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 A Lifecycle Approach
to Knowledge Excellence in
the Biopharmaceutical Industry
 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOPROCESSING SERIES

Series Editor
Anurag Rathore

1. Membrane Separations in Biotechnology, edited by W. Courtney McGregor

2. Commercial Production of Monoclonal Antibodies: A Guide for Scale-Up,
edited by Sally S. Seaver
3. Handbook on Anaerobic Fermentations, edited by Larry E. Erickson and
Daniel Yee-Chak Fung
4. Fermentation Process Development of Industrial Organisms, edited by
Justin O. Neway
5. Yeast: Biotechnology and Biocatalysis, edited by Hubert Verachtert and
René De Mot
6 . Sensors in Bioprocess Control, edited by John V. Twork and
Alexander M. Yacynych
7. Fundamentals of Protein Biotechnology, edited by Stanley Stein
8. Yeast Strain Selection, edited by Chandra J. Panchal
9 . Separation Processes in Biotechnology, edited by Juan A. Asenjo
10. Large-Scale Mammalian Cell Culture Technology, edited by
Anthony S. Lubiniecki
11. Extractive Bioconversions, edited by Bo Mattiasson and Olle Holst
12. Purification and Analysis of Recombinant Proteins, edited by Ramnath
Seetharam and Satish K. Sharma
13. Drug Biotechnology Regulation: Scientific Basis and Practices, edited by
Yuan-yuan H. Chiu and John L. Gueriguian
14. Protein Immobilization: Fundamentals and Applications, edited by
Richard F. Taylor
15. Biosensor Principles and Applications, edited by Löíefc J. Blum and
Pierre R. Coulet
16. Industrial Application of Immobilized Biocatalysts, edited by Atsuo Tanaka,
Tetsuya Tosa, and Takeshi Kobayashi
17. Insect Cell Culture Engineering, edited by Mattheus F. A. Goosen,
Andrew J. Daugulis, and Peter Faulkner
18. Protein Purification Process Engineering, edited by Roger G. Harrison
19. Recombinant Microbes for Industrial and Agricultural Applications,
edited by Yoshikatsu Murooka and Tadayuki Imanaka
20. Cell Adhesion: Fundamentals and Biotechnological Applications,
edited by Martin A. Hjortso and Joseph W. Roos
21. Bioreactor System Design, edited by Juan A. Asenjo and José C. Merchuk
22. Gene Expression in Recombinant Microorganisms, edited by Alan Smith
23. Interfacial Phenomena and Bioproducts, edited by John L. Brash and
Peter W. Wojciechowski
24. Metabolic Engineering, edited by Sang Yup Lee and Eleftherios T. Papoutsakis
25. Biopharmaceutical Process Validation, edited by Gail Sofer and
Dane W. Zabriskie
26. Membrane Separations in Biotechnology: Second Edition, Revised and
Expanded, edited by William K. Wang
27. Isolation and Purification of Proteins, edited by Rajni Hatti-Kaul
and Bo Mattiasson
28. Biotransformation and Bioprocesses, Mukesh Doble, Anil Kumar Kruthiventi,
and Vilas Gajanan Gaikar
29. Process Validation in Manufacturing of Biopharmaceuticals: Guidelines,
Current Practices, and Industrial Case Studies, edited by Anurag Singh
Rathore and Gail Sofer
30. Cell Culture Technology for Pharmaceutical and Cell-Based Therapies,
edited by Sadettin S. Ozturk and Wei-Shou Hu
31. Process Scale Bioseparations for the Biopharmaceutical Industry,
edited by Abhinav A. Shukla, Mark R. Etzel, and Shishir Gadam
32. Processs Synthesis for Fuel Ethanol Production, C. A. Cardona, Ó. J. Sánchez,
and L. F. Gutiérrez
33. PAT Applied in Biopharmaceutical Process Development And Manufacturing:
An Enabling Tool for Quality-by-Design, edited by Cenk Undey, Duncan Low,
Jose C. Menezes, and Mel Koch
34. Stem Cells and Revascularization Therapies, edited by Hyunjoon Kong,
Andrew J. Putnam, and Lawrence B. Schook
35. Process Validation in Manufacturing of Biopharmaceuticals, Third Edition,
edited by Anurag Rathore and Gail Sofer
36. A Lifecycle Approach to Knowledge Excellence in the Biopharmaceutical
Industry, edited by Nuala Calnan, Martin J. Lipa, Paige E. Kane, and
Jose C. Menezes
 A Lifecycle Approach
to Knowledge Excellence in
the Biopharmaceutical
Industry

Edited by
Nuala Calnan
Martin J. Lipa
Paige E. Kane
Jose C. Menezes
CRC Press
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Contents

Editors ......................................................................................................................xi
Contributors ...........................................................................................................xv
Introduction ......................................................................................................... xix

Section I Making the Case for Knowledge

Excellence in the Biopharmaceutical Industry
1 Why Knowledge Management Is Good Business ...................................3
P.K. Yegneswaran, Michael P. Thien, and Martin J. Lipa

2 Theory of Knowledge Management ......................................................... 19

Stefanie N. Lindstaedt, Paul Czech, and Angela Fessl

3 Knowledge Management—A Japanese Perspective .............................. 41

Yukio Hiyama

4 Accelerating the Opportunity for the Pharmaceutical Industry

through KM ................................................................................................... 47
Lauren Trees and Cindy Hubert

Section II Perspectives on Knowledge

5 Who Moved My Facts?: Patient Autonomy and the Evolution

of Infrastructure Mean Best Available Knowledge Is Not
Where It Used to Be ......................................................................................63
Dave deBronkart

6 Valuing Knowledge at Swissmedic—A Regulatory Agency’s

Perspective .....................................................................................................77
Michael Renaudin and Hansjürg Leuenberger

7 Generating New Knowledge from Data: Protecting the Patient

by Exploring What Is “Known” about Quality Defects and
Product Recalls.............................................................................................. 97
Nuala Calnan and Anne Greene

vii
viii Contents

8 A Perspective from NASA: Knowledge Services and

Accelerated Learning in NASA—The REAL Knowledge
Approach...............................................................................................117
Ed Hoffman and Jon Boyle

9 An Academic Perspective: Knowledge Management: The

Orphan Enabler—Enabling ICH Q10 Implementation ...................... 133
Nuala Calnan, Anne Greene, and Paige E. Kane

10 An Academic Perspective: Effective Knowledge Assessment .......... 153

Mohamed A. F. Ragab and Amr Arisha

11 Knowledge Management and the Evolving Regulatory Process ..... 165

Bill Paulson and Paige E. Kane

Section III Practices, Pillars and Enablers:

Foundations for Successful KM
12 The House of Knowledge Excellence—A Framework for Success ..... 181
Paige E. Kane and Martin J. Lipa

13 A Holistic Approach to Knowledge Management: Pfizer

Global Supply ..............................................................................................225
Paige E. Kane and Alton Johnson

14 KM Evolution at Merck & Co., Inc.: Managing Knowledge in

Merck Manufacturing Division .............................................................. 243
Martin J. Lipa and Jodi Schuttig

15 Integrating Knowledge Management with Quality

Management Systems to Manufacture Pharmaceuticals
Consistently and Reliably ......................................................................... 261
Barbara Allen

16 Working with the IS/IT Function to Setup Your Knowledge

Management Project for Success ............................................................. 271
Joseph Horvath

17 Knowledge Management Implementation: A Guide to Driving

Successful Technology Realization ........................................................ 281
Doug Redden, DBA
Contents ix

Section IV Practices and Case Studies in

Enabling Knowledge Flow
18 Let’s Talk about Knowledge Management—Learning from the
Library of Alexandria Disaster ................................................................ 297
Matthew Neal and Sandra Bush

19 Rapid and Robust Product Development Powered by

Knowledge Management Capability...................................................... 313
Anando Chowdhury

20 Knowledge Management Case Study: Using Near Real-Time

Data Analytics and Performance Metrics to Ensure a Robust
and Resilient Supply Chain ..................................................................... 329
Eda Ross Montgomery, Mani Sundararajan, David Lowndes, and
Gabriele Ricci

21 Knowledge Management Elements in Support of Generation

of Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls Regulatory
Documentation............................................................................................ 341
Beth Junker

22 A People Approach to Managing Knowledge: Why Do You

Come to Work and Who Are You Working For? .................................. 361
Siân Slade and Catherine Shen

23 Developing a Lessons Learned Process—Where Lessons Are

Learned: A Case Study of Pfizer Pharmaceutical Sciences ................ 381
Phil Levett

24 Capturing Critical Process and Product Knowledge:

The Development of a Product History File ......................................... 395
David Reifsnyder, Kate Waters, and Kayhan Guceli

25 Communities of Practice: A Story about the VTN and the

Value of Community .................................................................................. 407
Renee Vogt, Joseph Schaller, and Ronan Murphy

26 Identification of Critical Knowledge: Demystifying

Knowledge Mapping ................................................................................. 421
Paige E. Kane with a special contribution from Christopher Smalley
x Contents

27 The Practical Application of a User-Facing Taxonomy

to Improve Knowledge Sharing and Reuse across the
Biopharmaceutical Product Lifecycle: A Case Study ..........................443
Adam Duckworth, Vincent Capodanno, and Thomas Loughlin

28 Knowledge-Based Product and Process Lifecycle Management

for Legacy Products .................................................................................... 465
Marco Strohmeier, Christelle Pradines, Francisca F. Gouveia, and
Jose C. Menezes
Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 497
Index .....................................................................................................................505
Editors

Nuala Calnan, PhD, has over 20 years’ expe-

rience in the pharmaceutical industry and is
currently an adjunct research fellow with the
Pharmaceutical Regulatory Science Team at
Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland, where
she leads a number of patient-focused regula-
tory science research projects at masters and
PhD level.
Calnan’s focus is on the integration of
Knowledge Excellence, Operational Excellence,
and Cultural Excellence in delivering enhanced
quality outcomes for the patient and has led a
recent Irish Industry research study in this field
examining the Product Recall and Quality Defect data at the Irish medicines
regulator, Health Products Regulatory Authority. She is currently a mem-
ber of the St. Gallen University, St. Gallen, Switzerland—led team who were
awarded a one-year research grant by the Food and Drug Administration
examining the role of quality metrics in determining risk-based inspection
planning. She also works closely with industry in the areas of quality excel-
lence and metrics, data integrity, and quality culture development.
Calnan co-leads the ISPE Quality Culture Team and the ISPE/PQLI Task
Team on knowledge management.

xi
xii Editors

Martin J. Lipa is an executive director in the

Merck Manufacturing Division (MMD) and a
leader of the MMD Knowledge Management
Center of Excellence. For the last 8 years, he
has worked to create knowledge manage-
ment strategy for MMD and other functions
across the Merck & Co., Inc. enterprise and to
build capabilities and competency in knowl-
edge management as an enabler of the com-
pany’s strategy.
Lipa has over 20 years’ experience in the
biopharmaceutical industry. Before focus-
ing on knowledge management, he started
his career as a technical operations engineer and then progressed through
roles in shop floor automation, computer systems validation, new GxP facil-
ity start-up, project management, and clinical supplies. He is also a certified
Lean Six Sigma Black Belt and specializes in change management techniques.
Lipa is a recognized industry knowledge management thought leader and
has helped organize multiple knowledge management conferences. He has
also published industry-specific works and features as a regular speaker
sharing his experience and learnings.

Paige E. Kane, CPIP, is a director in the Merck

Manufacturing Division Knowledge Manage-
ment Center of Excellence. In addition, she is
a regulatory science researcher at Dublin
Institute of Technology in Dublin, Ireland,
where she is pursuing a PhD focusing in the
realization of the ICH Q10 enabler—
knowledge management.
For the last 10 years, she has been involved
in developing and implementing knowledge
management strategies for Wyeth and Pfizer
Global Supply with a strong focus on people,
collaboration, and processes. Kane has over
25 years’ experience working in a regulated environment (including Genetics
Institute, Wyeth, Pfizer, Monsanto, and the U.S. Government). She has been
responsible for developing and implementing quality systems for GLP, GCP,
and GMP, as well as computer system validation programs. In addition, she
provided leadership and subject matter expertise for multiple biotechnology
start-ups in the United States and Europe.
Kane is the co-chair of the ISPE/PQLI Task Team on Knowledge
Management and serves locally as the co-chair of the Boston ISPE Student
Development Committee.
Editors xiii

Jose C. Menezes is the founder and director of one

of the earliest pharmaceutical engineering pro-
grams in Europe and a pioneer on the use of PAT
and QbD tools in bioprocessing. He is the recipient
of the Presidential Awards for Excellence in
university–industry collaborations. Dr. Menezes
has been a professor at the University of Lisbon,
Lisbon, Portugal, since 2005. He has published
extensively on the subject of manufacturing sci-
ences and technologies applied to pharmaceutical
and biotechnology products. He holds BSc and
MSc degrees in chemical engineering and a PhD
in bioengineering from University of Lisbon. He
worked for Ciba-Geigy and the nuclear industry in Switzerland, before starting
an academic career. During his 20 years at ULisbon, he spent multiple sabbatical
periods in industry at different pharmaceutical companies in Europe, where he
built, trained, or managed several PAT and QbD teams. He is an active member
of different societies and a senior member of AIChE, ISPE, PDA, and IFPAC
among other organizations. Dr. Menezes co-founded 4Tune Engineering Ltd.,
Lisbon, Portugal, in 2004—an award-winning ISO 9001:2008 engineering ser-
vices company—for developing and implementing worldwide state-of-the-art
manufacturing sciences and technologies solutions to deliver quality risk man-
agement and excellence in corporate knowledge management over lifecycle.
Contributors

Barbara Allen Dave deBronkart

Global Quality Systems Patient Advocate
Eli Lilly and Company e-Patient Dave, LLC
Kinsale, Cork, Ireland Nashua, New Hampshire

Amr Arisha Adam Duckworth

Department of International MMD Knowledge Management
Business Center of Excellence
Dublin Institute of Technology Merck & Co., Inc.
Dublin, Ireland Kenilworth Whitehouse Station,
New Jersey
Jon Boyle
Chief Operations Officer Angela Fessl
Knowledge Engagement, LLC Research Center for Data-driven
(formerly NASA) Business and Big Data Analytics
Burke, Virginia Know-Center GmbH
Graz, Austria
Sandra Bush
Operational Excellence Francisca F. Gouveia
Genentech (formerly with Amgen) Technical Operations
Hillsboro, Oregon 4Tune Engineering GmbH
Lisbon, Portugal
Vincent Capodanno
Merck Manufacturing Division – Anne Greene
Global Science, Technology & School of Chemical and
Commercialization Pharmaceutical Sciences
Merck & Co., Inc. Dublin Institute of Technology
Rahway, New Jersey Dublin, Ireland

Anando Chowdhury Kayhan Guceli

Office of the CEO and Leader, Pharmaceutical Quality Technical
Strategic Initiatives Systems
Merck & Co., Inc. Genentech, Inc.
Kenilworth, New Jersey South San Francisco, California

Paul Czech Yukio Hiyama

Research Center for Data-driven Visiting (retired) Scientist
Business and Big Data Analytics National Institute of Health Sciences
Know-Center GmbH (NIHS)
Graz, Austria Tokyo, Japan

xv
xvi Contributors

Ed Hoffman Stefanie N. Lindstaedt

Founder & CEO Research Center for Data-driven
Knowledge Engagement, LLC Business and Big Data Analytics
(formerly NASA) Graz University of Technology
Crofton, Maryland Graz, Austria

Joseph Horvath Thomas Loughlin

Global IT Systems–Quality Merck Manufacturing
Takeda Pharmaceuticals Division – Global Science,
International Technology & Commercialization
Cambridge, Massachusetts Merck & Co., Inc.
Rahway, New Jersey
Cindy Hubert
Knowledge Management Advisory David Lowndes
Services Technical Operations
APQC Shire Pharmaceuticals
Houston, Texas Wayne, Pennsylvania

Alton Johnson Eda Ross Montgomery

Global Technical Services Technical Operations
Pfizer Global Supply Shire Pharmaceuticals
New York, New York Wayne, Pennsylvania

Beth Junker Ronan Murphy

Principal Consultant & Owner Site Engineering
BioProcess Advantage LLC MSD
(formerly Merck & Co., Inc.) Swords, Dublin, Ireland
Westfield, New Jersey
Matthew Neal
Hansjürg Leuenberger Product Management
Swiss Agency for Therapeutic LIQUENT, a PAREXEL
Products (formerly Amgen)
Swissmedic Los Angeles, California
Bern, Switzerland
Bill Paulson
Phil Levett Editor-in-Chief
Pharmaceutical Sciences International Pharmaceutical
Pfizer Quality
Sandwich, Kent, UK Bethesda, Maryland
Contributors
Christelle Pradines
Global Quality System & Processes
F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG
Basel, Switzerland
Mohamed A. F. Ragab
3S Group, College of Business
Dublin Institute of Technology
Dublin, Ireland
Doug Redden, DBA
IT Professional (on Sabbatical)
Allentown, Pennsylvania
David Reifsnyder
Global Biological Manufacturing
and Sciences
Genentech, Inc.
South San Francisco, California
Michael Renaudin
Swiss Agency for Therapeutic
Products
Swissmedic
Bern, Switzerland
Gabriele Ricci
Technical Operations
Shire Pharmaceuticals
Lexington, Massachusetts
Joseph Schaller
Merck Manufacturing Division
Chief of Staff
Merck & Co., Inc.
Whitehouse Station, New Jersey
Jodi Schuttig
MMD Knowledge Management
Center of Excellence
Merck & Co., Inc.
Whitehouse Station, New Jersey
xvii
Catherine Shen
Data Strategy & Acquisition
Bristol-Myers Squibb
West Windsor, New Jersey
Siân Slade
Worldwide Medical Contact Content
Insights
Bristol-Myers Squibb
Mulgrave, Victoria, Australia
Christopher Smalley
Pharmaceutical and Compounding
Pharmacy Consultant
Smalley Compliance, LLC
West Chester, Pennsylvania
Marco Strohmeier
Zero Deviation Team
Roche Pharma Biotech
Penzberg, Germany
Mani Sundararajan
Technical Operations
Shire Pharmaceuticals
Wayne, Pennsylvania
Michael P. Thien
Merck Manufacturing
Division – Global
Science, Technology &
Commercialization
Merck & Co., Inc.
Whitehouse Station, New Jersey
Lauren Trees
Knowledge Management Research
Services
APQC
Houston, Texas
xviii Contributors

Renee Vogt P.K. Yegneswaran

MMD Knowledge Management Global Technical Operations, Merck
Center of Excellence Manufacturing Division
Merck & Co., Inc. Merck & Co., Inc.
West Point, Pennsylvania West Point, Pennsylvania

Kate Waters
Pharmaceutical Quality Technical
Systems
Genentech, Inc.
South San Francisco, California
Introduction

This book addresses the rapidly emerging field of knowledge management

within the biopharmaceutical and other life science industries. In particular,
its central theme explores the role that knowledge management (KM) can
play in ensuring the timely and reliable delivery of safe and effective prod-
ucts to patients around the globe. A key driver for the editors in the develop-
ment of this book was to provide practical examples of how organizations
are now turning their attention to the effective use of their knowledge assets
as a path toward business excellence.
The origins of this project grew from a scientific symposium that took
place in Dublin, Ireland, in March 2015 entitled Knowledge Management: From
Discovery to Patient hosted by Regulatory Science Dublin Ireland. The KM
Dublin 2015 symposium was the first of its kind to bring together international
regulators, life science industry practitioners, academics, and KM thought
leaders to discuss and explore the integration of knowledge management
and risk management in the development, manufacture, surveillance, and
regulation of biopharmaceutical and medical device-related health products.
Many of the contributions shared within these pages came from the pas-
sionate and knowledgeable speakers at the Dublin symposium from within
the industry and beyond. The keynote speakers Dr. Ed Hoffman, Chief
Knowledge Officer with National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA), Crofton, Maryland; Dr. Michael Thien, Head of New Product
Commercialization at Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, New Jersey; and
Cindy Hubert, Knowledge Management Thought Leader at the American
Productivity and Quality Center, Houston, Texas, have each provided valu-
able and thought-provoking chapters, as have several other members of the
biopharmaceutical industry and international regulatory community.
In addition, as knowledge practitioners, teachers, and researchers in this
fast-changing field, our editorial stance has leaned strongly toward providing
a practical handbook of case studies and good practice examples currently
underway within organizations that have commenced their knowledge
excellence journey. It is appropriate here to note this material applies to the
greater biopharmaceutical industry—that is—the challenged faced in tradi-
tional pharmaceuticals are not unique from those in biologics, and it is well
known many companies are evolving into biopharmaceuticals companies.
While references within individual contributions may be to pharmaceuticals
or to biopharmaceuticals, these are effectively interchangable for the context
of this publication.
To this end, we have developed a holistic House of Knowledge Excellence
Framework that depicts the foundations for successful KM by outlining the
relationships between knowledge enablers, pillars, practices, and the strategic

xix
xx Introduction

EXTERNAL TRENDS & DRIVERS

EGY A
AT

STR

ND
BJ

O
E CT VE

S
SETS TARGETS

DELIVER ON
OUTCOMES
DEFINES REQUIREMENTS KM OUTCOMES
WHICH ENABLE BUSINESS OUTCOMES

PRACTICES

KM STRATEGY
KM PROGRAM

PILLARS

ENABLERS

HOUSE OF KNOWLEDGE EXCELLENCE

FIGURE 1
The House of Knowledge Excellence Framework.

objectives of the business. The four pillars—people, process, technology,

and governance—provide the strength of the framework. Martin J. Lipa and
Paige E. Kane describe this framework in greater detail in Section III and
assert that the power of this framework lies not only in explaining the func-
tion and role of each element of the “house,” but in the top-to-bottom inte-
gration that clearly links the KM program to the overall business strategy.
The framework also provides an opportunity to define what we mean by
knowledge excellence and how it exceeds the mere management of knowledge.
Knowledge excellence is not simply the application of a series of knowledge
solutions or the provision of sets of tools but rather about enabling and sus-
taining knowledge-focused business capabilities. The essence of the House
of Knowledge Excellence Framework is about enabling knowledge to flow in
order to achieve the desired business outcomes. This requires a deep under-
standing about “how” work gets done on a day-to-day basis and how best to
influence the behaviors of the employees or knowledge workers within the
organization. Employees must be encouraged and enabled to think and act
differently in how they seek and share knowledge. They must also recognize
the value and importance of achieving knowledge flow rather than knowl-
edge hoarding. Indeed, many of the case studies and insights shared in the
chapters that follow describe how organizations have addressed a specific
business challenge or strategic objective by identifying and overcoming bar-
riers to knowledge flow.
In terms of structure, we have compiled this handbook in four sections to
facilitate the reader using the book as a reference resource at different points
along their own knowledge excellence journey. There are materials included
Introduction xxi

to support the establishment of cogent, sponsored KM strategies and the

development of holistic KM programs rounded off by an extensive array of
KM practices and case studies in Section IV.
Section I, Making the Case for Knowledge Excellence in the Biopharmaceutical
Industry, opens with a key contribution from the technology and commer-
cialization industry leaders at Merck who share their perspectives on why
KM is a critical business enabler for them. They discuss how their focus
on managing the flow of knowledge across the product lifecycle helps to
deliver agility, speed, reliability, and competitiveness from product realiza-
tion, through manufacturing excellence to supply chain execution. Then, to
set the scene for the rest of the material to follow, the Austrian-based Know-
Center outlines several important and fundamental knowledge management
concepts and theories. This is followed by a unique Japanese perspective
on KM authored by Dr. Yukio Hiyama, a leading international regulator of
long-standing, and comes to us by kind permission of ISPE as a reprint of
an article originally published in May 2014 in an e-journal on Knowledge
Management for the pharmaceutical industry. Section I closes with recom-
mendations from the American Productivity and Quality Center on best
practices that could help to accelerate the implementation of KM within the
pharmaceutical industry.
In Section II, we bring you perspectives on knowledge, which opens with
the patient perspective provided by Dave deBronkart who tells of when he
learned he had a rare and terminal cancer, he turned to a group of fellow
patients online and found the information that helped to save his life. He
passionately proposes that proactive collaboration between patients, the
medicinal products scientific community, and their clinicians can lead to
better outcomes for all. Two regulatory perspectives are then shared by the
Swiss and Irish medicines regulators, respectively, who outline recent KM
initiatives undertaken within their agencies in efforts to value the knowl-
edge held within their knowledge-intensive organizations.
Section II also includes a significant non-pharmaceutical contribution from
our colleagues at NASA, who share insights gained from their long tenure
in developing their own KM program. In particular, they outline how they
manage the flow of knowledge across increasingly complex organizational
boundaries where 80% of every program or project undertaken at NASA is an
international collaboration. Two academic perspectives are as follows: the first
of which examines the central role that KM plays in the ICH Q10 Pharmaceutical
Quality System guidance yet coins the phrase the Orphan Enabler due to the
lack of practical implementation guidance. The second academic contribution
introduces how effective knowledge assessment can empower organizations to
better evaluate the stock of knowledge assets within an organization in order
to create value for the business and introduces an exciting new model (and
Smart APP) to manage individual knowledge, known as the MinK Framework.
This section closes with the perspectives from the editor-in-chief at a leading
industry journal, International Pharmaceutical Quality (IPQ), on the direction
xxii Introduction

that KM may take following the publication of the much-anticipated ICH Q12
on Pharmaceutical Product Lifecycle Management.
As noted, Section III introduces the pillars and enablers as foundations
for successful KM and the House of Knowledge Excellence Framework. Here
we also present chapters from Pfizer Global Supply, Merck Manufacturing
Division*, and Eli Lilly and Company in which each shares the specific
drivers, direction, and success factors for their KM programs. This section
closes with two complementary perspectives on the importance of devel-
oping a strong partnership between KM champions and their information
technology counterparts as a catalyst that can accelerate and enhance the
KM value proposition.
Finally, Section IV contains a collection of case studies from across the bio-
pharmaceutical industry that profile a variety of KM efforts, some of which
are full-blown KM programs, whereas others are grassroots initiatives with
a limited area of focus. All of these case studies represent real and tangible
KM efforts currently under way in our industry, often in the context of a
pressing business problem, and share how those involved leveraged KM to
address this business problem. To help the reader navigate these stories, and
in acknowledgment that not all languages used may be consistent with how
we have delineated the KM practices, pillars, and enablers, we have included
a useful KM matrix as a reference guide to understand how the various com-
panies have approached KM.
We offer our sincere gratitude to each and every one of the authors who
generously shared their insightful contributions. We have learned much and
continue to learn each day. For the editors, this book has been a labor of love
born from a conviction to spread the word and encourage more widespread
adoption of KM. It is our fervent hope you find this handbook a valuable
companion in your journey toward knowledge excellence.

Nuala Calnan
Martin J. Lipa
Paige E. Kane
Jose C. Menezes

* All references to the term ‘Merck’ in this publication and any derivatives including ‘Merck
Manufacturing Division’ or ‘Merck Research Laboratories’, refer solely to Merck & Co., Inc.,
Kenilworth, NJ, USA.
 Section I

Making the Case for

Knowledge Excellence in the
Biopharmaceutical Industry

This opening section sets the stage for the entire book and puts forth
the case that the time is now right for the biopharmaceutical industry to
embrace the journey toward knowledge excellence. This section brings four
major contributions. Chapter 1 is from one of the leaders in the biophar-
maceutical industry and one of the pioneers in the adoption of knowledge
management (KM) as a business excellence measure, Merck & Co., Inc. In
Chapter 2, an academic group from the Know-Center in Austria introduces
a perspective on what other industries are undertaking with respect to KM
and the impact that these measures are having. Chapter 3 is written by a
well-known former Japanese regulator, Dr. Hiyama, who played a key role
in the development of the ICH Q8 through ICH Q10 guidance documents,
and considers the perspective of the learning organization school-of-thought
and considers the different types of knowledge (i.e., explicit and tacit) and
their relationships and conversion. This section closes with Chapter 4 and
some key insights from one of the leading think tanks on KM, the American
Productivity and Quality Center (APQC). These four chapters create the
foundation for a better understanding of KM as a lifecycle approach to
excellence in the biopharmaceutical industry and provide a first overview of
why, how, and when to use KM, which will be further illustrated by specific
case studies later in the book.
1
Why Knowledge Management
Is Good Business

P.K. Yegneswaran, Michael P. Thien, and Martin J. Lipa

CONTENTS
The Challenges ........................................................................................................4
Managing Knowledge as Part of the Solution ....................................................5
The Business Case ...................................................................................................8
Patient Benefit .....................................................................................................9
Regulatory Benefits ............................................................................................9
Operational Benefits......................................................................................... 10
Workforce Benefits ........................................................................................... 11
Financial Benefits.............................................................................................. 12
Leadership and Change Management as Key Enablers .................................. 13
Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 15
Acknowledgments ................................................................................................ 16
References .............................................................................................................. 17

Unprecedented changes in the pharmaceutical industry are creating

both challenges and opportunities. Addressing these changes requires
enhanced agility, speed, reliability, and competitiveness across the
entire pipeline from product realization, through manufacturing
excellence and supply chain execution. Managing the flow of knowl-
edge across the product lifecycle is a key enabler to overcoming these
challenges and in realizing the opportunities. Here we glean insights
from the technology and commercialization industry leaders at Merck
(Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA) as they share their perspec-
tives on why knowledge management (KM) is a critical business
enabler for them.

Editorial Team

3
4 A Lifecycle Approach to Knowledge Excellence

The Challenges
The challenges facing the biopharmaceutical industry today are many. These
include pricing pressures, vanishing of the innovator’s premium due to simul-
taneous competitive product introductions, loss of exclusivity from the block-
buster era, low-cost entrants, supply chain security challenges, decreased
research productivity, and more (PWC, 2016). At the same time, there is a
steady stream of entrants into the traditional biopharmaceutical space from
the fast growing health care technology companies that provide patient
empowerment, data access, and measurement of outcomes (PWC, 2016). In
addition, the supply chains responsible for clinical materials, new product
introductions, and reliable supply through the product lifecycle continue to
remain fragmented and complex, and in many ways designed for the era of
blockbuster products including high capacities and long lead times. With the
industry pressures outlined above, there is a renewed effort within the indus-
try to enhance the efficiency, agility, and velocity across the supply chain, to
lower the cost of goods, and to reduce inventory levels. The challenging busi-
ness environment has also driven the industry to increased mergers, acquisi-
tions, and outsourcing activities resulting in additional complexities in the
supply network. In addition, the pressures toward localization of manufac-
turing in the emerging markets results in further fragmentation of the sup-
ply chain, resulting in multiple supply chains for the same product, thereby
adding further complexities and barriers to efficient execution. This has also
driven the need for agility to meet the rapidly changing requirements in the
areas of product demands in different markets and the supply chain con-
figuration. It is imperative for the industry to transform in order to enhance
responsiveness and efficiency across an increasingly complex supply network
while maintaining high quality and low cost for its products. A typical sup-
ply chain is shown in Figure 1.1 and includes chemical (active pharmaceutical
ingredient) manufacturing, formulation, and packaging followed by distribu-
tion to the markets. Each of these steps is often performed at multiple loca-
tions across the internal and external (contract manufacturing organizations)
nodes in the supply network. Critical knowledge about the performance,
risks, and solutions is generated at all of these nodes in the supply chain and
also across the lifecycle of the product starting in development.
As in many industries, a largely untapped resource is the knowledge pos-
sessed by an organization, and as importantly, the organization’s ability to
flow that knowledge to where and when it is needed in a robust, timely, and
repeatable manner. The biopharmaceutical industry as a whole underutilizes
the flow of knowledge, so it can be readily used to reliably deliver high-quality,
low-cost products. In this chapter, we will explore the role of managing the
free flow of knowledge in this complex environment to overcome these chal-
lenges in a manner that ultimately benefits the patients and stakeholders of
the company including employees and shareholders.
Why Knowledge Management Is Good Business 5

Product ABC supply chain map

(Oral dosage combination example)

Chemical manufacturing Pharmaceutical manufacturing Markets

Chemical synthesis Formulation/Packaging End markets

Internal (U.S.) U.S.

Int (Singapore) Int (U.S./Neth) Canada

Ext* (EU)
External* EMEA
Ext (PR)*
Internal (Neth) EMEA
Internal (PR)
Ext (Italy)*
Internal (U.S./EU) Internal (Neth) Asia Pacific
Ext (Italy)*
Ext (India)* Internal (Mexico) Mexico
Ext (India)* External (UK)* Internal (Brazil) Latin America

API #1
Int (Neth)/Ext* India
Internal (Singapore)
Int (Neth)/Ext* India
Ext (Spain)*
External* Saudi Arabia
Key
Ext (India)*
Internal
API #2 External (Russia)* External (Russia)* Russia
External
External (Turkey)* External (Turkey)* Turkey

FIGURE 1.1
A typical pharmaceutical supply chain.

Managing Knowledge as Part of the Solution

Knowledge about products and processes is generated at each stage of a
product’s lifecycle, from development through supply. How this knowledge
is captured, maintained, enhanced, shared, and leveraged by flowing freely
through the network is essential to the continuous improvement of opera-
tional performance and the achievement of the goals of reliable and cost-
competitive supply of high-quality products to the patients.
There are different types of knowledge generated during the development
and supply of biopharmaceuticals including explicit and tacit knowledge.
A majority (~80%) of knowledge is tacit (experiences, expertise, insights,
and so on.) and is not easily captured in a written form (Calnan, 2014). The
remaining knowledge is explicit—recorded in a form that can be straightfor-
wardly used by others. Both types of knowledge are essential, and both must
freely flow to where they are needed, when they are needed. To capture the
benefits of both the explicit and tacit knowledge generated by the technical
groups in late stage development and manufacturing at Merck & Co., Inc.
a Knowledge Management (KM) Program Office was created with dedi-
cated resources within the science and technology area in the Merck’s
6 A Lifecycle Approach to Knowledge Excellence

Product Platform and

technical processes
Primarily
knowledge knowledge
explicit
knowledge
Technical knowledge
“Tech platforms”
(“TK”)

Expertise Connectivity and

retention expertise
Primarily location
tacit
knowledge
Retention of critical Virtual technical network
knowledge (“ROCK”) (“VTN”)

FIGURE 1.2
The four core KM capabilities.

Manufacturing Division (MMD). A framework for knowledge-based busi-

ness capabilities was created with the goal of ensuring flow and reuse of
both tacit and explicit knowledge within this area (Lipa, Bruno, Thien, and
Guenard, 2013). It was strongly believed that the realization of such business
capabilities would create a much more efficient, effective, and agile use of
knowledge while avoiding the wastes associated with knowledge search and
knowledge recreation. The key elements of the framework (Figure 1.2) along
with their intent and benefits are described below:

1. Product technical knowledge: Knowledge specific to products

and the associated process and analytical methods. The techni-
cal knowledge (TK) platform provides a unified framework for
storage, retrieval, and use of product knowledge across the entire
lifecycle of the product, starting at the development. The TK plat-
form includes standard templates with which to capture knowl-
edge, a taxonomy to consistently organize and tag knowledge, an
electronic repository to store knowledge, and a flexible search and
filter mechanism (from multiple business perspectives) with which
to find knowledge, stewardship roles to maintain the platform,
and a governance structure to sustain and improve this capabil-
ity. The TK content for a product enables rapid access to historical
knowledge; known robustness issues and solutions; key steps in
the evolution of the product, process, and analytical methods; and
process performance during tech transfers and source changes, all
enabling rapid response to challenges and opportunities to enable
compliant, reliable, and cost-effective supply. In addition, given
the distributed nature of the supply chains, the product TK allows
rapid sharing of problem-solving and continuous improvement
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