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Bioinspired Computation in Artificial
Systems International Work Conference

on the Interplay Between Natural and
Artificial Computation IWINAC 2015
Elche Spain June 1 5 2015 Proceedings
Part II 1st Edition José Manuel
Ferrández Vicente
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proceedings-of-the-3rd-international-conference-on-modelling-
José Manuel Ferrández Vicente
José Ramón Álvarez-Sánchez
Félix de la Paz López
Fco. Javier Toledo-Moreo
Hojjat Adeli (Eds.)
LNCS 9108
Bioinspired Computation
in Artificial Systems
International Work-Conference on the Interplay
Between Natural and Artificial Computation, IWINAC 2015
Elche, Spain, June 1–5, 2015, Proceedings, Part II
123
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 9108
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7407
José Manuel Ferrández Vicente
Hojjat Adeli (Eds.)
Bioinspired Computation
in Artificial Systems
International Work-Conference on the Interplay
Between Natural and Artificial Computation, IWINAC 2015,
Elche, Spain, June 1–5, 2015, Proceedings, Part II
ABC
Editors
José Manuel Ferrández Vicente Fco. Javier Toledo-Moreo
Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena
Cartagena Cartagena
Spain Spain
José Ramón Álvarez-Sánchez Hojjat Adeli

Universidad Nacional de Educación Ohio State University
a Distancia Columbus, Ohio
Madrid USA
Spain

Universidad Nacional de Educación
a Distancia
Madrid
Spain
ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Computer Science
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Preface
The computational paradigm considered here is a conceptual, theoretical, and formal

framework situated above machines and living creatures (two instantiations), suffi-
ciently solid, and still non exclusive, that allows us:
1. to help neuroscientists to formulate intentions, questions, experiments, methods,
and explanation mechanisms assuming that neural circuits are the psychological
support of calculus;
2. to help scientists and engineers from the fields of artificial intelligence (AI) and
knowledge engineering (KE) to model, formalize, and program the computable
part of human knowledge;
3. to establish an interaction framework between natural system computation and ar-
tificial system computation in both directions, from Artificial to Natural and from
Natural to Artificial.
With these global purposes, Prof. José Mira organized the 1st International Work
Conference on the Interplay between Natural and Artificial Computation, which took
place in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands (Spain), 10 years ago, trying to
contribute to both directions of the interplay.
Today, the hybridization between social sciences and social behaviors with robotics,
neurobiology and computing, ethics and neuroprosthetics, cognitive sciences and neu-
rocomputing, neurophysiology and marketing is giving rise to new concepts and tools
that can be applied to ICT systems, as well as to natural science fields. Through IWINAC
we provide a forum in which research in different fields can converge to create new com-
putational paradigms that are on the frontier between Natural sciences and Information
technologies.
As a multidisciplinary forum, IWINAC is open to any established institutions and
research laboratories actively working in the field of this interplay. But beyond achiev-
ing cooperation between different research realms, we wish to actively encourage coop-
eration with the private sector, particularly SMEs, as a way of bridging the gap between
frontier science and societal impact, and young researchers in order to promote this
scientific field.
In this edition, four main themes outline the conference topics: gerontechnology
and e-therapy, Brain–Computer Interfaces, Biomedical imaging applications for health,
and artificial vision and robotics.
Gerontechnology is an interdisciplinary field combining gerontology and technol-
ogy. Gerontechnology aims at matching systems to health, housing, mobility, commu-
nication, leisure, and work of the elderly. The development of computing systems for
gerontechnology has turned into a challenging activity requiring disciplines as diverse
as artificial intelligence, human–computer interaction, and wireless sensor networks to
work together in order to provide solutions able to satisfy this growing societal demand.
Brain–Computer Interfaces implement a new paradigm in communication networks,
namely Brain Area Networks. In this paradigm, our brain inputs data (external
VI Preface
stimuli), performs multiple media-access control by means of cognitive tasks (selec-

tive attention), processes the information (perception), takes a decision (cognition) and,
eventually, transmits data back to the source (by means of a BCI), thus closing the com-
munication loop. The objectives include neuro-technologies (e.g. innovative EEG/ECG/
fNIRS headsets, integrated stimulation-acquisition devices, etc.), Tele-services (e.g. ap-
plications in Telemedicine, tele-rehabilitation programs, tele-control, mobile applica-
tions, etc.), innovative biosignal processing algorithms, training techniques, and novel
emerging paradigms.
Image understanding is a research area involving both feature extraction and object
identification within images from a scene, and a posterior treatment of this informa-
tion in order to establish relationships between these objects with a specific goal. In
biomedical and industrial scenarios, the main purpose of this discipline is, given a visual
problem, to manage all aspects of prior knowledge, from study start-up and initiation
through data collection, quality control, expert independent interpretation, to design
and development of systems involving image processing capable of tackling with these
tasks. Brain imaging using EEG techniques or different MRI systems can help in some
neural disorders, like epilepsy, Alzheimer, etc.
Over the last decades there has been an increasing interest in using machine learn-
ing methods combined with computer vision techniques to create autonomous systems
that solve vision problems in different fields. This research involves algorithms and ar-
chitectures for real-time applications in the areas of computer vision, image processing,
biometrics, virtual and augmented reality, neural networks, intelligent interfaces, and
biomimetic object-vision recognition. Autonomous robot navigation sets out enormous
theoretical and applied challenges to advanced robotic systems using these techniques.
Ten years after the birth of IWINAC meetings these ideas maintain the visionary ob-
jectives of Prof. Mira. This wider view of the computational paradigm gives us more el-
bow room to accommodate the results of the interplay between nature and computation.
The IWINAC forum thus becomes a methodological approximation (set of intentions,
questions, experiments, models, algorithms, mechanisms, explanation procedures, and
engineering and computational methods) to the natural and artificial perspectives of
the mind embodiment problem, both in humans and in artifacts. This is the philosophy
that continues in IWINAC meetings, the “interplay” movement between the natural and
the artificial, facing this same problem every two years. This synergistic approach will
permit us not only to build new computational systems based on the natural measurable
phenomena, but also to understand many of the observable behaviors inherent to natural
systems.
The difficulty of building bridges between natural and artificial computation is one
of the main motivations for the organization of IWINAC 2015. The IWINAC 2015 pro-
ceedings contain the works selected by the Scientific Committee from more than 190
submissions, after the refereeing process. The first volume, entitled Artificial Compu-
tation in Biology and Medicine, includes all the contributions mainly related to the
methodological, conceptual, formal, and experimental developments in the fields of
neural sciences and health. The second volume, entitled Bioinspired Computation in
Artificial Systems, contains the papers related to bioinspired programming strategies
and all the contributions related to the computational solutions to engineering problems
in different application domains.
Preface VII
An event of the nature of IWINAC 2015 cannot be organized without the collabo-
ration of a group of institutions and people who we would like to thank now, starting
with UNED and Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena. The collaboration of the UNED
Associated Center in Elche was crucial, as was the efficient work of the Local Orga-
nizing Committee, chaired by Eduardo Fernández with the close collaboration of the
Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche. In addition to our universities, we received
financial support from the Spanish CYTED, Red Nacional en Computación Natural y
Artificial and Apliquem Microones 21 s.l.
We want to express our gratefulness to our invited speakers Prof. Hojjat Adeli, Ohio
State University (USA), Prof. Marc de Kamps, University of Leeds (UK), Prof. Richard
Duro, University of A Coruña (Spain), and Prof. Luis Miguel Martínez Otero, Univer-
sity Miguel Hernández (Spain) for accepting our invitation and for their magnificent
plenary talks.
We would also like to thank the authors for their interest in our call and the effort in
preparing the papers, condition sine qua non for these proceedings. We thank the Sci-
entific and Organizing Committees, in particular the members of these committees who
acted as effective and efficient referees and as promoters and managers of preorganized
sessions on autonomous and relevant topics under the IWINAC global scope.
Our sincere gratitude goes also to Springer and to Alfred Hofmann and his collab-
orators, Anna Kramer and Christine Reiss, for the continuous receptivity, help efforts,
and collaboration in all our joint editorial ventures on the interplay between neuro-
science and computation.
Finally, we want to express our special thanks to Viajes Hispania, our technical
secretariat, and to Chari García and Beatriz Baeza, for making this meeting possible,
and for arranging all the details that comprise the organization of this kind of event.
We want to dedicate these two volumes of the IWINAC proceedings to the memory of
Professor Mira, whose challenging and inquiring spirit is in all of us. We greatly miss
him.
June 2015 José Manuel Ferrández Vicente

Hojjat Adeli
Organization
General Chairman
José Manuel Ferrández Vicente Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain
Organizing Committee
José Ramón Álvarez-Sánchez Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia,

Spain
Félix de la Paz López Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia,
Spain
Fco. Javier Toledo-Moreo Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Spain
Honorary Chairs
Rodolfo Llinás New York University, USA
Hojjat Adeli Ohio State University, USA
Zhou Changjiu Singapore Polytechnic, Singapore
Local Organizing Committee
Eduardo Fernández Jover Universidad Miguel Hernández, Spain

Arantxa Alfaro Sáez Universidad Miguel Hernández, Spain
Ariadna Díaz Tahoces Universidad Miguel Hernández, Spain
Nicolás García Aracil Universidad Miguel Hernández, Spain
Alejandro García Moll Universidad Miguel Hernández, Spain
Lawrence Humphreys Universidad Miguel Hernández, Spain
Carlos Pérez Vidal Universidad Miguel Hernández, Spain
José María Sabater Navarro Universidad Miguel Hernández, Spain
Cristina Soto-Sánchez Universidad Miguel Hernández, Spain
Invited Speakers
Hojjat Adeli Ohio State University, USA
Marc de Kamps University of Leeds, UK
Richard Duro University of A Coruña, Spain
Luis Miguel Martínez Otero University Miguel Hernández, Spain
X Organization
Field Editors
Diego Andina Spain
Jorge Azorín-López Spain
Rafael Berenguer Vidal Spain
Germán
Castellanos-Dominguez Spain
Miguel Cazorla Spain
Antonio Fernández-Caballero Spain
José Garcia-Rodriguez Spain
Pascual González Spain
Álvar Ginés Legaz Aparicio Spain
Javier de Lope Asiaín Spain
Miguel Ángel López Gordo Spain
Darío Maravall
Gómez-Allende Spain
Rafael Martínez Tomás Spain
Elena Navarro Spain
Pablo Padilla de la Torre Spain
Daniel Ruiz Fernández Spain
Antonio J. Tallón-Ballesteros Spain
Hujun Yin UK
International Scientific Committee

Andy Adamatzky UK
Michael Affenzeller Austria
Abraham Ajith Norway
José Ramón Álvarez-Sánchez Spain
Antonio Anaya Spain
Diego Andina Spain
Davide Anguita Italy
Margarita Bachiller Mayoral Spain
Dana Ballard USA
Emilia I. Barakova The Netherlands
Francisco Bellas Spain
Guido Bologna Switzerland
María Paula Bonomini Argentina
François Bremond France
Giorgio Cannata Italy
Enrique J. Carmona Suarez Spain
German Castellanos-Dominguez Colombia
Jose Carlos Castillo Spain
Antonio Chella Italy
Organization XI
Santi Chillemi Italy

Ricardo Contreras Chile
Carlos Cotta Spain
Erzsebet Csuhaj-Varju Hungary
Felix de la Paz Lopez Spain
Javier de Lope Asiaín Spain
Erik De Schutter Belgium
Ana E. Delgado García Spain
Gerard Dreyfus France
Richard Duro Spain
Reinhard Eckhorn Germany
Patrizia Fattori Italy
Antonio Fernández-Caballero Spain
Miguel A. Fernández-Graciani Spain
José Manuel Ferrandez Spain
Kunihiko Fukushima Japan
Francisco J. Garrigos Guerrero Spain
Tom D. Gedeon Australia
Charlotte Gerritsen The Netherlands
Marian Gheorghe UK
Pedro Gomez Vilda Spain
Juan M. Gorriz Spain
Manuel Graña Spain
John Hallam Denmark
Tom Heskes The Netherlands
Roberto Iglesias Spain
Igor Aleksaner UK
Joost N. Kok The Netherlands
Kostadin Koroutchev Spain
Elka Korutcheva Spain
Yasuo Kuniyoshi Japan
Ryo Kurazume Japan
Petr Lansky Czech Rep.
Jerome Leboeuf Mexico
Maria Longobardi Italy
Maria Teresa Lopez Bonal Spain
Tino Lourens The Netherlands
Max Lungarella Japan
Manuel Luque Spain
George Maistros UK
Vincenzo Manca Italy
Daniel Mange Switzerland
Riccardo Manzotti Italy
XII Organization
Rafael Martinez Tomas Spain

Antonio Martinez-Alvarez Spain
Jose Javier Martinez-Alvarez Spain
Jose del R. Millan Switzerland
Taishin Y. Nishida Japan
Richard A. Normann USA
Lucas Paletta Austria
Juan Pantrigo Spain
Alvaro Pascual-Leone USA
Gheorghe Paun Spain
Francisco Peláez Brazil
Franz Pichler Austria
Maria Pinninghoff Chile
Andonie Razvan USA
Mariano Rincon Zamorano Spain
Victoria Rodellar Spain
Camino Rodriguez Vela Spain
Daniel Ruiz Spain
Ramon Ruiz Merino Spain
José María Sabater Navarro Spain
Diego Salas-Gonzalez Spain
Pedro Salcedo Lagos Chile
Angel Sanchez Spain
Eduardo Sánchez Vila Spain
Jose Santos Reyes Spain
Shunsuke Sato Japan
Andreas Schierwagen Germany
Guido Sciavicco Spain
Radu Serban The Netherlands
Igor A. Shevelev Russia
Shun-ichi Amari Japan
Settimo Termini Italy
Javier Toledo-Moreo Spain
Jan Treur The Netherlands
Ramiro Varela Arias Spain
Marley Vellasco Brazil
Lipo Wang Singapore
Stefan Wermter UK
Hujun Yin UK
Juan Zapata Spain
Changjiu Zhou Singapore
Contents – Part II
Online Control of Enumeration Strategies via Bat-Inspired

Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Ricardo Soto, Broderick Crawford, Rodrigo Olivares,
Franklin Johnson, and Fernando Paredes
LEXMATH - A Tool for the Study of Available Lexicon in

Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Pedro Salcedo Lagos, Marı́a del Valle, Ricardo Contreras Arriagada,
and M. Angélica Pinninghoff
Low-Power Occupancy Sensor for an Ambient Assisted Living

System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Francisco Fernandez-Luque, Juan Zapata, and Ramón Ruiz
Evolution of Synaptic Delay Based Neural Controllers for Implementing

Central Pattern Generators in Hexapod Robotic Structures . . . . . . . . . . . 30
José Santos and Pablo Fernández
Genetic Algorithm for the Job-Shop Scheduling with Skilled

Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Raúl Mencı́a, Marı́a R. Sierra, and Ramiro Varela
Preliminary Design of the Real-Time Control Software for the Adaptive

Optics of AOLI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Carlos Colodro-Conde, Luis F. Rodrı́guez-Ramos, Isidro Villó,
Craig Mackay, Rafael Rebolo, Jonathan Crass,
Juan J. Fernández-Valdivia, David L. King, Lucas Labadie,
Roberto López, Alejandro Oscoz, Antonio Pérez-Garrido,
Marta Puga, José M. Rodrı́guez-Ramos, and Sergio Velasco
Graph-Based Learning on Sparse Data for Recommendation Systems

in Social Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
J. David Nuñez-Gonzalez and Manuel Graña
Self-sampling Strategies for Multimemetic Algorithms in Unstable

Computational Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Rafael Nogueras and Carlos Cotta
On the Influence of Illumination Quality in 2D Facial Recognition . . . . . . 79

Ángel Sánchez, José F. Vélez, and A. Belén Moreno
XIV Contents – Part II
A Binary Cuckoo Search Algorithm for Solving the Set Covering

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Ricardo Soto, Broderick Crawford, Rodrigo Olivares, Jorge Barraza,
Franklin Johnson, and Fernando Paredes
State Machine Based Architecture to Increase Flexibility of Dual-Arm

Robot Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Héctor Herrero, Jose Luis Outón, Urko Esnaola, Damien Sallé,
and Karmele López de Ipiña
A Cellular Automata Model for Mobile Worm Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

A. Martı́n del Rey, A. Hernández Encinas, J. Martı́n Vaquero,
A. Queiruga Dios, and G. Rodrı́guez Sánchez
Evolving Cellular Automata to Segment Hyperspectral Images Using

Low Dimensional Images for Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
B. Priego, Francisco Bellas, and Richard J. Duro
Multicriteria Inventory Routing by Cooperative Swarms and

Evolutionary Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Zhiwei Yang, Michael Emmerich, Thomas Bäck, and Joost Kok
Embodied Evolution for Collective Indoor Surveillance and Location . . . 138

Pedro Trueba, Abraham Prieto, Francisco Bellas,
and Richard J. Duro
On the Spectral Clustering for Dynamic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

D.H. Peluffo-Ordóñez, J.C. Alvarado-Pérez, and A.E. Castro-Ospina
A Multiple-Model Particle Filter Based Method for Slide Detection and

Compensation in Road Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
R. Toledo-Moreo, Carlos Colodro-Conde, and F. Javier Toledo-Moreo
Pedestrian Tracking-by-Detection Using Image Density Projections and

Particle Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
B. Lacabex, A. Cuesta-Infante, A.S. Montemayor, and J.J. Pantrigo
Comparative Study of the Features Used by Algorithms Based on Viola

and Jones Face Detection Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Alexandre Paz Mena, Margarita Bachiller Mayoral,
and Estela Dı́az-Lópe
Experiments of Skin Detection in Hyperspectral Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Manuel Graña and Ion Marques
Scene Recognition for Robot Localization in Difficult Environments . . . . 193

D. Santos-Saavedra, A. Canedo-Rodriguez, X.M. Pardo,
R. Iglesias, and C.V. Regueiro
Contents – Part II XV
Pyramid Representations of the Set of Actions in Reinforcement

Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
R. Iglesias, V. Alvarez-Santos, M.A. Rodriguez, D. Santos-Saavedra,
C.V. Regueiro, and X.M. Pardo
Related Tasks Selection to Multitask Learning Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Andrés Bueno-Crespo, Rosa-Marı́a Menchón-Lara,
and José-Luis Sancho-Gómez
Towards Robot Localization Using Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons

RSSI Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
J.M. Cuadra-Troncoso, A. Rivas-Casado, J.R. Álvarez-Sánchez,
F. de la Paz López, and D. Obregón-Castellanos
Development of a Web Platform for On-line Robotics Learning

Workshops Using Real Robots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
R. Garcı́a-Misis, J.M. Cuadra-Troncoso, F. de la Paz López,
and J.R. Álvarez-Sánchez
A Growing Functional Modules Learning Based Controller Designed to

Balance of a Humanoid Robot on One Foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Jérôme Leboeuf-Pasquier
Optimized Representation of 3D Sequences Using Neural Networks . . . . . 251

Sergio Orts-Escolano, José Garcı́a Rodrı́guez, Vicente Morell,
Miguel Cazorla, Alberto Garcia-Garcia, and Sergiu Ovidiu-Oprea
Object Recognition in Noisy RGB-D Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

José Carlos Rangel, Vicente Morell, Miguel Cazorla,
Sergio Orts-Escolano, and José Garcı́a Rodrı́guez
Topology Preserving Self-Organizing Map of Features in Image Space

for Trajectory Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Jorge Azorin-Lopez, Marcelo Saval-Calvo, Andres Fuster-Guillo,
Higinio Mora-Mora, and Victor Villena-Martinez
A Comparative Study of Downsampling Techniques for Non-rigid Point

Set Registration Using Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Marcelo Saval-Calvo, Sergio Orts-Escolano,
Jorge Azorin-Lopez, José Garcı́a Rodrı́guez,
Andres Fuster-Guillo, Vicente Morell-Gimenez,
and Miguel Cazorla
Robust Control Tuning by PSO of Aerial Robots Hose

Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Julian Estevez and Manuel Graña
XVI Contents – Part II
Visual Bug Algorithm for Simultaneous Robot Homing and Obstacle

Avoidance Using Visual Topological Maps in an Unmanned Ground
Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Darı́o Maravall, Javier de Lope, and Juan Pablo Fuentes
Neural Modeling of Hose Dynamics to Speedup Reinforcement Learning

Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Jose Manuel Lopez-Guede and Manuel Graña
Autonomous Robot Navigation Based on Pattern Recognition

Techniques and Artificial Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Yadira Quiñonez, Mario Ramirez, Carmen Lizarraga, Iván Tostado,
and Juan Bekios
Collaborative Group Formation Using Genetic Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

M. Angélica Pinninghoff, Miguel Ramı́rez,
Ricardo Contreras Arriagada, and Pedro Salcedo Lagos
The CALIMACO Multimodal System: Providing Enhanced Library

Services Using Mobile Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
David Griol, Miguel Ángel Patricio, and José Manuel Molina
Agent Based Modelling to Build Serious Games: The Learn to Lead

Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Andrea Di Ferdinando, Massimiliano Schembri, Michela Ponticorvo,
and Orazio Miglino
An Augmented Reality Application for Learning Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

C. Rodriguez-Pardo, S. Hernandez,
Miguel Ángel Patricio, A. Berlanga,
and José Manuel Molina
Data Cleansing Meets Feature Selection: A Supervised Machine

Learning Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Antonio J. Tallón-Ballesteros and José C. Riquelme
Multicriterion Segmentation of Demand Markets to Increase Forecasting

Accuracy of Analogous Time Series: A First Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Emiao Lu and Julia Handl
A Self-Organising Multi-Manifold Learning Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

Hujun Yin and Shireen Mohd Zaki
Artificial Metaplasticity for Deep Learning: Application to WBCD

Breast Cancer Database Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Juan Fombellida, Santiago Torres-Alegre,
Juan Antonio Piñuela-Izquierdo, and Diego Andina
Contents – Part II XVII
Comparing ELM Against MLP for Electrical Power Prediction in

Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Gonzalo Vergara, Javier Cózar, Cristina Romero-González,
José A. Gámez, and Emilio Soria-Olivas
Fish Monitoring and Sizing Using Computer Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

Alvaro Rodriguez, Angel J. Rico-Diaz, Juan R. Rabuñal,
Jeronimo Puertas, and Luis Pena
Computer-Aided Development of Thermo-Mechanical Laser Surface

Treatments for the Fatigue Life Extension of Bio-Mechanical
Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
José-Luis Ocaña, Carlos Correa, Ángel Garcı́a-Beltrán,
Juan-Antonio Porro, Leonardo Ruiz-de-Lara, and Marcos Dı́az
From Smart Grids to Business Intelligence, a Challenge for Bioinspired

Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Irene Martı́n-Rubio, Antonio E. Florence-Sandoval,
Juan Jiménez-Trillo, and Diego Andina
Neural Recognition of Real and Computer-Designed Architectural

Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
M.D. Grima Murcia, Maria J. Ortı́z, M.A. López-Gordo,
J.M. Ferrández-Vicente, and Eduardo Ferrández
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

Contents – Part I
Automated Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease by Integrating Genetic

Biomarkers and Tissue Density Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Andrés Ortiz, Miguel Moreno-Estévez, Juan M. Górriz,
Javier Ramı́rez, Marı́a J. Garcı́a-Tarifa, Jorge Munilla,
and Nuria Haba
A Neural Model of Number Interval Position Effect (NIPE)

in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Michela Ponticorvo, Francesca Rotondaro, Fabrizio Doricchi,
and Orazio Miglino
A Volumetric Radial LBP Projection of MRI Brain Images for the

Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
F.J. Martinez-Murcia, Andrés Ortiz, J.M. Górriz, J. Ramı́rez,
and I.A. Illán
Telemetry System for Cochlear Implant Using ASK Modulation and

FPGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Ernesto A. Martı́nez–Rams, Vicente Garcerán–Hernández,
and Duarte Juan Sánchez
MBMEDA: An Application of Estimation of Distribution Algorithms

to the Problem of Finding Biological Motifs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Carlos I. Jordán and Carlos. J. Jordán
Towards a Generic Simulation Tool of Retina Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Pablo Martı́nez-Cañada, Christian Morillas, Begoña Pino,
and Francisco Pelayo
Specialist Neurons in Feature Extraction Are Responsible for Pattern

Recognition Process in Insect Olfaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Aaron Montero, Ramon Huerta, and Francisco B. Rodriguez
Intensity Normalization of 123 I-ioflupane-SPECT Brain Images Using

a Model-Based Multivariate Linear Regression Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
A. Brahim, J. Manuel Górriz, Javier Ramı́rez, and L. Khedher
Independent Component Analysis-Based Classification of Alzheimer’s

Disease from Segmented MRI Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
L. Khedher, Javier Ramı́rez, J. Manuel Górriz, A. Brahim,
and I.A. Illán
XX Contents – Part I
Trajectories-State: A New Neural Mechanism to Interpretate Cerebral

Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Sergio Miguel-Tomé
Global and Local Features for Char Image Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Deisy Chaves, Maria Trujillo, and Juan Barraza
On the Automatic Tuning of a Retina Model by Using a Multi-objective

Optimization Genetic Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Rubén Crespo-Cano, Antonio Martı́nez-Álvarez,
Ariadna Dı́az-Tahoces, Sergio Cuenca-Asensi,
J.M. Ferrández-Vicente, and Eduardo Fernández
Creating Robots with Personality: The Effect of Personality on Social

Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Alexandros Mileounis, Raymond H. Cuijpers, and Emilia I. Barakova
Artificial Metaplasticity: Application to MIT-BIH Arrhythmias

Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Santiago Torres-Alegre, Juan Fombellida,
Juan Antonio Piñuela-Izquierdo, and Diego Andina
Toward an Upper-Limb Neurorehabilitation Platform Based on

FES-Assisted Bilateral Movement: Decoding User’s Intentionality . . . . . . 143
Andrés F. Ruiz Olaya, Alberto López-Delis,
and Alexander Cerquera
Decoding of Imaginary Motor Movements of Fists Applying Spatial

Filtering in a BCI Simulated Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Jan Boelts, Alexander Cerquera, and Andrés F. Ruiz Olaya
The Koniocortex-Like Network: A New Biologically Plausible

Unsupervised Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Francisco Javier Ropero Peláez and Diego Andina
Towards an Integrated Semantic Framework for Neurological

Multidimensional Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Santiago Timón Reina, Mariano Rincón Zamorano,
and Atle Bjørnerud
Some Results on Dynamic Causal Modeling of Auditory

Hallucinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Leire Ozaeta, Darya Chyzhyk, and Manuel Graña
Retinal DOG Filters: High-pass or High-frequency Enhancing

Filters? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Adrián Arias, Eduardo Sánchez, and Luis Martı́nez
Contents – Part I XXI
Spatio-temporal Dynamics of Images with Emotional Bivalence . . . . . . . . 203

M.D. Grima Murcia, M.A. Lopez-Gordo, Maria J. Ortı́z,
J.M. Ferrández-Vicente, and Eduardo Fernández
Interstimulus Interval Affects Population Response in Visual Cortex
in vivo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Javier Alegre-Cortés, Eduardo Fernández, and Cristina Soto-Sánchez
Towards the Reconstruction of Moving Images by Populations of
Retinal Ganglion Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Ariadna Dı́az-Tahoces, Antonio Martı́nez-Álvarez,
Alejandro Garcı́a-Moll, Lawrence Humphreys,
José Ángel Bolea, and Eduardo Fernández
FPGA Translation of Functional Hippocampal Cultures Structures
Using Cellular Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Victor Lorente, J. Javier Martı́nez-Álvarez,
J.M. Ferrández-Vicente, Javier Garrigós,
Eduardo Fernández, and Javier Toledo
Parkinson’s Disease Monitoring from Phonation Biomechanics . . . . . . . . . 238
P. Gómez-Vilda, M.C. Vicente-Torcal, J.M. Ferrández-Vicente,
A. Álvarez-Marquina, V. Rodellar-Biarge, V. Nieto-Lluis,
and R. Martı́nez-Olalla
Retinal DOG Filters: Effects of the Discretization Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Adrián Arias, Eduardo Sánchez, and Luis Martı́nez
Computable Representation of Antimicrobial Recommendations Using
Clinical Rules: A Clinical Information Systems Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Natalia Iglesias, Jose M. Juarez, Manuel Campos,
and Francisco Palacios
Abstracting Classification Models Heterogeneity to Build Clinical
Group Diagnosis Support Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Oscar Marin-Alonso, Daniel Ruiz-Fernández,
and Antonio Soriano-Paya
Using EEG Signals to Detect the Intention of Walking Initiation
and Stop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Enrique Hortal, Andrés Úbeda, Eduardo Iáñez, Eduardo Fernández,
and Jose M. Azorı́n
Low-cost Remote Monitoring of Biomedical Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
J.M. Morales, C. Dı́az-Piedra, L.L. Di Stasi,
Pablo Martı́nez-Cañada, and S. Romero
Asynchronous EEG/ERP Acquisition for EEG Teleservices . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
M.A. Lopez-Gordo, Pablo Padilla, F. Pelayo Valle,
and Eduardo Fernandez
XXII Contents – Part I
A Machine Learning Approach to Prediction of Exacerbations of

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Miguel Angel Fernandez-Granero, Daniel Sanchez-Morillo,
Miguel Angel Lopez-Gordo, and Antonio Leon
Brain-Computer Interfacing to Heuristic Search: First Results . . . . . . . . . 312

Marc Cavazza, Gabor Aranyi, and Fred Charles
English Phonetics: A Learning Approach Based on EEG Feedback

Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Luz Garcı́a Martı́nez, Alejandro Álvarez Pérez,
Carmen Benı́tez Ortúzar, Pedro Macizo Soria,
and Teresa Bajo Molina
Dynamic Modelling of the Whole Heart Based on a Frequency

Formulation and Implementation of Parametric Deformable Models . . . . 330
Rafael Berenguer-Vidal, Rafael Verdú-Monedero,
and Álvar-Ginés Legaz-Aparicio
Multimodal 3D Registration of Anatomic (MRI) and Functional

(fMRI and PET) Intra-patient Images of the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Álvar-Ginés Legaz-Aparicio, Rafael Verdú-Monedero,
Jorge Larrey-Ruiz, Fernando López-Mir, Valery Naranjo,
and Ángela Bernabéu
Localisation of Pollen Grains in Digitised Real Daily Airborne

Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Estela Dı́az-López, M. Rincón, J. Rojo, C. Vaquero, A. Rapp,
S. Salmeron-Majadas, and R. Pérez-Badia
Estimation of the Arterial Diameter in Ultrasound Images of the

Common Carotid Artery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
Rosa-Marı́a Menchón-Lara, Andrés Bueno-Crespo,
and José Luis Sancho-Gómez
Comparison of Free Distribution Software for EEG Focal Epileptic

Source Localization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Alexander Ossa, Camilo Borrego, Mario Trujillo, and Jose D. Lopez
Weighted Filtering for Neural Activity Reconstruction Under Time

Varying Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
J.I. Padilla-Buritica, E. Giraldo-Suárez,
and G. Castellanos-Dominguez
Neural Activity Estimation from EEG Using an Iterative Dynamic

Inverse Problem Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
E. Giraldo-Suárez and G. Castellanos-Dominguez
Contents – Part I XXIII
Supervised Brain Tissue Segmentation Using a Spatially Enhanced

Similarity Metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
D. Cárdenas-Peña, M. Orbes-Arteaga,
iLU Preconditioning of the Anisotropic-Finite-Difference Based
Solution for the EEG Forward Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
E. Cuartas-Morales, C. Daniel-Acosta,
EEG Rhythm Extraction Based on Relevance Analysis and Customized
Wavelet Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
L. Duque-Muñoz, R.D. Pinzon-Morales,
Estimation of M/EEG Non-stationary Brain Activity Using
Spatio-temporal Sparse Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
J.D. Martı́nez-Vargas, F.M. Grisales-Franco,
Connectivity Analysis of Motor Imagery Paradigm Using Short-Time
Features and Kernel Similarities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
L.F. Velasquez-Martinez, A.M. Alvarez-Meza,
Robust Linear Longitudinal Feedback Control of a Flapping Wing
Micro Air Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449
Lidia Marı́a Belmonte, R. Morales, Antonio Fernández-Caballero,
and José A. Somolinos
Use and Adoption of a Touch-Based Occupational Therapy Tool for
People Suffering from Dementia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
René F. Navarro, Marcela D. Rodrı́guez, and Jesús Favela
Multisensory Treatment of the Hemispatial Neglect by Means of Virtual
Reality and Haptic Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Miguel A. Teruel, Miguel Oliver, Francisco Montero, Elena Navarro,
and Pascual González
Evaluation of Color Preference for Emotion Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Marina V. Sokolova, Antonio Fernández-Caballero, Laura Ros,
José Miguel Latorre, and Juan Pedro Serrano
Elicitation of Emotions through Music: The Influence of Note Value . . . . 488
Alicia Fernández-Sotos, Antonio Fernández-Caballero,
and José Miguel Latorre
Towards Emotionally Sensitive Conversational Interfaces
for E-therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
David Griol, José Manuel Molina, and Zoraida Callejas
XXIV Contents – Part I
Automatic Drawing Analysis of Figures Included in

Neuropsychological Tests for the Assessment and Diagnosis
of Mild Cognitive Impairment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
M. Rincón, S. Garcı́a-Herranz, M.C. Dı́az-Mardomingo,
R. Martı́nez-Tomás, and H. Peraita
Identification of Loitering Human Behaviour in Video Surveillance

Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Héctor F. Gómez A., Rafael Martı́nez Tomás, Susana Arias Tapia,
Antonio Fernández Caballero, Sylvie Ratté,
Alexandra González Eras, and Patricia Ludeña González
Stress Detection Using Wearable Physiological Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526

Virginia Sandulescu, Sally Andrews, David Ellis, Nicola Bellotto,
and Oscar Martinez Mozos
An Embedded Ground Change Detector for a “Smart Walker” . . . . . . . . . 533

Viviana Weiss, Aleksandr Korolev, Guido Bologna, Séverine Cloix,
and Thierry Pun
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543

Online Control of Enumeration Strategies
via Bat-Inspired Optimization
Ricardo Soto1,2,3 , Broderick Crawford1,4,5, Rodrigo Olivares1() ,

Franklin Johnson6 , and Fernando Paredes7
1
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaı́so, Chile
rodrigo.olivares@uv.cl
2
Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Chile
3
Universidad Central de Chile, Chile
4
Universidad Finis Terrae, Chile
5
Universidad San Sebastián, Chile
6
Universidad de Playa Ancha, Chile
7
Escuela de Ingenierı́a Industrial, Universidad Diego Portales, Chile
{ricardo.soto,broderick.crawford}@ucv.cl,
franklin.johnson@upla.cl, fernando.paredes@udp.cl
Abstract. Constraint programming allows to solve constraint satisfac-

tion and optimization problems by building and then exploring a search
tree of potential solutions. Potential solutions are generated by firstly
selecting a variable and then a value from the given problem. The enu-
meration strategy is responsible for selecting the order in which those
variables and values are selected to produce a potential solution. There
exist different ways to perform this selection, and depending on the qual-
ity of this decision, the efficiency of the solving process may dramatically
vary. A modern idea to handle this concern, is to interleave during solv-
ing time a set of different strategies instead of using a single one. The
strategies are evaluated according to process indicators in order to use
the most promising one on each part of the search process. This process
is known as online control of enumeration strategies and its correct con-
figuration can be seen itself as an optimization problem. In this paper, we
present a new system for online control of enumeration strategies based
on bat-inspired optimization. The bat algorithm is a relatively modern
metaheuristic based on the location behavior of bats that employ echoes
to identify the objects in their surrounding area. We illustrate, promising
results where the proposed bat algorithm is able to outperform previously
reported metaheuristic-based approaches for online control of enumera-
tion strategies.
Keywords: Constraint Programming · Constraint Satisfaction Problems ·

Swarm Intelligence · Bat Algorithm
1 Introduction
Constraint programming is an efficient technology for solving constraint satisfac-
tion and optimization problems. Under this framework, problems are formulated
c Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015

J.M. Ferrández Vicente et al. (Eds.): IWINAC 2015, Part II, LNCS 9108, pp. 1–10, 2015.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18833-1_1
2 R. Soto et al.
as a set of variables and constraints. The variables represent the unknowns of

the problem and are linked to a non-empty domain of possible values, while
the constraints define relations among those variables. A solution to the prob-
lem is defined by an assignment of values to variables that does not violate any
constraints. The resolution process is carried out by a search engine, commonly
called solver, which attempt to reach a result by building and exploring a search
tree of potential solutions.
The performance and behavior of most solvers noticeably depends on the
quality of their configuration. Particularly, the enumeration strategy is a key
configuration component that may dramatically influence the performance of
constraint programming solvers. The enumeration strategy is responsible for se-
lecting the order in which variables and values are selected to build the potential
solutions of the problem. However, predicting the correct strategy in advance is
often unfeasible as its behavior is commonly unpredictable. A recent idea to
handle this concern is about interleaving a set of different strategies along the
search instead of using a single one. In this way, enumeration strategies are re-
placed during search depending on the performance exhibited along the solving
process. The performance of strategies is evaluated according to process indica-
tors in order to use the most promising one on each part of the search process.
This form of search is called online control within the autonomous search (AS)
framework [10] and its correct configuration can be seen itself as an optimization
problem. Indeed, we are in the presence of an hyper-optimization [17] problem,
which in this case is the optimization of the process for solving an optimization
(satisfaction) problem.
In this paper, we present a new system for online control of enumeration
strategies based on bat-inspired optimization. The bat algorithm is a recent
metaheuristic based on the echolocation behavior of bats that identify positions
and objects by emitting pulses of sound and retrieving the corresponding pro-
duced echoes. We illustrate, promising results where the proposed bat algorithm
is able to outperform previously reported metaheuristic-based approaches for
online control of enumeration strategies. The remainder of this paper is orga-
nized as follows. The related work is given in Section 2 followed by an overview
of constraint programming and a description of the hyper-optimization problem.
The bat algorithm is illustrated next followed by the experimental evaluation.
Finally, we give conclusion and some future work.
2 Related Work
The integration of control methods in constraint programming is a recent trend.

Preliminary approaches proposed to sample and learn good strategies after solv-
ing a problem, such as the works reported in [8,7] and [15]. Another idea following
the same goal proposes to associate weights to constraints [3], which are incre-
mented once they conduct the search to domain wipeouts. In this way, variables
that participate within heavier constraints may be selected first as they are more
likely to cause failures. A variation of this approach is reported in [9,14], which
Online Control of Enumeration Strategies via Bat-Inspired Optimization 3
argue that initial choices are often more important, suggesting to perform an a
priori sampling phase for a better initial selection. In this paper, we focus on
online control, based on the work done in [1] we employ an online method to
adapt the enumeration strategies during solving time. The goal is to replace the
strategies depending on the performance exhibited along the solving process. In
this way, the most promising ones are used on each part of the search process. In
this context, two approaches have been proposed to online control, one based on
genetic algorithms [5] and a second one based on particle swarm optimization [6].
3 Constraint Programming and the Hyper-Optimization

Problem
A constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) P is defined by a triple P = X , D, C

where X is an n-tuple of variables X = x1 , x2 , . . . , xn . D is a corresponding
n-tuple of domains D = d1 , d2 , . . . , dn such that xi ∈ di , and di is a set of
values, for i = 1, . . . , n; and C is an m-tuple of constraints C = c1 , c2 , . . . , cm ,
and a constraint cj is defined as a subset of the Cartesian product of domains
dj1 × · · · × djnj , for j = 1, . . . , m. A solution to a CSP is an assignment {x1 →
a1 , . . . , xn → an } such that ai ∈ di for i = 1, . . . , n and (aj1 , . . . , ajnj ) ∈ cj , for
j = 1, . . . , m.
CSPs are usually solved by combining enumeration and propagation phases.
The enumeration strategy decides the order in which variables and values are
selected by means of the variable and value ordering heuristics, respectively. The
propagation phase tries to delete from domain the values that do not drive the
search process to a feasible solution.
In this work, we aim at online controlling a set of enumeration strategies
which are dynamically interleaved during solving time. Our purpose is to select
the most promising one for each part of the search tree. To this end we need
to evaluate the strategies by penalizing the ones exhibiting poor performances
and giving more credits to better ones. Based on the work done on [6], we can
evaluate the performance of strategies via a set of indicators that are able to
measure the quality of the search. The performance is evaluated via a weighted
sum model (WSM), which is a well-known decision making method from multi-
criteria decision analysis for evaluating alternatives in terms of decision criteria.
Formally, we define a weighted sum model At (Sj )W SM−score that evaluates a
strategy Sj in time t as follows:
IN

At (Sj )W SM−score = wi ait (Sj ) (1)
i=1
Where IN corresponds to the indicator set, wi is a weight that controls the

importance of the ith-indicator within the WSM and ait (Sj ) is the score of the
ith-indicator for the strategy Sj in time t. A main component of this model
are the weights, which must be finely tuned by an optimizer. This is done by
carrying out a sampling phase where the CSP is partially solved to a given cutoff.
4 R. Soto et al.
The performance information gathered in this phase via the indicators is used
as input data of the optimizer, which attempt to determine the most successful
weight set for the WSM. This tuning process is very important as the correct
configuration of the WSM may have essential effects on the ability of the solver
to properly solve specific CSPs. Parameter (weights) tuning is hard to achieve
as parameters are problem-dependent and their best configuration is not stable
along the search [12]. As previously mentioned, we are in the presence of an
hyper-optimization problem, which in practice is the optimization of the process
(the optimal configuration of the WSM) for solving an optimization (satisfaction)
problem. In Section 3.1, we present the approach used to optimize the WSM.
3.1 Bat Algorithm
As previously mentioned, to determine the most successful weight set for perfor-
mance indicators, the WSM must be finely tuned by an optimizer. To this end we
propose the use of a bat algorithm, which is a recent metaheuristic [19] inspired
on the echolocation behavior of bats. Bats and particularly micro-bats are able
to identify objects in their surrounding areas by emitting pulses of sound and
retrieving the corresponding produced echoes. This advanced capability allows
bats even to distinguish obstacles from preys, being able to hunt in complete
darkness. The bat algorithm as been developed following three rules: (1) It is
assumed that all bats use echolocation to determine distances, and all of them
are able to distinguish food, prey, and background barriers. (2) A bat bi searches
for a prey with a position xi and a velocity vi . The pulses of sound emitted have
the following features: a frequency fmin , (or varying λ), a varying wavelength λ
(or frequency f ), loudness A0 , and a rate of pulse emission r ∈ [0, 1]. All sound
features can be automatically adjusted depending on their target proximity. (3)
Although the loudness can vary in many ways, it is assumed that the loudness
varies from a large (positive) A0 to a minimum constant value Amin .
Algorithm 1 illustrates the pseudo-code for bat optimization. At the begin-
ning, a population of m bats is initialized with position xi and velocity vi . Then,
the frequency fi at position xi is set followed by pulse rates and loudness. Then,
a while loop encloses a set of actions to be performed t times until the fixed
number T of iterations if reached. The first action to be done between the loop
is the movement of bats according to Eq. 2, 3, and 4.
fi = fmin + (fmax − fmin )β (2)

vij (t) = vij (t − 1) + [(x̂)j − xji (t − 1)]fi (3)
xji (t) = xji (t − 1) + vij (t) (4)
Eq. 2 is used to control the pace and range of bats movements, where β is
a randomly generated number drawn from a uniform distribution within the
interval [0, 1]. Eq. 3 defines the velocity of decision variable j held by bat i
in time t, where (x̂)j represents the current global best position encountered
from the m bats for decision variable j; and finally Eq. 4 defines the position of
Online Control of Enumeration Strategies via Bat-Inspired Optimization 5
Algorithm 1. Bat algorithm

Objective f unction f (x), x = x1 , ..., xn .
Initialize the bat population xi and velocity vi , i = 1, 2, ..., m.
Def ine pulse f requency fi , at xi , i = 1, 2, ..., m.
Initialize pulse rates ri and the loudness Ai , i = 1, 2, ..., m.
1: while t < T do
2: for all bi do
3: Generate new solutions through Eq.(2), (3) and (4).
4: if rand > ri then
5: Select a solution among the best solutions.
6: Generate a local solution around the best solution.
7: end if
8: if rand < Ai and f (xi ) < f (x̂) then
9: Accept the new solutions.
10: Increase ri and reduce Ai .
11: end if
12: end for
13: end while
14: Rank the bats and f ind the current best x̂.
decision variable j held by bat i in time t. Then, at line 4, a condition handles

the variability of the possible solutions. Firstly, a solution is selected among the
current best solutions, and a new solution is generated via random walks as
proposed in [20]. Next, at line 8, a second condition is responsible for accepting
the new best solution and for updating ri and Ai according to Eq. 5 and 6, where
α and γ are ad-hoc constants between with 0 < α < 1 and γ > 0. Finally, the
bats are ranked in order to find x̂.
For the experiments, we employ the following bat configuration as suggested
in [18]: α = γ = 0.9; fmin = 0.75; and fmax = 1.25. At the beginning, ri (0) and
Ai (0) are selected randomly, with Ai (0) ∈ [1, 2] and ri (0) ∈ [0, 1].
Ai (t + 1) = αAi (t) (5) ri (t + 1) = ri (0)[1 − exp(−γt)], (6)
4 Experimental Results
We have performed an experimental evaluation of the proposed approach on differ-

ent instances of classic constraint satisfaction problems: Magic Square with
N={3, 4, 5}, Latin Square with N={4, 5, 6, 7, 8}, Knight’s Tour with N={5, 6},
Quasigroup with N={5, 6, 7}, and Langford with M = 2 and N={8, 12, 16, 20, 23}.
The adaptive enumeration component has been implemented on the Ecli pse
Constraint logic Programming Solver v6.10, and the bat-optimizer has been
developed in Java. The experiments have been launched on a 3.3GHz Intel
Core i3 with 8Gb RAM running Ubuntu Desktop 12.04.4 LTS. The instances
6 R. Soto et al.
are solved to a maximum number of 65535 steps as equally done in previ-

ous work [4]. If no solution is found at this point the problem is set to t.o.
(time-out). Let us recall that a step refers to a request of the solver to instan-
tiate a variable by enumeration. The adaptive enumeration uses a portfolio of
twenty four enumeration strategies, which is detailed in table 1. We employ
the following WSM for the experiments: w1 SB + w2 In1 + w3 In2, where SB
is the number of shallow backtracks [2] (SB), In1=CurrentM aximumDepth −
P reviousM aximumDepth, and In2=CurrentDepth − P reviousDepth, where
Depth refers to the depth reached within the search tree. This WSM was the
best performing one after the corresponding training phase of the algorithm.
Table 1. Portfolio of the enumerations strategies used
Ordering Heuristics
Id Variable Value Id Variable Value Id Variable Value
S1 First S9 First S17 First
S2 MRV S10 MRV S18 MRV
S3 AMRV S11 AMRV S19 AMRV
S4 O S12 O S20 O
Min Mid Max
S5 S S13 S S21 S
S6 L S14 L S22 L
S7 MC S15 MC S23 MC
S8 MR S16 MR S24 MR
First: the first entry in the list is selected.

MRV: the entry with the smallest domain size is selected.
AMRV: the entry with the largest domain size is selected.
S: the entry with the smallest value in the domain is selected.
L: the entry with the largest value in the domain is selected.
O: the entry with the largest number of attached constraints is selected.
MC: the entry with the smallest domain size is selected.
MR: the entry with the largest difference between the smallest and second smallest value in the
domain is selected.
Min Values are tried in increasing order.

Mid Values are tried beginning from the middle of the domain.
Max Values are tried in decreasing order.
We compare the proposed approach based on bat-optimization (BAT) with the

two previously reported optimized online control systems, one based on genetic
algorithm (GA) [5] and the other one based on particle swarm optimization
(PSO) [6]. We consider for the comparison as well, the results obtained with no
online control, i.e., a single enumeration strategy (S1 to S24 ) is employed for
the complete CSP resolution. At the end, we also include a random selection
strategy. For the evaluation, we consider number of backtracks and runtime
needed to reach a solution, both being widely employed indicators of search
performance.
The results in terms of backtracks (see tables 2 and 3) illustrate that the
proposed approach is able to compete with previous employed optimizers as
well as with single strategies. For instance, taking into account magic squares
problems, for small instances (n = 3, 4), the enumeration strategies require
similar backtrack calls than BAT. However, for n = 5, 6, 7; BAT outperforms
PSO, GA and the use of single strategies. Now, evaluating the knight’s tour
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Fig. 209.—Bronze platter. Diameter about 9 inches. British
Museum. Drawn by Wallet.
It was noticed by those who saw the veil of oxide drawn away
from the ornamentation of these bronze vessels that a large
proportion of them were Egyptian rather than Assyrian in their
general physiognomy. Some of them displayed motives familiar to all
those who have travelled in the Nile valley. Take, for instance, the
fragment we have borrowed from one of the best preserved of them
all (Fig. 209).[412] Neither the minute lines of palmettes in the centre,
nor the birds that occur in the outer border, have, perhaps, any great
significance, but nothing could be more thoroughly Egyptian than the
zone of figures between the two. The same group is there four times
repeated. Two griffins crowned with the pschent, or double tiara of
upper and lower Egypt, have each a foot resting upon the head of a
kneeling child, but their movement is protective rather than
menacing. Instead of struggling, the child raises its hands in a
gesture of adoration. Between the griffins and behind them occur
slender columns, quite similar to those we have so often
encountered in the open architecture of Egypt.[413] Between the
groups thus constituted are thicker shafts bearing winged scarabs on
their campaniform capitals. These same columns and capitals occur
on another cup from which we detach them in order to show their
details more clearly.[414] In one instance the terminal of the shaft is
unlike anything hitherto found elsewhere; it is a sphere (Fig. 210);
but the contour of the next is thoroughly Egyptian (Fig. 211), and the
symbols on the last three, a scarab and two uræi, proclaim their
origin no less clearly (Figs. 212 to 214).
Figs. 210–214.—Columns or standards figured upon a bronze cup; from

Layard.
Fig. 215.—Bronze platter. Diameter 8
inches. British Museum. Drawn by
Wallet.
We gather the same impression from a platter only cleaned quite
lately and consequently not to be found in Sir H. Layard’s works; it is
now reproduced for the first time (Fig. 215). The whole decoration is
finely carried out in line with the burin. The middle is occupied by a
seven pointed star or rosette, nine times repeated. Around this
elegant and complex motive there are concentric circles, the third of
which, counting from the centre, is filled up with small figures hardly
to be distinguished by the naked eye. We divine rather than see
lions, birds, seated men, and certain groups of symbols, such as
three lines broken and placed one above the other, which are
continually recurring in the hieroglyphic writing of Egypt. The fifth
zone has conventional papyrus stems alternating with rosettes. The
sixth, much larger, is filled with ovals surmounted by two plumes and
the uræus, that is by the royal cartouch of Egypt in its usual form.
The interior of each oval contains very small groups of figures
separated from one another by four horizontal lines.
Fig. 216.—Part of a bronze cup or platter. Diameter about 9 inches.
British Museum.
We may quote a cup figured by Layard as a last example of this
exotic style of decoration. In the centre there are four full-face heads
with Egyptian wigs (Fig. 216). Around them a mountainous country is
figured in relief, and sprinkled with trees and stags engraved with the
point. The wide border, which is unfortunately very much mutilated,
is covered with groups of figures apparently copied from some
Egyptian monument, if we may judge from the attitudes and
costume. One figure, whose torso has entirely disappeared, wears
the pschent and brandishes a mace over his head; the movement is
almost identical with that of the victorious Pharaoh with whom we are
so familiar. A goddess, who might be Isis, stands opposite to him. In
another part of the border there is a misshapen monster crowned
with feathers and resembling the Egyptian Bes.[415]
Fig. 217.—Bronze cup. Diameter 11 inches;
from Layard.
Side by side with these platters we find others on which nothing
occurs to suggest foreign influence. Take, for instance, the example
reproduced in Fig. 208. In the centre there is a small silver boss,
while the rest of the flat surface is occupied by the fine diaper pattern
made up of six-petalled flowers that we have already met with on the
carved thresholds (Vol. I. Fig. 96). The hollow border is ornamented
with four lines of palmettes united by an undulating line, a motive
which is no less Assyrian than the first (Vol. I., Figs. 128, 138, 139,
etc.). In Fig. 217 we reproduce a cup on which its original mounting,
or ring by which it was suspended, is still in place. The whole of the
decoration is pure Assyrian. The rosette is exactly similar to many of
those found on the enamelled bricks (see Vol. I., Figs. 122, 123). In
the first of the three zones, gazelles march in file; in the second, a
bull, a gazelle, an ibex, and a winged griffin, followed by the same
animals attacked by lions and making fourteen figures in all; in the
third zone fourteen heavy-crested bulls follow one another round the
dish. All these animals are among those most constantly treated by
the Assyrian sculptor; their shapes and motions are as well
understood and as well rendered as in the bas-reliefs. The bulls
especially are grandly designed. Moreover, the idea of employing all
these animals for the adornment of such a surface is entirely in the
spirit of Assyrian decoration. We shall meet with it again in the
shields from Van; we figure the best preserved of the latter on page
347.
It would be easy to give more examples, either from Layard or
from our own catalogue of these objects, of the purely Assyrian style
on the one hand, or of that in which the influence of Egyptian models
is so clearly shown, on the other. It is enough, however, that we have
proved that these little monuments may be divided into two clearly
marked classes. Did the two groups thus constituted share the same
origin? Did they both come from the same birth-place? Further
discoveries may enable us to answer this question with certainty,
and even now we may try to pave the way to its solution.
There would be no difficulty if these bronze vessels bore
cuneiform inscriptions, especially if the latter formed a part of the
decorative composition, as in the palace reliefs, and were cut by the
same hand. But this, so far as we know at present, was never the
case. In some fragments of pottery we have found cuneiform
characters (Fig. 185), and the name of Sargon has even been read
on a glass phial (Fig. 190), but—and we cannot help feeling some
surprise at the fact—none of these objects of a material far more
precious bear a trace of the Mesopotamian form of writing. I do not
know that a single wedge has been discovered upon them. A certain
number of them are inscribed, but inscribed without exception with
those letters which Phœnicia is supposed to have evolved out of the
cursive writing of Egypt.[416] They were not introduced with any idea
of enriching the design, as they always occur on the blank side of the
vessel. They are close to the edge, and their lines are very slender,
suggesting that they were meant to attract as little attention as
possible. They consist of but a single name, that of the maker, or,
more probably, the proprietor of the cup.[417]
May we take it that these inscriptions afford a key to the mystery?
that they prove the vases upon which they occur at least to have
been made in Phœnicia? We could only answer such a question in
the affirmative if peculiarities of writing and language belonging only
to Phœnicia properly speaking were to be recognized on them; but
the texts are too short to enable us to decide to which of the Semitic
idioms they should be referred, while the forms of the letters do not
differ from those on some of the intaglios (Figs. 156 and 157) and
earthenware vases (Fig. 183), and upon the series of weights
bearing the name of Sennacherib.[418] The characters belong to that
ancient Aramæan form of writing which seems to have been
practised in Mesopotamia in very early times as a cursive and
popular alphabet.
The inscriptions, then, do little to help us out of our
embarrassment, and we are obliged to turn to the style of the
vessels and their decoration for a solution to our doubts. The
conviction at which we soon arrive after a careful study of their
peculiarities is that even those on which Egyptian motives are most
numerous and most frankly employed were not made in Egypt. In the
first place we remember that the Egyptians do not seem to have
made any extensive use of such platters; their libations were poured
from vases of a different shape, and the cups sometimes shown in
the hands of a Pharaoh always have a foot.[419] Moreover, in the
paintings and bas-reliefs of Egypt, where so many cups and vases of
every kind are figured, and especially the rich golden vessel that
must have occupied such an important place in the royal treasure,
we only find the shape in question in a few rare instances.[420]
After this general statement we may go into the details. In these
the hand of the imitator is everywhere visible; he borrows motives
and adapts them to his own habits and tastes. Take as an example
the platter to which a double frieze of hieroglyphs gives a peculiarly
Egyptian physiognomy (Fig. 215). An Egyptian artist would never
employ hieroglyphs in such a position without giving them some real
significance, such as the name of a king or deity. Here, on the other
hand, an Egyptologist has only to glance at the cartouches to see
that their hieroglyphs are brought together at haphazard and that no
sense is to be got out of them. This is obvious even by the
arrangement of the several characters in the oval without troubling to
examine them one by one. They are divided into groups by straight
lines, like those of a copy book. The Egyptian scribe never made use
of such divisions; he distributed his characters over the field of the
oval according to their sense and shape. The arrangement here
followed is only to be explained by habits formed in the use of a
writing that goes in horizontal lines from left to right or right to left.
There is, in fact, nothing Egyptian but the shape of the ovals, and the
motive with which they are crowned. The pretended hieroglyphs are
nothing but rather clumsily executed pasticcios. And it must be
noticed that even this superficial Egyptianism is absent from the
centre of the dish. In those Theban ceilings which display such a
wealth of various decoration we may find a simple rosette here and
there, or rather a flower with four or eight petals, but these petals are
always rounded at the end; nowhere do we find anything that can be
compared to the great seven-pointed star which is here combined so
ingeniously with eight more of the same pattern but of smaller size.
On the other hand this motive is to be found on a great number of
cups where no reminiscence of Egypt can be traced. The ruling idea
is the same as that of the diaper-work in the thresholds from
Khorsabad and Nimroud (see Vol. I., Fig. 135).
After such an example we might look upon the demonstration as
made, but it may be useful to complete it by analyzing the other cups
we have placed in the same class. That on which the scarabs on
standards and the opposed sphinxes appear (Fig. 209) seems pure
Egyptian at first sight; but if we take each motive by itself we find
variations that are not insignificant. In Egyptian paintings, when the
scarab is represented with extended wings they are spread out
horizontally, and not crescent-wise over its head.[421] We may say
the same of the sphinx. The griffin crowned with the pschent is to be
found in Egypt as well as the winged sphinx,[422] but the Egyptian
griffins had no wings,[423] and those of the sphinxes were folded so
as to have their points directed to the ground. In the whole series of
Egyptian monuments I cannot point to a fictitious animal like this
griffin. It is in the fanciful creations of the Assyrians alone that these
wings, standing up and describing a curve with its points close to the
head of the beast that wears them (see Fig. 87), is to be seen. It is
an Assyrian griffin masquerading under the double crown of Egypt,
but a trained eye soon penetrates the disguise.
The arrangement, too, of the group is Assyrian. When the
Egyptians decorated a jewel, a vessel, or a piece of furniture by
combining two figures in a symmetrical fashion, they put them back
to back rather than face to face.[424] Very few examples can be
quoted of the employment in Egypt of an arrangement that is almost
universal in Assyria. In the latter country this opposition of two
figures is so common as to be common-place; they are usually
separated from each other by a palmette, a rosette, a column or
even a human figure (see Vol. I., Figs. 8, 124, 138, 139; and above,
Figs. 75, 90, 141, 152, 153, 158, etc.), and it was certainly from
Mesopotamia that Asia Minor borrowed the same motive, which is so
often found in the tombs of Phrygia and in Greece as far as
Mycenæ, whither it was carried from Lydia by the Tantalides.[425]
The same remarks will apply to the cup partially reproduced in
our Fig. 216. The ornament of the centre and of the outer band is
Egyptian in its origin, but the mountainous country with its stags and
its trees, that lies between—have we found anything like it in Egypt?
The mountains are suggested in much the same fashion as in the
palace reliefs, and we know how much fonder the sculptors of
Mesopotamia were of introducing the ibex, the stag, the gazelle, etc.,
into their work than those of Egypt. The rocky hills and sterile deserts
that bounded the Nile valley were far less rich in the wilder ruminants
than the wooded hills of Kurdistan and the grassy plains of the
double valley.
There is one last fact to be mentioned which will, we believe, put
the question beyond a doubt. Of all antique civilization, that which
has handed down to us the most complete material remains is the
civilization of Egypt. Thanks to the tomb there is but little of it lost.
Granting that these cups were made in Egypt, how are we to explain
the fact that not a single specimen has been found in the country?
About sixty in all have been recovered; their decoration is
distinguished by much variety, but when we compare them one with
another we find an appreciable likeness between any two examples.
The forms, the execution, the ornamental motives are often similar,
or, at least, are often treated in the same spirit. The majority come
from Assyria, but some have been found in Cyprus, in Greece, in
Campania, Latium, and Etruria. Over the whole area of the ancient
world there is but one country from which they are totally absent, and
that country is Egypt.
We may, then, consider it certain that it was not Egyptian industry
that scattered these vessels so widely, from the banks of the
Euphrates to those of the Arno and the Tiber, not even excepting
from this statement those examples on which Egyptian taste has left
the strongest mark. Egypt thus put out of the question, we cannot
hesitate between Mesopotamia and Phœnicia. If the cups of
Nimroud were not made where they were found, it was from
Phœnicia that they were imported. The composite character of the
ornamentation with which many of them were covered is consistent
with all we know of the taste and habits of Phœnician industry, as we
shall have occasion to show in the sequel. On the other hand we
must not forget at how early a date work in metal was developed in
the workshops of Mesopotamia. Exquisite as it is, the decoration of
the best of these vases would be child’s play to the master workmen
who hammered and chiselled such pictures in bronze as those that
have migrated from Balawat to the British Museum.
We are inclined to believe that the fabrication of these cups
began in Mesopotamia; that the first models were issued from the
workshops of Babylon and Nineveh, and exported thence into Syria;
and that the Phœnicians, who imitated everything—everything, at
least, that had a ready sale—acclimatized the industry among
themselves and even carried it to perfection. In order to give variety
to the decoration of the vases sent by them to every country of
Western Asia and Southern Europe, they drew more than once from
that storehouse of Egyptian ideas into which they were accustomed
to dive with such free hands; and this would account for the
combination of motives of different origin that we find on some of the
cups. Vases thus decorated must have become very popular, and
both as a result of commerce and of successful wars, must have
entered the royal treasures of Assyria in great numbers. We know
how often, after the tenth century, the sovereigns of Calah and
Nineveh overran Palestine, as well as Upper and Lower Syria. After
each campaign long convoys of plunder wended their way through
the defiles of the Amanus and Anti-Lebanon, and the fords of the
Euphrates, to the right bank of the Tigris. The Assyrian conquerors
were not content with crowding the store-rooms of their palaces with
the treasures thus won, they often transported the whole population
of a town or district into their own country. Among the Syrians thus
transplanted there must have been artizans, some of whom
endeavoured to live by the exercise of their calling and by opening
shops in the bazaars of Babylon, Calah, and Nineveh. Clients could
be easily gained by selling carved ivories and these engraved cups
at prices much smaller than those demanded when the cost of
transport from the Phœnician coast had to be defrayed.
In one of these two ways it is, then, easy to explain the
introduction of these foreign motives into Assyria, where they would
give renewed life to a system of ornament whose resources were
showing signs of exhaustion. This tendency must have become
especially pronounced about the time of the Sargonids, when
Assyria was the mistress of Phœnicia and invaded the Nile valley
more than once. To this period I should be most ready to ascribe the
majority of the bronze cups; the landscapes, hunts and processions
of wild animals with which many of them are engraved, seem to
recall the style and taste of the bas-reliefs of Sennacherib and
Assurbanipal rather than the more ancient schools of sculpture.
In any case it would be difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish
between the vases engraved in Mesopotamia by native workmen
and those imported from Phœnicia, or made at Nineveh by workmen
who had received their training at Tyre or Byblos. The resemblances
between the two are too many and too great. At most we may unite
all the platters found in Mesopotamia into a single group, and point
out a general distinction between them and those that have been
discovered in the Mediterranean basin. The ornament on the
Nimroud cups is, on the whole, simpler than on those found in
Cyprus and Italy; the figure plays a less important part in the former,
and the compositions are more simple. The Assyrian cups, or, to be
more accurate, those found in Assyria, represent the earliest phase
of this art, or industry, whichever it should be called. In later years,
after the fall of Nineveh, when Phœnicia had the monopoly of the
manufacture, she was no longer content with purely decorative
designs and small separate pictures. Her bronze-workers multiplied
their figures and covered the concentric zones with real subjects,
with scenes whose meaning and intention can often be readily
grasped. This we shall see when the principal examples of this kind
of art come under review in our chapters upon Phœnicia.[426]
Fig. 218.—Bronze cup. British Museum.

Meanwhile, we shall not attempt to establish distinctions that are
nearly always open to contest; they would, besides, require an
amount of minute detail which would here be quite out of place. To
give but one example of the evidence which might lead to at least
plausible conclusions, we might see pure Assyrian workmanship in
the cup figured below (Fig. 218),[427] where mountains, trees, and
animals stand up in slight relief, both hammer and burin having been
used to produce the desired result. Among these animals we find a
bear, which must have been a much more familiar object to the
Assyrians living below the mountain-chains of Armenia and
Kurdistan than to the dwellers upon the Syrian coast. In the inscribed
records of their great hunts, the kings of Assyria often mention the
bear.[428] Nothing that can be compared to these wooded hills
peopled by wild beasts is to be found on the cups from Cyprus or
Italy. I may say the same of another cup on which animals of various
species are packed so closely together that they recall the
engravings on some of the cylinders (see Fig. 149).[429]
On the other hand, there are plenty of motives which may just as
easily have had their origin in one country as the other. The two
vultures, for instance, preparing to devour a hare stretched upon its
back, which we figure below (Fig. 219).[430]
Fig. 219.—Border of a cup; from Layard.

It may be thought that we have dwelt too long upon these cups;
but the sequel of our history will show why we have examined them
with an attention that, perhaps, neither their number nor their beauty
may appear to justify. They are first met with in Assyria, but they
must have existed in thousands among the Greeks and Italiots.
Light, solid, and easy to carry, they must have furnished western
artists with some of their first models. As we shall see, they not only
afforded types and motives for plastic reproduction, but, by inciting
them to find a meaning for the scenes figured upon them, they
suggested myths to the foreign populations to whom they came.
§ 5. Arms.
We shall not, of course, study Assyrian arms from the military
point of view. That question has been treated with all the care it
deserves by Rawlinson and Layard.[431] From the stone axes and
arrow-heads that have been found in the oldest Chaldæan tombs, to
the fine weapons and defensive armour in iron and bronze, used by
the soldiers of Nineveh in its greatest years, by the cavalry, the
infantry, and the chariot-men of Sargon and Sennacherib, the
progress is great and must have required many long centuries of
patient industry. In Assyria no trade can have occupied more hands
or given rise to more invention than that of the armourer. For two
centuries the Assyrian legions found no worthy rivals on the
battlefields of Asia; and, although their superiority was mainly due, of
course, to qualities of physical vigour and moral energy developed
by discipline, their unvarying success was in some degree the result
of their better arms. Without dwelling upon this point we may just
observe that when war is the chief occupation of a race, its arms are
sure to be carried to an extreme degree of luxury and perfection.
Some idea of their elaboration in the case of Assyria may be gained
from the reliefs and from the original fragments that have come down
to us.
Figs. 220, 221.—Chariot poles; from a bas-relief.

It was from the animal kingdom that the Assyrian armourer
borrowed most of the forms with which he embellished the weapons
and other military implements he made. Thus we find the chariot
poles ending in the head of a bull, a horse, or a swan (Figs. 220 and
221).[432] Elsewhere we find a bow no less gracefully contrived; its
two extremities are shaped into the form of a swan’s head bent into
the neck.[433]
Figs. 222, 223.—Sword scabbards, from the

reliefs; from Layard.
The sword is the king of weapons. By a kind of instinctive
metaphor every language makes it the symbol of the valour and
prowess of him who wears it. It was, therefore, only natural that the
Assyrian scabbard, especially when worn by the king, should be
adorned with lions (Figs. 82, 222, 223). These were of bronze, no
doubt, and applied. In the last of our three examples a small lion is
introduced below the larger couple. The sword-blade itself may have
been decorated in the same fashion. The Assyrians understood
damascening, an art that in after ages was to render famous the
blades forged in the same part of the world, at Damascus and
Bagdad. The Arab armourers did no more, perhaps, than practise an
art handed down to them from immemorial times, and brought to
perfection many centuries before in the workshops of Mesopotamia.
At any rate we know that two small bronze cubes found at Nimroud
were each ornamented on one face with the figure in outline of a
scarab with extended wings, and that the scarab in question was
carried out by inlaying a thread of gold into the bronze (Fig. 224).
Meanwhile we may point to an Assyrian scimitar, the blade of which
is inscribed with cuneiform characters.[434]
In the reliefs we find a large number of shields with their round or
elliptical surfaces divided into concentric zones.[435] A recent
discovery enables us to say how these zones were filled, at least in
the case of shields belonging to kings or chiefs. In 1880 Captain
Clayton found, on the site of an ancient building at Toprak-Kilissa, in
the neighbourhood of Van, four shields, or rather their remains,
among a number of other objects. These shields are now in the
British Museum. Upon one fragment we may read an inscription of
Rushas, king of Urardha, or Armenia, in the time of Assurbanipal.
[436]
Fig. 224.—Bronze cube damascened with gold;

from Layard.
This inscription, which is votive in its tenor, combines with the
examination of the objects themselves, to prove that these shields
are not real arms, made for the uses of war. The bronze is so thin—
not more than a millimetre and a half in thickness—that even if
nailed upon wood or backed with leather it could have afforded no
serious protection, and its reliefs must have been disfigured and
flattened with the least shock. The edge alone is strengthened by a
hoop of iron. The shields are votive, and must have been hung on
the walls of a temple, like those we see thus suspended in a bas-
relief of Sargon (Vol. I. Fig. 190), a relief in which a temple of this
same Armenia is represented.[437] But although they were made for
purposes of decoration, these arms were none the less copies of
those used in actual war, except in the matter of weight and solidity;
thus they were furnished with loops for the arms, but these were too
narrow to allow the limb of a man of average size to pass through
them with any freedom.
Fig. 225.—Votive shield. Diameter about 34½ inches.

Drawn by R. Elson.
For us the most interesting point about them is their decoration,
which is identical in principle with several of the bronze platters lately
discussed (see Fig. 217). This may be clearly seen in our
reproduction of the shield which has suffered least from rust (Fig.
225).[438] In the centre there is a rosette with many radiations; next
come three circular bands separated from each other and from the
central boss by a double cable ornament. The innermost and
outermost zones are filled with lions passant, the one between with
bulls in the same attitude. And here we find a curious arrangement of
which we can point to no other example: both lions and bulls have
their feet turned sometimes to the centre of the shield, sometimes to
its outer edge. The general character of the form is well grasped in
both cases; but the design has neither the breadth nor firmness of
that upon the cup to which we have already compared this shield
(Fig. 217). The armourers were inferior in skill to the gold and
silversmiths—we can think of no more appropriate name for them—
by whom the metal cups were beaten and chased, although they
made use of the same models and motives. No one would attribute a
Phœnician origin to these bucklers; they were found in Armenia and
were covered with cuneiform inscriptions. They must have been
made either in Assyria, or in a neighbouring country that borrowed all
from Assyria, its arts and industries as well as its written characters.
The Assyrians attached too much importance to their arms and
made too great a consumption of them to be content with importing
them from a foreign country.
Fig. 226.—Knife-handle. Bone.

Louvre.
When we turn to objects of less importance, such as daggers and
knives, we find their handles also often modelled after animals’
heads. We have already figured more than one example (Vol. I., tail-
piece to chapter II., and Vol. II., tail-piece to chapter I.). But
sometimes they were content with a more simple form of decoration
belonging to the class of ornament we call geometrical, which they
combined with those battlement shapes that, as we have seen, the
enameller also borrowed from the architect (Vol. I. Fig. 118). A by no
means ungraceful result was obtained by such simple means (Figs.
202 and 226). These knife-handles are interesting not so much on
account of their workmanship as for their tendency and the taste
they display. They were objects of daily use and manufacture. Cut
from ivory and bone, they were sold in hundreds in the bazaars. But
in every detail we can perceive a desire to make the work please the
eye. The evidence of this desire has already struck us in Egypt; it will
be no less conspicuous in Greece. In these days, how many useful
objects turned out by our machines have no such character. Those
who design them think only of their use. They are afraid of causing
complications by any attempt to make one different from the other or
to give varied shapes to tools all meant for the same service. They
renounce in advance the effort of personal invention and the love for
ornament that gives an interest of its own to the slightest fragments
from an ancient industry, and raises it almost to the dignity of a work
of art.
§ 6. Instruments of the Toilet and Jewelry.
The preoccupation to which we have just alluded, the love for an

agreeable effect, is strongly marked in several things which are now
always left without ornament. A single example will be enough to
show the difference. Nowadays all that we ask of a comb is to do its
duty without hurting the head or pulling out the hair; that its teeth
shall be conveniently spaced and neither too hard nor too pliant.
These conditions fulfilled, it would not be out of place in the most
luxurious dressing-room. The ancients were more exacting, as a
series of ebony combs in the Louvre is sufficient to show (Figs. 227–
229).[439] They have two rows of teeth, one coarse, the other fine,
and each is ornamented in the middle with a figure in open-work
(Figs. 228–229) or raised in relief on a flat bed (Fig. 227). Only a part
of the latter comb is preserved. The frame round the figures is cut
into the shape of a cable above and below, and into rosettes at the
ends. On one side of the comb there is a walking lion, on the other
the winged sphinx shown in our engraving. Its body is that of a lion, it
is mitred and wears a pointed beard. In the second example we have
a lion with lowered head within a frame with a kind of egg moulding.
The forms are so heavy that at first we have some difficulty in
recognizing the species. In our last specimen both design and
execution are much better. A lion is carved in the round within a
frame ornamented with a double row of zig-zag lines. The modelling
has been carried out by a skilful artist and is not unworthy of a place
beside the Ninevite reliefs.
Fig. 227.—Comb. Actual size.

Louvre.
We know of nothing among the spoils of Assyria that can be
compared to those wooden spoons that the Egyptian workman
carved with so light a hand;[440] but two objects found at Kouyundjik
prove that the Assyrians knew how to give forms elegant and
graceful enough, though less original, to objects of the same kind.
One of these is a bronze fork, the other a spoon of the same

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Bioinspired Computation in Artificial

Systems International Work Conference

Natural and Artificial Computation for Biomedicine and

Biomedical Applications Based on Natural and Artificial

Advances in Computational Intelligence 13th

Advances in Computational Intelligence 13th

Modelling Computation and Optimization in Information

Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing 14th

Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing 13th

Modelling Computation and Optimization in Information

José Ramón Álvarez-Sánchez Hojjat Adeli

Félix de la Paz López

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015938321

LNCS Sublibrary: SL1 – Theoretical Computer Science and General Issues

Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media

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