 −𝑧2 𝑧3
⇒ = =
16−12 −10+8 −30+32

Prof. Sunil Thakare 50

 𝑧1 −𝑧2 𝑧3
⇒ = =
16−12 −10+8 −30+32
𝑧1 −𝑧 𝑧
⇒ = 2= 3
4 −2 2
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧3
⇒ = = = 𝑘(𝑠𝑎𝑦𝑠)
2 1 1
⇒ 𝑧1 = 2𝑘, 𝑧2 = 𝑘, 𝑦3 = 𝑘
∴ The Eigen vector corresponding to the eigen value 𝜆 = 2 is given by
𝑇 𝑇
𝑋2 = 2𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 ⇒ 𝑋1 = 𝑘 2 1 1

8 −8 −2
Hence the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix 𝐴 = 4 −3 −2 are given by
3 −4 1

4 3 2
𝜆1 = 1, 𝑋1 = 3 , 𝜆2 = 2, 𝑋2 = 2 and 𝜆3 = 3, 𝑋3 = 1
2 1 1
Prof. Sunil Thakare 51
 Home Assignment
Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the following matrices.
1 0 −1 −1 −2 1
1. 1 2 1 ∵ 𝜆1 = 1, 𝑋1 = 1 , 𝜆2 = 2, 𝑋2 = 1 , 𝜆3 = 3, 𝑋3 = −1
2 2 3 0 2 −2
4 6 6 −6 0 −3
2. 1 3 2 ∵ 𝜆1 = −1, 𝑋1 = −2 , 𝜆2 = 1, 𝑋2 = 1 , 𝜆3 = 4, 𝑋3 = −1
−1 −4 −3 7 −1 1
2 −2 3 11 1 1
3. 1 1 1 ∵ 𝜆1 = −2, 𝑋1 = 1 , 𝜆2 = 1, 𝑋2 = −1 , 𝜆3 = 3, 𝑋3 = 1
1 3 −1 −14 −1 1
4 2 −2 2 1 0
4. −5 3 2 ∵ 𝜆1 = 1, 𝑋1 = 1 , 𝜆2 = 2, 𝑋2 = 1 , 𝜆3 = 5, 𝑋3 = 1
−2 4 1 4 2 1
−1 1 2 1 1 1
5. 0 −2 1 ∵ 𝜆1 = −1, 𝑋1 = 0 , 𝜆2 = −2, 𝑋2 = −1 , 𝜆3 = −3, 𝑋3 = 2 .
0 0 −3 0 0 −2
Prof. Sunil Thakare 52
 1 1 −2 1 3 1
6. −1 2 1 ∵ 𝜆1 = −1, 𝑋1 = 0 , 𝜆2 = 1, 𝑋2 = 2 , 𝜆3 = 2, 𝑋3 = 3
0 1 −1 1 1 1
11 −4 −7 1 1 2
7. 7 −2 −5 ∵ 𝜆1 = 0, 𝑋1 = 1 , 𝜆2 = 1, 𝑋2 = −1 , 𝜆3 = 2, 𝑋3 = 1
10 −4 −6 1 2 2
2 −1 1 0 1 1
8. 1 2 −1 ∵ 𝜆1 = 1, 𝑋1 = 1 , 𝜆2 = 2, 𝑋2 = 1 , 𝜆3 = 3, 𝑋3 = 0
1 −1 2 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
9. 0 3 −1 ∵ 𝜆1 = 1, 𝑋1 = 0 , 𝜆2 = 2, 𝑋2 = 1 , 𝜆3 = 4, 𝑋3 = 1
0 −1 3 0 1 −1
0 2 0 2 2 2
10. 3 −2 3 ∵ 𝜆1 = 0, 𝑋1 = −1 , 𝜆2 = −5, 𝑋2 = −5 , 𝜆3 = 3, 𝑋3 = 3 .
0 3 0 0 3 3

Prof. Sunil Thakare 53

 10. Cayley Hamilton Theorem
Cayley Hamilton Theorem states that
“Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.”

Applications of Cayley Hamilton Theorem:

1. It predict the rank of the given matrix i.e. the degree of characteristic polynomial
indicate the rank of the matrix.
2. We are able to say that the given matrix is singular or not.
3. If the matrix is non singular, then 𝐴−1 can be determined with the help of this theorem.
4. Finding 𝐴−1 is more suitable for higher order matrices.
5. It is also useful in “Ring Theory” for commutative ring.
6. To reduce the higher power of matrices to lower power of matrices.
7. Any square matrix of higher degree can be expressed as a liner combination of lower
powers of A.

Prof. Sunil Thakare 54

Q.1. Verify Cayley Hamilton Theorem for the matrix 𝐴 = 1 4 and find its inverse. Also
2 3
express 𝐴5 − 4𝐴4 − 7𝐴3 + 11𝐴2 − 𝐴 − 10𝐼 as linear polynomial in A.
Solution:
Cayley Hamilton Theorem: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristics equation.
1 4
We have to verify the Cayley Hamilton Theorem for the matrix 𝐴 =
2 3
Characteristics equation of A is given by
𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼 = 0 or 𝜆2 − 𝑆1 𝜆 + 𝐴 = 0 -------- (1)
where 𝑆1 = Sum of diagonal elements = 1 + 3 = 4
1 4
𝐴 = = 1 × 3 − 4 × 2 = 3 − 8 = −5
2 3
So (1) becomes
𝜆2 − 4𝜆 − 5 = 0 -------- (2)
This is characteristic equation of the given matrix A.
Hence by the Cayley Hamilton Theorem
𝐴2 − 4𝐴 − 5𝐼 = 0 -------- (3)
Now, we have to verify the Cayley Hamilton Theorem for the given matrix A.
Prof. Sunil Thakare 55
Let us compute
𝐴2 = A × 𝐴
1 4 1 4
= ×
2 3 2 3
1×1+4×2 1×4+4×3 9 16
= =
2×1+3×2 2×4+3×3 8 17
Now consider
L.H.S. = 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 − 5𝐼
9 16 1 4 1 0
= −4 −5
8 17 2 3 0 1
9 16 4 16 5 0
= − −
8 17 8 12 0 1
9 − 4 − 5 16 − 16 − 0
=
8 − 8 − 0 17 − 12 − 5
0 0
= = 0 = R. H. S.
0 0
∴ 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 − 5𝐼 = 0
Hence Cayley Hamilton Theorem is verified.
Prof. Sunil Thakare 56
We have to calculate 𝐴−1 .
Since 𝐴 = −5 ≠ 0, so 𝐴−1 exists. Now operating 𝐴−1 on both the sides of (3), we have
𝐴−1 (𝐴2 − 4𝐴 − 5𝐼) = 𝐴−1 (0)
⇒ (𝐴−1 𝐴)𝐴 − 4(𝐴−1 𝐴) − 5𝐴−1 = 0 ∵ 𝐴−1 𝐴 = 𝐼
⇒ 𝐼𝐴 − 4𝐼 − 5𝐴−1 = 0
⇒ 5𝐴−1 = 𝐴 − 4𝐼
−1 1
⇒ 𝐴 = 𝐴 − 4𝐼 ---- Put A and I
5
1 1 4 1 0
= −4
5 2 3 0 1
1 1 4 4 0
= −
5 2 3 0 4
1 1−4 4−0
=
5 2−0 3−4
1 −3 4
=
5 2 −1
1 −3 4
∴ 𝐴−1 =
5 2 −1
Prof. Sunil Thakare 57
Now, we have to express 𝐴5 − 4𝐴4 − 7𝐴3 + 11𝐴2 − 𝐴 − 10𝐼 as linear polynomial in A.
Consider
𝐴5 − 4𝐴4 − 7𝐴3 + 11𝐴2 − 𝐴 − 10𝐼 ∵ 𝐴2 − 4𝐴 − 5𝐼 = 0
= 𝐴5 − 4𝐴4 − 5𝐴3 + 2𝐴3 + 8𝐴2 + 3𝐴2 + (10𝐴 − 11𝐴) − 10𝐼
= 𝐴5 − 4𝐴4 − 5𝐴3 − 2𝐴3 + 8𝐴2 + 3𝐴2 + 10𝐴 − 11𝐴 − 10𝐼
= 𝐴5 − 4𝐴4 − 5𝐴3 − 2𝐴3 + 8𝐴2 + 10𝐴 + 3𝐴2 − 12𝐴 − 15𝐼 + 𝐴 + 5𝐼
= 𝐴3 (𝐴2 − 4𝐴 − 5𝐼) − 2𝐴(𝐴2 − 4𝐴 − 5𝐼) + 3(𝐴2 − 4𝐴 − 5𝐼) + 𝐴 + 5𝐼
= 𝐴3 × 0 − 2𝐴 × 0 + 3 × 0 + 𝐴 + 5𝐼

1 4 1 0
= 𝐴 + 5𝐼 = +5
2 3 0 1
6 4
= .
2 8
Prof. Sunil Thakare 58
 0 1 2
• Q.2. Verify Cayley Hamilton Theorem for the matrix 𝐴 = 1 2 3 . Apply it to find 𝐴−1 .
3 1 1
Solution:
• Cayley Hamilton Theorem: Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristics equation.
0 1 2
• We have to verify the Cayley Hamilton Theorem for the matrix 𝐴 = 1 2 3
3 1 1
Characteristics equation of A is given by
𝜆3 − 𝑆1 𝜆2 + 𝑆2 𝜆 − 𝐴 = 0 -------- (1)
where 𝑆1 = Sum of diagonal elements = 0 + 2 + 1 = 3
𝑆2 = Sum of minors of diagonal elements
2 3 0 2 0 1
= + +
1 1 3 1 1 2
= 2×1−3×1+0×1−3×2+0×2−1×1
= 2 − 3 + 0 − 6 + 0 − 1 = −8.
Prof. Sunil Thakare 59
 0 1 2
And 𝐴 = 1 2 3
3 1 1
=0× 2×1−1×3 −1× 1×1−3×3 +2× 1×1−2×3
= 0 − 1 × −8 + 2 × −5 = 8 − 10 = −2
Putting the values of 𝑆1 , 𝑆2 and 𝐴 in (1), we have
𝜆3 − 3𝜆2 − 8𝜆 − (−2) = 0
⇒ 𝜆3 − 3𝜆2 − 8𝜆 + 2 = 0 -------- (2)
According to Cayley- Hamilton Theorem
𝐴3 − 3𝐴2 − 8𝐴 + 2𝐼 = 0 -------- (3)
Consider 𝐴2 = 𝐴 × 𝐴 =
0 1 2 0 1 2 0+1+6 0+2+2 0+3+2 7 4 5
1 2 3 × 1 2 3 = 0 + 2 + 9 1 + 4 + 3 2 + 6 + 3 = 11 8 11
3 1 1 3 1 1 0+1+3 3+2+1 6+3+1 4 6 10

Prof. Sunil Thakare 60

Similarly

7 4 5 0 1 2 0 + 4 + 15 7+8+5 14 + 12 + 5
𝐴3 = 𝐴2 × 𝐴 = 11 8 11 × 1 2 3 = 0 + 8 + 33 11 + 16 + 11 22 + 24 + 11
4 6 10 3 1 1 0 + 6 + 30 4 + 12 + 10 8 + 18 + 10
19 20 31
= 41 38 57
36 26 36
Now taking L.H.S. = 𝐴3 − 3𝐴2 − 8𝐴 + 2𝐼
19 20 31 7 4 5 0 1 2 1 0 0
= 41 38 57 − 3 11 8 11 − 8 1 2 3 +2 0 1 0
36 26 36 4 6 10 3 1 1 0 0 1
19 20 31 21 12 15 0 8 16 2 0 0
= 41 38 57 − 33 24 33 − 8 16 24 + 0 2 0
36 26 36 12 18 30 24 8 8 0 0 2
19 − 21 − 0 + 2 20 − 12 − 8 + 0 31 − 15 − 16 + 0 0 0 0
= 41 − 33 − 8 + 0 38 − 24 − 16 + 2 57 − 33 − 24 + 0 = 0 0 0 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝑆.
36 − 12 − 24 + 0 26 − 18 − 8 + 0 36 − 30 − 8 + 2 0 0 0

Prof. Sunil Thakare 61

⇒ 𝐴3 − 3𝐴2 − 8𝐴 + 2𝐼 = 0
Hence Cayley- Hamilton Theorem is verified.
Now, we have to find 𝐴−1 using Cayley Hamilton Theorem.
Since 𝐴 = −2 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝐴−1 exists. Operating (3) by 𝐴−1 , we have
𝐴−1 [𝐴3 − 3𝐴2 − 8𝐴 + 2𝐼] = 𝐴−1 0
⇒ 𝐴−1 𝐴3 − 3𝐴−1 𝐴2 − 8𝐴−1 𝐴 + 2𝐴−1 𝐼 = 0
⇒ (𝐴−1 𝐴)𝐴2 − 3(𝐴−1 𝐴)𝐴 − 8(𝐴−1 𝐴) + 2𝐴−1 = 0
⇒ I𝐴2 − 3𝐼𝐴 − 8𝐼 + 2𝐴−1 = 0
⇒ 𝐴2 − 3𝐴 − 8 + 2𝐴−1 = 0
⇒ 2𝐴−1 = −𝐴2 + 3𝐴 + 8I
1
⇒ 𝐴−1 = −𝐴2 + 3𝐴 + 8I
2
1 7 4 5 0 1 2 1 0 0
= − 11 8 11 + 3 1 2 3 + 8 0 1 0
2
4 6 10 3 1 1 0 0 1
−7 + 0 + 8 −4 + 3 + 0 −5 + 6 + 0 1 −1 1
1 1
= −11 + 3 + 0 −8 + 6 + 8 −11 + 9 + 0 = −8 6 −2 .
2 2
−4 + 9 + 0 −6 + 3 + 0 −10 + 3 + 8 5 −3 1
Prof. Sunil Thakare 62
 Home Assignment
1 2 −2
Q.1. Verify Cayley Hamilton Theorem for the matrix 𝐴 = −1 3 0 and use it find 𝐴4 and 𝐴−1 .
0 −2 1
3 2
Answer: Characteristic Equation is 𝜆 − 5𝜆 + 9𝜆 − 1 = 0,
−55 104 24 3 2 6
𝐴4 = −20 −15 32 𝐴−1 = 𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 9𝐼 = 1 1 2 .
32 −40 −23 2 2 5
2 1 1
Q.2. Verify Cayley Hamilton Theorem for the matrix 𝐴 = 0 1 0 and use it find the matrix
1 1 2
𝐴8 − 5𝐴7 + 7𝐴6 − 3𝐴5 + 𝐴4 − 5𝐴3 + 8𝐴2 − 2𝐴 + 𝐼.
Answer: Characteristic Equation is 𝜆3 − 5𝜆2 + 7𝜆 − 3 = 0, 𝐴2 + 𝐴 + 𝐼
2 −1 1
Q.3. Verify Cayley Hamilton Theorem for the matrix 𝐴 = −1 2 −1 and use it find 𝐴−1 .
1 −1 2
3 1 −1
1
Answer: Characteristic Equation is 𝜆3 − 6𝜆2 + 9𝜆 − 4 = 0, 𝐴−1 = 1 3 1 .
4
−1 1 3

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 0 1 2
Q.4. Verify Cayley Hamilton Theorem for the matrix 𝐴 = 1 2 3 and use it find 𝐴−1 .
3 1 1
1 −1 1
1
Answer: Characteristic Equation is 𝜆3 − 3𝜆2 − 8𝜆 + 2 = 0, 𝐴−1 = −8 6 −2 .
2
5 −3 1
4 6 6
Q.5. Verify Cayley Hamilton Theorem for the matrix 𝐴 = 1 3 2 . Find 𝐴−1 , 𝐴−2 , 𝐴−3 .
−1 −4 −3
1 6 6
1
Answer: Characteristic Equation is 𝜆3 − 4𝜆2 − 𝜆 + 4 = 0, 𝐴−1 = −1 6 2 ,
4
1 −10 −6
1 −18 −18 1 78 78
1 1
𝐴−2 = −5 10 −6 , 𝐴−3 = −21 90 26 .
16 64
5 6 22 21 −154 −90

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Questions?
Thanks
Prof. Sunil Thakare 65