Steps in repairing a flat, male cord.
Electric Drill is a power tool that makes holes on wood, metal,
1. Separate the end of wire to about 10 cm.
2. Peel off the skin or insulator by 2cm.
3. Loosen the screw of the male plug.
4. Insert wire into the male plug.
5. Twist both ends of the wire to keep the wires from
making contact with one another,
6. Put the cover of the plug so the wire will not be exposed
and cause electric shock.
The 5s stands for the five Japanese words seiri, seiton, seiso,
seiketsu, and shitsuke. These can be applied not only to the
workplace but also to our home.
Sort (seiri) – This can be done by determining things or items in
your work area and eliminating the unnecessary items. Items that
are to be recycled and eliminated can be identified.
Straighten (seiton) – It is a process of keeping needed items in the
proper place so that anyone can immediately find them in time of
use. Arrange all necessary items so that they can be selected for
use. This process prevents waste of time, and makes the workflow
smooth and easy. This can be done once the sorting is achieved.
Shine (seiso) - This process refers to cleaning the workplace
completely. This stage focuses on cleaning up the work area by
dusting, mopping, wiping surfaces, arranging tools and materials
etc. This ensures that everything is properly-maintained and looks
new.
Standardize (seiketsu) – It refers to the process of ensuring that
the first three stages of 5s becomes standardized. Standard
systematizes everything and ensures that everyone in the workplace
has common ways of working. It is important to standardize the
best practices in the work place and maintain the standard at all
times.
Sustain (shitsuke) – This is the last step of the 5s method. It
means maintaining or sustaining established procedures. It is also a
condition of training individuals so that they become independent.
The benefits from the first four steps would be lost if the set
standards are not maintained.
Common Electrical Tools Used in Constructing Simple
Electrical Gadgets
1. Screwdrivers are tools, usually hand-operated, used to tighten
and loosen screws. These tools are made of steel and hardened and
tempered at the tip with an insulated handle. There are two kinds of
screwdrivers, standard which is commonly known as flat screw.
The second one is the
Philips screwdrivers or the star screw.
2. Pliers are a hand tool that are designed for a wide range of uses
such as holding, gripping, turning, bending and cutting electric
wires.
Kinds of Pliers
• Combination Pliers are multi-purpose pliers combining gripping
jaws with wire cutter. This type of pliers is usually used by
electricians for gripping, twisting, and bending wires and cables.
• Long Nose Pliers are used for cutting and holding fine wires and
in reaching narrow spaces that standard pliers cannot reach.
• Side Cutting Pliers are a type of pliers used for wire and tie wire
cutting.
3. Wire Stripper is used to remove insulation of medium-sized
wires.
4. Hammers are used in driving and pulling out nails and are made
of hard steel, plastic, or rubber. It has many types such as claw
hammer, ballpoint hammer and mallet.
5. Tester is an instrument used to test current of electricity.
6.
and concrete surfaces.
Electrical Gadgets and their Uses
Extension Cord is a span of flexible electrical power cable with a
plug on one end and multiple sockets on the other end.
Doorbell is a device usually attached to the gate or the entry point
of the house to call the attention of the person inside the house.
Plugs are devices that allow electrically operated equipment or
gadgets to be connected to the primary power source.
Lampshades are protective coverings used to screen a light bulb to
reduce its brightness, it also serves as a decoration inside the room.
It can be made of different materials.
MONEY- One of the most important things in running a business
is managing money or finances well. You have to make sure that
money is managed effectively.
PROJECT PLAN- It is your guide in doing a project and it
prevents you from wasting your time, effort, materials, and money.
A SURVEY is conducted in order to collect data from a selected
group of respondents to gain information and insights into various
topics of interest. The process involves asking people for
information through a questionnaire, which can be either online or
offline.
CUSTOMER SATISFACTION survey is a questionnaire
designed to help businesses understand what their customers think
about their products or services, their brand, and their customer.
CUSTOMER PREFERENCES are the expectations, likes,
dislikes, motivations and inclinations that drive customer
purchasing decisions. For example, a customer needs furniture
made of bamboo and they would prefer a particular and design.
Understanding the preferences of customers is a good marketing
technique.
SKETCHING is used in preparation to drawing an object, or to
just get an idea of how something will look. When sketching use a
light hand and a lot of short, quick strokes using your pencil. This
will make easier to sketch or draw a particular object and will
allow you to erase mistakes easily.
OUTLINING – A process of making the outer contours or
boundaries of any shape, object or figure by using lines.
SHADING – Adds depth, contrast, character, and even tone to
your drawings by the play of shadows and lights on your drawing.
Techniques in Finishing:
1. Staining – it is done to enhance the wood’s true color or to
create uniformity when the wood has an inconsistent appearance.
2. Glazing and toning – these are techniques used to highlight the
details in the woodwork or to unify and add depth to the color.
3. Pickling and liming – these are the traditional finishing process
used to accentuate the wood grain. The highlighting is achieved by
using two contrasting colors the base color and another rubbed into
grain.
4. Bleaching – it is used to lighten the natural color of wood or to
removed discoloration caused by moisture. Bleaching can also be
used to achieve the base color in preparation for pickling or liming.
5. Distressing – it is a technique that can be used to give age and
interest to the finish. This can be done in number of ways
including:
a.) Sanding the finish away from areas that would have been worn
over the years.
b.) Rubbing the finish away with a chemical; and
c.) Striking the surface with a mix objects that will randomly dent
the finish.
Different Kinds of Finishing Materials
Varnish – a finishing material that beautifies and preserves a
project It is made of copal gum dissolve in pure boiled linseed oil.
Copal gum comes from resin of pine tress buried several feet below
the ground. Linseed oil comes from oil of cotton seed. Varnish and
turpentine are sold in cans and bottles.
Shellac – it is a good finish for many projects. It comes from the
excreta of insects called a lac bug. The color is yellow and appears
like small pieces of cellophane. Before it is used, it is mixed with
denatured alcohol.
Lacquer – it serves to protect the finish. It dries quickly and
provides a hard finish.
Wax – it is used to seal and protect the wood. It can be used to
rejuvenate an old finish or can be used as a finish itself.
Paint – a finishing material that is always used because of its
beautiful color and a good protector of materials.
Bleaching – the process of whitening or removing color by
exposing the material to the action of air and sunlight or certain
chemicals.
Pyrography –– Also known as wood burning, it is a process of
making designs on bamboo by burning its skin with a hot wire.
Pyrography combined with carving can be very effective in
enhancing bamboo products.
Woodworking – is the craft of making useful products using
wood. Woodworking has served man in many ways and has been
used to produce fine wooden articles for home use and a lot more.
Methods in Enhancing the Wood
1. Cutting - Accurate sawing depends on having a good, sharp saw
that is filled and set correctly. It is important to use the right saw
for the job.
2. Smoothening - To achieve a smooth surface on the wood, the
tools used for smoothening are planes, spokeshaves and sand
paper.
3. Finishing - It is one of the most important method in enhancing
wood. Aside from enhancing the appearance, finishing also
protects the product. The level of protection and effect on
appearance varies by the type of finish used like shellac, varnish,
penetrating finish or wax finish.
4. Flocking – It is a technique that lines the interior of drawers and
boxes with a soft velvet finish.
5. Inlaying – This combines several techniques that involve
inserting decorative pieces into a base object to incorporate new
designs on the new original product.
6. Woodturning – It is a process of using a lathe to make various
forms and shapes of wood.
7. Hand carving – Considered a woodcraft in which a sharp object
is used to create designs on the wood. Various textures and
surfaces can be created using this technique. Tools such as chip
carving knife and chisels are used.
8. Gilding – Considered as a decorative technique in which powder
is applied on wood and other materials to give a thick coating of
gold. Methods of this technique include gluing chemical gilding
and electroplating.
9. Staining – This is used to color wood to give an illusion of
texture.This may come in two varieties.
a) Pigment based stain – colors large pores of the wood.
b) Dye based – colors small pores of the wood.
10. Painting – This is considered the simplest way of decorating
wood since there is a variety of colors that you can choose from.
One may also add a lacquer finish to make it more shiny and
glossy.
Ways in Finishing
1. Staining – It is done to enhance the true color of wood or create
uniformity when the wood has an inconsistent appearance.
2. Glazing and toning – It is used to highlight the details in
woodwork to unify and add depth to the color. These two
techniques can also be used to give age to finish.
3. Pickling and liming – It is used to accentuate the wood grain.
The highlighting is achieved by using two contrasting colors:
a. A base color
b. Another color rubbed into the grain.
4. Bleaching – It is used to lighten the natural color of wood or to
remove discoloration caused by moisture. Bleaching can also be
used to achieve the base color in preparation for picking or liming.
5. Distressing – This is used to give age and interest to the finish
by:
a. Sanding the finish away from areas that would have been worn
over the years.
b. Rubbing the finish away with chemical.
c. Striking the surface with a mix of objects that will randomly dent
the finish.
Methods in Enhancing Metal
Designing and planning out work – the design is first selected,
and drawn or sketched in paper. The design is transferred to the
metal. Then the design is traced with a scriber or a sharp – pointed
tool.
Cutting – this is done by using a tinner’s snip, hacksaw, or cold
chisel. Keep the sheet metal bent down away from the tinner’s snip
in cutting so that accident maybe avoided.
Filling – the sharp edges of the sheet metal are done with forward
stroke of a file.
Joining metals – done by riveting, soldering, or seaming. A
riveting hammer (ball-peen or cross- peen) is used in this process.
Soldering is another method of joining metals.
Engraving – a method of transferring a design of metal using a
hardened steel tool called burin or graver to cut into the surface of
the metal.
Etching – a process used to make designs or pictures on a metal
plate by using acid that produces corrosive action.
Adding enhancing media – such as metal paints and antiquing
kits give color to the metal product. Metal paints may be applied
using a brush or spray.
Texturing and embossing – in this technique you will need
hammers, metal stamps, stencils, and other materials to create
imprints on the metal.