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Solutions - Class Notes - Lakshya NEET 2025
Solutions - Class Notes - Lakshya NEET 2025
LECTURE
❑ Subject - Physical Chemistry
❑ Chapter – SOLUTIONS
strength
-
,
L
volume traction more fraction
already
,
,
>
-
mole Concept
⑦ ppm (parts per million)
1 million = 106 = massy A x106
(ppm)
-
total ro
6
A (mass by volume)
(ppm) A of A X10
Mass
=
(WIV)
mass total mass
by (wiw
(ppm) A =
-10
vof . A
By volume
(Vlvl total vol
⑬ (pasts per billion) I billion = 109
(PPb) A =
MA x , 09
massfA 109 X
(PPb) A
=
by mass
-
X vol
of solution (in 11
-
Des
unit =
equivalents/litre ilution/ concentration
Neg =
Umolxn-factor N ,
V, =
N2Vz
Normality =
Molarityxn-factor
Equivalent Molar mass Mixing
E
mass =
-
n-factor
factor
L
L
① Atom
Valency
>
N
② Ions >
I chargel
③ salts I charge
>
- on
cation/anio/ W
④ Acids
of tion released
>
-
Basicity or no
⑤ Base >
-
Acidity or no ·
of option .
released
⑥ Oxidation >
- no ·
of ef lost
⑦ Reduction -
> no ·
of et gained
⑧ Redox ux-linc . in 0 . N = dec in O .
N
=
Equivalent
mass of an element is defined as mans of element
combines with Br
that 1
gofH/8g f0/35 gf C/Sogf .
5
or
108 g of Ag
of Equivalence
↳ w -
(no of equivalents)
=
(no ofequivalent)
·
Reactant products .
solubility
>
-
max . amount of solute that can be dissolved in
Ibes -
given
↓
solvent at a
!
be added in a
given
temp be added
solute can
②wated
solution - no more
to a
given solvent
at a given temp
immesolute be
can
Supersaturated
-
>
in
addeda solution
#
solubility of
oide in
liquids-"like -
dissolves like
-
solute solvent
polar solute
Factors
Q nature of solute - covalent solute >
-
# dissolveinevent
- -
↓ I
-
Ionic Solute non-polar solute
- dissolves in non-polar solvent
Esolubility take place
/ Lattice energy/
14Mhydration"
when
>
Factors
-
↑
TC4 liquefaction of solubility ↑
① Nature
of gas
-
-
gas
↳ like dissolves like
&I
O Temperature
2 -
solubility of gas
in
Liquid -
Temp
in cold
-
Applications -
aquatic species
are more comfortable Water :
↳ low temp.
soft drinks are preferred at
③ Pressure Pressure
- solubility of goe in
liquid&
Henry's lawt
o
Contactthe of gas in
liquid P
Sp
solubility in terms fraction P & C = p = Kni
>
-
of mole ,
where
O Henry's
Ki = constant
L
-
t
ge"atont
&
L
unit
-
=
Kil P
⑭solubility
R
N
in
solubility of gas Liquid <P XTC L ↓ & ↓
Temp kn
Limitations
of Henry's law
>
-
p-
>
-
not too
high
43
4 T too low
= not
should not
dissociate/associate
gar
of Henry's law
Applications a low O2 at
high altitudes (anoxia
-
-
↳②
↳
bubbles of in
When
coming towards face
a
,
Ne
Blood Capillaries of Scuba divers => Bends
Scubakit
> 11 .
7 % He
-
,
32 1 .
%
Or, 56 2 %
. Me .
prese
-
~
↳ unit
↳ depends on
same
DIMF
as Pressure
voPCTemp x
③ Temp .
-
② B pt . .
B
pt/IMF
V P does not depend volume , mass and surface
>
- -
on area .
log = trap
(t
-
F2)
2 303R
.
solution leads to
>
- addition of solute in a solvent to from a
decreas in solvent
vop of pure
-
savent Q
E ↓
↓
sol
in solution
liquid-liquid
- P = up of is directly proportional
Pe = vo pof pure solute to its mole fraction
↑ of ① in solution in the
= v . P liquid phan
Pi = vo Pot pure solvent & at
Constant temp
P, <R , P2XVz Ptotal = P, + P2
P
, = Pic ,
P2 = Pecz =
pic ,
+
pidz
if x,
=
Pi + uz (P2 pi)
-
= 0 it &2 = 0
u 1
P+ (Pi P2)
= =
nz = 1 ,
"
x, -
-
p
pt of liquid
& => temp .
at which V P =
of
d to Protal
liquid equal
⑫Pest/Pole
becomes
-
external
pressure/atmospheric P2
pressure
ndard B pt
& . -
when V P . = I bar
Pl
W
Pc
Normal
&pt- when Vop =
1 atm
x, = 0 N= 1
Rz = 1 N2= 0
Normal B pt . > Standard B .
pt
In Vapo phane more traction of Q
, =
Y ,
=
=
Ptotal + pi
more traction of Q =
92 = P2 = Puz
↓
-
I
z
#
-
=>
+
B(g) > Non-reactive gases
PA
>
-
=
MARI =
MAXPtotal
↓ ↳ Raoult's law
Mi
law
Pi =
Pote Henry's
=
UX
Ptotal Paa da Pa X A
=
Pa + PB
Pa =
pa NA
Pa 11 CA
(A Mis) &T
= =
+
v
of Henry's
C
law
-gain Pig Xai
when
liquid
Pa Xca is so volatile that it behave
as
gas
Pi H =
②
↓Smix >0
*Gmix
&
Solutions (donot obey Raoult's law)
<O
Non-ideal solution &
Ideal solution
- --
↓
deviation Deviation
Raoult's law over Positive Negative
obey's -
--
---------
N,
-
........
"F "
= 0
--------
--
...
R
,
= 1
--
-----------
---
x, = 0 R= 1
nz = 1 N2 = 0
n, = 1 R2 = 1 U2= P
n = 0
>
- A A + B BI2A 1 A A A B BI2A 1
>
-
A B BI2A 1 >
-
-
- -
-
+ - -
-
+ - -
A = B BXA B -
B B <A-B
A B-B) A-B A A or
-
-
A A
- -
or
-
examples
-
- Benzene + Tolvene examples
-
examples
-
22 Hg C Br 10 + alcohol aud
+ CzHz
-
-
H20 +
-
-
↑
-
Bu I -
[S2 +
CH,coctylacetore) >
- Acid + Base
T
-
+
L
O ⑧ >
-
alcohol +
non-polar solute -
C
CHU + CcoCty
Heptane Lot Urs
>
-
+ hexane <Clu + >
- aniline
chycocky +
(Clu +
sidy >
-
polar + non-polar
molecules
I molecules
& Hz -Br +
C2H5
B pt mixtures
Azeotropes constant -
>
-
solutions composition in liquid phase is
in which
14
equal to composition in gaseous phase
.
Cannot be separated
by distillation
.
-wo
- -
deviation from Raoult's
3 law
Minimum
- pt azeotropes solutions
-
having positive
deviation from Raouet's
Femax
HNOz + H20
↓-
.
B .
pt azeotropes law
d B .
pt =
125 .
°
5 C
32 %
68 %
reactivity nature
-
size , INF
Constitutional Properties
-
depends on , , e
>
-
independent of solute
↳ point Vapor preser
. Boiling print , freezing
eg ,
Colligative Properties -
depends only on number of solute particle
>
-
Four
-
colligative properties
(RLVB
[
Relative
1) Relative
lowering of Vapor Pressur
properties
>
-
3) Depression in
Freezing point (WTt)
absolut
property
>
-
u) Osmotic Pressure (a)
D Relative of P(RLVP)
lowering
=
r -
=
, 42
n +
===
Valid
① nzn
only >
-
RLVP N2
,
M2
n+ n , n ,
②U =
very
less
IOW
③ XP =
very
O
2 elevation in
boiling point (XTb) Depression in freezing point
(xT+)
presolvent
- ahm
-
- solvent i " S
S
Pressure
Pressure
solution
we 7
"
DTb
I
&
S
solid
solvent i
I
solution
in
L
>
To "s "T /
Temp . I Temp
# Tb x
molality- XTb = KyXm
*
if &
molality A+ =
K XM
⑭ cryoscopic -
e
DTb
KAXWxo
=
Constant
KYxo
kb + molal b .
pt =
or
constant or
Limolal
↳ depends only
↳rateg
ebulliscopic constant - pt depression constant
solvent on solvent
depends only on
ko -
Strate
value
of ke
= s
3
=> order of molality
same
but
topt of solution has
order of XTb/DT7 opposite order
orde
of Tb
=
↑ =
RT R
V2)
membrane
Osmosis
-- flow of
solvent particles only through seri permeable
d O pure solvent to solution
from
②
movement
no or
concentrationof
concentration of solvent
to low
solute ② high
of solvent
particles
or
-
=
Reverse Osmosis
-
>
-
flow of solvent
bused
⑰ 7
hypotonic solution
Fau place
Y
opposite to Osmosis
↓ when applied Pressure
Hypertonic is
greate
than Osmotic Pressure
.
solution
widely in desalination of water
-
method is sea
-
smosis examples ① Raw mango pickles ④ preservation of meat
-
② wilted flowers
⑤
- Edema pottiness of cells
③ limp carrot & we to Osmos is
# hoff factor (i)
I
don't -
+
for non-electrolytes
↳
appie
for
wear electrolytes
Strong electrolytes
I
-
-
dissociation
Degree - ⑮
E
-
L
+ 1
dissociation/association
isation
dissociation
. where of
#
-
-
no
particles
dissociated Fraction
of particles
sociation
no
E
parich-1
+
i
↳
=
whe
undergoing
dissociatio
activ
i = no
-
of particles after dissociation/anociation
no
of particles before dissociation/association
i = Normal Molar mas
-
Dissociation - is I
-
. *
An-nAsstrung electrolyte O
i ,
then = m
electrolyte then -
! ↳ week
(n 1) i = 1 + -
X
Mnormal >
Mabnormal
#2 i
= - 1
-
(n -
1)
sociation
- ic
An -stugeletwrite Ef
.
↳
electrolytes
#
weak
i= 1
(t 1)x
+
-
*
dissociation
Koty cool in
H20 >
-
polar) (i) 1)
(polar)
in Benzene association
GH5 Cook
-
(non-polar) (i < 1)
(polar)
For
ectrolytes For
non-electrolytes
* i
=
=
=
i Kym
ikbWX XTy M
BYxo
=
*Tb =
= = -
i
iCRT
UX
= =
A = CRT =
(mil