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Design Your Work
Praxis Volume 1
by
Tiago Forte
Copyright © 2017
Forte Labs, LLC
Dedicated to my mother, Valeria, for imparting the gifts of
graciousness, service, and humility to her wildly self-centered,
strong-willed eldest son.
Table of Contents
Foreword
A Manifesto of Human-Centered Work
10 Days of Vipassana: Meditation and the Nature of
Attention
What’s Wrong with “Productivity”
What I Learned About the Future by Reading 100 Science
Fiction Books
Tagging is Broken
The Habit Graph
What I Learned in 7 Years of Tracking Gratitude
How to Use Evernote for Your Creative Workflow
The Secret Power of ‘Read Later’ Apps
One-Touch to Inbox Zero
Productivity for Precious Snowflakes: a Mood-First Approach
to Knowledge Work
Emergent Productivity: A People-Centered Equation for
Modern Work
Immersion. Experimentation. Leverage.
The Holy Grail of Self-Improvement
Experimental Habit Formation
Meta-Skills, Macro-Laws, and the Power of Constraints
About the Author
About Praxis
Acknowledgments
Foreword
This book is made up of 16 essays (or long-form blog posts) written
from 2014 to 2016 and published on the Praxis blog. I had quit my
corporate job about a year before starting the blog, and after a
series of small projects was slowly coming to the realization that I
might be able to make a living as a self-employed freelancer.
The question I needed to answer was “What am I actually good at?”
My knowledge and skills didn’t fit neatly into any category. I was
good with technology but knew next to nothing about programming.
I had a good eye for design but could barely wield a digital
paintbrush. I was a good writer but had no interest in writing for
clients. I had spent years teaching in various contexts, but knew I
couldn’t fit into a traditional teaching job. Most of my work
experience was in non-profit organizations, but I couldn’t stand that
slow-paced environment any longer.
It seemed like all my experience up to that point had led me to the
conclusion that I wasn’t cut out for anything in particular. My self-
knowledge was boxing me in with all the things I knew I couldn’t do,
without pointing to things I could do. Applying to jobs didn’t help my
self-confidence: my eclectic mix of experiences simultaneously made
me underqualified for specialist roles, and overqualified for entry-
level ones.
My blog became my R&D lab: a place to ramble, rant, play, test,
dissect, entertain, summarize, explain, argue, advocate, theorize,
and generally way overthink all the ideas I was encountering in my
work and my life.
This random walk of exploration is evident in the wide spread of
topics I cover in this collection. It includes everything from
meditation to science fiction, habit formation to network science,
metaphysics to gratitude, organizational theory to email workflows,
innovation to mood-hacking. I had no plan, no goal, and no
publishing schedule. I wrote whenever my current obsession became
too much to bear, and I had to divulge my thoughts to an external
medium.
For most of this period I wrote for a very small audience. There was
a noticeable bump when I would ask my mom and girlfriend to share
a post on Facebook. But the truth is, I very rarely checked the
numbers. I wasn’t writing for them. I was writing for me.
You see, I have to write to know what I think. All my ideas sound
brilliant in the echo chamber of my own mind. It is only when I put
down my thoughts, letting them stand on their own strength, that I
start to see the cracks and imperfections.
It actually goes beyond this – I have to write to think. Otherwise the
same old ideas keep circulating round and round, clogging the
synapses. Writing is not a result of thinking – it is thinking itself,
scaffolded by the external props of a keyboard and screen.
As the writing accumulated, I started to converge on a theme: the
nature and practice of knowledge work. My interest in conceptual
frameworks led me to explore the theory of modern work – how it is
defined, how it is performed, how it is evolving.
But I also have an incurable practical bent. I can only read so much
philosophy before my brain starts to fog over, and I wonder what
difference these ideas will make to real people with real problems.
Too many years working in non-profits, I suspect. I can’t shake the
urgency of a world in need.
I began to see that I did have a specialty, but not one typically found
in career directories. I seemed to be unusually good at connecting
the abstract and the practical, at bridging the divide between the left
and right brains. And then packaging that explanation in a format
that was easy for others to consume.
The essays in this collection are my journey to develop and calibrate
this ability – to combine the right mix of conceptual and software
tools to form praxis, a theory of practical action.
The title Design Your Work refers to the overall theme tying together
these essays: the idea that one can design their own work. You
don’t have to adopt the same productivity methods as everyone
else. You can adapt, tweak, customize, and reframe any aspect of
how you work, from how you process emails to how you organize
information to how you structure your attention to how you measure
your performance. It was all invented by someone else at some
point in time, which means you have the option of reinventing it.
There are two ways you can read this book. The first is simply to
read the essays in the chronological order in which they appear,
which will allow you to track my thinking over time.
The second way is to use the first essay (A Manifesto of Human-
Centered Work) as a table of contents. This manifesto is grouped
into themes, and contains links to every other essay in the book.
Reading by theme will allow you to read related essays together.
Thank you for your support, for your trust, and for allowing me to
extend my journey a little bit longer. It is the most rewarding pursuit
of my life (so far).
Tiago Forte
Oakland, CA
Sept. 17, 2017
»
A Manifesto of Human-Centered
Work
I believe in work.
As a means of income generation, sure. But also as a means
to continuous learning, to reaching one’s potential, and to a peaceful
and just society.
The capacity to perform work — to shape the world and make our
ideas manifest — is among the highest privileges of being human.
Any capability so powerful is worth thinking deeply about.
I believe work can be a vehicle for
personal growth.
It isn’t obvious at first, but work can provide opportunities for nearly
every aspect of personal growth: learning, perspective, self-
expression, self-affirmation, status and prestige, self-sufficiency, self-
discovery, and making a positive impact on the world.
Any experience in life can inspire growth. I figure, why not choose
the activity you spend most of your life doing anyway? Personal
growth is expensive, and work conveniently provides both a forum
and a funding mechanism.
I believe work can be an act of self-
expression.
It doesn’t happen automatically, but people can imbue their work
with the passion, the creativity, and the purpose that give their life
meaning.
This is different from doing what you love all the time. Passion needs
truth, and the world into which we send our work is nothing if not
truthful.
I believe work can and should be
intensely enjoyable.
I don’t believe that we should have to suffer to produce our life’s
work. Beyond being useful, working can be exquisitely fun. At its
best, it provides the ideal conditions for human happiness: working
in small teams under difficult conditions, striving against all odds
toward a goal bigger than ourselves.
As children, we recognize no division between labor and play. The
reinvention of work is really the remembering of a time when there
was nothing but action and perception, intertwined in an endless
fascination with the world around us.
I believe productivity is an excellent
sandbox for life.
Anything worth doing, and especially anything we have to do, is
worth doing well. Productivity makes an excellent sandbox because
it operates according to the same principles found in any other area
of life.
And it leaks — success in productivity is easily translated to success
elsewhere. If we want to free up time and energy to pursue what
matters to us, it’s a good idea to start by streamlining the boring but
necessary activities we have to do to get by.
I believe we need a new conception of
what work is and what it’s for.
This new conception requires careful thought and intellectual rigor. It
requires sensitivity to the innate needs and abilities of humans. It
will require operating from first principles and borrowing from
extremely diverse sources with an open mind.
What constrains the performance of most workers today is not their
capability or creativity, but decaying institutions founded
on outdated conceptions of labor. The traditional dream of rags to
riches has been replaced by a new one: the dream of a sustainable
quality of life, in every sense of the word.
I believe a new conception of work will
require radically new productivity
methods.
Technology gives us unprecedented leverage, but on its own is of
little value. What’s hard to change is everything that surrounds it —
the rules, the mental models, the policies and procedures,
the habits, the self-narratives, and the paradigms.
These things take much longer to change, and they don’t follow
exponential growth curves. But they determine what impact a new
technology has on real organizations and real people.
I believe the main obstacle to adopting
new productivity methods is
people’s limiting beliefs
Most people defend the system as it exists, because change seems
threatening. Change evokes fear, anxiety, overwhelm, and
resistance. It doesn’t feel like we have the bandwidth for it. It
doesn’t feel like we have a say in how change happens.
Which is why the work of improving the productivity of knowledge
workers is really the work of guiding personal growth. It involves
helping people understand themselves, get in touch with what they
really want, and reframe limiting beliefs, with empathy and a sincere
intention to help.
I believe design is very close to the core
of what it means to be human.
Humans are designers. Our ability to create, to invent, to author new
things is mysterious and audacious.
Which is why the field of design, very broadly defined, is one of the
most fertile disciplines for us to draw on in our reinvention of
productivity. Design has made technology more humane; it can do
the same for productivity.
This requires, first and foremost, showing people that
they are designers, by nature if not by profession. Next, it requires
teaching them how to design their own methods, for their own
circumstances and their own needs.
I believe we can design a way of working
in which the interests of employees and
employers are fundamentally aligned.
This hasn’t been the historical norm, but there’s no reason we can’t
make it happen.
It will require new methods that leverage the unique qualities of
humans, instead of suppressing them. It will require making it
possible for people to bring their whole selves to work. It will
depend on human creativity and intuition, not be threatened by it.
Organizations can become platforms for humans to reach their full
potential, and in the process benefit from unleashing that immense
source of energy.
I believe a new way of working will
require a whole new infrastructure.
Everyone has the motive to author their own life. Most also have
opportunities of one kind or another.
What they lack is the means — a set of
practical tools, methods, meta-skills, frameworks, and techniques —
designed to produce performance along uniquely human dimensions.
Creating a new infrastructure to produce these tools and train people
in their use is one of the highest-leverage opportunities in the world
today.
I believe the reinvention of work is an
urgent matter.
Look around the world today — how many crises and controversies
can in some way be linked back to outdated conceptions of work?
The economy, jobs, education, income, quality of life, equal
opportunity, social mobility, climate change, the cohesiveness of
families and communities — in all these areas in which we have so
much trouble making progress, the essential nature of work goes
unchallenged.
I believe we urgently need a movement to reshape not only our
conception of work but the institutions, systems, contracts, and
relationships that stand upon it. There’s no time to wait.
I believe the future of work must be
human-centered.
A new definition of work must put human beings at the center. Work
doesn’t have to make us suffer. It doesn’t have to destroy us. People
are not only the means but also the ultimate end of a more
productive and purposeful society.
The future of work is about providing opportunities for
pragmatic imagination to take hold in a new generation, for deriving
pleasure from one’s professional life, for people to function as
human beings, rather than resources, in the workplace.
»
10 Days of Vipassana: Meditation
and the Nature of Attention
10 days, 11 hours of meditation per day.
No talking or communication of any kind, not even hand gestures or
eye contact. No reading or writing materials of any kind.
No exercise, no entertainment, no physical contact, no leaving the
grounds, no food or drink besides what was provided.
These were the rules of the vipassana meditation course I attended
in California wine country last month.
This is the true story of what I experienced, and what it taught me
about the nature of attention.
Day One: Chaos
We awoke each day at 4am for our first 2-hour meditation session of
the day.
The first three days were dedicated to calming our minds and
focusing our attention, which is even harder than it sounds. Sitting
and closing my eyes on that first day, expecting the serene
environment to calm me, I instead opened the door of my mind to
find utter chaos.
Distracting thoughts fell like hammer blows, crashing their way into
my awareness with ferocious determination. Any attempt to
suppress them only made them stronger. I became distracted from
my distractions by new distractions, like a monkey swinging from
branch to branch, never resting anywhere for more than a few
seconds.
In those first hours, I discovered my mind to be a machine finely
tuned for the main task I had assigned it for many years: the task of
generating new, exciting things to think about. My inner voice
excelled at talking, but I’d forgotten how to listen.
We were given only one instruction at first: to pay attention to a
small triangle-shaped area between the corners of our mouth and
the bridge of our nose. We were to do nothing but simply notice any
sensations we found there — hot or old, itching or tingling, numbness
or heaviness — anything.
Day Four: Sensation
On the fourth day, we were asked to shift our point of focus from
our upper lip to the top of our head.
My expectations for this second phase were low, because I felt I had
already failed the first phase. My mind had calmed down slightly,
remaining focused for up to about a minute at a time. But I still
found my thoughts constantly wandering.
But when I moved my attention to the top of my head, I was
surprised to feel a tangible pressure at that spot. We were instructed
to expand our attention to the rest of the scalp, and it felt as if
someone had poured a jar of thick honey on my head. I could feel
the weight of it, the heat and the texture, oozing slowly and tangibly
down my scalp.
Next was my face. Again, a dripping, oozing feeling down my
forehead, over my eyes, down my nose and cheeks, past my mouth
to my chin.
We proceeded to examine each part of our body in the same way. In
each case, to varying degrees, an intense tingling radiated out from
my point of focus after a few seconds of observation.
I’d never experienced anything like it.
We were told that nothing about these sensations was mystical or
supernatural. They are always present — we just can’t perceive them
most of the time. They lie submerged just beneath our conscious
awareness, influencing our reactions and perceptions while
remaining all but invisible.
In three days of mental effort, my attention had become so focused
that these subtle sensations became as tangible as electric shocks.
Day Seven: Awareness
After a couple days spent exploring the surface of my skin, we were
again given new instructions. We were told to use this new method
of observation to examine the inside of our bodies.
Again, few expectations, and a number of surprising discoveries.
I learned that I could “sweep” the sensations from one area to
another, building waves of sensation across my body. I found I could
intensify my attention by focusing on a tiny spot — like the spot just
behind my ear — and when I expanded my focus, the sensations
would burst outward.
I pooled my attention around my ear and felt it slowly trickle down,
becoming aware of sensations in my inner ear I had never felt. I
explored the inside of my mouth, feeling attention trickle down my
throat, where I experienced the feeling of swallowing from the
inside, a violent sensation.
I realized I could hear my heartbeat, and feel it in any part of my
body I paid enough attention to, no matter how small. I followed my
pulse from my wrists to the ends of my fingers, where the beating
was so strong it felt like 10 miniature hearts at my fingertips.
I followed my pulse to the heart itself, wrapping my attention tightly
around it. Slowly, either because my heart rate slowed down, or my
perception of time slowed down, or both, I realized I could feel the
single beat as two separate contractions. The contractions became
more and more distinct, until I could feel the impact of the first at
the top left of my heart, and the second at the bottom right.
Never have I so directly experienced the wonder and fragility of this
little meat machine beating furiously in my chest, knocking back and
forth uninterrupted for years on end.
Day Nine: Bliss
By the end of the course, I no longer had to single out a specific
body part to feel the sensations. Where before my body was like a
pond in a light rain, an unexpected droplet hitting every few
seconds, now it was a thunderstorm.
Waves of pleasure started throughout my body completely on their
own, colliding and building on each other as they swept through me.
The feeling was intensely physical but not sexual, and one of the
most pleasurable experiences I’ve ever had.
My senses at this point felt like they were sharpened to a fine point.
Stepping out of the meditation hall into the sunlight, I could follow
the path of a fly in almost slow motion. I found myself watching
things as simple as a steaming cup of tea with the rapt attention of a
child, and any tiny pleasure — a warm shower, a clean shirt —
somehow brought me immense joy.
Day Eleven: Mindfulness
Although these physical experiences were interesting, it was the
changes in my perception and awareness that I valued the most.
Returning home, I felt a kind of hypermindfulness. Everything
seemed imbued with warmth and meaning, like I had removed a
black and white filter from my vision. The world seemed encoded
with a hidden message — that everything was exactly the way it
should be — a thought I didn’t think this Type A overachiever was
capable of having.
The day after I got back, I stood in front of the ferry building on the
Embarcadero in San Francisco. Standing in the middle of the
crosswalk gaping like a tourist, I was overcome by the beauty of the
clouds in a bright blue sky, and the way they moved behind the clock
tower I had never really stopped to notice.
I felt a newfound desire to connect with people, and not just to
impress them or get something from them. Speaking with a young
man who told me he lived out of his car, I was surprised to feel no
reaction in my mind — no aversion, no pity, no feeling of superiority
followed quickly by shame; only a subtle feeling of compassion and
curiosity.
Gaps of time I had found unbearably boring and quickly filled by
fiddling with my phone — waiting for the train to arrive, waiting at
the doctor’s office, waiting in checkout lines — suddenly became
precious moments of calm, allowing me to stop and reflect on what I
was doing and feeling. The pull of my phone and email were
magically gone, and I saw them clearly as the clumsy distractions
they’ve always been.
Lastly, and I hesitate to mention it because it is such a cliché, I was
happy. Happier than I could remember, more so than after any
achievement or vacation.
I knew that this happiness was different than any I’d felt before. It
had nothing to do with a particular set of circumstances. It set no
conditions or criteria. Making no demands on the world, the world
couldn’t shake it. Accepting the bad along with the good, it stripped
the bad of its power.
Sitting in a dark room for 10 days and peeling away layer after layer
of my perception, I had discovered first-hand a truth that seems
both obvious and far too good to be true: that the default state of
the human mind is happiness. This is why happiness is not an
achievement to be attained — every single thing you add merely
obscures what is already there.
What I learned
1. Attention is a skill — if you don’t cultivate it,
it will atrophy
We assume that if we are simultaneously looking at, listening to, and
thinking about someone, then we must be paying them our “full
attention.” This couldn’t be further from the truth.
I am convinced, based on my own anecdotal experience, that most
of us don’t use more than a fraction of our attention on anything,
ever. If I can discover a whole new world of sensation just within my
own body in just eight days, how much more must be hiding just
under the surface of my awareness?
And this is no accident. It became painfully clear to me, upon
returning, how much our modern world is designed to erode this
capacity. Advertisements, videos, mobile apps, commercials, social
media, the news, email, notifications — these are the forward
operating bases in a concerted campaign to fragment, subvert, and
monetize our attention, a resource even more scarce (and therefore
more valuable) than time or money.
We call someone who is not in control of their mind insane. What do
we call someone who is not in control of their attention, which is the
gateway to the mind?
Another random document with
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The Faithless Lover 182
Elegy 182
The Farewell 183
Sing, O sing again, lovely lark of mine 184
Wedding Gear 185
The Sale of the Braid 185
Marriage Song 186
Beggars’ Song 186
An Orphan’s Wailing 187
Conjuration of a Mother 188
Fairy Tales 189
Frost 190
The Cat, the Goat and the Ram 195
The Fox and the Peasant 198
Proverbs 199
The Eighteenth Century 203
Pososhkóv (1670-1726) 205
On Merchants 205
On the Peasantry 209
Prokopóvich (1681-1763) 211
The Spiritual Reglement 212
Funeral Sermon on Peter the Great 214
Tatíshchev (1686-1750) 218
From the “Russian History” 219
Kantemír (1708-1744) 223
To my Mind 224
Tredyakóvski (1703-1769) 230
Ode on the Surrender of Dantzig 230
Princess Dolgorúki (1714-1771) 233
From her “Memoirs” 234
Lomonósov (1711-1765) 241
Letters to I. I. Shuválov 242
Ode on the Capture of Khotín 246
Morning Meditations 252
Evening Meditations 253
Sumarókov (1718-1777) 254
The False Demetrius 255
Instruction to a Son 257
To the Corrupters of Language 260
The Helpful Gnat 260
Four Answers 261
Vasíli Máykov (1728-1778) 263
The Battle of the Zimogórans and Valdáyans 263
The Cook and the Tailor 267
Danílov (1722-1790) 269
From his “Memoirs” 269
Catherine the Great (1729-1796) 272
O Tempora 272
Prince Khlor 276
Shcherbátov (1733-1790) 287
On the Corruption of Manners in Russia 287
Petróv (1736-1799) 291
On the Victory of the Russian over the Turkish Fleet 291
Kheráskov (1733-1807) 298
The Rossiad 298
Metropolitan Platón (1737-1812) 300
What are Idolaters? 300
Address upon the Accession of Alexander I. 304
Khémnitser (1745-1784) 306
The Lion’s Council of State 306
The Metaphysician 307
Knyazhnín (1742-1791) 308
Vadím of Nóvgorod 309
Odd People 311
Princess Dáshkov (1743-1810) 316
The Establishment of a Russian Academy 316
Poroshín (1741-1769) 321
From his “Diary” 321
The Satirical Journals (1769-1774), and Nóvikov (1744- 326
1818)
From All Kinds of Things 328
Sound Reasoning Adorns a Man 329
From the Drone 332
Recipe for His Excellency Mr. Lacksense 332
The Laughing Democritos 333
From Hell’s Post 335
From the Painter 337
Fon-Vízin (1744-1792) 341
The Minor 342
An Open-Hearted Confession 351
Letters to Count Pánin 355
Kostróv (1750-1796) 358
Letter to the Creator of the Ode in Praise of Felítsa 359
Radíshchev (1749-1802) 361
Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow 362
Ablesímov (1742-1783) 370
The Miller 370
Bogdanóvich (1743-1803) 374
Psyche. From Book I. 374
” ” ” II. 375
Derzhávin (1743-1816) 377
Ode to the Deity 379
Monody on Prince Meshchérski 382
Felítsa 385
The Waterfall 390
The Storm 391
The Stream of Time 392
Neledínski-Melétski (1752-1829) 392
To the Streamlet I’ll Repair 392
He whose Soul from Sorrow Dreary 394
Muravév (1757-1807) 395
To the Goddess of the Nevá 395
Kapníst (1757-1824) 397
The Pettifoggery 398
Obúkhovka 402
On Julia’s Death 404
Gribóvski (1766-1833) 405
From his “Memoirs” 405
Kámenev (1772-1803) 411
Gromvál 412
Ózerov (1770-1816) 418
Dimítri Donskóy 419
Prince Dolgorúki (1764-1823) 422
The Legacy 422
My Moscow Fireplace 425
Dmítriev (1760-1837) 428
The Little Dove 429
During a Thunder-Storm 430
Ermák 431
What Others Say 436
Index 441
A SKETCH OF RUSSIAN LITERATURE