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Bioinspired Superhydrophobic Surfaces: Advances and Applications With Metallic and Inorganic Materials 1st Edition Frédéric Guittard
Bioinspired Superhydrophobic Surfaces: Advances and Applications With Metallic and Inorganic Materials 1st Edition Frédéric Guittard
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Bioinspired
Superhydrophobic
Surfaces
1BO4UBOGPSE4FSJFTPO3FOFXBCMF&OFSHZ7PMVNF
Bioinspired
Superhydrophobic
Surfaces
Advances and Applications with
Metallic and Inorganic Materials
editors
Preben Maegaard Frédéric Guittard
Anna Krenz
Wolfgang Palz Thierry Darmanin
Wind Power
for the World
Published by
Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
Penthouse Level, Suntec Tower 3
8 Temasek Boulevard
Singapore 038988
Email: editorial@panstanford.com
Web: www.panstanford.com
Preface vii
1. Introduction 1
2. Theoretical Part 9
3. Fabrication Processes 13
3.1 Etching in Acidic Media 13
3.1.1 Metals 13
3.1.2 Electrochemical Machining 17
3.1.3 Silicon 18
3.2 Plasma Processes 21
3.2.1 Plasma Etching 21
3.2.2 Sputter Deposition 23
3.3 Laser 27
3.4 Etching in Basic Media 32
3.4.1 Copper 32
3.4.2 Others 37
3.5 Anodization 38
3.5.1 Aluminum 38
3.5.2 Titanium 45
3.5.3 Copper 47
3.5.4 Others 48
3.6 Electrodeposition 49
3.6.1 Noble Metals 49
3.6.1.1 Silver 49
3.6.1.2 Gold 50
3.6.1.3 Platinum and Palladium 51
vi Contents
4. Conclusion 109
References 111
Index 183
Preface
Materials with superhydrophobic or related properties are one of
the most studied subjects in the literature from a theoretical
point of view and also for the large range of possible applications,
for example, in anticorrosives, antibacterials, optical devices,
or sensors. The study of natural species with special wettability
showed the importance of surface structures and the surface
energy of the resulting surface properties.
Various strategies can be used to reproduce superhydrophobic
phenomena in laboratory. In this book, we focus especially on
the use of metallic and inorganic materials. Indeed, they present
unique properties, for example, in terms of thermal resistance,
mechanical resistance, chemical and ageing resistance, optical
(transparency, antireflection, photoluminescence), and electrical
properties (conducting, semi-conducting, insulating). In this
book, we review most of the strategies used in the literature using
metallic and inorganic materials to obtain superhydrophobic or
related properties.
Chapter 1
Introduction
Figure 1 (a) Pictures of a lotus flower and a lotus leaf, SEM images
taken from (b) the lotus leaf and (c) the flower surface; (d) ATR-FTIR
spectrum recorded from the top of a lotus leaf surface. Reprinted
with permission from ref. 4, copyright 2011, Royal Society of Chemistry.
Jiang et al. were the first to observe that rose petals possess
both extremely high water contact angles above 150° but also
high adhesion in opposition to the classical superhydrophobic
properties [15] (Figure 4). The term “petal effect” is often used in
the literature [15–17] to describe these properties while Marmur
proposed the term parahydrophobic [18]. They observed that
these properties are due to the presence of ordered micropapillae
(16 µm in diameter and 7 µm in height.) with the presence of
nanofolds on their surface. Here, water can enter the large spaces
between the large micropapillae, but not inside the nanofolds.
The same research group also observed that xerophate peanut
Arachis hypogaea, which survives in arid and semi-arid regions
characterized by high temperature and low rainfall, has leaves
with extremely strong water adhesion [19] (Figure 4). Here, the
authors observed that the leaves are covered by nanoslices with
about 40–60 nm in thickness and microscale length. Hence, the
presence of only nanostructures can lead to high water adhesion
[20]. The gecko feet have also high adhesive forces toward water
[21]. The feet are covered by high-density nanopillars giving a
qw > 150° and an adhesive force of 66 µN. Thanks to these properties,
the gecko is able to move on vertical substrates. The peach skin
was also studied. It was found that the skin is covered by long and
short hairs. The long hairs are mainly composed of hydrophobic
waxes and the short hairs of hydrophilic polysaccharides,
showing the importance also of the surface energy. The authors
reported a qw = 142.3° and an adhesive force of 87.3 µN.
Figure 4 On the left, SEM images of red roses and on the right SEM
images of peanut leaves with strong water adhesion. Panel on the left
reprinted with permission from ref. 15, copyright 2008, American
Chemical Society. Panel on the right reprinted with permission from
ref. 19, copyright 2014, Wiley.
Introduction
Theoretical Part
gLV
gSL qY gSV
Smooth Surface
Young-Dupre Theory
Figure 10 Schematic representation of a water droplet on a smooth
surface following the Young equation.
Fabrication Processes
and sliding angle (qw = 169.6°, Hw = 4.2°, aw < 5°) were obtained
due to the combination of microspheres and nanoporosities.
For magnesium, different etching agents were reported in the
literature [77–81]. For example, the etching of Mg substrates in
CuCl2 or H2SO4/H2O2 led after immersion in stearic acid to petal-
like nanostructures with superhydrophobic and anticorrosion
properties [77, 78]. Flower-like structures were also observed
after immersing Mg substrates in alkylphosphonic acids or
carboxylic acids [79, 80]. The surface morphology and hydrophobic
properties could be controlled with the immersion time and also
with the alkyl chain length. Xu et al. treated zinc substrates in
HCl solution resulting in rough microstructured substrates [82].
After immersion in hot water, ZnO nanorods were formed
leading after post-treatment with a perfluorinated silane to
superhydrophobic and oleophobic properties. Zhou et al. also
obtained superoleophobic properties of aluminum substrates
after etching in HCl and immersion in boiling water [83]. They
observed that the re-entrant structures obtained after etching
in HCl were necessary to obtain superoleophobic properties
(Hhexadecane = 8.0° and ahexadecane = 7.2° or Hdecane = 45.1°, and
adecane = 40.1°) while the formation of petal-like nanostructures
after immersion in boiling allowed them to decrease the contact
angle hysteresis. By immersion of zinc substrates in the
CF3(CF2)8COOH solution, Zn(CF3(CF2)8COO)2 nanosheets were
obtained with superhydrophobic and superoleophobic properties
with qw = 158.1° and qrapeseed oil = 155.6° [84].
Another strategy used in the literature involves the production
of acids in situ, which could be obtained by the replacement
of acids with substituted-trichlorosilane. Hence, the hydrolysis of
substituted-trichlorosilane leads to silanols functions and released
HCl in the solution. The group of Boukherroub showed that the
insertion of zinc substrates in hydrolyzed perfluorotrichlorosilane
induces the formation of zinc oxide (ZnO), simonkolleite
[Zn5(OH)8Cl2.H2O], and zinc hydroxide [Zn(OH)2] structures
[85, 86]. The surface morphology was highly dependent on
the hydrolysis rate of perfluorotrichlorosilane. They produced
spherical particles of about 1.5–2.0 mm by controlling this
parameter and obtained superhydrophobic surfaces with qw = 151°.
Finally, the etching of stainless steel substrates in HCl led
to rough substrates [87]. Otherwise, multiscale roughness with
Etching in Acidic Media 17
(a) (b)
10μm 5μm
3.1.3 Silicon
In microelectronics, semiconducting substrates such as silicon
wafers are extensively used. Hence, it is very important to be
able to prepare silicon wafers with various wettabilities [99–117].
Silicon substrates can be electrochemically etched in the
presence of HF following the reaction Si + 6F – SiF62– + 4e–.
Macroporous silicon wafers were prepared by etching in HF and
at constant current density. After coating with a hydrophobic
material, it was observed that the porosity percentage, the
mechanical strength and the surface hydrophobicity can be
controlled with the current density and HF concentration. Moreover,
it was also possible to obtain superhydrophobic properties with
Etching in Acidic Media 19
Si + 6 F– + 4 Ag+ SiF62–+ 4 Ag
»Kyllä. Tein sen hänelle niin selväksi kuin mahdollista. Olen aivan
neuvoton, Lester.»
Niin, jos hänkin alkoi epäillä, niin olivat asiat todellakin huonosti.
»Se on käsittämätöntä!» huokasin ajateltuani muutaman hetken
hajanaisesti sinne ja tänne. »Se on…»
»Niin. Se on uskomatonta.»
»Mutta ajuri?»
»Siinä tapauksessa?»
»Tunnetteko te tämän?»
»Se on teille, herra Royce», sanoi hän. »Näin että osoite oli:
»Puolustusasianajaja Royce.»
Hän avasi kuoren silmäten kiireesti sisältöä. Sitten hän luki sen
läpi vielä kerran ja ojensi sen jälkeen paperin mitä ällistyneimmän
näköisenä minulle. Kirje kuului:
»Kiitos», sanoi hän. »Ehkä saan pyytää teitä tekemään sen hiukan
myöhemmin. Nyt haluaisin kutsuttavaksi sisään herra Rogersin
uudelleen.»
Että hän itse olisi tehnyt rikoksen tai ollut siinä jollakin tavoin
osallisena, sitä oli ihan mahdoton ajatella. Mutta miksi hän sitten
valehtelisi? Ennen kaikkea, miksi hän koettaisi vetää isäntänsä
tyttären tuon hirveän tapahtuman yhteyteen. Ja miten oli hän voinut,
jos tämä todella oli hänen halunsa, tietää neiti Holladayn puvun
värin? Kuinka synkkä, sotkuinen olikaan se kysymys, joka nyt oli
edessämme!
»Hm, kyllä, vähän», vastasi hän. »Vaikka ei niin paljon, että siitä
maksaisi vaivaa puhua. Kuinka tiesitte sen?»
Itseluottamukseni oli palannut. Olin siis oikealla tiellä!
»En sitä tiennyt», sanoin, hymyillen ensi kerran sen jälkeen kun
olin tullut huoneeseen. »Mutta epäilin sitä. Tässä minulla on
muutamia erivärisiä kangaslappuja. Haluaisin nyt, että valitsisitte
niistä sen lapun, joka on enimmän saman värinen kuin
konttorissanne eilisiltana käyneen naisen puku.»
»Niin, herra.»
»Sen näin.»
Päällikköni nyökäytti.
Royce hymyili.
»Herrat», sanoi hän, »toivoakseni minulla ei muutamien minuuttien
kuluttua ole tämän asian kanssa mitään tekemistä. Enempien
tietojen saamista varten neuvon kääntymään yleisen syyttäjän
puoleen — juttu on hänen käsissään.»
»En!» vastasi hän heti painolla. »En ole ollut isäni konttorissa
runsaaseen viikkoon.»
»Anteeksi, ettekö ole herra Lester?» kysyi hän juuri sen lähtiessä
laskeutumaan alas.