ধ্বনি ও ধ্বনি পনিবর্তি

evsjv e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvP¨ welq

me fvlviB e¨vKi‡Y cÖavbZ wb¤œwjwLZ PviwU wel‡qi Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq|
K. aŸwbZË¡
L. kãZË¡ ev iƒcZË¡
M. evK¨ZË¡ ev c`µg
N. A_©ZË¡
GQvov AwfavbZË¡, Q›` I Aj¼vi cÖf…wZI e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvP¨ welq|

(K) aŸwbZË¡ (Phonology):

G As‡k aŸwb, aŸwbi D”PviY, aŸwbi web¨vm, aŸwbi cwieZ©b, eY©, mwÜ ev aŸwb ms‡hvM, Y-Z¡ weavb, l-Z¡ weavb cÖf…wZ aŸwb-
m¤^Üxq e¨vKi‡Yi welq¸‡jv Av‡jvwPZ nq|

(L) kã ev iƒcZË¡ (Morphology):

kã, k‡ãi cÖKvi, kã MVb, kãiƒc, k‡ãi ey¨rcwË, c‡`i cwiPq, DcmM©, cÖZ¨q, c`vwkÖZ wb‡`©kK, wØiæ³ kã, wefw³,
wj½, ePb, avZz, KviK, mgvm, wµqv-cÖKiY, wµqvi Kvj, AbyÁv, wµqvi fve, AbymM© BZ¨vw` welq iƒcZ‡Ë¡ Av‡jvwPZ n‡q
_v‡K|

(M) evK¨ZË¡ ev c`µg (Syntax):

evK¨, ev‡K¨i Ask, ev‡K¨i cÖKvi, ev‡K¨ we‡kølY, evK¨ cwieZ©b, c`µg, c` cwieZ©b, evMaviv, evK¨ ms‡KvPb, evK¨-
ms‡hvRb, evK¨ we‡qvRb, hwZ‡”Q` ev weivgwPý cÖf…wZ welq evK¨Z‡Ë¡ Av‡jvwPZ nq|
(N) A_©ZË¡ (Semantics):
k‡ãi A_©wePvi, ev‡K¨i A_©wePvi, A‡_©i wewfbœ cªKvi‡f`| †hgbÑ g~L¨v_©, †MŠYv_©, wecixZv_©, cvwifvwlK kã, m‡gv”PvwiZ
kã, mgv_©K kã, wecixZv_©K kã, Abyev`, cÖev`-cÖePb, BZ¨vw` A_©Z‡Ë¡ Av‡jvwPZ nq|
(O) Q›`-cÖKiY:
G Z‡Ë¡ Q‡›`i cÖKvi I wbqgmg~n Av‡jvwPZ nq|
(P) AjsKvi cÖKiY:
G Z‡Ë¡ AjsKv‡ii msÁv I cÖKvi BZ¨vw` Av‡jvwPZ nq|
GQvovI Awfavb-ZË¡ (Lexicography) I e¨vKi‡Yi Av‡jvP¨ welq|
evsjv wjwc .
cÖvPxb fvi‡Z cÖPwjZ wPÎwjwc‡K Aej¤^b K‡i fviZxq wjwcgvjvi DrcwË N‡U‡Q| G wjwcgvjv‡K †K›`ª K‡i D™¢~Z cÖavb `ywU
iƒc n‡jvÑ eªvþx Ges L‡ivôx| Dfq wjwc‡Z cÖ_gw`‡K Wvb †_‡K evgw`‡K †jLv nZ| cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvnevRMo I g‡bv‡mnivi
Abykvm‡b L‡ivôx wjwci e¨envi †`Lv hvq| L‡ivôx wjwc AvivgvwqK wjwc †_‡K D™¢~Z|
cvj kvmbvg‡j evsjvq evsjv wjwci cÖvavb¨ cwijwÿZ nq Ges Kvjµ‡g Zv GK”QÎ cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| †mb es‡ki kvmbvg‡j
evsjv wjwci ¯’vqx iƒc ˆZwi K‡i Aÿi MV‡bi KvR ïiæ nq| cieZ©x `yBkZ eQi a‡i Aÿi MV‡bi avivevwnKZv iwÿZ n‡jI
c‡bi kZ‡K G‡m (cvVvb Avg‡j) Zv †gvUvgywU ¯’vqx iƒc jvf K‡i|
1778 mv‡j Pvj©m DBjwKÝ I GÛzR mv‡ne ûMwj‡Z Ges 1800 wLªóv‡ã †Wbgv‡K©i kvmbvaxb kÖxivgcyi wgk‡bi DBwjqvg
IqvW© I †Rwm g¨vk©g¨v‡bi mnvqZvq DBwjqvg †Kwi gy`ªYhš¿ ¯’vcb K‡ib| Pvj©m DBjwK݇K evsjv gy`ªvÿ‡ii RbK ejv nq|
Zvui wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx cÂbb Kg©Kvi evsjv Aÿi †Lv`vB K‡ib|
 aŸwb/eY© .
gvby‡li evMh‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ D”PvwiZ A_©en AvIqvR‡K
aŸwb e‡j| aŸwb †Kvb fvlvq D”PvwiZ k‡ãi ÿy`ªZg
GKK, hv‡K Avi †Kvb ÿz`ªZi As‡k wefvRb Kiv hvq
bv|
aŸwbi msÁv:
†Kvb fvlvi ÿz`ªZg GKK n‡jv aŸwb (Sound)| aŸwbi
wbR¯^ †Kvb A_© †bB| K‡qKwU aŸwb wgwjZ n‡q GKwU A_©
m„wó K‡i| aŸwbB fvlvi g~j wfwË|
cÖKvi‡f`:
evsjv fvlvi †gŠwjK aŸwb¸‡jv‡K `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:
K. ¯^iaŸwb I
L. e¨Äb aŸwb|
K. ¯^iaŸwb: †h mKj aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq dzmdzmZvwoZ
evZvm †ewi‡q †h‡Z gyLwee‡ii †Kv_vI evav cvq bv,
Zv‡`i ¯^iaŸwb (Vowel Sound) ejv nq| †hgb: A,
Av, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J BZ¨vw`| evsjv fvlvq
¯^iaŸwb 11wU|
¯^iaŸwbi cÖKvi‡f`:
1. †gŠwjK ¯^iaŸwb: †h ¯^iaŸwb‡K †f‡½ D”PviY Kiv hvq
bv ev we‡kølY Kiv hvq bv, Zv‡`i †gŠwjK ¯^iaŸwb e‡j|
†gŠwjK ¯^iaŸwb 7wU- A, Av, B, D, G, I, A¨v|
2. †hŠwMK ¯^iaŸwb: cvkvcvwk `y‡Uv ¯^iaŸwb `ªæZ D”Pvi‡Yi
mgq GKwU mshy³ ¯^iaŸwbiƒ‡c D”PvwiZ n‡j Zv‡K †hŠwMK
¯^iaŸwb e‡j| †hgb: evsjv eB, gD BZ¨vw`| Dfq‡ÿ‡ÎB
cieZ©x ¯^iØq B Ges D wcw”Qj| evsjv eY©gvjv †hŠwMK ¯^i
aŸwb 25wU, wKš‘ †hŠwMK ¯^ieY© 2wU- H, J|
3. n«¯^ ¯^i: †h ¯^‡ii D”Pvi‡Y Aí mgq jv‡M Zv‡K n«¯^¯^i
e‡j| evsjvq n«¯^ ¯^i 4wUÑ A, B, D, F|
4. `xN©¯^i: †h ¯^‡ii D”Pvi‡Y `xN© mgq jv‡M Zv‡K `xN© ¯^i
e‡j| evsjvq `xN©¯^i 7wUÑ Av, C, E, G, H I J|
L. e¨Äb aŸwb:
†h mKj aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq dzmdzmZvwoZ evZvm †ewi‡q
†h‡Z gyLwee‡ii †Kv_vI bv †Kv_vI evav cvq wKsev av°v
jv‡M, Zv‡`i e¨Äb aŸwb ejv nq| †hgb: K, P, Z, c
BZ¨vw`|
e¨ÄbaŸwbi cÖKvi‡f`:
1. ¯úk© aŸwb, 2. AšÍt¯’ aŸwb, 3. D®§ aŸwb 4.
A‡hvMevn aŸwb
1. ¯úk© aŸwb: K †_‡K g ch©šÍ 25wU aŸwb D”PviYKv‡j
wRnŸv gyLMnŸ‡ii ev evMh‡š¿i †Kvb bv †Kvb Ask‡K ¯úk©
K‡i| Giv ¯úk© aŸwb| D”PviY¯’vb Abyhvqx G¸‡jv 5wU
e‡M© wef³:

A‡Nvl aŸwb †Nvl aŸwb

D”PviY ¯’vb AícÖvY gnvcªvY AícÖvY gnvcÖvY bvwmK¨
KÉ K L M N O
Zvje¨ P Q R S T
g~a©b¨ U V W X Y
`šÍ Z _ ` a b
Iô c d e f g
D®§ ev kxl aŸwb k, l, m n

aŸwbi D”Pvi‡Y k^vmevqyi †eM Aí _vK‡j Zv‡K AícÖvY Ges aŸwbi D”Pvi‡Y k^vmevqyi †eM †ewk _vK‡j Zv‡K gnvcÖvY aŸwb
ejv nq| e‡M©i cÖ_g I Z…ZxqwU‡K AícÖvY Ges e‡M©i wØZxq I PZz_©wU‡K gnvcÖvY aŸwb ejv nq|
†h eY© D”PviYKv‡j bvK w`‡q dzmdzm ZvwoZ evZvm †ei nq Ges D”Pvi‡Yi mgq bvwmKvi AvswkK mvnvh¨ cvq, ZvB bvwmK¨
aŸwb| evsjvq bvwmK¨ eY© 5wU - O, T, Y, b, g|

†h aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq KÉZ¯¿x‡Z †Nvl wKsev M¤¢xi AbyiYb m„wó nq Zv‡K ejv nq †Nvl aŸwb| Avi ‡h aŸwb D”Pvi‡Yi mgq
KÉZ¯¿x‡Z †Nvl wKsev M¤¢xi AbyiYb m„wó nq bv Zv‡K ejv nq A‡Nvl aŸwb| e‡M©i cÖ_g I wØZxq eY© A‡Nvl Ges Z…Zxq, PZz_©
I c eY© †Nvl|

2. AšÍt¯’ aŸwb: D”Pvi‡Yi w`K †_‡K ¯^i I e¨ÄbaŸwb ga¨eZ©x aŸwb‡K AšÍt¯’ aŸwb e‡j| G¸‡jv njÑ q, h, i, j, e|

3. D®§ ev kxl aŸwb: †h e¨Ä‡bi D”PviYKv‡j evZvm gyLwee‡ii †Kv_vI evav bv †c‡q †Kej Nl©YcÖvß nq Ges kxlaŸwb D”PviY
K‡i Zv‡`i D®§aŸwb ev kxlaŸwb e‡j| Giv njÑ k, l, m, n|
4. A‡hvMevn aŸwb: Ab¨ e‡Y©i m‡½ †hvM †i‡L †h aŸwb¸‡jvi evn ev cÖ‡qvM nq, Zv‡`i A‡hvMevn aŸwb e‡j| s Ges t nj
A‡hvMevn aŸwb|
civkÖqx aŸwbÑ s, t Giv KLbI ¯^vaxbfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| Ab¨ e‡Y©i mvnv‡h¨ Giv e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K|
AbyনvwmK aŸwbÑ ¯^iaŸwb¸‡jv AbybvwmK nq P›`ªwe›`y ( u )-Gi mvnv‡h¨|

eY© I eY©gvjv .
eY© .

aŸwb wb‡`©kK wPý‡K eY© (Letter) ejv nq|

†hgb: A, Av, K, L BZ¨vw`|
cÖKvi‡f`: eY© `y cÖKvi:
1. ¯^ieY© I 2. e¨ÄbeY©|

1. ¯^ieY©: ¯^iaŸwb †`¨vZ‡K wjwLZ mvs‡KwZK wPý‡K ¯^ieY© ejv nq| †hgb: A, Av, B, C, D, E BZ¨vw`|
2. e¨ÄbeY©: e¨Äb aŸwb ‡`¨vZK wPý‡K e¨ÄbeY© ejv nq|
†hgb: K, P, U, Z BZ¨vw`|

eY©gvjv .
†Kvb fvlv wjL‡Z †h mKj aŸwb-†`¨vZK wPý e¨eüZ nq, †m¸wji mgwó‡K †mB fvlvi eY©gvjv (Alphabet) e‡j|
evsjv aŸwbi wjwLZ iƒc evsjv e‡Y©i mgwó‡K ejv nq eY©gvjv Ges Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K‡K ejv nq evsjv wjwc|
evsjv eY©gvjvq †gvU eY© 50wU| Gi g‡a¨Ñ
¯^ieY© 11wU Ges e¨Äb eY© 39wU|
eY© msL¨v ¯^ieY© e¨ÄbeY©
gvÎvnxb 10wU 4wU 6wU
(G, H, I, J) (O, T, r, s, t, u)
Aa©gvÎv 8wU 1wU (F) 7wU
(L, M, Y, _, a, c, k)
c~Y©gvÎv 32wU 6wU 26wU
(A, Av, B, C, D, E)

aŸwb cwieZ©b .

¯^ivMg .

D”PviY‡K mnRZi Kivi Rb¨ k‡ã ¯^iaŸwbi AvMgb‡K ¯^ivMg e‡j| †hgb: †÷kb > B + w÷kb, ¯¿x > B + ¯¿x, w¯úªs > B
+ w¯úªs|
K) Avw` ¯^ivMg: k‡ãi Avw`‡Z ev ïiæ‡Z ¯^iaŸwbi AvMgb NU‡j Zv‡K Avw` ¯^ivMg e‡j| †hgb: ¯¿x > B + ¯¿x, ¯‹zj > B +
¯‹zj > , w÷gvi > B + w÷gvi| GiƒcÑ †÷ej-AvmZvej, ¯úa©v-Av¯úa©v BZ¨vw`|

L) ga¨ ¯^ivMg: D”Pvi‡Yi myweavi Rb¨ mshy³ e¨ÄbaŸwbi gvSLv‡b ev k‡ãi gvSLv‡b ¯^iaŸwbi AvMgb NU‡j Zv‡K ga¨ ¯^ivMg
e‡j| †hgbÑ

AÑ iZœ > iZb, ag© > aig, ¯^cœ > ¯^cb, nl© > nil|
B Ñ cÖxwZ > wcixwZ, wdj¥ > wdwjg, Wvj > WvBj|
 D Ñ åæ > fziæ, Pvj > PvDj, gy³v > gyKzZv, ZzK© > ZziæK|
G Ñ MÖvg > †Mivg, †cÖK > †c‡iK, †¯ªd > †m‡id|

M) AšÍ¨ ¯^ivMg : D”Pvi‡Yi mgq k‡ãi †k‡l ¯^iaŸwb Avm‡j Zv‡K AšÍ¨ ¯^ivMg e‡j| †hgbÑ
w`k&& + Av = w`kv, †eÂ& + B = †ewÂ, †cvKZ& + I = †cv³|

AwcwbwnwZ .

†Kvb k‡ãi ga¨Kvi ¯^iaŸwb (B ev D) hw` h_v¯’v‡b D”PvwiZ bv n‡q c~‡e© D”PvwiZ nq Z‡e Zv‡K AwcwbwnwZ e‡j| †hgbÑ
Kwiqv Ñ K + A + i + B + q + Av
KBi¨v Ñ K + A + B + i + q + A¨v
GwU nj AwcwbwnZ kã Avi cÖwµqv nj AwcwbwnZ|
D`vniY:
K) B-Kv‡ii AwcwbwnwZ : Kwiqv > KBi&&qv; Avwjcbv > AvBíbv; ivwLqv > ivBL¨v; ivwZ > ivBZ|
L) D-Kv‡ii AwcwbwnwZ: mvay > mvDa; MvQzqv > MvDQzqv; gvQzqv > gvDQzqv; nvUzqv > nvDUzqv; cUzqv > cDUzqv BZ¨vw`|

M) h-djvi AšÍM©Z B-aŸwYi AwcwbwnwZ: GB AwcwbwnwZi e¨envi mvaviYZ evsjv‡`‡k nq| †hgb: Kb¨v > KBbœ¨v; mZ¨ > mBË ;
Kve¨ > KvBe&&e BZ¨vw`|

AwfkÖæwZ .
AwcwbwnZ k‡ãi ¯^iaŸwb¸‡jv cwiewZ©Z n‡q hw` kãwU bZzb iæc aviY K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K AwfkÖæwZ e‡j|

g~j kã AwcwbwnZ kã AwfkÖæwZ

Kwiqv > KBi¨v > K‡i
AvwR > AvBR > AvR
Avwmqv > AvBm¨v > G‡m

mKj mvay fvlvi wµqvc` AwfkÖæwZi gva¨‡g PwjZiƒc লvf K‡i|

m¤úªKl© ev ¯^i‡jvc
`ªæZ D”Pvi‡Yi Rb¨ k‡ãi †Kvb ¯^iaŸwb †jvc‡K m¤úªKl© ev ¯^i‡jvc e‡j| †hgbÑ emwZ > em&wZ, iva&&bv > ivbœv|
K) Avw` ¯^i‡jvc: k‡ãi Avw`‡Z ¯^iaŸwb _vK‡j Zv †jvc cvIqv‡K Avw` ¯^i‡jvc e‡j| †hgbÑ Ajvey > jvey > jvD,
D×vi > Davi > avi|

L) ga¨ ¯^i‡jvc: k‡ãi Avw`‡Z k^vmvNvZ _vK‡j k‡ãi ga¨eZ©x †Kvb ¯^iaŸwb ÿxY n‡q µgk †jvc †c‡q hvq, G‡K ga¨ ¯^i‡jvc
e‡j| †hgbÑ A¸iæ > AMÖæ, myeY© > ¯^Y©, M„wnbx > wMbœx|

M) AšÍ¨ ¯^i‡jvc: k‡ãi †k‡l k^vmvNv‡Zi †Rvi K‡g G‡j ¯^iaŸwbi D”PviY ÿxY n‡q †jvc cvq, G‡K AšÍ¨ ¯^i‡jvc e‡j| †hgbÑ
AwMœ > Av¸b, mܨ > mvTgv > mvuS|
¯^i‡jvc cÖK…Zc‡ÿ ¯^ivM‡gi wecixZ|
 ¯^ifw³ ev wecÖKl©

mshy³ e¨Äb e‡Y©i KwVb D”PviY‡K mnRZi Kivi Rb¨ G‡K †f‡½ D”PviY Kiv‡K ¯^ifw³ ev wecÖKl© e‡j| †hgbÑ
A Ñ Kg© > Kig, ag© > aig, iZœ > iZb
B Ñ wgÎ > wgwËi, kÖx > wQwi
D Ñ ïµ > ï°zi, ZK© > ZziæK
G Ñ MÖvg > †Mivg, kÖv× > †Qiv×
I Ñ †køvK > †kvjK, Pµ > P‡°vi
F Ñ Z…ß > wZiwcZ, m„wRj > wmiwRj
g~jZ ga¨ ¯^ivMg I wecÖKl© GKB|
¯^im½wZ
GK ¯^‡ii cÖfv‡e Ab¨ ¯^‡ii cwieZ©b Avjv`v ¯^iস½wZ e‡j| †hgb: †`wk > w`wk, wejvwZ > wewjwZ, eyov > ey‡ov|
K) cÖMZ ¯^im½wZ : Avw` ¯^‡ii cÖfv‡e cieZ©x ¯^i cwiewZ©Z n‡j Zv‡K cÖMZ ¯^im½wZ e‡j| †hgbÑ gyjv > gy‡jv, wkKv > wk‡K,
hZb > h‡Zvb|
L) civMZ ¯^im½wZ: cieZ©x ¯^‡ii cÖfv‡e Avw`¯^‡ii cwieZ©b n‡j Zv‡K civMZ ¯^im½wZ e‡j| †hgbÑ
‡`wk > w`wk, Av‡Lv > G‡Lv, wkqvj > †kqvj, wj‡L > †j‡L|
M) ga¨MZ ¯^im½wZ: Avw`¯^i A_ev AšÍ¨¯^i Abyhvqx ga¨¯^i cwiewZ©Z n‡j ga¨MZ ¯^im½wZ nq|
†hgbÑ wejvwZ > wewjwZ: Av`¨ Ges AšÍ¨ Dfq ¯^‡ii cÖfvweZ n‡q cwiewZ©Z n‡j Zv‡K A‡b¨vb¨ e‡j|
‡hgb: †gvRv > gy‡Rv; †cvl¨ > cywl¨|

mgxfeb

kã ga¨w¯’Z `y‡Uv wfbœ aŸwb G‡K Ac‡ii cÖfv‡e Aíwe¯Íi mgZv jvf K‡i, aŸwb cwieZ©‡bi G bxwZ‡K ejv nq mgxfeb|
†hgbÑ Pµ > PK&K, cÙ > cÏ, jMœ > jM&Y, Kvbœv > Kvu`&bv|

K) cÖMZ mgxfeb: c~e© aŸwbi cÖfv‡e cieZ©x aŸwbi cwieZ©b NU‡j cÖMZ mgxfeb e‡j| †hgbÑ Pµ * PK&&K, cÙ * cÏ|
L) civMZ mgxfeb: cieZ©x aŸwbi cÖfv‡e c~e©eZ©x aŸwbi cwieZ©b nj civMZ mgxfeb e‡j| †hgbÑ
Zr + Rb¨ > Z¾b¨, Zr + wnZ > Zw×Z, Dr+gyL > Db¥yL|
M) A‡b¨vb¨ mgxfeb: hLb ci¯ú‡ii cÖfv‡e `y‡Uv aŸwbB cwiewZ©Z nq ZLb Zv‡K A‡b¨vb¨ mgxfeb e‡j| †hgbÑ
wg_¨v > wgQv, gwÿ > gvwQ; ga¨ > gvS BZ¨vw`|

welgxfeb .
c` ga¨w¯’Z `ywU mge‡Y©i GKwU cwiewZ©Z n‡j Zv‡K welgxfeb e‡j| hLb `ywU Awfbœ ev GKRvZxq aŸwbi GKwU e`‡j hvq,
ZLb Zv‡K welgxfeb e‡j| †hgbÑ kixi > kixj, jvj > bvj, AvigvwiI > Avjgvix|

aŸwb wech©q .
k‡ãi ga¨Kvi `y‡Uv e¨Äbe‡Y©i ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ hw` ¯’vb cwieZ©b N‡U Z‡e Zv‡K eY© wech©q e‡j| †hgbÑ wckvP > wcPvk,
evK&m > evm&&K, wiK&mv > wim&Kv, Rvbvjv > Rvjvbv|
mvaviYfv‡e e¨Ä‡bi †ÿ‡ÎB †Kej eY© wech©q N‡U|

AmgxKiY .
GKB ¯^‡ii cybive„wË `~i Kivi Rb¨ gvSLv‡b ¯^iaŸwb hy³ n‡j Zv‡K AmgxKiY e‡j| ac > acvac, Uc + Uc > UcvUc|