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Praise for the Third Edition

“This updated edition provides thoughtful consideration to how the

field of mixed methods research has changed, including how the
authors’ own definitions and typologies have refined. It also provides
a discussion of a diverse array of empirical studies from prominent
and emerging mixed methods scholars, highlighting the strength and
potential of this field for social and behavioral sciences.”—Peggy
Shannon-Baker, Bryn Mawr College

“The authors compellingly described the evolution or adjustment of

their thinking about mixed methods design. They achieved their goal
of advancing the typology of mixed methods core designs in both a
parsimonious and pragmatic manner. Teaching and learning about
mixed methods designs will be enhanced by the extraordinary work
of these authors!”—Susan Sweat Gunby, Mercer University

“This is a powerful volume that assists doctoral students facing the

writing of a dissertation and other professionals in the field of
research. I would not undertake a major evaluation without first
reviewing the steps laid out so clearly in this book.”—Joseph Drew,
Morgan State University

“This is one of the most complete and comprehensive textbooks

available on mixed methods research. A must-have for novice to
expert researchers.”—Regardt J Ferreira, Tulane University

“Creswell and Plano Clark do excellent work in showing the evolution

of mixed methods research. One of the highlights of this edition is
the addition of scaffolds that guide writing sections of a mixed
methods study.”—Senay Purzer, Purdue University
Designing and Conducting Mixed
Methods Research
Third Edition
This book is dedicated to all of my students and audience members who
have participated in my classes and in my workshops on mixed methods.
Thanks for your advice.

—John

This book is dedicated to Mark for all of his support, encouragement,

friendship, and love. I thank him to the moon and back.

—Vicki
Designing and Conducting Mixed
Methods Research
Third Edition

John W. Creswell
Department of Family Medicine,
University of Michigan
Vicki L. Plano Clark
School of Education, University of
Cincinnati
FOR INFORMATION:

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Creswell, John W., author. | Plano Clark, Vicki L., author.

Title: Designing and conducting mixed methods research / John W. Creswell, Department of Family
Medicine, University of Michigan, Vicki L. Plano Clark, School of Education, University of Cincinnati.

Description: Third Edition. | Los Angeles : SAGE, [2017] | Revised edition of the authors’ Designing
and conducting mixed methods research, c2011. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2017037536 | ISBN 9781483344379 (Paperback : acid-free paper)

Subjects: LCSH: Social sciences—Research—Methodology. | Research—Evaluation.

Classification: LCC H62 .C6962 2017 | DDC 001.4/2—dc23 LC record available at

https://lccn.loc.gov/2017037536

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Brief Contents

1. List of Figures
2. List of Tables
3. Preface
4. About the Authors
5. Chapter 1 • The Nature of Mixed Methods Research
6. Chapter 2 • The Foundations of Mixed Methods Research
7. Chapter 3 • Core Mixed Methods Designs
8. Chapter 4 • Complex Applications of Core Mixed Methods Designs
9. Chapter 5 • Introducing a Mixed Methods Study
10. Chapter 6 • Collecting Data in Mixed Methods Research
11. Chapter 7 • Analyzing and Interpreting Data in Mixed Methods
Research
12. Chapter 8 • Writing and Evaluating Mixed Methods Research
13. Chapter 9 • Advances in Mixed Methods Research
14. Appendix A: Unwritten Rules of Talking to Doctors About Depression:
Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods
15. Appendix B: Students’ Persistence in a Distributed Doctoral Program
in Educational Leadership in Higher Education: A Mixed Methods
Study
16. Appendix C: The Development of Client Violence Questionnaire (CVQ)
17. Appendix D: Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Robotic Gait Training
and Gait-Focused Physical Therapy Programs for Children and Youth
With Cerebral Palsy: A Mixed Methods RCT
18. Appendix E: Reconciling Data From Different Sources: Practical
Realities of Using Mixed Methods to Identify Effective High School
Practices
19. Appendix F: Understanding Transitions in Care From Hospital to
Homeless Shelter: A Mixed-Methods, Community-Based Participatory
Approach
20. Appendix G: Mixed Methods in Intervention Research: Theory to
Adaptation
21. Glossary
22. References
23. Index
Detailed Contents

1. List of Figures
2. List of Tables
3. Preface
1. Purpose of the Book
2. Audience for the Book
3. Book Features
4. New Features Added to the Third Edition
5. Acknowledgments
4. About the Authors
5. Chapter 1 • The Nature of Mixed Methods Research
1. Defining Mixed Methods Research
2. Examples of Mixed Methods Studies
3. What Research Problems Require Mixed Methods?
1. A Need Exists to Obtain More Complete and Corroborated
Results
2. A Need Exists to Explain Initial Results
3. A Need Exists to First Explore Before Administering
Instruments
4. A Need Exists to Enhance an Experimental Study With a
Qualitative Method
5. A Need Exists to Describe and Compare Different Types of
Cases
6. A Need Exists to Involve Participants in the Study
7. A Need Exists to Develop, Implement, and Evaluate a
Program
4. What Are the Advantages of Using Mixed Methods?
5. What Are the Challenges in Using Mixed Methods?
1. The Question of Researcher Skills
2. The Question of Time and Resources
3. The Question of Educating Others About the Value of Mixed
Methods
6. Summary
7. Activities
8. Additional Resources to Examine
6. Chapter 2 • The Foundations of Mixed Methods Research
1. Historical Foundations
1. When Mixed Methods Began
2. Why Mixed Methods Emerged
3. The Development of the Name
4. Stages in the Evolution of Mixed Methods
1. Formative period
2. Paradigm debate period
3. Early procedural development period
4. Expanded procedural development period
5. Reflection and refinement period
2. Philosophical Foundations
1. Philosophy and Worldviews
2. Worldviews Applied to Mixed Methods
1. One “best” worldview for mixed methods
2. Dialectical perspective for using multiple worldviews in
mixed methods
3. Worldviews relate to the study context and type of
mixed methods design
4. Worldviews depend on the scholarly community
3. Theoretical Foundations
4. Summary
5. Activities
6. Additional Resources to Examine
7. Chapter 3 • Core Mixed Methods Designs
1. Key Concepts That Inform Mixed Methods Designs
1. Fixed and Emergent Designs
2. Typology and Interactive Approaches to Design
3. The Evolution of Our Typology
4. A Notation System for Drawing Diagrams of Designs
5. Elements for Drawing Diagrams of Designs
2. The Three Core Mixed Methods Designs
1. General Diagrams of the Three Core Designs
2. The Convergent Design
1. Intent of the convergent design
2. Choice of the convergent design
3. Philosophical assumptions and theory use in the
convergent design
 4. The convergent design procedures
5. Integration in the convergent design
6. Strengths of the convergent design
7. Challenges in using the convergent design
8. Convergent design variants
9. Example of the convergent design
3. The Explanatory Sequential Design
1. Intent of the explanatory sequential design
2. Choice of the explanatory sequential design
3. Philosophical assumptions and theory use in an
explanatory sequential design
4. The explanatory sequential design procedures
5. Integration in the explanatory sequential design
6. Strengths of the explanatory sequential design
7. Challenges in using the explanatory sequential design
8. Explanatory sequential design variants
9. Example of the explanatory sequential design
4. The Exploratory Sequential Design
1. Intent of the exploratory sequential design
2. Choice of the exploratory sequential design
3. Philosophical assumptions and theory use in the
exploratory sequential design
4. The exploratory sequential design procedures
5. Integration in the exploratory sequential design
6. Strengths of the exploratory sequential design
7. Challenges in using the exploratory sequential design
8. Exploratory sequential design variants
9. Example of the exploratory sequential design
3. Additional Considerations in Choosing a Core Design
1. Intent of the Design
2. Familiarity of the Designs Used Within the Field
3. Expertise of the Researcher
4. Amount of Time to Conduct the Study
5. Complexity of the Design
4. Describing a Design in a Written Report
5. Summary
6. Activities
7. Additional Resources to Examine
8. Chapter 4 • Complex Applications of Core Mixed Methods Designs
1. Intersecting Core Mixed Methods Designs With Other Research
Approaches or Frameworks
2. Four Prominent Types of Complex Mixed Methods Designs
1. Mixed Methods Experimental (or Intervention) Designs
1. The intent of the mixed methods experimental design
2. Choice of the mixed methods experimental design
3. Philosophical assumptions and theory use in the mixed
methods experimental design
4. The mixed methods experimental design procedures
5. Integration in the mixed methods experimental design
6. Strengths of the mixed methods experimental design
7. Challenges in using the mixed methods experimental
design
8. Mixed methods experimental design variants
9. Example of a mixed methods experimental design
2. Mixed Methods Case Study Designs
1. Intent of the mixed methods case study design
2. Choice of the mixed methods case study design
3. Philosophical assumptions and theory use in the mixed
methods case study design
4. The mixed methods case study design procedures
5. Integration in the mixed methods case study design
6. Strengths of the mixed methods case study design
7. Challenges in using the mixed methods case study
design
8. Mixed methods case study design variants
9. Example of a mixed methods case study design
3. Mixed Methods Participatory-Social Justice Designs
1. The intent of the mixed methods participatory-social
justice design
2. Choice of the mixed methods participatory-social justice
design
3. Philosophical assumptions and theory use in the mixed
methods participatory-social justice design
4. The mixed methods participatory-social justice design
procedures
 5. Integration in the mixed methods participatory-social
justice design
6. Strengths of the mixed methods participatory-social
justice design
7. Challenges in using the mixed methods participatory-
social justice design
8. Mixed methods participatory-social justice design
variants
9. Example of a mixed methods participatory-social justice
design
4. Mixed Methods Evaluation Designs
1. The intent of the mixed methods evaluation design
2. Choice of the mixed methods evaluation design
3. Philosophical assumptions and theory use in the mixed
methods evaluation design
4. The mixed methods evaluation design procedures
5. Integration in the mixed methods evaluation design
6. Strengths of the mixed methods evaluation design
7. Challenges in using the mixed methods evaluation
design
8. Mixed methods evaluation design variants
9. Example of a mixed methods evaluation study
3. Drawing Diagrams of Complex Applications
4. Summary
5. Activities
6. Additional Resources to Examine
9. Chapter 5 • Introducing a Mixed Methods Study
1. Writing a Mixed Methods Title
1. Qualitative and Quantitative Titles
2. Mixed Methods Titles
2. Stating the Research Problem in the Introduction
1. Topics in a Statement of the Problem Section
2. Integrate Mixed Methods Into the Statement of the Problem
3. Developing the Purpose Statement
1. Qualitative and Quantitative Purpose Statements
2. Mixed Methods Purpose Statements
4. Writing Research Questions and Hypotheses
 1. Qualitative Questions and Quantitative Questions and
Hypotheses
2. Mixed Methods Research Questions
5. Summary
6. Activities
7. Additional Resources to Examine
10. Chapter 6 • Collecting Data in Mixed Methods Research
1. Procedures in Collecting Qualitative and Quantitative Data
1. Use Sampling Procedures
2. Obtain Permissions and Recruit Participants
3. Identify Data Sources
4. Record the Data
5. Administer the Procedures
2. General Considerations for Data Collection in Mixed Methods
3. Data Collection Within the Mixed Methods Designs
1. Convergent Design Data Collection
1. Decide whether the two samples will include different or
the same individuals
2. Decide whether the size of the two samples will be the
same or different
3. Decide to design parallel data collection questions
4. Decide whether the data will be collected from two
independent sources or a single source and decide the
order of data collection
2. Explanatory Sequential Design Data Collection
1. Decide whether to use the same or different individuals
in both samples
2. Decide on the sizes for the two samples
3. Decide what quantitative results need to be explained
4. Decide how to select the best participants for the
qualitative follow-up phase
5. Decide how to describe the emerging follow-up phase
for institutional review board approval
3. Exploratory Sequential Design Data Collection
1. Decide the samples and the sample sizes for the
qualitative and quantitative phases
2. Decide how to describe the emerging follow-up phase
for institutional review board approval
 3. Decide what aspects of the initial qualitative results to
use to inform the second-phase quantitative strand
4. Decide what steps to take in developing a good
quantitative instrument
5. If developing an instrument, decide how to convey the
design of it in a procedural diagram
4. Mixed Methods Experimental Design Data Collection
1. Decide on the reason and timing for collecting
qualitative data within the experimental design
2. Decide how to minimize the possibility of the qualitative
data introducing bias into the experiment
3. Decide what type of qualitative data will best augment
the experiment
5. Mixed Methods Case Study Design Data Collection
1. Decide on the criteria to use to define the case(s) for
the study
2. Decide on the core design to provide evidence for the
case(s)
3. Decide on the criteria for distinguishing cross-case
comparisons
6. Mixed Methods Participatory-Social Justice Design Data
Collection
1. Decide how best to refer to and interact with
participants
2. Decide what sampling strategies will promote
inclusiveness
3. Decide how to actively involve participants in the data
collection process
4. Decide to use data collection instruments that are
sensitive to the cultural context of the group being
studied
5. Decide how the data collection process and outcomes
will benefit, not marginalize, the community being
studied
7. Mixed Methods Evaluation Design Data Collection
1. Decide to use multiple sampling strategies that fit
different phases of the evaluation
2. Decide how to sample and collect data for each phase
 3. Decide how to handle measurement and attrition issues
4. Decide on the programmatic thrust to provide the
framework for the evaluation project
4. Summary
5. Activities
6. Additional Resources to Examine
11. Chapter 7 • Analyzing and Interpreting Data in Mixed Methods
Research
1. Procedures in Quantitative and Qualitative Data Analysis and
Interpretation
1. Prepare the Data for Analysis
2. Explore the Data
3. Analyze the Data
4. Represent the Data Analysis
5. Interpret the Results
6. Validate the Data and Results
2. Mixed Methods Data Analysis and Interpretation
1. The Evolution of Integrative Thinking
2. Viewing Integration From a Design-Based Perspective
3. Integrated Data Analysis and Interpretation Within the Mixed
Methods Designs
1. Convergent Design Data Analysis and Interpretation
1. Intent of integration
2. Primary data analysis integration procedures
3. Data transformation integration procedures
4. Representation of merging integration results in a
narrative discussion
5. Representation of merging integration results through
joint displays
6. Interpretation of integration results
2. Explanatory Sequential Design Data Analysis and
Interpretation
1. Intent of integration
2. Primary data analysis integration procedures
3. Representation of sequential integration through joint
displays
4. Interpretation of integration results
 3. Exploratory Sequential Design Data Analysis and
Interpretation
1. Intent of integration
2. Primary data analysis integration procedures
3. Representation of sequential integration through joint
displays
4. Interpretation of integration results
4. Integrated Data Analysis and Interpretation Within Complex
Designs
1. Mixed methods experimental design
2. Mixed methods case study design
3. Mixed methods participatory-social justice design
4. The mixed methods evaluation design
4. Validity and Mixed Methods Designs
1. General Principles
2. Validity Threats and Types of Mixed Methods Designs
5. Software Applications and Mixed Methods Data Analysis
6. Summary
7. Activities
8. Additional Resources to Examine
12. Chapter 8 • Writing and Evaluating Mixed Methods Research
1. General Guidelines for Writing
2. Relate the Mixed Methods Structure to the Type of Writing
1. Structure of a Proposal for a Mixed Methods Dissertation or
Thesis
2. Structure of a Mixed Methods Dissertation or Thesis
3. Structure for an Application for Funding to the National
Institutes of Health
4. Structure of a Mixed Methods Journal Article
3. Evaluating a Mixed Methods Study
1. Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation Criteria
2. Mixed Methods Evaluation Criteria
4. Summary
5. Activities
6. Additional Resources to Examine
13. Chapter 9 • Advances in Mixed Methods Research
1. Advances in Mining Data
 2. Advances in the Insight Gained Through the Value of Mixed
Methods Research
3. Advances in Mixed Methods Designs
4. Advances in Representations of Design Procedures
5. Advances in Integration
6. Advances in Creating Mixed Methods Questions and Study Aims
7. Advances in Representing Integration Through Joint Displays
8. Advances in Mixed Methods Validity
9. Advances in Understanding Skills Required for Mixed Methods
10. Advances in Publishing Mixed Methods Manuscripts
11. Summary
12. Activities
13. Additional Resources to Examine
14. Appendix A: Unwritten Rules of Talking to Doctors About Depression:
Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods
15. Appendix B: Students’ Persistence in a Distributed Doctoral Program
in Educational Leadership in Higher Education: A Mixed Methods
Study
16. Appendix C: The Development of Client Violence Questionnaire (CVQ)
17. Appendix D: Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Robotic Gait Training
and Gait-Focused Physical Therapy Programs for Children and Youth
With Cerebral Palsy: A Mixed Methods RCT
18. Appendix E: Reconciling Data From Different Sources: Practical
Realities of Using Mixed Methods to Identify Effective High School
Practices
19. Appendix F: Understanding Transitions in Care From Hospital to
Homeless Shelter: A Mixed-Methods, Community-Based Participatory
Approach
20. Appendix G: Mixed Methods in Intervention Research: Theory to
Adaptation
21. Glossary
22. References
23. Index
List of Figures

Figure 2.1 Four Levels for Developing a Research Study 35

Figure 3.1 Maxwell’s (2012) Interactive Model of Research Design
58
Figure 3.2 Ten Guidelines for Drawing Procedural Diagrams for
Mixed Methods Studies 64
Figure 3.3 General Diagrams of the Three Core Designs 66
Figure 3.4 Flowchart of the Basic Procedures in Implementing a
Convergent Mixed Methods Design 70
Figure 3.5 Diagram for a Study That Used the Convergent Design 76
Figure 3.6 Flowchart of the Basic Procedures in Implementing an
Explanatory Sequential Mixed Methods Design 79
Figure 3.7 Diagram for a Study That Used the Explanatory
Sequential Design 85
Figure 3.8 Flowchart of the Basic Procedures in Implementing an
Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods Design 88
Figure 3.9 Diagram for a Study That Used the Exploratory
Sequential Design 94
Figure 3.10 A Sample Paragraph for Writing a Mixed Methods
Design Into a Report 97
Figure 4.1 Four Examples of Types of Complex Mixed Methods
Designs 105
Figure 4.2 Adding Qualitative Data Into an Experiment to Form a
Mixed Methods Experimental Design 109
Figure 4.3 Flowchart of the Basic Procedures in Implementing a
Mixed Methods Experimental Design 111
Figure 4.4 Diagram of a Mixed Methods Experimental Study 115
Figure 4.5 Flowchart of the Basic Procedures in Implementing a
Mixed Methods Case Study Design With a Convergent Approach 119
Figure 4.6 Diagram of a Comparative Mixed Methods Case Study
122
Figure 4.7 Flowchart of the Basic Considerations for Implementing a
Mixed Methods Participatory-Social Justice Design 127
Figure 4.8 Diagram of a Mixed Methods Participatory-Social Justice
Study 130
Figure 4.9 Flowchart of the Basic Procedures in Implementing a
Mixed Methods Evaluation Design 134
Figure 4.10 Diagram of a Mixed Methods Evaluation Study 137
Figure 4.11 A Complex Diagram Indicating the Steps in
Implementing a Program Evaluation Procedure With Mixed Methods
Core Designs Added 139
Figure 5.1 An Example of a Purpose Statement Script for a
Convergent Design 155
Figure 6.1 Diagram of the Procedures for an Exploratory Sequential
Study With Instrument Development 196
Figure 7.1 Excerpt From a Results Section Showing a Side-by-Side
Comparison Discussion of Quantitative and Qualitative Results 227
Figure 7.2 Excerpt From a Results Section Discussing Convergence
and Divergence of Quantitative and Qualitative Results 228
Figure 7.3 Example of a Joint Display Table (Partially Represented
Here) for a Convergent Design 229
Figure 7.4 Example of a Joint Display Table (Partially Represented
Here) for Presenting Congruent and Discrepant Findings 231
Figure 7.5 Example of a Joint Display Figure for a Convergent
Design 232
Figure 7.6 Example of a Joint Display Table to Describe Purposeful
Sampling Based on Quantitative Results in an Explanatory Sequential
Design 237
Figure 7.7 Example of a Joint Display (Partially Represented Here)
Representing Connected Results for an Explanatory Sequential Design
239
Figure 7.8 Example of a Joint Display to Describe How Qualitative
Results Inform a Quantitative Feature in an Exploratory Sequential
Design 242
Figure 7.9 Example of a Joint Display to Represent Linked Results
for an Exploratory Sequential Design 243
Figure 7.10 Example of a Joint Display of Patient Experiences per
Treatment Benefits for a Mixed Methods Experimental Design 245
Figure 7.11 Example of a Joint Display Using the Case Study
Approach to Position Individual Cases on a Scale and Provide Text
246
Figure 7.12 A Joint Display (Partially Represented Here) for a Study
That Included Social Justice Concerns About African American Organ
Donors 248
Figure 7.13 A Joint Display Showing Qualitative Process Evaluation
and Quantitative Effect Evaluation 249
Figure 9.1 How the Mixed Methods Design Shapes a Study 292
Figure 9.2 Example of an Implementation Matrix 297
Figure 9.3 Example of a Joint Display Using Graphed Data 302
Figure 9.4 Diagram Showing Validity Threats in Exploratory
Sequential Design Procedures 304
List of Tables

Table 1.1 Authors and the Focus or Orientation of Their Definition of

Mixed Methods 3
Table 2.1 Major Contributions to the Development of Mixed Methods
Research and Selected Writings 25
Table 2.2 Eleven Key Controversies and Questions Being Raised in
Mixed Methods Research 32
Table 2.3 Four Worldviews Used in Mixed Methods Research 36
Table 2.4 Elements of Worldviews and Implications for Practice 38
Table 3.1 Selected Typologies of Mixed Methods Design
Classifications 54
Table 3.2 Our Changing Typologies 59
Table 3.3 Summary of Notations Used to Describe Mixed Methods
Designs 62
Table 5.1 Deficiencies in the Literature Related to the Different
Mixed Methods Designs 151
Table 5.2 Type of Design and Examples of Methods-Focused,
Content-Focused, and Combination Mixed Methods Research
Questions 169
Table 6.1 Recommended Qualitative and Quantitative Data
Collection Procedures for Designing Mixed Methods Studies 174
Table 6.2 Types of Mixed Methods Designs, Decisions, and
Recommendations for Data Collection 184
Table 6.3 Reasons for Adding Qualitative Research Into Intervention
Trials 198
Table 7.1 Recommended Quantitative and Qualitative Data Analysis
Procedures for Designing Mixed Methods Studies 210
Table 7.2 Linking Integrative Data Analysis and Interpretation to
Mixed Methods Designs 222
Table 7.3 Type of Design, Validity Threats, and Strategies to
Minimize Threats 251
Table 8.1 Outline of the Mixed Methods Components in the
Structure of a Dissertation or Thesis Proposal 263
Table 8.2 Example Structure for a Mixed Methods Dissertation or
Thesis 267
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 “February 28, Wednesday.—February closes: thank God for the
lapse of its twenty-eight days! Should the thirty-one of the coming
March not drag us further downward, we may hope for a successful
close to this dreary drama. By the 10th of April we should have seal;
and when they come, if we remain to welcome them, we can call
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Except William Morton, who is disabled by a frozen heel, not one of
our eighteen is exempt. Of the six workers of our party, as I counted
them a month ago, two are unable to do out-door work, and the
remaining four divide the duties of the ship among them. Hans
musters his remaining energies to conduct the hunt. Petersen is his
disheartened, moping assistant. The other two, Bonsall and myself,
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the molasses, and hew out with crowbar and axe the pork and dried
apples, pass up the foul slops and cleansings of our dormitory; and,
in a word, cook, scullionize, and attend the sick. Added to this, for
five nights running I have kept watch from 8 p.m. to 4 a.m., catching
cat-naps as I could in the day without changing my clothes, but
carefully waking every hour to note thermometers.
“Such is the condition in which February leaves us, with forty-one
days more ahead of just the same character in prospect as the
twenty-eight which, thank God! are numbered now with the past. It is
saddening to think how much those twenty-eight days have impaired
our capacities of endurance. If Hans and myself can only hold on, we
may work our way through. All rests upon destiny, or the Power
which controls it.”
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Kane saw that to abandon the brig was now the only resource: the
ice held it fast, there was no probability of its being released, and a
third winter in Rensselaer Bay would have been death to the whole
party. As soon, therefore, as the return of spring in some measure
recruited the health of his followers, he made the necessary
preparations for departure; and on the 20th of May the entire ship’s
company bade farewell to the Advance, and set out on their
homeward route. With considerable difficulty and arduous labour
they hauled their boats across the rough, hummocky ice, and
reached the open sea. On the 17th of June they embarked, and
steered for Upernavik, which port they calculated upon reaching in
fifty-six days. When they got fairly clear of the land, and in the course
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leaky that they could be kept afloat only by constant bailing; a labour
which told heavily on men already weakened with disease and want.
Starvation stared them in the face, when happily they fell in with and
captured a large seal, which they devoured voraciously; and this
opportune help recruited their failing energies. Thenceforth they
were in no lack of food, as seals were plentiful; and early in August,
after living for eighty-four days in the open air, they found themselves
under the comfortable roofs of Upernavik, enjoying the hospitable
welcome of the generous Danes.
Dr. Kane returned to New York on the 11th of October 1855, after
an absence of thirty months. His discoveries had been important, his
heroism worthy of the race from which he sprung, and none can
deny that he had well merited the honours he received.
Unfortunately, a frame never very robust had been broken down by
the trials of two Arctic winters; and this gallant explorer passed away
on the 16th of February 1857, in the thirty-seventh year of his age.

In 1860, Dr. Hayes, the companion of Dr. Kane, took the

command of an expedition intended to complete the survey of
Kennedy Channel, and to reach, if it were possible, the North Pole.
His schooner, the United States, was brought up for the winter at
Port Foulke, about twenty miles south of Rensselaer Harbour; and
early in the following April, Dr. Hayes set out on a sledge and boat
journey across the sound, and along the shores of Grinnell Land.
From the eloquent record of his adventures, which does so much
credit to his literary skill, “An Arctic Boat Journey,” we have already
quoted some stirring passages; but the following extract we may be
allowed to repeat, on account of the clear light it throws upon the
nature of the difficulties Hayes encountered on his northward
advance:—
“The track,” he says, “was rough, past description. I can compare
it to nothing but a promiscuous accumulation of rocks closely packed
together, and piled up over a vast plain in great heaps and endless
ridges, leaving scarcely a foot of level surface. The interstices
between these closely accumulated ice-masses are filled up, to
some extent, with drifted snow. The reader will easily imagine the
rest. He will see the sledges winding through the tangled wilderness
of broken ice-tables, the men and dogs pulling and pushing up their
respective loads. He will see them clambering over the very summit
of lofty ridges, through which there is no opening, and again
descending on the other side—the sledge often plunging over a
precipice, sometimes capsizing, and frequently breaking. Again he
will see the party, baffled in their attempt to cross or find a pass,
breaking a track with shovel and handspike; or, again, unable even
with these appliances to accomplish their end, they retreat to seek a
better track: and they may be lucky enough to find a sort of gap or
gateway, upon the winding and uneven surface of which they will
make a mile or so with comparative ease. The snow-drifts are
sometimes a help and sometimes a hindrance. Their surface is
uniformly hard, but not always firm to the foot. The crust frequently
gives way, and in a most tiresome and provoking manner. It will not
quite bear the weight, and the foot sinks at the very moment when
the other is lifted. But, worse than this, the chasms between the
hummocks are frequently bridged over with snow in such a manner
as to leave a considerable space at the bottom quite unfilled; and at
the very moment when all looks promising, down sinks one man to
his middle, another to the neck, another is buried out of sight; the
sledge gives way,—and to extricate the whole from this unhappy
predicament is probably the labour of hours. It would be difficult to
imagine any kind of labour more disheartening, or which would
sooner sap the energies of both men and animals.”

After encountering difficulties like these, which wore out the

strength of most of his party, so that they were compelled to return to
the schooner, Dr. Hayes succeeded in crossing the sound, and
began his journey along the coast. But the difficulties did not abate,
and made such demands on the powers of endurance of the
travellers, that the strongest among them broke down, and had to be
left behind in charge of another of the party. The resolute Hayes then
pushed on, accompanied by Knorr, and on the 18th of May reached
the margin of a deep gulf, where further progress was rendered
impossible by the rotten ice and broad water-ways. From this point,
however, he could see, on the other side of the channel, and
immediately opposite to him, the lofty peak of Mount Parry,
discovered in 1854 by the gallant Morton; and more to the north, a
bold conspicuous headland, which he named Cape Union, the most
northern known land upon the globe. Beyond it, he thought he saw
the open sea of the Pole, which, from Cape Union, is not distant five
hundred miles; but the voyage of the Polaris, at a later date, has
shown that what he saw was only a land-locked bay.
On the 12th of July, the schooner was set free from the ice, but
she proved to be too much damaged to continue her dangerous
voyage; and satisfied with having proved that a direct and not
impracticable route to the Pole lies up Smith Sound and Kennedy
Channel, Dr. Hayes returned to Boston.
 It is the opinion, however, of some geographers, though scarcely
warranted by ascertained facts, that the Pole may more easily be
reached by what is known as the Spitzbergen route. They argue that
to the east of this snow-crowned archipelago the influence of the
Gulf Stream makes itself felt; and they conclude that this great warm
current possibly strikes as far as the Pole itself. It is known that
Parry, to the north of Spitzbergen, attained the latitude of 82° 45’;
and it is recorded that a Hull whaler, the True-Love, in 1837,
navigated an open sea in lat. 82° 30’ N., and long. 15° E.; so that
she might probably have solved the problem and have gained the
Pole, had she continued on her northerly course.
Holding this belief, the illustrious German geographer, Dr.
Petermann, succeeded in raising funds for a German expedition in
1868; and the Germania, a brig of eighty tons, under the command
of Captain Koldewey, sailed from Bergen on the 24th of May, for
Shannon Island, in lat. 75° 14’ N., the furthest point on the
Greenland coast reached by Sabine in 1823. She was accompanied
by the Hansa, Captain Hegemann; and both ships were equipped in
the most careful manner, and liberally supplied with appliances and
stores.
On the 9th of July the expedition was off the island of Jan Mayen,
and at midnight on that day was sailing direct to the northward. A
heavy fog came on, and the two ships, even when sailing side by
side, could not see one another, and communication could be
maintained only by the use of the speaking-trumpet. Their crews
might then conceive an idea of that impenetrable chaos which,
according to Pythias, terminated the world beyond Thule, and which
is neither air, nor earth, nor sea. It is impossible to imagine anything
more melancholy than this gray, uniform, infinite veil or canopy;
ocean itself, far as the eye can reach, is gray and gloomy.
For five successive days the weather remained in this condition,
the fog alone varying in intensity, and growing thicker and thicker. On
the 14th a calm prevailed, and the Germania lowered a boat to pick
up drift-wood and hunt the sea-gulls. The ice-blink on the horizon
showed that the ships were drawing near the great ice-fields of the
Polar Ocean; and another sign of their proximity was the appearance
of the ivory gull (Larus eburneus), which never wanders far from the
ice. Occasionally the ships fell in with a rorqual, or nord-caper, as the
seamen call it,—a species of whale distinguished by the presence of
a dorsal fin.
On the morning of the 15th of July a light breeze blew up from the
south, and the two ships sailed steadily on their north-western
course through a sea covered with floating ice. An accustomed ear
could already distinguish a distant murmur, which seemed to draw
nearer and yet nearer; it was the swell of the sea breaking on the far-
off ice-field. Nearer and yet nearer! Everybody gathered upon deck;
and, suddenly, as if in virtue of some spell, the mists cleared away,
and the adventurers saw before them, within a few hundred yards,
the ice! It formed a long line, like a cliff-wall of broken and rugged
rocks, whose azure-tinted precipices glittered in the sun, and
repelled, unmoved, the rush of the foamy waves. The summit was
covered with a deep layer of blinding snow.
They gazed on the splendid panorama in silence. It was a solemn
moment, and in every mind new thoughts and new impressions were
awakened, in which both hope and doubt were blended.
The point where the Germania had struck the ice was lat. 74° 47’
N. and long. 11° 50’ E., and the icy barrier stretched almost directly
from north to south. The Hansa touched the ice on the same day, but
in lat. 74° 57’ N., and long. 9° 41’ E.
The two ships, which had separated in the fog, effected a union
on the 18th, and the Germania taking the Hansa in tow, they made
towards Sabine Island. After awhile, the towing-rope was thrown off,
the Germania finding it necessary to extinguish her fires and proceed
under canvas. They then followed up, in a southerly direction, the
great icy barrier, seeking for an opening which might afford them a
chance of steering westward.
On the 20th, the Germania found the ice so thick in the south-
west that she adopted a westerly Course, and hoisted a signal for
the captain of the Hansa to come on board to a conference. The
latter, however, misinterpreted it, and instead of reading the signal as
“Come within hail,” read it as “Long stay a peak;” crowded on all sail,
and speedily disappeared in the fog, which grew wonderfully intense
before the Germania could follow her. Through this curious error the
two ships were separated, and for fourteen months the crew of the
Germania remained in ignorance of the fate of their comrades’.

Before following the Germania on her voyage of discovery, we

propose to see what befell the Hansa among the Arctic ice.
Captain Hegemann had understood the signal of his senior
officer to mean that the ships were to push on as far as possible to
the westward, and, as we have seen, he crowded on all sail. But
when the fog closed in, and he found himself out of sight of the
Germania, he lay-to, in the hope that the latter might rejoin him.
Disappointed in this, he kept on his way, and on the 28th of July
sighted the rocky and gloomy coast of East Greenland, from Cape
Bröer-Ruys to Cape James.
The weather continued fine. By the light of the midnight sun,
which illuminated the fantastic outlines of the bergs, the adventurers
engaged in a narwhal-hunt. Nothing is more extraordinary than the
effect of the rays of the midnight sun penetrating into an ocean
covered with floating ice. The warm and cold tones strike against
each other in all directions; the sea is orange, leaden-gray, or dark
green; the reefs of ice are tinged with a delicate rose-bloom; broad
shadows spread over the snow, and the most varied effects of
mirage are produced everywhere in the tranquil waters.
THE CREW OF THE “HANSA” TRYING TO LASSO A BEAR.

THE MIDNIGHT SUN, GREENLAND.

 A BEAR AT ANCHOR.
On the 9th of September, the Hansa found the channel of free
water in which she had been navigating closed by a huge mass of
ice, and to protect her against the drift of the floating bergs she was
moored to it with stout hawsers. A few days later, the ice was broken
up by a gale of wind from the north-east, and the hawsers snapped.
The ice accumulating behind the ship raised it a foot and a half. On a
contiguous sheet of ice, the explorers discovered a she-bear with her
cub, and a boat was despatched in pursuit. The couple soon caught
sight of it, and began to trot along the edge of the ice beside the
boat, the mother grinding her teeth and licking her beard. Her
enemies landed, and fired, and the bear fell in the snow, mortally
wounded. While the cub was engaged in tenderly licking and
caressing her, several attempts were made to capture it with a lasso;
but it always contrived to extricate itself, and at last took to flight,
crying and moaning bitterly. Though struck with a bullet, it succeeded
in effecting its escape.

On the 12th they again saw a couple of bears coming from the
east, and returning from the sea towards the land. The mother fell a
victim to their guns, but the cub was captured, and chained to an
anchor which they had driven into the ice. It appeared exceedingly
restless and disturbed, but not the less did it greedily devour a slice
of its mother’s flesh which the sailors threw to it. A snow wigwam
was hastily constructed for its accommodation, and the floor covered
with a layer of shavings; but the cub despised these luxuries of
civilization, and preferred to encamp on the snow, like a true
inhabitant of the Polar Regions. A few days afterwards it
disappeared with its chain, which it had contrived to detach from the
anchor; and the weight of the iron, in all probability, had dragged the
poor beast to the bottom of the water.

SKATING—OFF THE COAST OF GREENLAND.

The Hansa was now set fast in the ice, and no hope was
entertained of her release until the coming of the spring. Her crew
amused themselves with skating, and, when the weather permitted,
with all kinds of gymnastic exercises. It became necessary, however,
to consider what preparations should be made for encountering the
Arctic winter, one of the bitterest enemies with which man is called
upon to contend. The Hansa was strongly built, but her commander
feared she might not be able to endure the more and more frequent
pressure of the ice. At first, it was proposed to cover the boats with
sail-cloth and convert them into winter-quarters; but it was felt that
they would not afford a sufficient protection against the rigour of the
Polar climate, its furious winds, its excess of cold, its wild whirlwinds
of snow. And therefore it was resolved to erect on the ice-floe a
suitable winter-hut, constructed of blocks of coal. Bricks made of this
material have the double advantage of absorbing humidity, and
reflecting the heat which they receive. Water and snow would serve
for mortar; and a roof could be made with the covering which
protected the deck of the Hansa from the snow.
The ground-plan of the house was designed by Captain
Hegemann; it measured twenty feet in length, and fourteen feet in
width; the ridge of the roof was eight feet and a half, and the side
walls four feet eight inches in elevation. These walls were composed
of a double row of bricks nine inches wide up to a height of two feet,
after which a single row was used. They were cemented in a
peculiarly novel fashion. The joints and fissures were filled up with
dry snow, on which water was poured, and in ten minutes it
hardened into a compact mass, from which it would have been
exceedingly difficult to extract a solitary brick. The roof consisted of
sails and mats, covered with a layer of snow. The door was two and
a half feet wide, and the floor was paved with slabs of coal. Into this
house, which was completed in seven days, provisions for two
months were carried, including four hundred pounds of bread, two
dozen boxes of preserved meat, a flitch of bacon, some coffee and
brandy, besides a supply of firing-wood, and some tons of coal.

On the 8th of October, after the completion of the house, a violent

snow-storm broke out, which would assuredly have rendered its
construction impossible, and which, in five days, completely buried
both the ship and the hut. Such immense piles of snow accumulated
on the deck of the Hansa, that it was with the greatest difficulty the
seamen could reach their berths.
From the 5th to the 14th of October the drift of the current was so
strong, that the ice-bound ship was carried no fewer than seventy-
two miles towards the south-south-east.
Meantime, the pressure of the ice continued to increase, and the
Hansa seemed held in the tightening grasp of an invincible giant.
Huge masses rose in front, and behind, and on both sides, and
underneath, until she was raised seventeen feet higher than her
original position. Affairs seemed so critical, that Captain Hegemann
hastened to disembark the stores of clothing, the scientific
instruments, charts, log-book, and diaries. It was found that through
the constant strain on her timbers the ship had begun to leak badly,
and on sounding, two feet of water were found in the pumps. All
hands to work! But after half an hour’s vigorous exertions, the water
continued to rise, slowly but surely; and the most careful search
failed to indicate the locality of the leak. It was painfully evident that
the good ship could not be saved.
“Though much affected,” says the chronicler of the expedition,
“by this sad catastrophe, we endured it with firmness. Resignation
was indispensable. The coal hut, constructed on the shifting ice-floe,
was thenceforward our sole refuge in the long nights of an Arctic
winter, and was destined, perhaps, to become our tomb.
“But we had not a minute to lose, and we set to work. At nine
o’clock p.m. the snow-fall ceased; the sky glittered with stars, the
moon illuminated with her radiance the immense wilderness of ice,
and the rays of the Aurora Borealis here and there lighted up the
firmament with their coloured coruscations. The frost was severe;
during the night the thermometer sank to -20° R. One half the crew
continued to work at the pumps; the other was actively engaged in
disembarking on the ice the most necessary articles. There could be
no thought of sleep, for in our frightful situation the mind was beset
by the most conflicting apprehensions. What would become of us at
the very outset of a season which threatened to be one of excessive
rigour? In vain we endeavoured to imagine some means of saving
ourselves. It was not possible to think seriously of an attempt to gain
the land. Perhaps we might have succeeded, in the midst of the
greatest dangers, in reaching the coast by opening up a way across
the ice-floes, but we had no means of transporting thither our
provisions; and it appeared, from the reports of Scoresby, that we
could not count on finding any Eskimo establishments,—so that our
only prospect then would have been to die of hunger.”
The sole resource remaining to the explorers was to drift to the
south on their moving ice-floe, and confine themselves, meantime, to
their coal hut. If their ice-raft proved of sufficient strength, they might
hope to reach in the spring the Eskimo settlement in the south of
Greenland, or come to gain the coast of Iceland by traversing its
cincture of ice.

It was on the 22nd of October, in lat. 70° 50’ N., and long. 21° W.,
that the Hansa sank beneath the ice. Dr. Laube writes: “We made
ourselves as snug as possible, and, once our little house was
completely embanked with snow, we had not to complain of the cold.
We enjoyed perfect health, and occupied the time with long walks
and with our books, of which we had many. We made a Christmas-
tree of birch-twigs, and embellished it with fragments of wax taper.”
To prevent attacks of disease, and to maintain the cheerfulness
of the men, the officers of the expedition stimulated them to every
kind of active employment, and laid down strict rules for the due
division of the day.
At seven in the morning, they were aroused by the watch. They
rose, attired themselves in their warm thick woollen clothing, washed
in water procured by melting snow, and then took their morning cup
of coffee, with a piece of hard bread. Various occupations
succeeded: the construction of such useful utensils as proved to be
necessary; stitching sail-cloth, mending clothes, writing up the day’s
journal, and reading. When the weather permitted, astronomical
observations and calculations were not forgotten. At noon, all hands
were summoned to dinner, at which a good rich soup formed the
principal dish; and as they had an abundance of preserved
vegetables, the bill of fare was frequently changed. In the use of
alcoholic liquors the most rigid economy was observed, and it was
on Sunday only that each person received a glass of port.
The ice-floe on which their cabin stood was assiduously and
carefully explored in all directions. It was about seven miles in circuit,
and its average diameter measured nearly two miles.
The out-of-door amusements consisted chiefly of skating, and
building up huge images of snow—Egyptian sphynxes and the like.
The borders of the ice-floe, especially to the west and south-
west, presented a curious aspect; the attrition and pressure of the
floating ice had built up about it high glittering walls, upwards of ten
feet in elevation. The snow-crystals flashed and radiated in the sun
like myriads of diamonds. The red gleam of morning and evening
cast a strange emerald tint on the white surface of the landscape.
The nights were magnificent. The glowing firmament, and the snow
which reflected its lustre, produced so intense a brightness, that it
was possible to read without fatigue the finest handwriting, and to
distinguish remote objects. The phenomenon of the Aurora Borealis
was of constant occurrence, and on one occasion was so
wonderfully luminous that it paled the radiance of the stars, and
everything upon the ice-floe cast a shadow, as if it had been the sun
shining.
Near the coal-cabin stood two small huts, one of which served for
ablutions, the other as a shed. Round this nucleus of the little
shipwrecked colony were situated at convenient points the piles of
wood for fuel, the boats, and the barrels of patent fuel and pork. To
prevent the wind and snow from entering the dwelling-hut, a
vestibule was constructed, with a winding entrance.
The greatest cold experienced was -29° 30’ F., and this was in
December. After Christmas the little settlement was visited by
several severe storms, and their ice-raft drifted close along the
shore, sometimes within eight or nine miles, amidst much ice-
crushing,—which so reduced it on all sides, that by the 4th of
January 1870 it did not measure more than one-eighth of its original
dimensions.
On the 6th of January, when they had descended as far south as
66° 45’ N. lat., the sun reappeared, and was joyfully welcomed.
On the night of the 15th of January, the colony was stricken by a
sudden and terrible alarm. The ice yawned asunder, immediately
beneath the hut, and its occupants had but just time to take refuge in
their boats. Here they lay in a miserable condition, unable to clear
out the snow, and sheltered very imperfectly from the driving, furious
tempest. But on the 17th the gale moderated, and as soon as the
weather permitted they set to work to reconstruct out of the ruins of
the old hut a new but much smaller one. It was not large enough to
accommodate more than half the colony; and the other half took up
their residence in the boats.
February was calm and fine, and the floe still continued to drift
southward along the land. The nights were gorgeous with auroral
displays. Luminous sheaves expanded themselves on the deep blue
firmament like the folds of a fan, or the petals of a flower.
March was very snowy, and mostly dull. On the 4th, the ice-raft
passed within twenty-five miles of the glacier Kolberger-Heide. A day
or two later, it nearly came into collision with a large grounded
iceberg. The portion nearest to the drifting colony formed an
immense overhanging mass; its principal body had been wrought by
the action of the sun and the waves into the most capricious forms,
and seemed an aggregate of rocks and pinnacles, towers and
gateways. The castaways could have seized its projecting angles as
they floated past. They thought their destruction certain, but the
fragments of ice which surrounded the raft served as “buffers,” and
saved it from a fatal collision.
On the 29th of March, they found themselves in the latitude of
Nukarbik, the island where Graab, the explorer, wintered, from
September 3rd, 1827, to April 5th, 1830. They had cherished the
hope that from this spot they might be able to take to their boats, and
start for Friedrichstal, a Moravian missionary station on the south
coast of Greenland. However, the ice was as yet too compact for any
such venture to be attempted.
For four weeks they were detained in the bay of Nukarbik, only
two or three miles from the shore, and yet unable to reach it. Their
raft was caught in a kind of eddy, and sometimes tacked to the
south, sometimes to the north. The rising tide carried it towards the
shore, the ebbing tide floated it out again to sea. During this
detention they were visited by small troops of birds, snow linnets and
snow buntings. The seamen threw them a small quantity of oats,
which they greedily devoured. They were so tame that they allowed
themselves to be caught by the hand.

SNOW LINNETS AND BUNTINGS VISITING THE CREW OF THE “HANSA.”

From the end of March to the 17th of April, the voyagers
continued their dreary vacillation between Skieldunge Island and
Cape Moltke; a storm then drove them rapidly to the south. The
coast, with its bold littoral mountain-chain, its deep bays, its inlets, its
islands, and its romantic headlands, offered a succession of novel
and impressive scenes; and specially imposing was the great glacier
of Puisortok, a mighty ice-river which skirts the shore for upwards of
thirty miles.
Early in May they had reached lat. 61° 12’.
On the 7th, some water-lanes opened for them a way to the
shore; and abandoning the ice-raft, they took to their boats, with the
intention of progressing southward along the coast. At first they met
with considerable difficulty, being frequently compelled to haul up the
boats on an ice-floe, and so pass the night, or wait until the wind was
favourable. As this necessitated a continual unloading and reloading
of the boats, the work was very severe. At one time they were
detained for six days on the ice, owing to bad weather, violent gales,
and heavy snow-showers. The temperature varied from +2° during
the day to -5° R. during the night.
 THE CREW OF THE “HANSA” BIVOUACKING ON THE ICE.
Their rations at this period were thus distributed:—In the morning,
a cup of coffee, with a piece of dry bread. At noon, for dinner, soup
and broth; in the evening, a few mouthfuls of cocoa, of course
without milk and sugar.
They were compelled to observe the most rigid economy in the
use of their provisions, lest, before reaching any settlement, they
should be reduced to the extremities of famine. Yet their appetite
was very keen; a circumstance easily explained, for they were
necessarily very sparing in their allowance of meat and fat, which in
the rigorous Arctic climate are indispensable as nourishment.

As no change took place in the position of the masses of ice

which surrounded them, they resolved to drag their boats towards
the island of Illiudlek, about three marine miles distant. They began
this enterprise on the evening of the 20th, making use of some stout
cables which they had manufactured during the winter, and
harnessing themselves by means of a brace passed across the
shoulders. That evening they accomplished three hundred paces.
Snow fell heavily, and melted as fast as it fell, so that during their
night-bivouac they suffered much from damp.
The next day they found before them such a labyrinth of blocks
and fragments of ice, floating ice-fields, and water-channels, that
they were constrained to give up the idea of hauling their boats
across it, and resolved to wait for the spring tide—which, they knew,
would occur in a few days. The delay was very wearisome. To
beguile the time, some of the seamen set to work at wood-carving,
while the officers and scientific gentlemen manufactured the pieces
for a game of chess. Others prepared some fishing-lines, eighty
fathoms long, in the hope of catching a desirable addition to their
scanty bill of fare.
On the 24th, the weather was splendid. The sun shone in a
cloudless sky, and wherever its genial radiance fell the thermometer
marked + 28° 5’ R. This was an excellent opportunity for drying their
clothes, which, as well as their linen, had been thoroughly soaked
innumerable times. The coverings were removed from the boats,
which, in the warm sunshine, exhaled great clouds of vapour. The
cook endeavoured to add to his stores of provisions; but the seals
churlishly refused to make their appearance, the fish disdained to
nibble at the fat-baited hooks, and the stupid guillemots were
cunning enough to escape the best directed shots.
M. Hildebrandt, with two seamen, made an attempt—in which
they succeeded—to reach the island of Illiudlek, which lay about
three miles off, and is from 450 to 500 feet in height. They found it a
desert; not a trace of vegetation; its shores very steep, and at some
points precipitous; its surface torn with crevasses and ravines. The
only accessible part seemed on the north; but as the evening was
drawing in, they had no time for exploration, and made haste to
return to the boats.
 The castaways now came to a resolution to seek a temporary
refuge on this desolate isle. As the heat of the sun was sufficient to
render their labour very painful, and they suffered much from the
effects of the snow upon their eyes, they went to work at night,
dragging their boats forward with many a weary effort, and rested
during the daytime. In this way they reached the island on the 4th of
June.
Here they moored their boats in a small bay sheltered by a wall of
rocks from the north wind, which they named Hansa-Hafen. Next day
they shot two-and-twenty divers, which provided them with a couple
of good dinners. The supply was very valuable, as the stock of
provisions on hand would not last above a fortnight.
After a brief rest, the adventurers resumed their voyage, keeping
close in-shore, and struggling perseveringly amidst ice and stones—
and further checked by an inaccurate chart, which led them into a
deep fiord, instead of King Christian IV. Sound. On the 13th of June,
however, they arrived at the Moravian missionary station of
Friedrichstal, where their countrymen received them with a hearty
welcome. For two hundred days they had sojourned upon a drifting
ice-field, experiencing all the hardships of an Arctic winter,
aggravated by an insufficiency of food.
They reached Julianshaab on the 21st of June; embarked on
board the Danish brig Constance; and were landed at Copenhagen
on the 1st of September.

We must now return to the Germania.

Captain Koldewey made several bold attempts to penetrate the
pack-ice, but proved unsuccessful in all until, on the 1st of August,
he reached lat. 74°, where he contrived to effect a passage; and
though much delayed by a succession of fogs and calms, he made
his way to Sabine Island,—and dropped anchor on its southern side,
in lat. 74° 30’ N., and long. 29° W., on the 5th of August.