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 Alexander Gelbukh (Ed.)

Computational
Linguistics
LNCS 9624

and Intelligent
Text Processing
17th International Conference, CICLing 2016
Konya, Turkey, April 3–9, 2016
Revised Selected Papers, Part II

123
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 9624
Commenced Publication in 1973
Founding and Former Series Editors:
Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen

Editorial Board
David Hutchison
Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
Takeo Kanade
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Josef Kittler
University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Jon M. Kleinberg
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Friedemann Mattern
ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
John C. Mitchell
Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Moni Naor
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
C. Pandu Rangan
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
Demetri Terzopoulos
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Doug Tygar
University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
Gerhard Weikum
Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7407
Alexander Gelbukh (Ed.)

Computational
Linguistics
and Intelligent
Text Processing
17th International Conference, CICLing 2016
Konya, Turkey, April 3–9, 2016
Revised Selected Papers, Part II

123
Editor
Alexander Gelbukh
CIC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional
Mexico City
Mexico

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Computer Science
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In Memoriam of Adam Kilgarriff
 Preface

CICLing 2016 was the 17th International Conference on Intelligent Text Processing
and Computational Linguistics. The CICLing conferences provide a wide-scope forum
for discussion of the art and craft of natural language processing research, as well as the
best practices in its applications.
In 2015, Adam Kilgarriff, an influential scientist and a wonderful and brave person,
passed away prematurely, at the age of only 55. Adam was a great friend of CICLing, a
member of its small informal Steering Committee, one who helped to shape CICLing
from its inception. Until his last days, already terminally ill, he volunteered to help us
with the reviewing process for CICLing 2015. This CICLing event was dedicated to his
bright memory, and its proceedings begin with a paper that attempts to summarize his
scientific legacy.
This set of two books contains five invited papers and a selection of regular papers
accepted for presentation at the conference. Since 2001, the proceedings of the
CICLing conferences have been published in Springer’s Lecture Notes in Computer
Science series as volumes 2004, 2276, 2588, 2945, 3406, 3878, 4394, 4919, 5449,
6008, 6608, 6609, 7181, 7182, 7816, 7817, 8403, 8404, 9041, and 9042.
The set has been structured into 14 sections: an In Memoriam section and 13
sections representative of the current trends in research and applications of natural
language processing:
– General formalisms
– Embeddings, language modeling, and sequence labeling
– Lexical resources and terminology extraction
– Morphology and part-of-speech tagging
– Syntax and chunking
– Named entity recognition
– Word sense disambiguation and anaphora resolution
– Semantics, discourse, and dialog
– Machine translation and multilingualism
– Sentiment analysis, opinion mining, subjectivity, and social media
– Text classification and categorization
– Information extraction
– Applications
The 2016 event received submissions from 54 countries. A total of 298 papers by
671 authors were submitted for evaluation by the international Program Committee
(see Fig. 1 and Tables 1 and 2). This two-volume set contains revised versions of 89
regular papers selected for presentation, with the acceptance rate of 29.8%.
VIII Preface

Table 1. Number of submissions and accepted papers by topica

Submissions Topic
60 Text mining
58 Information extraction
53 Lexical resources
44 Emotions, sentiment analysis, opinion mining
43 Information retrieval
42 Semantics, pragmatics, discourse
39 Clustering and categorization
36 Under-resourced languages
35 Machine translation and multilingualism
33 Morphology
33 Practical applications
28 Social networks and microblogging
25 Named entity recognition
25 POS tagging
23 Syntax and chunking
21 Noisy text processing and cleaning
20 Formalisms and knowledge representation
16 Plagiarism detection and authorship attribution
16 Question answering
16 Summarization
16 Word sense disambiguation
13 Computational terminology
13 Natural language interfaces
12 Other
11 Natural language generation
10 Speech processing
7 Spelling and grammar check
7 Textual entailment
6 Coreference resolution
a
As indicated by the authors. A paper may belong to more than one topic.

In addition to regular papers and an In Memoriam paper, the books features papers
by the keynote speakers:
– Pascale Fung, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
– Tomas Mikolov, Facebook AI Research, USA
– Simone Teufel, University of Cambridge, UK
– Piek Vossen, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Publication of full-text invited papers in the proceedings is a distinctive feature
of the CICLing conferences. In addition to a presentation of their invited papers, the
keynote speakers organized separate lively informal events; this is also a special feature
of this conference series.
 Preface IX

Table 2. Number of submitted and accepted papers by country or region

Country or Authors Submissionsb Country or Authors Submissionsb
region region
Algeria 15 6.5 Libya 2 0.5
Argentina 2 1 Mexico 8 5.17
Australia 5 1.33 Morocco 13 4.81
Austria 1 0.33 Nigeria 3 1
Brazil 8 3.75 Norway 10 3.96
Canada 24 10.78 Pakistan 1 1
China 23 11.25 Peru 3 2
Colombia 7 3 Poland 2 1
Czechia 19 8 Portugal 6 2.05
Egypt 17 6 Qatar 11 2.83
Finland 1 0.25 Romania 12 5.75
France 56 19.52 Russia 12 7.25
Germany 15 5.93 Saudi Arabia 5 1.3
Greece 3 1 Singapore 8 2.5
Hong Kong 2 1 South Africa 3 1
Hungary 6 5 South Korea 7 4
India 73 37.3 Spain 9 3.78
Indonesia 3 1 Sri Lanka 12 5
Iran 5 2.33 Switzerland 4 2
Ireland 3 1.25 The 1 0.2
Netherlands
Israel 10 3.24 Tunisia 86 40.35
Italy 5 1 Turkey 53 29.22
Japan 13 3.5 Turkmenistan 1 0.33
Jordan 4 3 UAE 4 1.5
Kazakhstan 19 6.75 UK 18 9.17
Latvia 2 1 USA 30 13.4
Lebanon 2 0.67 Vietnam 4 1.25
Total: 671 298
b
By the number of authors: e.g., a paper by two authors from the USA and one from UK is
counted as 0.67 for the USA and 0.33 for UK.

With this event, we continued our policy of giving preference to papers with ver-
ifiable and reproducible results: In addition to the verbal description of their findings
given in the paper, we encouraged the authors to provide a proof of their claims in
electronic form. If the paper claimed experimental results, we asked the authors to
make available to the community all the input data necessary to verify and reproduce
these results; if it claimed to introduce an algorithm, we encourage the authors to make
the algorithm itself, in a programming language, available to the public. This additional
electronic material will be permanently stored on the CICLing’s server,
www.CICLing.org, and will be available to the readers of the corresponding paper for
download under a license that permits its free use for research purposes.
X Preface

Fig. 1. Submissions by country or region. The area of a circle represents the number of submitted
papers

In the long run, we expect that computational linguistics will have verifiability and
clarity standards similar to those of mathematics: In mathematics, each claim is
accompanied by a complete and verifiable proof, usually much longer than the claim
itself; each theorem’s complete and precise proof—and not just a description of its
general idea—is made available to the reader. Electronic media allow computational
linguists to provide material analogous to the proofs and formulas in mathematic in full
length—which can amount to megabytes or gigabytes of data—separately from a
12-page description published in the book. More information can be found on http://
www.CICLing.org/why_verify.htm.
To encourage providing algorithms and data along with the published papers, we
selected three winners of our Verifiability, Reproducibility, and Working Description
Award. The main factors in choosing the awarded submission were technical cor-
rectness and completeness, readability of the code and documentation, simplicity of
installation and use, and exact correspondence to the claims of the paper. Unnecessary
sophistication of the user interface was discouraged; novelty and usefulness of the
results were not evaluated—instead, they were evaluated for the paper itself and not for
the data.
The following papers received the Best Paper Awards, the Best Student Paper
Award, as well as the Verifiability, Reproducibility, and Working Description Awards,
respectively:
Best Paper 1st Place: “Mining the Web for Collocations: IR Models of Term
Associations,” by Rakesh Verma, Vasanthi Vuppuluri, An
Nguyen, Arjun Mukherjee, Ghita Mammar, Shahryar Baki,
and Reed Armstrong, USA
“Extracting Aspect Specific Sentiment Expressions
Implying Negative Opinions,” by Arjun Mukherjee, USA
Best Paper 2nd Place: “Word Sense Disambiguation Using Swarm Intelligence: A
Bee Colony Optimization Approach,” by Saket Kumar and
Omar El Ariss, USA
 Preface XI

Best Paper 3rd Place:
Best Student Paper1:
Verifiability 1st Place:
Verifiability 2nd Place:
Verifiability 3rd Place:
“Corpus Frequency and Affix Ordering in Turkish,” by
Mustafa Aksan, Umut Ufuk Demirhan, and Yeşim Aksan,
Turkey
“Generating Bags of Words from the Sums of Their Word
Embeddings,” by Lyndon White, Roberto Togneri, Wei Liu,
and Mohammed Bennamoun, Australia
“Pluralizing Nouns in isiZulu and Related Languages,” by
Joan Byamugisha, C. Maria Keet, and Langa Khumalo,
South Africa
“A Free/Open-Source Hybrid Morphological
Disambiguation Tool for Kazakh,”2 by Zhenisbek
Assylbekov, Jonathan North Washington, Francis Tyers,
Assulan Nurkas, Aida Sundetova, Aidana Karibayeva,
Balzhan Abduali, and Dina Amirova, Kazakhstan, USA, and
Norway
“An Informativeness Approach to Open IE Evaluation,” by
William Léchelle and Philippe Langlais, Canada

The authors of the awarded papers (except for the Verifiability Award) were given
extended time for their presentations. In addition, the Best Presentation Award and the
Best Poster Award winners were selected by a ballot among the attendees of the
conference.
Besides its high scientific level, one of the success factors of the CICLing confer-
ences is their excellent cultural program in which all attendees participate. The cultural
program is a very important part of the conference, serving its main purpose: personal
interaction and making friends and contacts. The attendees of the conference had a
chance to visit the Tinaztepe Cavern and nearby attractions; the Underground City and
the amazing Cappadocia landscape, probably the most astonishing natural landscape I
have seen so far; as well as the attractions and historial monuments of the city of
Konya, the ancient capital of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum and the Karamanids.
The conference was accompanied by two satellite events: the Second International
Conference on Arabic Computational Linguistics, ACLing 2016, and the First Inter-
national Conference on Turkic Computational Linguistics, TurCLing 2016, both
founded by CICLing. This is in accordance with CICLing’s mission to promote con-
solidation of emerging NLP communities in countries and regions underrepresented in
the mainstream of NLP research and, in particular, in the mainstream publication
venues. The Program Committees of ACLing 2016 and TurCLing 2016 have helped
the CICLing 2016 committee in evaluation of a number of submissions on the cor-
responding narrow topics.

1
The best student paper was selected among papers of which the first author was a full-time student,
excluding the papers that received Best Paper Awards.
2
This paper is published in the proceedings of a satellite event of the conference and not in this book
set.
XII Preface

I would like to thank all those involved in the organization of this conference. In the
first place, the authors of the papers that constitute this book: It is the excellence of their
research work that gives value to the book and meaning to the work of all other people.
I thank all those who served on the Program Committee of CICLing 2016, the Second
International Conference on Arabic Computational Linguistics, ACLing 2016, and the
First International Conference on Turkic Computational Linguistics, TurCLing 2016;
the Software Reviewing Committee, the Award Selection Committee, as well as
additional reviewers, for their hard and very professional work. Special thanks go to
Ted Pedersen, Manuel Vilares Ferro, and Soujanya Poria for their invaluable support in
the reviewing process.
I also want to cordially thank the conference staff, volunteers, and the members
of the local Organizing Committee headed by Hatem Haddad, as well as the organizers
of the satellite events, Samhaa R. El-Beltagy of Nile University, Egypt, Khaled Shaalan
of the British University in Dubai, UAE, and Bahar Karaoglan of Ege University,
Turkey. I am deeply grateful to the administration of the Mevlana University for their
helpful support, warm hospitality, and in general for providing this wonderful oppor-
tunity of holding CICLing in Turkey. I acknowledge support from the project CON-
ACYT Mexico–DST India 122030 “Answer Validation Through Textual Entailment”
and SIP-IPN grant 20161958.
The entire submission and reviewing process was supported for free by the Easy-
Chair system (www.EasyChair.org). Last but not least, I deeply appreciate the Springer
team’s patience and help in editing these volumes and getting them printed in very
short time—it is always a great pleasure to work with Springer.

December 2016 Alexander Gelbukh

 Organization

CICLing 2016 was hosted by the Mevlana University, Turkey, and was organized by
the CICLing 2016 Organizing Committee in conjunction with the Mevlana University,
the Natural Language and Text Processing Laboratory of the Centro de Investigación
en Computación (CIC) of the Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Mexico, and the
Mexican Society of Artificial Intelligence (SMIA).

Organizing Chair
Hatem Haddad Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium

Organizing Committee
Hatem Haddad (Chair) Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
Armağan Ozkaya Mevlana University, Turkey
Niyazi Serdar Tunaboylu Mevlana University, Turkey
Alaa Eleyan Mevlana University, Turkey
Mustafa Kaiiali Mevlana University, Turkey
Mohammad Shukri Salman Mevlana University, Turkey
Gülden Eleyan Mevlana University, Turkey
Hasan Ucar Mevlana University, Turkey

Program Chair
Alexander Gelbukh Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico

Program Committee
Ajith Abraham Machine Intelligence Research Labs (MIR Labs), USA
Rania Al-Sabbagh University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
Galia Angelova Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
Marianna Apidianaki LIMSI-CNRS, France
Alexandra Balahur European Commission Joint Research Centre, Italy
Sivaji Bandyopadhyay Jadavpur University, India
Leslie Barrett Bloomberg, LP, USA
Roberto Basili University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
Anja Belz University of Brighton, UK
Christian Boitet Université Joseph Fourier and LIG, GETALP, France
Igor Bolshakov Independent Researcher, Russia
Nicoletta Calzolari Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale – CNR, Italy
Erik Cambria Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
XIV Organization

Nick Campbell TCD, Ireland

Michael Carl Copenhagen Business School, Denmark
Niladri Chatterjee IIT Delhi, India
Dan Cristea A. I. Cuza University of Iași, Romania
Samhaa R. El-Beltagy Nile University, Egypt
Michael Elhadad Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
Anna Feldman Montclair State University, USA
Alexander Gelbukh Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
Dafydd Gibbon Universität Bielefeld, Germany
Roxana Girju University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
Gregory Grefenstette IHMC, USA
Hatem Haddad Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
Eva Hajičová Charles University, Czechia
Sanda Harabagiu The University of Texas at Dallas, USA
Yasunari Harada Waseda University, Japan
Ales Horak Masaryk University, Czechia
Nancy Ide Vassar College, USA
Diana Inkpen University of Ottawa, Canada
Aminul Islam University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA
Guillaume Jacquet JRC, Italy
Miloš Jakubíček Lexical Computing, Czech Republic
Doug Jones MIT, USA
Sylvain Kahane Modyco, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense
and CNRS/Alpage, Inria, France
Dimitar Kazakov University of York, UK
Alma Kharrat Microsoft, USA
Philipp Koehn Johns Hopkins University, USA
Leila Kosseim Concordia University, Canada
Mathieu Lafourcade LIRMM, France
Bing Liu University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
Cerstin Mahlow University of Stuttgart, Germany
Suresh Manandhar University of York, UK
Diana Mccarthy University of Cambridge, UK
Alexander Mehler Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Farid Meziane University of Salford, UK
Rada Mihalcea University of North Texas/Oxford University, USA
Evangelos Milios Dalhousie University, Canada
Ruslan Mitkov University of Wolverhampton, UK
Dunja Mladenic Jozef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
Hermann Moisl Newcastle University, UK
Masaki Murata Tottori University, Japan
Preslav Nakov Qatar Computing Research Institute, Qatar Foundation,
Qatar
Costanza Navarretta University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Nicolas Nicolov J.D. Power and Associates/McGraw-Hill, USA
Joakim Nivre Uppsala University, Sweden
 Organization XV

Kjetil Nørvåg Norwegian University of Science and Technology,

Norway
Attila Novák Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Hungary
Nir Ofek Ben-Gurion University, Israel
Partha Pakray National Institute of Technology Mizoram, India
Ivandre Paraboni University of São Paulo, Brazil
Patrick Saint-Dizier IRIT-CNRS, France
Maria Teresa Pazienza University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
Ted Pedersen University of Minnesota, USA
Viktor Pekar University of Birmingham, UK
Anselmo Peñas UNED, Spain
Soujanya Poria Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Marta R. Costa-Jussà Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore
Fuji Ren University of Tokushima, Japan
German Rigau IXA Group, UPV/EHU, Spain
Fabio Rinaldi University of Zurich, Switzerland
Horacio Rodriguez Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain
Paolo Rosso Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
Vasile Rus The University of Memphis, USA
Franco Salvetti University of Colorado at Boulder/Microsoft, USA
Rajeev Sangal Language Technologies Research Centre, India
Kepa Sarasola Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Spain
Fabrizio Sebastiani Qatar Computing Research Institute, Qatar
Serge Sharoff UoLeeds, UK
Bernadette Sharp Staffordshire University, UK
Grigori Sidorov Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
Kiril Simov Linguistic Modelling Laboratory, IICT-BAS, Bulgaria
John Sowa VivoMind Intelligence, USA
Efstathios Stamatatos University of the Aegean, Greece
Maosong Sun Tsinghua University, China
Jun Suzuki NTT, Japan
Stan Szpakowicz University of Ottawa, Canada
Hristo Tanev Independent Researcher, Italy
Juan-Manuel Laboratoire Informatique d’Avignon/UAPV, France
Torres-Moreno
George Tsatsaronis Technical University of Dresden, Germany
Olga Uryupina University of Trento, Italy
Manuel Vilares Ferro University of Vigo, Spain
Aline Villavicencio Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Piotr W. Fuglewicz TiP Sp. z o. o., Poland
Marilyn Walker UCSC, USA
Andy Way ADAPT Centre, Dublin City University, Ireland
Bonnie Webber The University of Edinburgh, UK
Alisa Zhila IBM, USA
XVI Organization

Software Reviewing Committee

Ted Pedersen University of Minnesota, USA
Florian Holz University of Leipzig, Germany
Miloš Jakubíček Masaryk University, Czech Republic
Sergio Jiménez Vargas Instituto Caro y Cuervo, Colombia
Miikka Silfverberg University of Colorado, USA
Ronald Winnemöller University of Hamburg, Germany

Award Committee
Alexander Gelbukh Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
Eduard Hovy Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Rada Mihalcea University of Michigan, USA
Ted Pedersen University of Minnesota, USA
Yorick Wilks University of Sheffield, UK

Additional Reviewers

Abhijit Mishra Kyoko Kanzaki

Abidalrahman Moh’D Leonardo Zilio
Aitor García Magdalena Jankowska
Alisa Zhila Mahsa Forati
Aljaz Kosmerlj Maite Giménez
Amir Hossein Razavi Majid Laali
Avi Hayoun Marc Franco Salvador
Benjamin Marie Marcelo Sardelich
Bernardo Cabaleiro Michael Mohler
Bryan Rink Miguel Angel Rios Gaona
Carla Parra Escartín Olga Kolesnikova
Diana Trandabăţ Petya Osenova
Egoitz Laparra Pidong Wang
Elnaz Davoodi Pistol Ionut Cristian
Enrique Flores Richard Evans
Francisco J. Ribadas-Pena Rodrigo Wilkens
Hanna Bechara Silvio Ricardo Cordeiro
Helena Gómez Adorno Sonia Ordoñez Salinas
Hiram Calvo Svetla Boytcheva
Ilia Markov Tal Baumel
Irazú Hernández Farias Travis Goodwin
Jan R. Benetka Victor Darriba
Jan Rupnik Victoria Yaneva
Janez Starc Vinita Nahar
Jared Bernstein Vojtech Kovar
Jie Mei Xin Chen
Jumana Nassour-Kassis Zuzana Neverilova
Kazuhiro Takeuchi
 Organization XVII

Second Arabic Computational Linguistics Conference

Program Chairs
Samhaa R. El-Beltagy Nile University, Egypt
Alexander Gelbukh Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
Khaled Shaalan The British University in Dubai, UAE

Program Committee
Bayan Abushawar Arab Open University, Jordan
Hanady Ahmed Qatar University, Qatar
Hend Alkhalifa King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
Mohammed Attia Al-Azhar University, Egypt
Aladdin Ayesh De Montfort University, UK
Karim Bouzoubaa Mohamed V University, Morocco
Violetta Cavalli-Sforza Al Akhawayn University, Morocco
Khalid Choukri ELDA, France
Samhaa R. El-Beltagy Nile University, Egypt
Ossama Emam ALTEC, Egypt
Aly Fahmy Cairo University, Egypt
Ahmed Guessoum University of Science and Technology Houari
Boumediene, Algeria
Nizar Habash New York University Abu Dhabi, UAE
Hatem Haddad Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
Kais Haddar MIRACL Laboratory, Faculté des sciences de Sfax,
Tunisia
Lamia Hadrich Belguith MIRACL Laboratory, Tunisia
Imtiaz Khan King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Alma Kharrat Microsoft, USA
Sattar Izwaini American University of Sharjah, UAE
Mark Lee University of Birmingham, UK
Sherif Mahdy Abdou RDI, Egypt
Farid Meziane University of Salford, UK
Farhad Oroumchian University of Wollongong in Dubai, UAE
Hermann Moisl Newcastle University, UK
Ahmed Rafea American University in Cairo, Egypt
Allan Ramsay The University of Manchester, UK
Mohsen Rashwan Cairo University, Egypt
Horacio Rodriguez Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain
Paolo Rosso Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain
Nasredine Semmar CEA, France
Khaled Shaalan The British University in Dubai, UAE
William Teahan Bangor University, UK
Imed Zitouni IBM Research, USA
XVIII Organization

Additional Reviewers

Asma Aouichat Muhammad Umair

Hind Saddiki Nora Al-Twairesh
Mohamed Hadj Ameur Riadh Belkebir
Muhammad Shuaib Qureshi

First International Conference on Turkic

Computational Linguistics

Program Chairs
Bahar Karaoglan (Chair) Ege University, Turkey
Tarık Kışla (Co-chair) Ege University, Turkey
Senem Kumova (Co-chair) İzmir Ekonomi University, Turkey
Hatem Haddad (Co-chair) Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium

Program Committee
Yeşim Aksan Mersin University, Turkey
Adil Alpkocak Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey
Ildar Batyrshin Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
Cem Bozsahin Middle East Technical University, Turkey
Fazli Can Bilkent University, Turkey
Ilyas Cicekli Hacettepe University, Turkey
Gülşen Eryiğit Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
Alexander Gelbukh Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
Tunga Gungor Boğaziçi University, Turkey
Hatem Haddad Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
Bahar Karaoglan Ege University, Turkey
Tarik Kisla Ege University, Turkey
Senem Kumova Metin İzmir University of Economics, Turkey
Altynbek Sharipbayev L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University,
Kazakhstan
Dzhavdet Suleymanov Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan, Russia
 Organization XIX

Additional Reviewers

A. Sumru Özsoy Ezgi Yıldırım

Ali Erkan Nihal Yağmur Aydın
Cem Rıfkı Aydın Razieh Ehsani
Dilyara Yakubova

Website and Contact

The website of the CICLing conference series is http://www.CICLing.org. It provides

information about past CICLing conferences and their satellite events, including links
to published papers (many of them in open access) or their abstracts, as well as photos
and video recordings of keynote talks. In addition, it provides data, algorithms, and
open-source software accompanying accepted papers, in accordance with the CICLing
verifiability, reproducibility, and working description policy. It also provides infor-
mation about the forthcoming CICLing events, as well as contact options.
 Contents – Part II

Machine Translation and Multilingualism

Enabling Medical Translation for Low-Resource Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Ahmad Musleh, Nadir Durrani, Irina Temnikova, Preslav Nakov,
Stephan Vogel, and Osama Alsaad

Combining Phrase and Neural-Based Machine Translation: What Worked

and Did Not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Marta R. Costa-jussà and José A. R. Fonollosa

Combining Machine Translated Sentence Chunks from Multiple

MT Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Matīss Rikters and Inguna Skadiņa

Forest to String Based Statistical Machine Translation with Hybrid

Word Alignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Santanu Pal, Sudip Kumar Naskar, and Josef van Genabith

Instant Translation Model Adaptation by Translating Unseen Words

in Continuous Vector Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Shonosuke Ishiwatari, Naoki Yoshinaga, Masashi Toyoda,
and Masaru Kitsuregawa

Fast-Syntax-Matching-Based Japanese-Chinese Limited

Machine Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Wuying Liu, Lin Wang, and Xing Zhang

A Classifier-Based Preordering Approach for English-Vietnamese

Statistical Machine Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Viet Hong Tran, Huyen Thuong Vu, Vinh Van Nguyen,
and Minh Le Nguyen

Quality Estimation for English-Hungarian Machine Translation Systems

with Optimized Semantic Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Zijian Győző Yang, László János Laki, and Borbála Siklósi

Genetic-Based Decoder for Statistical Machine Translation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Douib Ameur, Langlois David, and Smaïli Kamel

Bilingual Contexts from Comparable Corpora to Mine for Translations

of Collocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Shiva Taslimipoor, Ruslan Mitkov, Gloria Corpas Pastor,
and Afsaneh Fazly
XXII Contents – Part II

Bi-text Alignment of Movie Subtitles for Spoken English-Arabic Statistical

Machine Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Fahad Al-Obaidli, Stephen Cox, and Preslav Nakov

A Parallel Corpus of Translationese. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Ella Rabinovich, Shuly Wintner, and Ofek Luis Lewinsohn

A Low Dimensionality Representation for Language Variety Identification. . . 156

Francisco Rangel, Marc Franco-Salvador, and Paolo Rosso

Sentiment Analysis, Opinion Mining, Subjectivity, and Social Media

Invited Paper:

Towards Empathetic Human-Robot Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Pascale Fung, Dario Bertero, Yan Wan, Anik Dey, Ricky Ho Yin Chan,
Farhad Bin Siddique, Yang Yang, Chien-Sheng Wu, and Ruixi Lin

Best Paper Award, First Place:

Extracting Aspect Specific Sentiment Expressions Implying

Negative Opinions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Arjun Mukherjee

Aspect Terms Extraction of Arabic Dialects for Opinion Mining

Using Conditional Random Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Alawya Alawami

Large Scale Authorship Attribution of Online Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Prasha Shrestha, Arjun Mukherjee, and Thamar Solorio

Discovering Correspondence of Sentiment Words and Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Geli Fei, Zhiyuan (Brett) Chen, Arjun Mukherjee, and Bing Liu

Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis: Category Detection and Sentiment

Classification for Hindi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Md Shad Akhtar, Asif Ekbal, and Pushpak Bhattacharyya

A New Emotional Vector Representation for Sentiment Analysis . . . . . . . . . 258

Hanen Ameur, Salma Jamoussi, and Abdelmajid Ben Hamadou

Cascading Classifiers for Twitter Sentiment Analysis

with Emotion Lexicons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Hiram Calvo and Omar Juárez Gambino
 Contents – Part II XXIII

A Multilevel Approach to Sentiment Analysis of Figurative Language

in Twitter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Braja Gopal Patra, Soumadeep Mazumdar, Dipankar Das,
Paolo Rosso, and Sivaji Bandyopadhyay

Determining Sentiment in Citation Text and Analyzing Its Impact

on the Proposed Ranking Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Souvick Ghosh, Dipankar Das, and Tanmoy Chakraborty

Combining Lexical Features and a Supervised Learning Approach

for Arabic Sentiment Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Samhaa R. El-Beltagy, Talaat Khalil, Amal Halaby,
and Muhammad Hammad

Sentiment Analysis in Arabic Twitter Posts Using Supervised Methods

with Combined Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Rihab Bouchlaghem, Aymen Elkhelifi, and Rim Faiz

Interactions Between Term Weighting and Feature Selection Methods

on the Sentiment Analysis of Turkish Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Tuba Parlar, Selma Ayşe Özel, and Fei Song

Developing a Concept-Level Knowledge Base for Sentiment Analysis

in Singlish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Rajiv Bajpai, Danyuan Ho, and Erik Cambria

Using Syntactic and Semantic Features for Classifying Modal Values

in the Portuguese Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
João Sequeira, Teresa Gonçalves, Paulo Quaresma, Amália Mendes,
and Iris Hendrickx

Detecting the Likely Causes Behind the Emotion Spikes of Influential

Twitter Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Calkin Suero Montero, Hatem Haddad, Maxim Mozgovoy,
and Chedi Bechikh Ali

Age Identification of Twitter Users: Classification Methods

and Sociolinguistic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Vasiliki Simaki, Iosif Mporas, and Vasileios Megalooikonomou

Mining of Social Networks from Literary Texts of Resource

Poor Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Pattabhi R. K. Rao and Sobha Lalitha Devi

Collecting and Annotating Indian Social Media Code-Mixed Corpora . . . . . . 406

Anupam Jamatia, Björn Gambäck, and Amitava Das
XXIV Contents – Part II

Turkish Normalization Lexicon for Social Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

Seniz Demir, Murat Tan, and Berkay Topcu

Text Classification and Categorization

Introducing Semantics in Short Text Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433

Ameni Bouaziz, Célia da Costa Pereira, Christel Dartigues-Pallez,
and Frédéric Precioso

Topics and Label Propagation: Best of Both Worlds for Weakly Supervised
Text Classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Sachin Pawar, Nitin Ramrakhiyani, Swapnil Hingmire,
and Girish K. Palshikar

Deep Neural Networks for Czech Multi-label Document Classification . . . . . 460

Ladislav Lenc and Pavel Král

Turkish Document Classification with Coarse-Grained Semantic Matrix . . . . . 472

İlknur Dönmez and Eşref Adalı

Supervised Topic Models for Diagnosis Code Assignment

to Discharge Summaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Mohamed Dermouche, Julien Velcin, Rémi Flicoteaux,
Sylvie Chevret, and Namik Taright

Information Extraction

Invited Papers:

Identity and Granularity of Events in Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501

Piek Vossen and Agata Cybulska

An Informativeness Approach to Open IE Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

William Léchelle and Philippe Langlais

End-to-End Relation Extraction Using Markov Logic Networks . . . . . . . . . . 535

Sachin Pawar, Pushpak Bhattacharya, and Girish K. Palshikar

Knowledge Extraction with NooJ Using a Syntactico-Semantic Approach

for the Arabic Utterances Understanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
Chahira Lhioui, Anis Zouaghi, and Mounir Zrigui

Adapting TimeML to Basque: Event Annotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

Begoña Altuna, María Jesús Aranzabe, and Arantza Díaz de Ilarraza
 Contents – Part II XXV

Applications

Invited Papers:

Deeper Summarisation: The Second Time Around: An Overview

and Some Practical Suggestions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Simone Teufel

Tracing Language Variation for Romanian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599

Daniela Gîfu and Radu Simionescu

Aoidos: A System for the Automatic Scansion of Poetry Written

in Portuguese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Adiel Mittmann, Aldo von Wangenheim, and Alckmar Luiz dos Santos

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629

 Contents – Part I

In Memoriam

Invited Paper:

Adam Kilgarriff’s Legacy to Computational Linguistics and Beyond . . . . . . . 3

Roger Evans, Alexander Gelbukh, Gregory Grefenstette, Patrick Hanks,
Miloš Jakubíček, Diana McCarthy, Martha Palmer, Ted Pedersen,
Michael Rundell, Pavel Rychlý, Serge Sharoff, and David Tugwell

General Formalisms

Invited Papers:

A Roadmap Towards Machine Intelligence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Tomas Mikolov, Armand Joulin, and Marco Baroni

Algebraic Specification for Interoperability Between Data Formats:

Application on Arabic Lexical Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Malek Lhioui, Kais Haddar, and Laurent Romary

Persianp: A Persian Text Processing Toolbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Mahdi Mohseni, Javad Ghofrani, and Heshaam Faili

Embeddings, Language Modeling, and Sequence Labeling

Best Student Paper Award:

Generating Bags of Words from the Sums of Their Word Embeddings . . . . . 91

Lyndon White, Roberto Togneri, Wei Liu, and Mohammed Bennamoun

New Word Analogy Corpus for Exploring Embeddings of Czech Words . . . . 103
Lukáš Svoboda and Tomáš Brychcín

Using Embedding Models for Lexical Categorization in Morphologically

Rich Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Borbála Siklósi

A New Language Model Based on Possibility Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Mohamed Amine Menacer, Abdelfetah Boumerdas, Chahnez Zakaria,
and Kamel Smaili
XXVIII Contents – Part I

Combining Discrete and Neural Features for Sequence Labeling . . . . . . . . . . 140

Jie Yang, Zhiyang Teng, Meishan Zhang, and Yue Zhang

New Recurrent Neural Network Variants for Sequence Labeling . . . . . . . . . . 155

Marco Dinarelli and Isabelle Tellier

Lexical Resources and Terminology Extraction

Best Paper Award, First Place:

Mining the Web for Collocations: IR Models of Term Associations . . . . . . . 177

Rakesh Verma, Vasanthi Vuppuluri, An Nguyen, Arjun Mukherjee,
Ghita Mammar, Shahryar Baki, and Reed Armstrong

A Continuum-Based Model of Lexical Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Pierre Marchal and Thierry Poibeau

Description of Turkish Paraphrase Corpus Structure

and Generation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Bahar Karaoglan, Tarık Kışla, and Senem Kumova Metin

Extracting Terminological Relationships from Historical Patterns

of Social Media Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Daoud Daoud and Mohammad Daoud

Adaptation of Cross-Lingual Transfer Methods for the Building

of Medical Terminology in Ukrainian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Thierry Hamon and Natalia Grabar

Adaptation of a Term Extractor to Arabic Specialised Texts: First

Experiments and Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Wafa Neifar, Thierry Hamon, Pierre Zweigenbaum,
Mariem Ellouze Khemakhem, and Lamia Hadrich Belguith

Morphology and Part-of-Speech Tagging

Best Paper Award, Third Place:

Corpus Frequency and Affix Ordering in Turkish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Mustafa Aksan, Umut Ufuk Demirhan, and Yeşim Aksan

Pluralising Nouns in isiZulu and Related Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Joan Byamugisha, C. Maria Keet, and Langa Khumalo

Morphological Analysis of Urdu Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

Aneeta Niazi
 Contents – Part I XXIX

Stemming and Segmentation for Classical Tibetan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

Orna Almogi, Lena Dankin, Nachum Dershowitz, Yair Hoffman,
Dimitri Pauls, Dorji Wangchuk, and Lior Wolf

Part of Speech Tagging for Polish: State of the Art

and Future Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Łukasz Kobyliński and Witold Kieraś

Turkish PoS Tagging by Reducing Sparsity with Morpheme Tags

in Small Datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Burcu Can, Ahmet Üstün, and Murathan Kurfalı

Part-of-Speech Tagging for Code Mixed English-Telugu Social

Media Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Kovida Nelakuditi, Divya Sai Jitta, and Radhika Mamidi

Syntax and Chunking

Analysis of Word Order in Multiple Treebanks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Vladislav Kuboň, Markéta Lopatková, and Jiří Mírovský

A Framework for Language Resource Construction and Syntactic Analysis:

Case of Arabic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Nabil Khoufi, Chafik Aloulou, and Lamia Hadrich Belguith

Enhancing Neural Network Based Dependency Parsing

Using Morphological Information for Hindi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Agnivo Saha and Sudeshna Sarkar

Construction Grammar Based Annotation Framework for Parsing Tamil . . . . 378

Vigneshwaran Muralidaran and Dipti Misra Sharma

Comparative Error Analysis of Parser Outputs on Telugu

Dependency Treebank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Silpa Kanneganti, Himani Chaudhry, and Dipti Misra Sharma

Gut, Besser, Chunker – Selecting the Best Models for Text Chunking
with Voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Balázs Indig and István Endrédy

Named Entity Recognition

A Deep Learning Solution to Named Entity Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

V. Rudra Murthy and Pushpak Bhattacharyya
XXX Contents – Part I

Deep Learning Approach for Arabic Named Entity Recognition . . . . . . . . . . 439

Mourad Gridach

Hybrid Feature Selection Approach for Arabic Named

Entity Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Miran Shahine and Mohamed Sakre

Named-Entity-Recognition (NER) for Tamil Language

Using Margin-Infused Relaxed Algorithm (MIRA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Pranavan Theivendiram, Megala Uthayakumar,
Nilusija Nadarasamoorthy, Mokanarangan Thayaparan,
Sanath Jayasena, Gihan Dias, and Surangika Ranathunga

Word Sense Disambiguation and Anaphora Resolution

Best Paper Award, Second Place:

Word Sense Disambiguation Using Swarm Intelligence: A Bee Colony

Optimization Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Saket Kumar and Omar El Ariss

Verb Sense Annotation for Turkish PropBank via Crowdsourcing . . . . . . . . . 496

Gözde Gül Şahin

Coreference Resolution for French Oral Data: Machine Learning

Experiments with ANCOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Adèle Désoyer, Frédéric Landragin, Isabelle Tellier, Anaïs Lefeuvre,
Jean-Yves Antoine, and Marco Dinarelli

Arabic Anaphora Resolution Using Markov Decision Process. . . . . . . . . . . . 520

Fériel Ben Fraj Trabelsi, Chiraz Ben Othmane Zribi,
and Saoussen Mathlouthi

Arabic Pronominal Anaphora Resolution Based on New Set of Features . . . . 533

Souha Mezghani Hammami and Lamia Hadrich Belguith

Semantics, Discourse, and Dialog

GpSense: A GPU-Friendly Method for Commonsense Subgraph

Matching in Massively Parallel Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
Ha-Nguyen Tran and Erik Cambria

Parameters Driving Effectiveness of LSA on Topic Segmentation . . . . . . . . . 560

Marwa Naili, Anja Chaibi Habacha, and Henda Hajjami Ben Ghezala
 Contents – Part I XXXI

A New Russian Paraphrase Corpus. Paraphrase Identification

and Classification Based on Different Prediction Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Ekaterina Pronoza and Elena Yagunova

Constructing a Turkish Corpus for Paraphrase Identification

and Semantic Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
Asli Eyecioglu and Bill Keller

Evaluation of Semantic Relatedness Measures for Turkish Language . . . . . . . 600

Ugur Sopaoglu and Gonenc Ercan

Using Sentence Semantic Similarity to Improve LMF Standardized

Arabic Dictionary Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
Wafa Wali, Bilel Gargouri, and Abdelmajid Ben Hamadou

Multiword Expressions (MWE) for Mizo Language: Literature Survey. . . . . . 623

Goutam Majumder, Partha Pakray, Zoramdinthara Khiangte,
and Alexander Gelbukh

Classification of Textual Genres Using Discourse Information . . . . . . . . . . . 636

Elnaz Davoodi, Leila Kosseim, Félix-Hervé Bachand, Majid Laali,
and Emmanuel Argollo

Features for Discourse-New Referent Detection in Russian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648

Svetlana Toldova and Max Ionov

A Karaka Dependency Based Dialog Act Tagging for Telugu Using

Combination of LMs and HMM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Suman Dowlagar and Radhika Mamidi

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675

Another random document with
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political significance, so as to denote nothing whatever
besides this beneficent Christian action upon the people. For
natural morality and the precepts of the Gospel, for the very
reason that they transcend the chances of human existence,
must necessarily be independent of any particular form of
civil government and adapt themselves to all, so long as there
is nothing to conflict with virtue and right. They are,
therefore, and remain in themselves, absolutely external to
all conflict of parties and vicissitudes of occurrence, so
that, under whatever kind of government, people may and ought
to abide by these precepts, which bid them love God above all
and their neighbors as themselves. This has ever been the
morality of the Church: by it Roman Pontiffs have constantly
dealt with states whatever might be their executive
government. And this being so, the mind and action of
Catholics, when devoted to promoting the good of the lower
orders, cannot by any possibility aim at embracing and
introducing any one form of government in preference to
another.

"Just in the same way must Christian Democracy repudiate the

other ground of offense, which arises from paying so much
regard to the interests of the lower classes as to seem to
pass over the higher, who are nevertheless of equal importance
to the preservation and development of the State. The
Christian law of charity, which we have just mentioned,
forbids this. It is large enough to embrace all ranks as the
aim and the task of those who would have the common people in
a Christian spirit on the one hand suitably relieved, and, on
the other, preserved against the contagion of socialism. …

"We have recalled these various topics on which we have before

this found occasion to dilate according to our ability, and we
trust that all dispute over the name of Christian Democracy
may now be laid aside, as well as any suspicion of dangerous
signification attaching to it. This trust we rightly cherish.
For making exception of the ideas of certain persons regarding
the force and virtue of this kind of Christian Democracy,
ideas which are not free from extravagance or error, surely
there will be no single person to find fault with an endeavor,
conformably to the law of nature and of God, to do merely
this, to make the lives of laborers and artisans more
tolerable, and gradually to give them the opportunity of
self-culture, so that at home and in the world they may freely
fulfil the obligations of virtue and religion, may feel
themselves to be men, and not mere animals, Christian men, not
pagans, and so strive with more felicity and earnestness to
attain that 'one thing needful,' that final good, for which we
came into the world. This is belonging to one and the same
family, the offspring of the same all-beneficent Father,
redeemed by one Saviour and called to the same eternal
inheritance. …

"God forbid that under the name of Christian democracy should

lie the surreptitious aim of throwing off all obedience and
turning away from those in lawful authority. The law of
nature, no less than that of Christ, enjoins respect for all
such as in their several degree hold office in the State, and
further enjoins obedience to their lawful commands. This is
the only attitude worthy of a man and a Christian, and ought
to be taken up heartily and as a matter of duty, 'for
conscience's sake,' as the Apostle himself has admonished,
when he ordained: 'Let every soul be subject to the highest
powers.' …

"We spoke just now advisedly of virtue and religion. For it is

the opinion of some, which is caught up by the masses, that
the social question, as they call it, is 'economical' merely.
The precise opposite is the truth—that it is first of all
moral and religious, and for that reason its solution is to be
expected mainly from the moral law and the pronouncements of
religion. … Without the instincts which Christian wisdom
implants and keeps alive, without providence, self-control,
thrift, endurance and other natural qualities, you may try
 your hardest, but prosperity you cannot provide. That is the
reason why we have never encouraged Catholics to form
associations for the assistance of the poor, or introduce
other schemes of the kind, without at the same time warning
them that such things must not be attempted without the
sanction of religion, without its inclusion and aid. … It is a
laudable charity not merely to relieve the temporary needs of
the poor, but to have an organized system of relief; this will
be a more real and reliable assistance. It must be considered
still more laudable to desire to instill into the minds of the
mechanic and of the laborer notions of thrift and prudence, so
that they may at least in part make provision for their
declining years. It is an aim which not only relieves the cost
of the wealthy, but it is a moral step for the poor
themselves; it encourages them to approve their position,
while it keeps them away from temptations, checks
self-indulgence and leads them on to virtuous behavior. …

"Finally, we again enjoin with greater insistence that

whatever schemes people take up in the popular cause, whether
individually or in association, they should remember that they
must be entirely submissive to episcopal authority. Do not let
them be beguiled by an excessive ardor for charitable
enterprise, which, if it induces any relaxation of due
obedience, is itself false, unproductive of solid benefit and
displeasing to God. Those who please God are those who are
ready to give up their own ideas and listen to the bidding of
the rulers of the Church, absolutely as to His own."

Catholic Union and Times,

February 21, 1901.

{351}

PARIS: A. D. 1897.
Burning of the Charity Bazaar.
 An awful destruction of life was caused on the 4th of May by
fire breaking out in a charity bazaar, held in the Rue Jean
Goujon, at Paris. Temporary structures had been erected, of
wood and other combustible materials, to represent a street of
Old Paris shops, and the flames ran through them like
wildfire. The place was thronged with people, mostly of the
aristocratic class and more than 200 are said to have
perished.

PARIS: A. D. 1900 (April-November).

Exposition.

See (in this volume)

FRANCE: A. D. 1900 (APRIL-NOVEMBER).

PARIS: A. D. 1900 (September).

Gigantic banquet to the Mayors of France.

See (in this volume)

FRANCE: A. D. 1900 (SEPTEMBER).

PARIS, Treaty of (1898), between the United States and Spain.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1898 (JULY-DECEMBER).

PARKHURST, Reverend Dr. Charles:

His attack on the Tammany administration of New York City.

See (in this volume)

NEW YORK CITY: A. D. 1894-1895.

PARLIAMENT, The British:

Ceremonious opening by King Edward VII.

See (in this volume)

 ENGLAND: A. D. 1901 (FEBRUARY).

PARLIAMENTARY REFORM, Austrian.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1895-1896.

----------PARTIES AND FACTIONS, POLITICAL

AND POLITICO-RELIGIOUS: Start--------

PARTIES:
Afrikander Bund, or Bondsmen.

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (CAPE COLONY):
A. D. 1881-1888; 1898; 1898(MARCH-OCTOBER);
and 1900 (DECEMBER).

PARTIES:
Agrarian Protectionists, German.

See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1895-1898.

PARTIES:
Anti-Imperialists.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1900 (MAY-NOVEMBER).

PARTIES:
Anti-Semites.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1895-1896, and after;
FRANCE: A. D. 1897-1899, and after;
GERMANY: A. D. 1898 (JUNE).
PARTIES:
Blancos, or Whites.

See (in this volume)

URUGUAY: A. D. 1896-1899.

PARTIES:
The Bond.

See above,
AFRIKANDER BUND.

PARTIES:
Centre (Catholic, of Germany).

See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D.1898 (JUNE).

PARTIES:
Christian Social party.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1897.

PARTIES:
Clerical party, Austria.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1897.

PARTIES:
Colorados, or Reds.

See (in this volume)

URUGUAY: A. D. 1896-1899.
PARTIES:
Deutsch Fortschrittliche.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1897.

PARTIES:
"Fanatics."

See (in this volume)

BRAZIL: A. D. 1897.

PARTIES:
"Free Silver" Democracy.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1896 (JUNE-NOVEMBER)
and 1900 (MAY-NOVEMBER).

PARTIES:
Fuyu-to (Liberals).

See (in this volume)

JAPAN: A. D. 1890-1898.

PARTIES:
German Democrats.

See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1898 (JUNE).

PARTIES:
German Liberal party, Austria.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1897.
PARTIES:
German People's party.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1897.

PARTIES:
Gold Democrats.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1896 (JUNE-NOVEMBER).

PARTIES:
Hintchak, The.

See (in this volume)

TURKEY: A. D. 1895.

PARTIES:
Historic Christian party.

See (in this volume)

NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1897.

PARTIES:
Kai-shin-to (Progressives).

See (in this volume)

JAPAN: A. D. 1890-1898.

PARTIES:
Kensei-to (Constitutional party).

See (in this volume)

JAPAN: A. D. 1898-1899.
PARTIES:
Labor party, French (Parti Ouvrier).

See (in this volume)

FRANCE: A. D. 1896 (APRIL-MAY).

PARTIES:
Liberal Democrats (German).

See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1898 (JUNE).

PARTIES:
Liberal Unionists (German).

See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1898 (JUNE).

PARTIES:
Lincoln party.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1900 (MAY-NOVEMBER), SILVER REPUBLICAN.

PARTIES:
Little England party.

See (in this volume)

LITTLE ENGLAND PARTY.

PARTIES:
Middle-of-the-Road Populists.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
 A. D. 1896 (JUNE-NOVEMBER);
and 1900 (MAY-NOVEMBER).

PARTIES:
National Democratic party.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1896 (JUNE-NOVEMBER).

PARTIES:
National Liberals (German).

See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1898 (JUNE).

PARTIES:
National party, 1896 and 1900.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1896 (JUNE-NOVEMBER);
and 1900 (MAY-NOVEMBER).

PARTIES:
National Silver party.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1896 (JUNE-NOVEMBER).

PARTIES:
New Radical party.

See (in this volume)

ENGLAND: A. D. 1896 (MAY).
PARTIES:
Old Czechs.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1897.

PARTIES:
Pan-Germanic Union.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1901.

PARTIES:
Patriotic League.

See (in this volume)

FRANCE: A. D. 1898 (MAY-NOVEMBER).

PARTIES:
Polish Club.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1897.

PARTIES:
Progressives (Kaishin-to).

See (in this volume)

JAPAN: A. D. 1890-1898.

PARTIES:
Progressives (Cape).

See (in this volume)

SOUTH AFRICA (CAPE COLONY):
A. D. 1898; and 1898 (MARCH-OCTOBER).
PARTIES:
Protestant Anti-Revolutionists.

See (in this volume)

NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1897.

PARTIES:
Rikken Seiyu-kai
Association of Friends of the Constitution.

See (in this volume)

JAPAN: A. D. 1900 (AUGUST-OCTOBER).

PARTIES:
Siah Chai, The.

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1895 (AUGUST).

PARTIES:
Silver Republicans.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1896 (JUNE-NOVEMBER);
and 1900 (MAY-NOVEMBER).

PARTIES:
Socialist parties.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1897;
FRANCE: A. D. 1896 (APRIL-MAY);
GERMANY: A. D. 1894-1895, and 1898 (JUNE);
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1896 (JUNE-NOVEMBER),
and 1900 (MAY-NOVEMBER).
PARTIES:
"Sound Money" Democrats.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1896 (JUNE-NOVEMBER).

PARTIES:
United Christian party.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1900 (MAY-NOVEMBER).

PARTIES:
United Irish League.

See (in this volume)

IRELAND: A. D. 1900-1901.

PARTIES:
"Vegetarians."

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1895 (AUGUST).

PARTIES:
Verfassungstreue Grossgrundbesitz.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1897.

PARTIES:
Volkspartei.

See (in this volume)

 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1897.

PARTIES:
Young Czechs.

See (in this volume)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: A. D. 1897.

PATRIARCHATE: Re-established at Alexandria.

See (in this volume)

PAPACY: A. D. 1896 (MARCH).

PATRIOTIC LEAGUE.

See (in this volume)

FRANCE: A. D. 1898 (MAY-NOVEMBER).

{352}

PAUNCEFOTE, Sir Julian:

British commissioner to the Peace Conference at The Hague.

See (in this volume)

PEACE CONFERENCE.

----------PARTIES: End--------

----------PEACE CONFERENCE.: Start--------

PEACE CONFERENCE:

On the 24th of August, 1898, without previous heralding or

intimation, Count Mouravieff, the Russian Minister for Foreign
Affairs, placed copies of the following momentous proposal
from the Tsar in the hands of all the foreign representatives
attending his weekly reception at St. Petersburg:
"The maintenance of universal peace and a possible reduction
of the excessive armaments which weigh upon all nations
represent, in the present condition of affairs all over the
world, the ideal towards which the efforts of all Governments
should be directed. This view fully corresponds with the
humane and magnanimous intentions of His Majesty the Emperor,
my august Master. Being convinced that this high aim agrees
with the most essential interests and legitimate aspirations
of all the Powers, the Imperial Government considers the
present moment a very favourable one for seeking, through
international discussion, the most effective means of assuring
to all peoples the blessings of real and lasting peace, and
above all of limiting the progressive development of existing
armaments. During the last twenty years aspirations towards
general pacification have particularly asserted themselves in
the consciences of civilized nations. The preservation of
peace has been made the aim of international policy; for the
sake of peace the Great Powers have formed powerful alliances,
and for the purpose of establishing a better guarantee of peace
they have developed their military forces in an unprecedented
degree, and continue to develop them without hesitating at any
sacrifice. All these efforts, however, have not yet led to the
beneficent results of the desired pacification. The ever
increasing financial burdens strike at the root of public
prosperity. The physical and intellectual forces of the
people, labour and capital, are diverted for the greater part
from their natural application and wasted unproductively.
Hundreds of millions are spent in acquiring terrible engines
of destruction which are regarded to-day as the latest
inventions of science, but are destined to-morrow to be
rendered obsolete by some new discovery. National culture,
economical progress, and the production of wealth are either
paralysed or developed in a wrong direction. Therefore, the
more the armaments of each Power increase, the less they
answer to the objects aimed at by the Governments. Economic
disturbances are caused in great measure by this system of
excessive armaments, and the constant danger involved in this
accumulation of war material renders the armed peace of to-day
a crushing burden more and more difficult for the nations to
bear. It consequently seems evident that if this situation be
prolonged, it will inevitably lead to that very disaster which
it is desired to avoid, and the horrors of which make every
humane mind shudder by anticipation. It is the supreme duty,
therefore, at the present moment of all States to put some
limit to these unceasing armaments, and to find means of
averting the calamities which threaten the whole world. Deeply
impressed by this feeling, His Majesty the Emperor has been
pleased to command me to propose to all Governments who have
Representatives at the Imperial Court the meeting of a
Conference to discuss this grave problem. Such a Conference,
with God's help, would be a happy augury for the opening
century. It would concentrate in one powerful effort the
strivings of all States which sincerely wish to bring about
the triumph of the grand idea of universal peace over the
elements of trouble and discord. It would, at the same time,
cement their agreement by a united affirmation of the
principles of law and equity on which rest the security of
States and the welfare of peoples."

Great Britain, Parliamentary Publications

(Papers by Command: Russia, Number 1, 1899).

Having allowed his supremely noble proposition to stand before

the world for consideration during a period of four months,
and having received from almost every governing authority a
formal expression of willingness to join in the Conference
recommended, the sovereign of Russia pursued his grand design,
on the 11th of January, 1899, by the following communication
to the foreign representatives at his court:

"When, in the month of August last, my August master

instructed me to propose to the Governments which have
Representatives in St. Petersburg the meeting of a Conference
with the object of seeking the most efficacious means for
assuring to all peoples the blessings of real and lasting
peace, and, above all, in order to put a stop to the
progressive development of the present armaments, there
appeared to be no obstacle in the way of the realization, at
no distant date, of this humanitarian scheme. The cordial
reception accorded by nearly all the Powers to the step taken
by the Imperial Government could not fail to strengthen this
expectation. While highly appreciating the sympathetic terms
in which the adhesions of most of the Powers were expressed,
the Imperial Cabinet has been also able to collect, with
lively satisfaction, evidence of the warmest approval which
has reached it, and continues to be received, from all classes
of society in various parts of the globe. Notwithstanding the
strong current of opinion which set in favour of the ideas of
general pacification, the political horizon bas recently
undergone a sensible change. Several Powers have undertaken
fresh armaments, striving to increase further their military
forces, and in the presence of this uncertain situation, it
might be asked whether the Powers considered the present
moment opportune for the international discussion of the ideas
set forth in the Circular of the 12th (24th) August. In the
hope, however, that the elements of trouble agitating
political centres will soon give place to a calmer disposition
of a nature to favour the success of the proposed Conference,
the Imperial Government is of opinion that it would be
possible to proceed forthwith to a preliminary exchange of
ideas between the Powers, with the object:

(a.) Of seeking without delay means for putting a limit to the

progressive increase of military and naval armaments, a question
the solution of which becomes evidently more and more urgent
in view of the fresh extension given to these armaments; and

(b.) Of preparing the way for a discussion of the questions

relating to the possibility of preventing armed conflicts by
the pacific means at the disposal of international diplomacy.
{353}

In the event of the Powers considering the present moment

favourable for the meeting of a Conference on these bases, it
would certainly be useful for the Cabinets to come to an
understanding on the subject of the programme of their
labours. The subjects to be submitted for international
discussion at the Conference could, in general terms, be
summarized as follows:

"1. An understanding not to increase for a fixed period the

present effective of the armed military and naval forces, and
at the same time not to increase the Budgets pertaining
thereto; and a preliminary examination of the means by which a
reduction might even be effected in future in the forces and
Budgets above-mentioned.

"2. To prohibit the use in the armies and fleets of any new
kind of fire-arms whatever and of new explosives, or any
powders more powerful than those now in use either for rifles
or cannon.

"3. To restrict the use in military warfare of the formidable

explosives already existing, and to prohibit the throwing of
projectiles or explosives of any kind from balloons or by any
similar means.

"4. To prohibit the use in naval warfare of submarine

torpedo-boats or plungers, or other similar engines of
destruction; to give an undertaking not to construct vessels
with rams in the future.

"5. To apply to naval warfare the stipulations of the Geneva

Convention of 1864, on the basis of the Additional Articles of
1868.
"6. To neutralize ships and boats employed in saving those
overboard during or after an engagement.

"7. To revise the Declaration concerning the laws and customs

of war elaborated in 1874 by the Conference of Brussels, which
has remained unratified to the present day.

"8. To accept in principle the employment of good offices, of

mediation and facultative arbitration in cases lending
themselves thereto, with the object of preventing armed
conflicts between nations; to come to an understanding with
respect to the mode of applying these good offices, and to
establish a uniform practice in using them.

"It is well understood that all questions concerning the

political relations of States and the order of things
established by Treaties, as generally all questions which do
not directly fall within the programme adopted by the
Cabinets, must be absolutely excluded from the deliberations
of the Conference. In requesting you, Sir, to be good enough
to apply to your Government for instructions on the subject of
my present communication, I beg you at the same time to inform
it that, in the interest of the great cause which my august
master has so much at heart, His Imperial Majesty considers it
advisable that the Conference should not sit in the capital of
one of the Great Powers, where so many political interests are
centred which might, perhaps, impede the progress of a work in
which all the countries of the universe are equally
interested."

General assent being given to the suggestions here offered,

the next step toward realization of the grand project was
taken, by an arrangement with the government of the Kingdom of
the Netherlands, in accordance with which an invitation was
addressed from The Hague, in April, to many governments, both
the greater and the less of the political world, in the
following terms:
"For political reasons the Imperial Russian Government
considered that it would not be desirable that the meeting of
the Conference should take place in the capital of one of the
Great Powers, and after securing the assent of the Governments
interested, it addressed the Cabinet of The Hague with a view of
obtaining its consent to the choice of that capital as the
seat of the Conference in question. The Minister for Foreign
Affairs at once took the orders of Her Majesty the Queen in
regard to this request, and I am happy to be able to inform
you that Her Majesty, my august Sovereign, has been pleased to
authorize him to reply that it will be particularly agreeable
to her to see the proposed Conference meet at The Hague.
Consequently, my Government, in accord with the Imperial
Russian Government, charges me to invite [the Government
named] to be good enough to be represented at the
above-mentioned Conference, in order to discuss the questions
indicated in the second Russian Circular of the 30th December,
1898 (11th January, 1899), as well as all other questions
connected with the ideas set forth in the Circular of the 12th
(24th) August, 1898, excluding, however, from the
deliberations everything which refers to the political
relations of States or the order of things established by
Treaties. My Government trusts, that [the Government named]
will associate itself with the great humanitarian work to be
entered upon under the auspices of His Majesty the Emperor of
All the Russias, and that it will be disposed to accept this
invitation, and to take the necessary steps for the presence
of its Representatives at The Hague on the 18th May next for
the opening of the Conference, at which each Power, whatever
may be the number of its Delegates, will only have one vote."

Great Britain, Parliamentary Publications

(Papers by Command: Miscellaneous,
Number 1, 1899, pages 3-4 and 8).

In response to this definite invitation, the governments of