ACE Biology for NEET AIPMT AIIMS

Volume 1 3rd Edition Dr Ramesh C

Narang Dr Sahil Agarwal
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/ace-biology-for-neet-aipmt-aiims-volume-1-3rd-edition
-dr-ramesh-c-narang-dr-sahil-agarwal/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

ACE Biology for NEET AIPMT AIIMS Volume 2 3rd Edition

Dr Ramesh C Narang Dr Sahil Agarwal

https://textbookfull.com/product/ace-biology-for-neet-aipmt-
aiims-volume-2-3rd-edition-dr-ramesh-c-narang-dr-sahil-agarwal/

HANDBOOK FOR CANINE PRACTITIONERS Second Edition Dr C S

Arun

https://textbookfull.com/product/handbook-for-canine-
practitioners-second-edition-dr-c-s-arun/

Male Female The Evolution of Human Sex Differences 3rd

Edition Dr. David C. Geary

https://textbookfull.com/product/male-female-the-evolution-of-
human-sex-differences-3rd-edition-dr-david-c-geary/

C Language Made Easy for All 1st Edition Dr Sangram

Patil

https://textbookfull.com/product/c-language-made-easy-for-
all-1st-edition-dr-sangram-patil/
Fish reproductive biology implications for assessment
and management Second Edition Dr. Tore Jakobsen

https://textbookfull.com/product/fish-reproductive-biology-
implications-for-assessment-and-management-second-edition-dr-
tore-jakobsen/

NTA UGC NET Paper 1 34 Solved Papers 2019 to 2004 3rd

Edition Dr. Rashmi Singh

https://textbookfull.com/product/nta-ugc-net-paper-1-34-solved-
papers-2019-to-2004-3rd-edition-dr-rashmi-singh/

Dr. John Chung's SAT Math 5th Edition Dr. John Chung

https://textbookfull.com/product/dr-john-chungs-sat-math-5th-
edition-dr-john-chung/

The Complete Mahabharata Volume 1 12 1st Edition Ramesh

Menon

https://textbookfull.com/product/the-complete-mahabharata-
volume-1-12-1st-edition-ramesh-menon/

Livable City One Step Towards Sustainable Development

3rd Edition * Dr. Farzaneh Sasanpour 1 1 Department Of
Geography And Urban Planning

https://textbookfull.com/product/livable-city-one-step-towards-
sustainable-development-3rd-edition-dr-farzaneh-
sasanpour-1-1-department-of-geography-and-urban-planning/
Download from https://neetmedicalacademy.blogspot.com

om
.c
ot
sp
og
bl
y.
em
ad
ac
al
ic
ed
t m
ee
//n
s:
tp
ht
(i)
(ii)

• Head Office : B-32, Shivalik Main Road, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi-110017

• Sales Office : B-48, Shivalik Main Road, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi-110017
Tel. : 011-26691021 / 26691713

)i(
(i)

)i

om
Typeset by Disha DTP Team

.c
ot
sp
og
bl
y.
em
ad
ac
al
ic
ed

DISHA PUBLICATION
tm

All Rights Reserved

ee

© Copyright Authors & Publisher

//n

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without prior permission of the author and publisher. The
s:

author and the publisher do not take any legal responsibility for any errors or misrepresentations that might have crept
tp

in. We have tried and made our best efforts to provide accurate up-to-date information in this book.
ht

For further information about the books from DISHA publIcAtIon,

Log on to www.dishapublication.com or email to info@dishapublication.com
 )(iii)
i(

Preface
We feel great pleasure in introducing the book, ‘ACE Biology for AIPMT/NEET Entrance Exam Vol- I’. The book is essentially
examination oriented with an object to lighten the burden of the students.

(i)
The salient features of the book are as follows:
 The book has been written according to the Latest syllabus of AIPMT/NEET issued by MCI (2015)
 Each chapter begins with a title cover having major information of the content in ‘At a glance’
 The photographs and complicated figures have been made simple and ‘hand-drawn’.
 A number of ‘Connecting concepts’ have been added. They have also been made more purposeful and self explanatory

)i
 The key terms throughout the text have been printed in bold to draw more attention.
 The MCQs of various national and state level entrance examination are up to date (2015)
 In ‘Check points’ an attempt has been made to make the revision by the student more meaningful, which will help them to
retain the matter for a longer duration.
 The total look of the book has been kept very friendly to the students and more attractive to the teachers.
Since, there have been changes in syllabus of NCERT and AIPMT from time to time, certain topics, like ‘Biomedical Engineering’,
‘Growth and Regeneration’ and ‘Biology of Living World’ have been dropped from the book. Besides, the content of certain other

om
chapters have been modified to make them more AIPMT oriented.
Looking at the pattern of AIPMT, the authors have also added a new set of questions, ‘NCERT- BASED QUESTIONS’, after each and

.c
every chapter of the book. The students will find it very useful for the competitive exams.

ot
 Besides, the following are the major highlights of the book :

sp
(i) Around 5000 questions in the ‘Window to Competitive Exams’ covering exams like AIPMT, AIIMS, AFMC, BHU, AMU,

og
CPMT, JIPMER, Vellore, Wardha, DPMT, Kerala PMT, K-Cet etc.
(ii) More than 1000 questions are covered under NCERT-Based QUESTIoNS.

bl
(iii) The printing and other type of errors have been specially taken care of.

y.
(iv) Most of the topics not covered in AIPMT and other PMTS have been removed.
(v) The questions that have become out dated, i.e., before 1995, have been dropped.
e m
ad

Though attempt has been made to make the book error-free but shortcomings are inevitable. We shall be grateful to readers for
pointing out and suggesting ways for the improvement of the book
ac

As always, we are grateful to Dr. O.P. Agarwal and the entire team of ‘Disha Publication’, to whose behest these editions have
al

finally seen the light. The members of Disha team cooperated with boundless enthusiasm and limitless energy. It was a pleasing
ic

experience to work with them.

ed

We express our sincere appreciations to all students and faculty members for their help in the improvement of this book.
tm

Authors
ee
//n

CONSULT THE AUTHOR

s:

Dr. R.C. Narang M.Sc. (Gold medalist), Ph.D.

tp

M.M. (P.G.) College, Modinagar (UP)

ht

In case of any confusion regarding any question/ explanation given in the book you can contact the authors,
at narangrc@rediffmail.com or info@dishapublication.com or put your query at aipmtbiology.com
 )(v)i(

contents
AIPMT 2016 Solved Paper V1-1-7

1
(i)
Chapter
The Living World & Taxonomy
1-34

• Living and non livings • Basic characteristics of livings • Biological Organization • Important Achievements Made By Scientists Biologists
Upto 19th Century • Important Achievements Made By Scientists Biologists In 20th Century • Important Achievements Made By Scientists/Biologists
In 21st Century • Biological Study and its Important Branches • Scope of Biology • Myths, Disbeliefs or Misconceptions in Biology and their
Reality • Misuse of Biology • Types of Species • History of classification • Basic categories of hierarchy • Taxonomic Aids
)i

2 Biological Classification

om
Chapter 35-72

.c
• Monera (Kingdom of Prokaryotes) • Protista (Kingdom of Unicellular Eukaryotes) • Protozoa • Fungi (Kingdom of Multicellular

ot
Decomposers) • Plantae (Kingdom of Plants) • Animalia (Kingdom of Animals) • Viruses • Viroids • Lichens
sp

3
og

Plant Kingdom
bl
y.

Chapter 73-110
em

• Types of Classification • Classification of Plants • Algae • Bryophytes • Pteridophyta • Gymnosperms • Angiosperms (Flowering
Plants) • Viroids • Plant Life Cycle and Alternation of Generation
d
ca

4
la

Animal Kingdom (Part-I & II)

a
ic
ed

Chapter 111-166
tm

• Phylum Protozoa • Classification • Phylum Porifera • Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata) • Phylum Ctenophora • Phylum
Platyhelminthes • Phylum Aschelminthes • Phylum Annelida • Phylum Arthropoda • Phylum Mollusca • Phylum Echinodermata • Phylum
ee

Hemichordata • Phylum Chordata • Class Amphibia • Class Reptilia • Class Aves • Class Mammalia
//n

5
s:

Morphology of Flowering Plants

tp
ht

Chapter 167-218
• The Root • Shoot System • Leaf • The Inflorescence • The Flower • The Seed • Semitechnical Description of a Typical Flowering
Plants • Description of fabaceae, solanaceae and liliaceae families
(i)
(vi)

6
Chapter
Anatomy of Flowering Plants
219-258 )i(
•(i)The Tissue • Meristematic Tissue • Permanent Tissues • Complex Permanent Tissues • Special Tissues • The Tissue
System • Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants • Dicotyledonous Roots • Monocotyledonous Roots • Dicotyledonous
Stem • Monocotyledonous Stem • Dorsiventral (Dicotyledonous) Leaf • Isobilateral (Monocotyledonous ) Leaf • Secondary Growth

7
Chapter
Animal Tissues (Histology) &
Cockroach, Earthworm and Frog
259-332
)i
• I Epithelial Tissue • II Connective Tissue • III Nervous Tissue • Muscular Tissue • Organ Histology • Integument • Body
Structure • Digestive System • Excretory System • Blood Vascular System • Respiratory System • Nervous System • Endocrine
System • Sensory Organs • Reproductive System • Body and Coelom • Locomotion • Nutrition • Respiration • Excretory
System • Blood Vascular System (BVS) • Nervous System • Reproductive System • Endoskeleton

8
Chapter
Cell : The Unit of Life .c
om
333-380
ot
sp

• Cell Theory • An Overview of Cell • Prokaryotic Cells • Eukaryotic Cells

og

9 Biomolecules :
bl
y.

Enzymes, Minerals & Vitamins

m

Chapter 381-422
e
ad

• Carbohydrates • Lipids • Fatty Acids • Proteins • Amino Acids • Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA) • Enzymes • Minerals
• Vitamins
ac
al

10
ic

Cell Cycle and Cell Division

ed

Chapter
tm

423-448
ee

• Cell Cycle • Mitosis and its significance • Meiosis and its significance
//n
s:
tp
ht
 )(vii)
i(

11
Chapter
Transport in Plants
449-490
(i)
• Means of Transport • Plant Water Relation • Long Distance Transport of Water • Transpiration • Main Theories About the Mechanism of
closing and opening of stomata • Uptake & Transport of Mineral Nutrients • Transport in Phloem

12
Chapter
Mineral Nutrition
491-522 )i
• Methods to Study the Mineral Requirement of Plants • Essential Mineral Elements • Mechanism of Absorption of Elements • Translocation of
Solutes (Mineral Salts) • Soil as Reservoir of Essential Elements • Metabolism of Nitrogen • Types of Nutrition in Plants

13
Chapter
Photosynthesis
523-574
• Early Experiments / History of Photosynthesis • Site of Photosynthesis • Photosynthetic Pigments • Mechanism of
Photosynthesis • Photorespiration • Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

14
Chapter
Respiration in Plants
575-616
• Types of Respiration • Aerobic Respiration • The Respiratory Balance Sheet • Amphibolic Pathway • Respiratory Ratio or Respiratory
Quotient • Hexose Monophosphate Pathway (Hmp) • Anaerobic Respiration • Factors Affecting Rate of Respiration

15
Chapter
Plant Growth and Development
617-652
• Growth • Growth Rates • Differentiation, De-Differentiation and Re-Differentiation • Development • Plant Growth
Regulators • Photoperiodism • Vernalization • Seed Dormancy

16
Chapter
Digestion & Absorption
653-674
• Digestive System in Human • Absorption of Food
(i)
(viii)

17
Chapter
Breathing and Exchange of
Gases
675-696 )i(
(i)
• Respiratory System in Human • Air Volumes • Transportation of Gases • Important Terms and Disorders of Respiratory System

18
Chapter
Body Fluids and Circulation
697-720
• Human Heart • Blood Pressure • Pulse • Arteries, Veins and Capillaries • Arterial System in Human • Venous System in
)i
Human • Lymphatic System • Blood Clotting (Haemostasis)

19
Chapter
Excretory Products and their
Elimination
721-744
• Excretory Structures in Non-Chordates • Excretory Structures in Vertebrates • Excretory System in Human • Urine Formation • Accessory
Excretory Structures • Disorders of Excretory System

20
Chapter
Locomotion and Movement
745-774
• Structure of Bicep (Skeletal) Muscle • Muscle Contraction • Human Endoskeleton • Joints • Bones Disorders

21
Chapter
Neural Control & Coordination
(Part-I & II)
775-818
• Conduction of Nerve Impulse • Central Nervous System (Cns) • Human Brain • Peripheral Nervous System (Pns) • Reflex
Action • Autonomous Nervous System (Ans) • Human Eye • Human Ear • Tongue • Nose • Other Sensory Structures

22
Chapter
Chemical Coordination &
Integration
819-852
• Parahormones/ Local Hormones • Endocrine Glands • Hormonal Action
 AIPMT 2016 SOLVED PAPER
1. The coconut water from tender coconut represents 9. Spindle fibres attach on to
(1) endocarp (1) Telomere of the chromosome
(2) fleshy mesocarp (2) Kinetochore of the chromosome
(3) free nuclear proembryo (3) Centromere of the chromosome
(4) free nuclear endosperm
(4) Kinetosome of the chromosome
2. Which of the following statements is wrong for viroids?
10. Which of the following pairs of hormones are not
(1) They lack a protein coat
(2) They are smaller than viruses antagonistic (having opposite effects) to each other?
(3) They cause infections (1) Parathormone – Calcitonin
(4) Their RNA is of high molecular weight (2) Insulin – Glucagon
3. Which of the following features is not present in the Phylum (3) Aldosterone – Atrial Natriuretic Factor
- Arthropoda ? (4) Relaxin – Inhibin
(1) Chitinous exoskeleton 11. Microtubules are the constituents of
(2) Metameric segmentation (1) Cilia, Flagella and Peroxisomes
(3) Parapodia
(2) Spindle fibres, Centrioles and Cilia
(4) Jointed appendages
(3) Centrioles, Spindle fibres and Chromatin
4. Emerson’s enhancement effect and Red drop have been
instrumental in the discovery of (4) Centrosome, Nucleosome and Centrioles
(1) photophosphorylation and non-cyclic electron 12. The Avena curvature is used for bioassay of :
transport (1) ABA (2) GA3
(2) two photosystems operating simultaneously (3) IAA (4) Ethylene
(3) photophosphorylation and cyclic electron transport 13. The standard petal of a papilionaceous corolla is also called
(4) oxidative phosphorylation (1) Carina (2) Pappus
5. In which of the following, all three are macronutrients? (3) Vexillum (4) Corona
(1) Boron, zinc, manganese
14. Tricarpellary syncarpous gynoecium is found in flowers of
(2) Iron, copper, molybdenum
(1) Liliaceae (2) Solanaceae
(3) Molybdenum, magnesium, manganese
(4) Nitrogen, nickel, phosphorus (3) Fabaceae (4) Poaceae
6. Mitochondria and chloroplast are 15. One of the major components of cell wall of most fungi is
(a) semi-autonomous organelles (1) Chitin (2) Peptidoglycan
(b) formed by division of pre-existing organelles and they (3) Cellulose (4) Hemicellulose
contain DNA but lack protein synthesizing machinery 16. In meiosis crossing over is initiated at
Which one of the following options is correct ? (1) Pachytene (2) Leptotene
(1) Both (a) and (b) are correct (3) Zygotene (4) Diplotene
(2) (b) is true but (a) is false
17. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of cropland
(3) (a) is true but (b) is false
ecosystem ?
(4) Both (a) and (b) are false
7. In a chloroplast the highest number of protons are found (1) Absence of soil organisms
in (2) Least genetic diversity
(1) stroma (3) Absence of weeds
(2) lumen of thylakoids (4) Ecological succession
(3) inter membrane space 18. Changes in GnRH pulse frequency in females is controlled
(4) antennae complex by circulating levels of
8. Photosensitive compound in human eye is made up of (1) estrogen and progesterone
(1) Guanosine and Retinol
(2) estrogen and inhibin
(2) Opsin and Retinal
(3) progesterone only
(3) Opsin and Retinol
(4) progesterone and inhibin
(4) Transducin and Retinene
V1-2 BIOLOGY

19. Which of the following features is not present in Periplaneta 29. Which of the following characteristic features always holds
americana ? true for the corresponding group of animals?
(1) Schizocoelom as body cavity
(1) Cartilaginous endoskeleton Chondrichthyes
(2) Indeterminate and radial cleavage during embryonic
(2) Viviparous Mammalia
development
(3) Exoskeleton composed of N-acetylglucosamine (3) Possess a mouth with Chordata
(4) Metamerically segmented body an upper and a lower jaw
20. Which one of the following statements is wrong ? (4) 3 - chambered heart Reptilia
(1) Cyanobacteria are also called blue-green algae with one incompletely
(2) Golden algae are also called desmids divided ventricle
(3) Eubacteria are also called false bacteria 30. The amino acid Tryptophan is the precursor for the synthesis
(4) Phycomycetes are also called algal fungi
of
21. Proximal end of the filament of stamen is attached to the
(1) Melatonin and Serotonin
(1) Anther (2) Connective
(2) Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine
(3) Placenta (4) Thalamus or petal
(3) Estrogen and Progesterone
22. Which one of the following cell organelles is enclosed by a
single membrane ? (4) Cortisol and Cortisone
(1) Mitochondria (2) Chloroplasts 31. Reduction in pH of blood will
(3) Lysosomes (4) Nuclei (1) reduce the rate of heart beat.
23. Lack of relaxation between successive stimuli in sustained (2) reduce the blood supply to the brain.
muscle contraction is known as (3) decrease the affinity of hemoglobin with oxygen.
(1) Spasm (2) Fatigue (4) release bicarbonate ions by the liver.
(3) Tetanus (4) Tonus 32. Which one of the following statements is wrong ?
24. Which of the following is not a stem modification? (1) Sucrose is a disaccharide.
(1) Pitcher of Nepenthes (2) Cellulose is a polysaccharide.
(2) Thorns of citrus (3) Uracil is a pyrimidine.
(3) Tendrils of cucumber (4) Glycine is a sulphur containing amino acid.
(4) Flattened structures of Opuntia 33. In bryophytes and pteridophytes, transport of male gametes
25. Water soluble pigments found in plant cell vacuoles are requires
(1) Xanthophylls (2) Chlorophylls
(1) Wind (2) Insects
(3) Carotenoids (4) Anthocyanins
(3) Birds (4) Water
26. Select the correct statement :-
34. Which one of the following statements is not true?
(1) Gymnosp erms are b oth homosp orous and
(1) Tapetum helps in the dehiscence of anther
heterosporous
(2) Salvinia, Ginkgo and Pinus all are gymnosperms (2) Exine of pollen grains is made up of sporopollenin
(3) Sequoia is one of the tallest trees (3) Pollen grains of many species cause severe allergies
(4) The leaves of gymnosperms are not well adapted to (4) Stored pollen in liquid nitrogen can be used in the
extremes of climate crop breeding programmes
27. Which type of tissue correctly matches with its location ? 35. Which one of the following characteristics is not shared by
Tissue Location birds and mammals ?
(1) Smooth muscle Wall of intestine (1) Ossified endoskeleton
(2) Areolar tissue Tendons (2) Breathing using lungs
(3) Transitional epithelium Tip nose (3) Viviparity
(4) Cuboidal epithelium Lining of stomach (4) Warm blooded nature
28. A plant in your garden avoids photorespiratory losses, 36. Nomenclature is governed by certain universal rules. Which
has improved water use efficiency shows high rates of one of the following is contrary to the rules of nomenclature?
photosynthesis at high temperatures and has improved (1) Biological names can be written in any language
efficiency of nitrogen utilisation. In which of the following
(2) The first word in a biological name represents the
physiological groups would you assign this plant ?
genus name, and the second is a specific epithet
(1) C3 (2) C4
(3) The names are written in Latin and are italicised
(3) CAM (4) Nitrogen fixer
(4) When written by hand, the names are to be underlined
AIPMT 2016 SOLVED PAPER V1-3

37. Blood pressure in the pulmonary artery is 44. Which of the following statements is not correct ?
(1) same as that in the aorta. (1) Pollen grains of many species can germinate on the
(2) more than that in the carotid. stigma of a flower, but only one pollen tube of the
(3) more than that in the pulmonary vein. same species grows into the style.
(4) less than that in the venae cavae. (2) Insects that consume pollen or nectar without bringing
38. Cotyledon of maize grain is called about pollination are called pollen/nectar robbers.
(1) plumule (2) coleorhiza (3) Pollen germination and pollen tube growth
(3) coleoptile (4) scutellum are regulated by chemical components of pollen
39. In the stomach, gastric acid is secreted by the interacting with those of the pistil.
(1) gastrin secreting cells (4) Some reptiles have also been reported as pollinators
(2) parietal cells in some plant species.
(3) peptic cells 45. Specialised epidermal cells surrounding the guard cells are
(4) acidic cells called
40. Chrysophytes, Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates and Slime (1) Complementary cells
moulds are included in the kingdom (2) Subsidiary cells
(1) Monera (2) Protista (3) Bulliform cells
(3) Fungi (4) Animalia (4) Lenticels
41. Water vapour comes out from the plant leaf through the 46. Which of the following guards the opening of
stomatal opening. Through the same stomatal opening hepatopancreatic duct into the duodenum ?
carbon dioxide diffuses into the plant during photosynthesis. (1) Semilunar valve (2) Ileocaecal valve
Reason out the above statements using one of following (3) Pyloric sphincter (4) Sphincter of Oddi
options 47. Stems modified into flat green organs performing the
(1) Both processes cannot happen simultaneously. functions of leaves are known as
(2) Both processes can happen together because the (1) Cladodes (2) Phyllodes
diffusion coefficient of water and CO2 is different. (3) Phylloclades (4) Scales
(3) The above processes happen only during night time. 48. A cell at telophase stage is observed by a student in a plant
(4) One process occurs during day time, and the other at brought from the field. He tells his teacher that this cell is
night. not like other cells at telophase stage. There is no formation
42. In mammals, which blood vessel would normally carry of cell plate and thus the cell is containing more number
largest amount of urea ? of chromosomes as compared to other dividing cells. This
(1) Renal Vein (2) Dorsal Aorta would result in
(3) Hepatic Vein (4) Hepatic Portal Vein (1) Aneuploidy (2) Polyploidy
43. Which of the following is not a characteristic feature during (3) Somaclonal variation (4) Polyteny
mitosis in somatic cells ? 49. A typical fat molecule is made up of
(1) Spindle fibres (1) three glycerol molecules and one fatty acid molecule
(2) Disappearance of nucleolus (2) one glycerol and three fatty acid molecules
(3) Chromosome movement (3) one glycerol and one fatty acid molecule
(4) Synapsis (4) three glycerol and three fatty acid molecules
V1-4 BIOLOGY
HINTS & SOLUTIONS
1. (4) Coconut water is the clear liquid inside young
green coconuts (fruits of the coconut palm). In
early development, it serves as a suspension for the
endosperm of the coconut during the nuclear phase
of development. As growth continues, the endosperm
matures into its cellular phase and deposits into the
rind of the coconut meat.
2. (4) Viroids, the smallest known pathogens, are naked,
circular, single-stranded RNA molecules that do not
encode protein yet replicate autonomously when
introduced into host plants. Viroids only infect plants;
some cause economically important diseases of crop
plants, while others appear to be benign.
3. (3) All arthropods possess a stiff exoskeleton (external
skeleton) composed primarily of chitin. Arthropod
bodies are divided into segments. Parapodia are paired,
lateral appendages extending from the body segments.
Arthropod appendages may be either biramous
(branched) or uniramous (unbranched). They do not
possess jointed appendages.
4. (2) Wavelengths beyond 700nm are apparently of
insufficient energy to drive any part of photosynthesis.
So a huge drop in efficiency has been noticed at 700nm.
This phenomenon is called as "Red drop effect". In
other words there is a sharp decrease in quantum yield
at wavelengths greater than 680nm. The number of
oxygen molecules released per light quanta absorbed
is called as quantum yield of photosynthesis. This effect
was first of all noticed by Robert Emerson. Later on
Emerson and his group observed that if chlorella plants
are given the inefficient far red light and red light of
shorter wavelengths in alternate fashion, the quantum
yields were greater than could be expected from adding
the rates found when either color was provided alone.
This synergistic effect or enhancement is known as
EEE or "Emerson Enhancement Effect". This was the
first good evidence that there are two photo systems;
one absorbs far red light and other red light and both
of them must operate to drive photosynthesis most
effectively.
5. (Bonus) Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,
sulfur and magnesium are the macronutrients. In
the above given options no three element denotes
macronutrients.
6. (3) Mitochondria & chloroplast are semi-autonomous cell
organelle which are formed by division of pre-existing
organelle & contain DNA but they also contain protein
synthesizing machinery, thus (a) is true & (b) is false.
7. (2) Proton concentration is higher in the lumen of
thylakoid due to photolysis of water, H+ pumping and
NADP reductase activity in stroma. During the light-
dependent reaction, protons are pumped across the
thylakoid membrane into the lumen making it acidic
down to pH 4.
8. (2) Retinal is also known as retinaldehyde. It was originally
called retinene, and renamed afterwards it was
discovered to be vitamin A aldehyde. Retinal is one of
the many forms of vitamin A (the number of which
varies from species to species). Retinal is a polyene
chromophore, bound to proteins called opsins, and is
the chemical basis of animal vision.
9. (2) Attachment of microtubules to chromosomes is
mediated by kinetochores, which actively monitor
spindle formation and prevent premature anaphase
onset during mitosis.
10. (4) Calcitonin exerts its effects by interacting with target
cells, primarily in bone and kidney. The actions
of PTH and calcitonin are antagonistic on bone
resorption but synergistic on decreasing the renal
tubular reabsorption of phosphorus. Insulin and
glucagon work synergistically to keep blood glucose
concentrations normal. An elevated blood glucose
concentration results in the secretion of insulin and
glucose is transported into body cells. Aldosterone
secretion may be inhibited by potassium depletion,
inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, dopamine
and atrial natriuretic factor. The latter appears to be
an important physiological regulator of aldosterone
secretion. ANF inhibits basal, ACTH, Angiotensin
II and potassium-stimulated aldosterone production
in vitro by a direct action on the adrenal gland.
Inhibin is a hormone secreted by granulosa cells of
the ovary which inhibit the secretion of FSH (Follicle
Stimulating Hormone) whereas relaxin produced by
ovary and placenta at the time of childbirth to softens
the ligament in the pelvis and widens the cervix.
AIPMT 2016 SOLVED PAPER
11. (2) Microtubules are long, hollow cylinders made
up of polymerised  - and  -tubulin dimers.
Microtubules are part of a structural network (the
cytoskeleton) within the cell's cytoplasm. Roles of the
microtubule cytoskeleton include mechanical support,
organization of the cytoplasm, transport, motility
and chromosome segregation so they are present in
cilia and flagella for cellular movement, centrioles
for chromosomal movement and spindle fibres for
structural organization as well as chromosomal
movement during nuclear division.
12. (3) Auxin has been clearly demonstrated in the leaf sheath
or coleoptile of oat plant (Avena sativa). This plant
coleoptile has been used for the test of hormone Auxin
(IAA) participating in the growth of the plant.
13. (3) Papilionaceous flowers are flowers with the
characteristic irregular and butterfly-like corolla. A
single, large upper petal is known as the banner or
vexillum and the name has been derived from an
ancient military standard.
14. (1) The Liliaceae are a huge variety, comprising about
280 genera and 4000 species of perennial herbs
mostly. It includes starchy rhizomes, corms or bulbs,
characterized by alternate leaves which are whorled.
The flowers are often showy, mostly bisexual and
actinomorphic. Also, they exhibit tricarpellary
syncarpous gynoecium. Example of such a class is the
Erythronium montanum, the alpine fawn lily.
15. (1) A cell wall is a rigid structural layer, which provides
protection and structural support to the cells. The
composition of cell walls varies from species to genera.
In the case of fungi, the cell wall is composed of strong
covalent linkages of chitin, glucans and glycoproteins.
Alternatively, in case of land plants, the cell wall is
composed of cellulose and hemicellulose and Archean
cell walls have peptidoglycans.
16. (1) Meiosis is a process (discovered by German biologist,
Oscar Hertwig) where a single cell divides twice to
produce four cells containing half the original amount
of genetic information. These cells are our sex cells -
sperm in males, eggs in females. Crossing over is the
process by which two chromosomes, exchange some
distal part of their DNA. This process occurs in the
Pachytene stage of Prophase I of meiosis.
17. (2) Cropland ecosystem is largest anthropogenic ecosystem
characterized by less diversity and high productivity.
V1-5
18. (1) At the pituitary, GnRH stimulates the synthesis and
secretion of the gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). These
processes are controlled by the size and frequency of
GnRH pulses, as well as by feedback from progesterone
and estrogens. Low-frequency GnRH pulses are
required for FSH release, whereas high-frequency
GnRH pulses stimulate LH pulses in a one to one
manner.
19. (2) Periplanata americana shows spiral and determinate
types of cleavage during embryonic development
which is a feature of Protostomes.
20. (3) Eubacteria are the True bacteria.
21. (4) The proximal end is attached to the thalamus whereas
the distal end bears anther.
22. (3) Double Membrane bound Organelles: Mitochondria,
Chloroplasts, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Body,
and Nucleus. Single Membrane bound Organelles:
Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, and Vacuoles. Organelles
lacking any membrane: Ribosomes, Centrioles,
Nucleolus.
23. (3) Sustained contraction with no relaxation phase is called
muscle tetanus.
24. (1) Pitcher of Nepenthes or pitcher plant is modification
of leaf whereas thorns in citrus tendrils of cucumber
and flattened structure of Opuntia are all stem
modification.
25. (4) Many leaves produce water-soluble vacuolar pigments,
which are stored within cell vacuoles (microscopic
water sacs within each cell). Two major classes of leaf
vacuolar pigments are anthocyanins and betalains.
26. (3) Sequoia semepervirans is one of tallest trees.
27. (1) Wall of intestine is made of smooth muscle. Tendons
consist of dense regular connective tissue fascicles
encased in dense irregular connective tissue sheaths.
Tip of nose consists of squamous epithelium. Lining
of epithelium is made of columnar epithelium.
28. (2) C4 plants are adapted to hot and dry climate and lack
photorespiration due to Kranz anatomy and have
Greater productivity of biomass.
29. (1) C hondr icht hyes a lways have car t i lag inous
endoskeleton. Most mammals are viviparous, giving
birth to live young. However, the five species of
monotreme, the platypuses and the echidnas, lay eggs.
Chordates have jawless animals (Agnatha) as well.
Most reptiles have 3 chambered heart. Crocodilians
have 4 chambered hearts. Turtles have 3 chambered
heart but with an incomplete wall in the single
ventricle, so their hearts are functionally 4 chambered.
V1-6 BIOLOGY

30. (1) Tryptophan is a precursor to neuro-transmitters
serotonin and melatonin. Thyroxine
(3,5,3',5'-tetraiodothyronine) is produced by follicular
cells of the thyroid gland. It is produced as the
precursor thyroglobulin. Estrogen is biosynthesized
from progesterone (arrived at in two steps from
cholesterol, via intermediate pregnenolone). Cortisone
is one of several end-products of a process called
steroidogenesis. Cortisol is produced in the adrenal
cortex of kidney.
31. (3) Reduction of pH of blood will decrease the affinity
of hemoglobin with oxygen which in turn causes
Acidosis.
32. (4) Glycine (abbreviated as Gly or G) is the smallest of the 20
39. (2) The main constituent of gastric acid is hydrochloric
acid which is produced by parietal cells (also called
oxyntic cells) in the gastric glands in the stomach.
40. (2) All unicellular eukaryotic organism like diatoms,
desmids (chrysophytes), euglenoids, dinoflagellates
and slime mould are included in Protista.
41. (2) In actively growing plants, water is continuously
evaporating from the surface of leaf cells through
stomatal opening exposed to air. This is called
transpiration. Through the same stomatal opening
carbon dioxide diffuses into the plant during
photosynthesis. Simultaneously as both are the process
of simple diffusion occurs in order of diffusion pressure
gradient or diffusion coefficient.

om
amino acids commonly found in proteins, and indeed
42. (3) Hepatic Vein, because the liver produces urea and
is the smallest possible (having a hydrogen substituent

.c
other waste materials and then it pours it all in the
as its side-chain). The formula is NH2CH2COOH. Its
right ventricle of the heart for oxygenation. The heart

ot
codons are GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG of the genetic
distributes the blood to various parts of the body from

sp
code.
here. So the impure blood brought by the Hepatic
33. (4) Bryophytes have neither pollen nor flowers and rely
on water to carry the male gametes (the sperm) to the
og Vein and other blood vessels get distributed through
the aorta. This will automatically imply that the Renal
bl
female gametes (the eggs). The antherozoids (male
Artery will contain lesser impure blood than the
y.

gametes of pteridophytes) are armed with hair-like or

Hepatic Vein.
em

whip-like cilia or flagellae and are able to swim through

water; they do not travel great distances and are only 43. (4) Synapsis is the pairing of two homologous chromosomes
that occurs during meiosis. It allows matching-up of
ad

released when free water is available.

34. (1) Tapetum is important for the nutrition and development homologous pairs prior to their segregation, and
ac

of pollen grains, as well as a source of precursors for possible chromosomal crossover between them.
Synapsis takes place during prophase I, Zygotene of
al

the pollen coat.

meiosis.
ic

35. (3) Giving birth to living young that develop within the
44. (1) Pollen grains of different species are incompatible, so
ed

mother's body rather than hatching from eggs. All

mammals except the monotremes are viviparous. they fail to germinate. If the pollen-stigma interaction
tm

36. (1) Binomial nomenclature (also called binominal is compatible, the pollen grain hydrates and germinates
shortly following landing on the stigma.
ee

nomenclature or binary nomenclature) is a formal

system of naming species of living things by giving 45. (2) Specialized epidermal cells surrounding the guard cells
//n

each a name composed of two parts, both of which use are known as Subsidiary or accessory cell.
Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based
s:

46. (4) The sphincter of Oddi (or hepatopancreatic sphincter)

on words from other languages.
tp

is a muscular valve that controls the flow of digestive

37. (3) Arteries have higher blood pressure than vein because juices (bile and pancreatic juice) through the ampulla
ht

blood is forced inside them from heart and also their
lumen is narrow.
38. (4) The cotyledons are known as seed leaves, they are
attached to the embryonic axis. Dicotyledons typically
have two cotyledons and monocotyledons have only
one cotyledon. The single shield-shaped cotyledon in
grains known as scutellum.
of Vater into the second part of the duodenum.
47. (3) Phylloclade to refer a portion of a flattened leaf-like
stem or branch with multiple nodes and internodes,
and cladode for a single internode of a phylloclade. In
some plants, the petioles are flattened and widened, to
become phyllodes or phyllodia.
AIPMT 2016 SOLVED PAPER V1-7

48. (2) This phenomenon is known as Polyploidy, wherein 49. (2) Fat molecules are made of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and
the cells contain more than two paired (homologous) oxygen. The hydrogen and oxygen atoms binds to the
sets of chromosomes. Polyploidy is often seen in the carbon, as pictorially depicted. A typical fat molecule
case of plants. The major cause of polyploidy is the has one glycerol and three fatty acid molecules.
non - disjunction of sister chromatids during meiotic
recombination. This condition is actually useful in
development of new crop varieties.


 Chapter 1
The Living World & Taxonomy
Part-I : The Living World At a Glance
 Living and non livings
While going through the chapter pay special attention to the following-  Basic characteristics of livings
Terms and definitions –  Achievements made by

om
1. Bioterrorism 2. Amniocentesis scientists /biologists upto
19th century
3. Pasteurization 4. Genome

.c
5. Palaeontology 6. Serendipity  Important achievements made
by scientists /biologists in

ot
Theories – 20th century
1. Theory of Pangenesis 2. Theory of Germ plasm

sp
 Important achievements made
3. Cell theory 4. Germ theory of diseases by scientists /biologists in
og
5. Theory of natural selection 21st century

Differences –  Biological study and its

bl

important branches
1. Livings and Non-livings 2. Apiculture and sericulture
y.

3. Biomedical engineering & genetic engineering 4. Anabolism and Catabolism  Scope of Biology
 Myths, disbeliefs or
em

5. Bioinformatics and computer simulation 6. Ectotherms and Endo

misconceptions in biology and
7. Homeostasis and Haemostasis therms their reality
Books –
ad

 Misuse of Biology
1. Philosophie Zoologique 2. Micrographia  Careers in Biology
ac

3. Systema Naturae 4. Origin of Species  Types of species

Biologists –  Important terms
al

1. Alexander Flemming 2. Watson and Crick  History of classi�ication

ic

3. N E Borlaug 4. William Harvey  Basic categories of hierarchy

ed

5. Ian Wilmut 6. H G Khorana  Concept of species

7. Carolus Linnaeus 8. Stanley Cohen  Types of classi�ication
tm

 Codes of nomenclature

There is no clear cut distinction between living and non-living things. The organisms  Taxonomic aids
ee

like viruses are non-living by themselves but become active and multiply when they are inside
//n

the living cells. They are neither plants nor animals but have hereditary material of their own.
The prions do not even have the hereditary material and propagate diseases like Kuru and
s:

Madcow.
tp

The living organisms occur almost in every habitat on earth. We can find them from cold
ht

mountains to hot springs. A wide range of the living organisms can be found in fresh or marine
water bodies and forests. The living froms as compared to non-livings have some fundamental
characteristics. They are defined as ‘the self-replicating, self evolving with self-regulating
interactive systems capable of responding to external stimuli’. All living organisms- the past,
the present and the future, are linked to one another by sharing the common genetic material.
2 BIOLOGY

Following are the important distinctive characteristics exhibited by living forms.

1. Growth :
The increase in mass and increase in the number of individuals are twin characteristics of
growth. The multi-cellular organisms grow by cell division. The animals grow up to a certain
age, whereas the plants grow throughout their life. The cell devision also occurs to replace lost
cells. The unicellular organisms also grow by cell division but there it is a type of reproduction.
In multicellular organisms, whether animals or plants, the growth and reproduction are mutually
exclusive events. Though the non-livings, like mountains, sand mounds and snow also grow, if
we consider the increase in body mass as criterion, but this growth is by accumulation of material
on the surface, and not from inside as we see in animals. So, growth alone cannot be considered
as a defining property of living organisms until and unless it is well specified.

2. Reproduction :
The living organisms reproduce asexually as well as sexually to multiply their number. Fungi
reproduce asexually by spore formation. The lower organisms, like Hydra and Yeast, reproduce
by budding. In Planaria (flat worm), there is fragmentation and regeneration of lost parts. In
unicellular forms, as described above, the reproduction is synonymous with growth. Moreover,
there are living organisms who do not reproduce, e.g., mule, worker honey bee or infertile
human. Thus, the reproduction, like growth, can also not be taken as defining characteristic of
the living forms. On the other hand, this is however true, that non-living objects are not capable
of reproducing or replicating themselves.

(a) (b)
Fig. 1.1 (a) Budding in Hydra; (b) Fragmentation in Planaria

3. Metabolism :
All living organisms are constantly making or breaking biomolecules. Such conversions
are due to chemical reactions, and sum total of all such chemical reactions, occurring in the
body is called metabolism. The metabolic reactions can be anabolic (constructive) or catabolic
(destructive).
In Catabolism the energy is released by the break down of complex material into simpler
ones. In cellular respiration, the breaking down of glucose into carbon-di-oxide and water to
release energy, is an example of catabolism.
In Anabolism the complex material is synthesized from simpler ones. The photosynthesis,
in which glucose/starch is synthesized from carbon-di-oxide and water, is an example of
anabolism.
Each metabolic pathway in the cell is tightly regulated by enzymes (both activators and
inhibitors)
The non-living objects do not exbibit metabolism. The isolated metabolic reactions in vitro
do not make the things living.
THE LIVING WORLD & TAXONOMY 3

4. Consciousness :
All the living organisms can sense their surroundings and respond to these environmental
stimuli. The stimuli can be physical, chemical or biological. From lower to higher organisms
there are various types of sensory structures. The photoperiod affects the seasonal breeders,
both plants and animals. All organisms are conscious or aware of their surroundings. Human is
the only organism who is aware of himself also, and thus has ‘self-consciousness’ Such self-
consciousness is lacking in patients who are lying in ‘coma’ and are brain-dead.

5. Cellular organization :
All organisms, from prokaryotes to the most complex eukaryotes have cellular organization.
The cell may be simple or highly specialized for the required function. Such cellular organization
is not exhibited by non-living objects. Hence, the cellular organization of the body is the defining
feature of all living forrms.
There is great diversity (biodiversity) in the number and types / variety of organisms present
on earth.

6. Homeostasis :
Connecting Concepts
It is the maintenance of constancy in the internal conditions (steady state), different from  Homeostasis is different from
the environment. Haemostasis. In Haemostasis
the blood flow stops either due to
All organisms maintain within narrow limits the levels of salts, glucose, carbon-di-oxide, clotting, or by constriction of blood
oxygen, calcium etc. in the intercellular matrix. vessels, or by other means.
Homeostasis is the fundamental property of living beings.
Most of the lower vertebrates (fishes, amphibians and reptiles) lose most of their heat
energy to their environment. These vertebrates are called Ectotherms. These animals depend
on the their environment for temperature regulation. At low temperature in the surrounding,
their body temperature is also dropped and they become cold. Such animals are, therefore, also
called as Cold-blooded animals or Poikilotherms.
The higher vertebrates, i.e. birds and mammals, have developed special devices to retard
the heat loss to the environment. Their body temperature remains nearly constant and generally
higher than the surroundings. Such animals are called Warm- blooded animals or Homeotherms.
Since these animals retain thermal energy in the body, they are also known as Endotherms.
In mammals when the surrounding temperature is low the peripheral blood vessels constrict Connecting Concepts
to prevent heat loss, and the blood is diverted to the deeper parts of the body. When the ambient  Few fishes, e.g. Tuna fish and Sword
fish, have insulating devices to prevent
(surrounding) temperature is higher, the superficial blood vessels dilate and a part of heat is lost heat loss. They retain heat energy in
by radiation. the body. Such fishes, unlike others,
are endotherms.
We have sensory receptors (modified dendrites of neurons) which perceive coldness
(Krause end bulbs) and hotness (End bulbs of Ruffini). The information from such receptors
reach hypothalamus, the thermoregulatory centre of the brain. The body temperature can be
decreased by vasodilatation of superficial blood vessels, and by sweating. The body temperature
can be increased by vasoconstriction of superficial blood vessels and by Shivering (Contraction of
skeletal muscles). Since the change in body temperature is in reverse direction or to the negative
side of the ambient temperature; such a control system is called Negative Feed Back Loop.

7. Adaptations :
Adaptations are the results of natural selection and make the organisms better suited to
their environment. The adaptations may be structural, physiological or behavioural.
4 BIOLOGY

Check Point • Birds use wings for flight – Volant adaptations.

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable
words:
(a) ................ is known as the Darwin of
20th century.
(b) In unicellular organisms the
................ is synonymous with
growth.
(c) The sum of all chemical reactions
occurring in our body is called
................ .
(d) ................ is the only organism that
is aware of one self.
(e) The number of species that are
known and described ranges
between ................ .
(f) ................ occurs in both living and
non-livings, but in living it is from
inside.
(g) The poikilotherms are also known
as ................ animals.
disappear when the stimulus is removed.
(h) Tuna fish, though cold blooded, is
................ .
(i) A group of interbreeding individuals
is called ................ .
(j) ................ is known as the father of
zoology.
absence of stimuli.
• Spiders design web for trapping the flying insects, i.e. their prey.
• Night blooming flowers are white and emit scent for attracting pollinating insects.
• Some desert plants are leafless and are adapted for conservation of moisture (
water).
• Humming birds have extremely narrow and long beak and while hovering, suck the
nectar of such flowers which do not have landing platforms.
• Certain species of orchids resemble in shape, colour and odour of females of certain
bees and flies. Such male bees or flies mistakenly attempt to copulate with orchids,
and in the attempt transfer the pollen grains from one flower to the other.
Adaptation can be short-term and long-term type.
I. Short Term Adaptations - These adaptations persist for shorter duration and completely
• Darkening of skin when exposed to sun
• Rosy cheeks in hilly people
• Turning of shoot towards light
• Low metabolic rate in animals during hibernation
• Dormancy in seeds
• Geotropism in plants
II. Long Term Adaptations - Such adaptations are permanent and persist even in the
• Development of beaks, claws and feathers in birds
• Development of heel in human
• Use of tail as fifth limb in Kangaroo
• Opposable thumb in human
• Scent in night blooming flowers
• Necessity of mammalian blood protein for egg laying in Anopheles mosquitoes.

DEATH
Organisms reproduce to compensate death or loss of life. When the organisms die, the micro
organism decompose the body. The elements which constitute the body are freed and are
returned to the ecosystem. Such cycling of elements between living and non-living maintains
the balance in nature.
Following are the advantages of death:
1. It avoids over crowding and maintains homeostasis.
2. It returns minerals to the soil and maintains balance.
3. The cellular death is essential for making the skin germ-proof.
4. The cellular death is also essential for the metamorphosis in tadpole.

Stages of Deaths

1. Clinical death – It is the stoppage of heart beat and breathing process.

2. Biological death – It is the death of cells and tissues.
The removal of organs, if needed for transplantation, is done after clinical death but before
biological death.
THE LIVING WORLD & TAXONOMY 5

BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
The biological organization starts with submicroscopic molecular level and ends up in
ecosystem and the biosphere.
Atom is the lowest unit at molecular level whereas the cell is the lowest unit at organism
level. The organization levels, below and above individual level, can be given as :
Organism Biosphere
(Lithosphere+Hydrosphere+Atmosphere)
Visible level
Organs
Biome

Ecosystem
Tissues (Interaction between living and non- livings)
Microscopic level
Cells Community
(Populations of different species)

Molecules Species
Sub-microscopic level (A group of interbreeding individuals)

Atoms
Organism
II. Levels of Organization above individual

IMPORTANT ACHIEVEMENTS MADE BY SCIENTISTS

BIOLOGISTS UPTO 19TH CENTURY
Aristotle (384BC- 322BC) - A Greek philosopher and a student of Plato
 He classified organisms on the basis of complexity in structure and function into a hierarchy,
Scala natura, the ladder of life
 He wrote Historia Animalium and De Generatione Animalium
 He is known as the father of Biology/ Zoology/ Embryology
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) – A Belgian scientist.
 He is known as the ‘Father of Anatomy’.
 He wrote De Humani Corporis Fabrica (the structure of human body)
William Harvey (1578 -1657) – A British Scientist.
 He discovered blood-circulation. His monograph was named ‘Anatomical Exercise on the
motion of the heart and blood’. He is known as the ‘Father of blood circulation’.
 He also studied reproduction and development in chick.
Robert Hooke (1635 – 1703 ) – A British Scientist.
 He first coined the term cellulae (cell) in 1665 by observing slice of cork under self made
simple microscope.
 His book is named ‘Micrographia’
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632-1723 ) – A Dutch cloth merchant .- turned into a scientist.
 He invented a simple microscope and studied living cells.
 He drew the diagram of bacteria and studied Euglena, sperms, blood corpuscles and
compound eyes of insects.
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) - A Swedish Naturalist .
 He published ‘Species Plantarum’ (6000 species of plants) and Systema Naturae( 4000
species of animals ) .in 1758
 He also reported Binomial nomenclature, in Philosophia Botanica in 1751, for naming
plants and animals.
6 BIOLOGY

Georges Leopold Cuvier (1769-1832) - A French Palaeontologist .

 He rejected traditional Scala Naturae of Aristotle.
 He studied fossils and laid the foundation of Palaeontology. He is known to be the ‘Father
of Modern Palaeontology’.
 He also studied comparative anatomy.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 -1829) - A French Naturalist .
 He was the first to discard the idea of fixity of species.
 He is known to be the ‘Father of evolutionary theories’. He wrote Philosophie Zoologique
in 1809.
 He introduced the term ‘Biology’ (with Treviranus)
Robert Brown (1773-1858) -
 He discovered ‘Brownian movement’ in cytoplasm (1828).
 He also discovered ‘Nucleus’ in the cell.
Matthias Schleiden (1804-1881) - A German Botanist
 He Proposed cell theory in 1838 on the basis of his study on plant tissues.
Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) - A German Zoologist .
 He strengthened cell theory in 1839 by his study on animal tissues.
O. Hertwig (1875) -
 He studied fusion of nuclei during fertilization.
 He also proposed ‘protoplasmic theory’ to elaborate schultze’s hypothesis that ‘protoplasm
is the physical basis of life’.
 He also coined the term ‘cytology’.
Charles Robert Darwin (1809 - 1882 ) - A British Naturalist .
 His book ‘The origin of species by means of natural selection’ was published in 1859.
 He is called ‘Newton of Biology’.
 He proposed the ‘Theory of Pangenesis’ to explain inheritance in the book ‘On the variation
of animals and plants under domestication (1868)’
Rudolf C. Virchow (1858) -
 He proposed ‘Omnis cellula e cellulae’, i.e., New cells arise from pre-existing cells.
 He also suggested that disease is the pathological condition of cells.
Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895 ) - A French Scientist.
 He proved that fermentation is caused by living organisms (Yeast and Bacteria).
 He established ‘Germ theory of diseases’.
 He discovered vaccine against Anthrax (caused by Bacillus anthracis in cattle ).
 He discarded ‘Spontaneous theory’ of origin of life.
 He also proposed Pasteurization for sterilization ( killing of germs )
Ernst Haeckel -
 He introduced 2-kingdoms, ‘Monera’ & ‘Protista’.
 He also coined and fully defined the term ‘Ecology’.
Gregor Johann Mendel (1822 - 1884 ) - An Austrian Monk
 He discovered principles of inheritance after his work on Pisum sativum, and published
them in 1866.
 Mendel is known to be the ‘Father of genetics’.
August Weismann (1834 - 1914 ) - A German Biologist
 He rejected Lamarck’s concept of ‘Inheritance of acquired characters’ and Darwin’s theory
of Pangenesis, with the discovery of ‘Theory of Germ plasm’ in 1892.
THE LIVING WORLD & TAXONOMY 7

IMPORTANT ACHIEVEMENTS MADE BY SCIENTISTS

BIOLOGISTS IN 20TH CENTURY
Hugo de Vries (1900)- A Dutch Geneticist
 He rediscovered Mendel’s laws with Tschermak (Austrian) and Correns (German)
geneticists.
 He also proposed the ‘Theory of Mutation’.
 Walter Sutton (1904)- An American Geneticist
 He discovered the chromosomal basis of heredity.
William Bateson (1909) -A British Biologist
 He introduced the term ‘Genetics’ and discovered linkage.
T. H. Morgan (1910) -An American Geneticist
 He discovered sex-linked inheritance and described the phenomenon of linkage and crossing
over.
Alexander Flemming (1928) -A Scottish Bacteriologist
 Discovered Penicillin, an antibiotic from Penicillium notatum, which contaminated the
culture of Staphylococcus bacteria.
 Penicillin was the first antibiotic used in world-war second.
Oswald Theodore Avery (1944) - An American Bacteriologist
 He discovered that genes are composed of DNA.
James Watson (1953) -An American, A Britisher
 They discovered double helical and Francis Crick structure of DNA.
H.G. Khorana, Robert Holley and Marshall Nirenberg (1968) - A Pakistani, An Americans
 Khorana synthesized a string of nucleotides in laboratory (First man-man-made gene).
The three scientists shared the noble prize for their work on genetic code and protein
synthesis.
Norman E. Borlaug (1970) - Associated to Green revolution and won Nobel Prize.
Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer (1973) -American Biochemists
 They discovered recombinant DNA – (rDNA) technology- a break through for modern
biotechnology.
Ian Willmut and Campbell (1996) – Scottish embryologists
 Produced first live clone of a sheep – ‘Dolly’
Human Genome project was launched in 1990 by US department of energy and National
institute of health. In 2001 they identified all the, approximate 25,000 to 30,000 (3 × 104)
genes in human DNA consisting of 3-billion (3 × 109) base pairs.

IMPORTANT ACHIEVEMENTS MADE BY SCIENTISTS/

BIOLOGISTS IN 21st CENTURY
Paul C. Lauterbur, Sir Peter Mansfield (2003) - First American and second British
 Made discovery concerning MRI
 They were awarded Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine
Barry J. Marshall, J. Robin Warren (2005) - Australians
 Made discovery regarding the role of Helicobacter pylori in Gastritis and Peptic ulcer
 They were awarded Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine
Andrew Z. Fire, Craig C. Mello (2006) - Americans
 They discovered RNA- interference- gene- silencing by RNAds
 They were awarded Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine
8 BIOLOGY

Harald zur Hausen, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Luc Montagnier (2008) - First German, other
two French
 Made discovery regarding Human Papilloma Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus
 They were awarded Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine
Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, Roger Y. Tsien (2008) - First Japanese and other two
Americans
 Made discovery concerning Green fluorescent Protein
 They were awarded Nobel prize in Chemistry
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz, Ada E. Yonath (2009) - First Indian, second
American and last Israely
 Made studies on structure and functions of ribosomes
 They were awarded Nobel prize in Chemistry
Bruce A. Beutler, Jules A. Hoffmann, Ralph M. Steinman (2011) - First American, second
Luxembourger and third Canadian
 Made important discovery regarding Innate and Adaptive Immunity
 They were awarded Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine

BIOLOGICAL STUDY AND ITS IMPORTANT BRANCHES

 Biology has been divided into two branches, i.e. Zoology and Botany.
 Science of microbiology was created by the invention of microscope in 16th century.
 A vast number of animals and plant have been arranged / classified on the basis of
evolutionary relationships.
 International code of classification are known for animals, plants and bacteria etc.

Aquaculture It is the production of useful fauna and flora such as algae, fishes, prawn,
pearl-oyster etc., at commerical level by utilizing small and large water
bodies.
Biochemistry It is the study of chemistry of biological processes in the living organisms.
It is also known as physiological chemistry or biological chemistry.
Biophysics It is application of various tools, techniques, methods and principles of
physics for the study of biological processes.
Cell Biology It is the study of life processes of cell and their co-relation with the cell
structure. It primarily depends on biochemical techniques.
Cryopreservation It is preservation of living forms at very low temperature; or effect of
(cryobiology) low temperature on living forms.
Cytology It is the study of structure and composition of cells.
Demography It is statistical study of population dynamics
Dysteleology It is study of rudimentary organs
Ecology It is the study of relationship of organisms to their physical environment
as well as to one another.
(a) Auto-ecology – It is the study of individual organisms or single
species.
(b) Synecology – It is the study of group of organisms.
Embryology It is the study of individual development (ontogeny) from egg to hatching/
birth. (‘Developmental Biology’ covers the development upto sexual
maturity or adulthood).
Entomology It is the study of insects.
Ethnology It is study of human races
THE LIVING WORLD & TAXONOMY 9

Ethology It is the study of animal behaviour in relation to body functioning, ecology

and evolutionary aspects.
Evolutionary It is the study of changes in living organism with the passage of time.
Biology
Exobiology This field of biology is related to the search of life outside the earth and
within the solar system.
Fisheries The rearing, harvesting and marketing the commercially important
aquatic fauna. The important fisheries are molluscan fisheries, Crustacean
fisheries, sponge fisheries, Esturine fisheries etc. Inland fisheries (in
fresh water).
Genetics It is Study of mechanism of inheritance and maintenance of hereditary
characters.
Gerontology It is scientific study of ageing or senescence. Its foundation was laid
down by Valdimir Korenchevsky.
Histology It is the study of structural organization of living beings at tissue level.
The micro technique (Microtomy) used for histology, includes following
steps. Check Point
1. Fixation of tissue - (To maintain architecture of cells, or to stabilize 1. Can you differentiate between:

the proteins.) (a) Ethology and Ethnology

2. Dehydration - (Removal of water for preventing decomposition) (b) Physiotherapy and Occupational

3. Paraffin embedding- therapy

4. Slicing/ sectioning- (Done with the help of microtome) (c) Biotechnology and Biomedical

5. Dewaxing engineering

6. Staining (d) Silviculture and Sericulture

7. Mounting (e) Homeostasis and Haemostasis

Ichthyology Biological study of fishes

Karyology It is the study of cell-nucleus (Karyosome)
Limnology The study of fresh water bodies (ecosystem) especially lakes.
Marine Biology It is the study of Ocean (Marine) animals and plants and their ecological
relationship.
Molecular It is the study of molecular organization (inorganic and organic molecules
biology in the cells) of the organism. The term molecular biology was given for
the first time by a British scientist, W.T. Astbury (1898-1961).
Morphology It is the study of body structure. The internal morphology is also called
anatomy.
Myrmecology It is scientific study of Ants
Oncology It is the study of cancer
Ophidology It is study of snakes. (The study of lizards is Saurology)
(serpentology)
Palaeontology It is the study of fossils which are preserved remains or the traces of
organisms that lived in the past, and are now extinct.
Phylogeny It is study of evolutionary development, or racial history of a group
Physiology It is the study of functions of the body systems of animals and plant life,
covering vital activities at cellular, tissue and organ level.
Pisciculture It is rearing and management of fishes at commercial level
Serology It is study of antigen-antibodies and serum
Splanchnology It is study of visceral organs (present beneath splanchnic mesoderm)
Systematics It is the study of diversity and evolutionary relationship of organism
based on comparative study of different fields of biology.
Taxonomy It is a scientific study of principles and procedures of classification.

(The other branches of biology have been discussed chapter wise with running text)
10 BIOLOGY

SCOPE OF BIOLOGY
 Food storage, cancer, population explosion, poverty, AIDS, and global warming are the
burning issues related to human welfare.
 Study of medicinal plants has helped in the production of Quinine, Penicillin, Nux vomica,
antibiotics etc. for serving the mankind.
 Study of classification, life history, vector and diseases has helped in combating human
miseries.
 With the knowledge of genetics the hereditary diseases and genetic disorder are being
minimized.
 A number of new courses or specialization, like – Horticulture, Jute technology, Fisheries,
Tea Technology, Apiculture, Sericulture. Poultry farming, Aquaculture etc. have emerged.
These can be useful in the development of national economy.
 Genetically modified (GM) crops are being developed to solve the problem of food
shortage.
 Direction of bio-technology, conservation of bio-diversity, maintenance of environment
and human welfare are in the hands of biologists. Biodiversity, including wild life, is
immensely important for human existence.

MYTHS, DISBELIEFS OR MISCONCEPTIONS IN BIOLOGY AND

THEIR REALITY
Myths/ Misconceptions Reality/ Fact
Snakes can hypnotize or charm their prey The prey becomes motionless, perhaps due
to fear.
Snakes dance at the tune of the flute of They do not have external and middle ear to
snake charmer receive sound.
Snakes visit barns to suck the milk from Snakes are carnivores and visit barns for rats
the teats of cattle only.
Malaria (mal-bad, aria-air) is caused by Malaria is caused by the species of Plasmodium,
foul air and is transmitted by female Anopheles
(mosquito).
AIDS spreads by sharing food, social AIDS spreads by direct contact with body
kissing or caring fluids.

MISUSE OF BIOLOGY
1. Amniocentesis
Amniotic fluid contains foetal-skin cells and amniocytes of amniotic membrane. These
cells are cultured for chromosomal study for detecting fetal abnormality.
This technique is now being used for sex identification of Embryo/foetus (Between
1½ - 2 ½ months ) , and the fetus is aborted if found to be a female. It is the misuse of a
biological technique
2. Bioweapons
It is the development of antibiotic- resistant micro organisms. The spores of Anthrax
bacteria ((Bacillus anthracis ) produced and stored to keep them viable for long have been
used as a weapon of bioterrorism. The other similar diseases, on epidemic or endemic
scale, can be plague and small-pox etc.
THE LIVING WORLD & TAXONOMY 11

CAREERS IN BIOLOGY
1. Professional Courses 2. Vocational Courses
1. Professional Courses

Name of the Course Coverage of the Course

Anthropology It is related to the study of physical, mental, cultural and social
development of past and present man
Bioinformatics It is related to the application of computing systems and
computational solution of techniques, analyzing data obtained by
experiments, modeling, database searching and instrumentation
to discover biological processes.
Biomedical Engineering It deals with the production of spare parts for human, like implants,
artificial limbs, and machines for monitoring the health.
Biotechnology It is related to the creation, development and marketing of products
through the willful manipulation of life forms on a molecular
level.
Computational biology It is related to application, development and validation of
computational hardware and software solutions for building
simulation models of biological systems.
Computer Simulation It converts the physiological phenomena into graphical and
multimedia presentation without actually involving organisms.
Dairy Technology It is related to the improved varieties of cattle, the extraction,
preservation and marketing of the milk and milk-products.
Genetic Engineering It is related to the extraction of selected genes from an organism
or synthesizing their copies and inserting them into another
completely different organism.
Medical Transcription It is the course of Interpreting and typewriting (transcribing)
dictation from physicians and other healthcare providers regarding
patient assessment for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
Medicine It is the science of treating diseases with drugs or chemicals.

Occupational therapy It deals with the treatment of physically handicapped using

physical exercises or vocational training
Pathology It deals with the diagnosis of pathogens and the diseases
by analyzing the chemistry of the body fluid of the affected
organisms.
Environmental It is about assessment of environment, environmental problems
Management and the conservation of biodiversity for maintaining the balance
in nature.
Surgery It is related to anatomy and physical operations to cure the patients
suffering from diseases that cannot be cured with medicines.
Veterinary science It deals with the health, care and management of domestic
animals
12 BIOLOGY
2. Vocational Courses

Name of the Course Coverage of the Course

Agronomy It is the production and management of crops

Apiculture It is rearing and maintenance of bees for the production and

marketing of honey and wax at the commercial level.
Breeding Biology It is for the improvement of varieties of plants or animals by
selective breeding. (It does not manipulate genes).
Forensic Science It deals with the application of scientific knowledge, like finger
prints, blood typing, and DNA analysis etc., to deal with criminal
activities and laws.
Pharmacy It is related to the production and identification of drugs.
Pharmacology It is related to the nature, preparation, action and effects of medicines.
The study of action of drugs is called Pharmacognosy.
Physiotherapy It is related to the treatment of defect, disease or weakness
by physical remedy as exercises and massage. No drugs are
administered in physiotherapy.
Poultry farming It is the rearing of breeds of poultry birds like domestic fowl,
chicken, ducks for eggs and meat etc. at commercial level.
Prawn Farming It is rearing, transportation and marketing of prawns. It is a part
of fisheries.
Sericulture It is related to the rearing of different strains of silkworms for the
production, transportation and marketing of silk at commercial
level.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 THE PRIVATE ENTRANCE
TO THE
IMPERIAL PALACE, PEKING
THE ENTRANCE TO THE
BRITISH LEGATION.

The Legation is a fine old palace, which formerly belonged to a

member of the Imperial Family. The photograph shows the entrance
to the first courtyard. The Legation compound is very extensive, and
contains several courtyards with buildings round each. It is very
highly decorated, the designs shown in this picture being elaborately
wrought in lacquered work of gold and colours. This is the building
recently attacked by the Chinese in their attempt to destroy all
foreigners, including the members of the various European
Legations who took refuge with Sir Claude Macdonald.
THE ENTRANCE TO THE
BRITISH LEGATION
ENTRANCE TO THE COLLEGE
OF THE
STUDENT INTERPRETERS.

Student interpreters are young Englishmen who enter the College

to prepare themselves for the Consular Service. At eighteen they
have to pass their entrance examination. They receive given posts in
connection with one of the various Chinese Consulates. All our
Chinese Consuls are drawn from this College. It stands within the
grounds of the Legation, which is the building shown on the right of
the picture.
ENTRANCE TO THE COLLEGE
OF THE
STUDENT INTERPRETERS
THE STATE CARRIAGE
OF THE
BRITISH LEGATION.

There are practically no carriage roads in China, so that there is

virtually no carriage traffic. This rough, springless cart is the only
carriage drawn by animals at the disposal of the Legation.
THE STATE CARRIAGE
OF THE
BRITISH LEGATION
THE GREAT IMPERIAL STONE
ROAD FROM PEKING TO
CHENGTU, THE CAPITAL OF SZE
CHUAN.

Made more than a thousand years ago, it must have been a gigantic
work at the time of its construction. It was paved throughout with
rough stone flags for about eight feet, or about half its width, and
planted with cedars. It is now very much out of repair, as are most
things in China, the flags disappearing now and again for long
distances; but it is still the object of much official attention, and every
year certain magistrates inspect it and count the cedars, every one
of which is sealed with the Imperial seal. Many of the trees have
died, but many still survive and are grand objects by the roadside.
THE GREAT IMPERIAL STONE
ROAD FROM PEKING TO
CHENGTU, THE CAPITAL OF
SZE CHUAN
A MULE CART.

A typical mode of conveyance in Manchuria, the Northern Province.

The arrangement for carrying luggage is seen at the back of the cart.
It is very similar to the Legation state carriage in construction, being
entirely without springs. It is only possible to use such a conveyance
in such a roadless country, with any security from broken bones, by
adopting the precaution to pad the whole of the interior, bottom, top,
and sides with thick mattresses. In the course of a journey of three
miles only, Mrs. Bishop had the misfortune to be thrown into the top
of the cart in an upset with such violence that her arm was broken
and her head severely cut. In her case, unfortunately, the top of the
cart was not padded.
A MULE CART
A MANCHURIAN
FAMILY TRAVELLING.

Although so risky to life and limb, the mule cart is the more
fashionable mode of moving from place to place in Manchuria. The
poorer people ride on asses, with their belongings slung about in the
manner shown in the picture.
 A MANCHURIAN
FAMILY TRAVELLING