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Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-86190-8 — Freud in Cambridge
John Forrester , Laura Cameron
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FREUD IN CAMBRIDGE
Freud may never have set foot in Cambridge – that hub for the
twentieth century’s most influential thinkers and scientists – but
his intellectual impact there in the years between the two World Wars
was immense. This is a story that has long languished untold, buried
under different accounts of the dissemination of psychoanalysis. John
Forrester and Laura Cameron present a fascinating and deeply tex-
tured history of the ways in which a set of Freudian ideas about the
workings of the human mind, sexuality and the unconscious affected
Cambridge men and women – from A.G. Tansley and W.H.R. Rivers
to Bertrand Russell, Bernal, Strachey, and Wittgenstein – shaping
their thinking across a range of disciplines from biology to anthro-
pology; from philosophy to psychology, education and literature.
Freud in Cambridge will be welcomed as a major intervention by
literary scholars, historians, psychoanalysts and all readers interested
in twentieth-century intellectual and scientific life.
john forrester (25 August 1949 – 24 November 2015) was

Professor of History and Philosophy of the Sciences in the
University of Cambridge and head of the HPS department for
seven years. He was Editor of the journal Psychoanalysis and History
from 2005 to 2014 and authored Freud’s Women (1992) with Lisa
Appignanesi, Dispatches from the Freud Wars (1997) and Truth Games
(1997), amongst others. He published over fifty papers in scholarly
journals, principally concerned with the history and philosophy of
psychoanalysis. His work on cases as a genre and as a style of reasoning
was posthumously published as Thinking in Cases (2016).
laura cameron is an Associate Professor of historical geography at
Queen’s University in Kingston, Canada. She is the author of
Openings: A Meditation on History, Method and Sumas Lake (1997),
and co-editor of Emotion, Place and Culture (2009) and Rethinking the
Great White North: Race, Nature and the Historical Geographies of
Whiteness (2011), and has published numerous papers on the history of
fieldwork, psychoanalysis, ecology and sound.
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

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Cambridge city centre, c. 1927.

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Other books by John Forrester

Thinking in Cases
Truth Games: Lies, Money, and Psychoanalysis
Dispatches from the Freud Wars: Psychoanalysis and Its Passions
Freud’s Women, with Lisa Appignanesi
The Seductions of Psychoanalysis: Freud, Lacan and Derrida
Language and the Origins of Psychoanalysis
Other books by Laura Cameron

Rethinking the Great White North: Race, Nature and the Historical Geographies of
Whiteness (co-editor) with Andrew Baldwin and Audrey Kobayashi
Emotion, Place and Culture (co-editor) with Mick Smith, Joyce Davidson and
Liz Bondi
Openings: A Meditation on History, Method and Sumas Lake

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FREUD IN CAMBRIDGE
JOHN FORRESTER AND LAURA CAMERON

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University Printing House, Cambridge cb2 8bs, United Kingdom
Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of
education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521861908
© John Forrester and Laura Cameron 2017
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2017
Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
isbn 978-0-521-86190-8 Hardback
isbn 978-0-521-67995-4 Paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of
URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.

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Contents
List of Illustrations page viii

Preface xi
Acknowledgements xv
List of Abbreviations xvii
1 Introduction 1
2 Tansley’s Dream 7
3 W.H.R. Rivers, the English Freud 57
4 Becoming Freudian in Cambridge: Undergraduates and
Psychoanalysis 100
5 Discipline Formation – Psychology, English, Philosophy 203
6 The 1925 Group 363
7 The Malting House Garden School 432
8 A Psychoanalytic Debate in 1925 475
9 Bloomsbury Analysts 505
10 Freud in Cambridge? 613
Bibliography 649
Index 681
vii

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Illustrations
Frontispiece Cambridge city centre, c. 1927. page ii

2.1 Arthur George Tansley, IPE 1949. By permission of the 8
Syndics of Cambridge University Library.
2.2 Arthur Tansley as a Cambridge undergraduate, c. 1893. 10
By permission of the Cambridgeshire Collection,
Cambridge Central Library.
2.3 Arthur and Edith Tansley, IPE 1913. By permission of the 13
Special Collections Research Center, University of
Chicago Library.
2.4 E. Margaret ‘Margot’ Hume at Newnham College, 1909. 48
By permission of the Principal and Fellows, Newnham
College, Cambridge.
3.1 William Halse Rivers Rivers, c. 1917. By permission of the 61
Master and Fellows of St John’s College, Cambridge.
3.2 W.H.R. Rivers, photo by Layard, Atchin, 1914. Reproduced 85
by permission of University of Cambridge Museum of
Archaeology and Anthropology (P.3556.ACH1).
3.3 W.H.R. Rivers and the Torres Straits Expedition, 1898. 89
Reproduced by permission of University of Cambridge
Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (N.23035.
ACH2).
4.1 Edgar Adrian in the laboratory, c. 1935. © National 101
Portrait Gallery, London.
4.2 Charles Kay Ogden, c. 1916. Courtesy of McMaster 107
University Library.
4.3 The Cambridge Magazine bookshops Advertisement, 1921. 118
By permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University
Library.
4.4 Ernest Pickworth Farrow, by Harold Jeffreys, c. 1916. 129
By permission of the Master and Fellows of St John’s
College, Cambridge.
viii

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List of Illustrations ix
4.5 D.W. Winnicott, in uniform, Cambridge, c. 1917. 138
By permission of the Cambridgeshire Collection,
Cambridge Central Library.
4.6 Roger Money-Kyrle, painting by Christian Schad, 1926. © 148
VG Bild Kunst Bonn, Christian Schad Foundation,
Aschaffenburg, Germany.
4.7 Kingsley Martin on the Brains Trust, 1943. © Hulton- 156
Deutsch Collection/CORBIS.
4.8 John Desmond Bernal, 1932. © Peter Lofts Photography 159
National Portrait Gallery, London.
4.9 Joseph Needham, c. 1937. © Peter Lofts Photography 187
National Portrait Gallery, London.
4.10 W.J.H. ‘Sebastian’ Sprott, Richard Braithwaite, and Mary 194
Sprott, early 1920s. By permission of Duncan Sprott.
5.1 Charles Myers recording, Torres Straits, 1898. Reproduced 236
by permission of University of Cambridge Museum of
Archaeology and Anthropology (P.950.ACH1).
5.2 Henry Head and W.H.R. Rivers during an experiment in 237
nerve division, c. 1903. By permission of the Department of
Psychology Archive, University of Cambridge.
5.3 John Thompson MacCurdy in his Corpus Christi College 265
rooms. By permission of the Department of Psychology
Archive, University of Cambridge.
5.4 Gregory Bateson, Margaret Mead and Reo Fortune, 1933. 283
Margaret Mead Papers and the South Pacific
Ethnographic Archives, Manuscript Division, Library of
Congress, Washington, DC.
5.5 Ivor Armstrong Richards, 1924. By permission of the 302
Master and Fellows of Magdalene College, Cambridge.
5.6 Bertrand Russell with pram, c. 1921. Courtesy of McMaster 322
University Library.
5.7 Ludwig Wittgenstein and Frank Skinner, Trinity Street, 344
Cambridge, 1935. By permission of the Ludwig
Wittgenstein Trust.
6.1 John Rickman, c. 1925. By permission of the 365
Cambridgeshire Collection, Cambridge Central Library.
6.2 Lionel Penrose, 1922. By permission of UCL Library 375
Services, Special Collections.
6.3 Frank Ramsey aged eighteen. By permission of the Ludwig 395
Wittgenstein Trust, Cambridge.

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x List of Illustrations
6.4 Lettice Ramsey, by Frances Baker, c. 1915. By permission of 402
the Principal and Fellows, Newnham College, Cambridge.
6.5 Harold Jeffreys in his St John’s College rooms. 407
By permission of the Master and Fellows of St John’s
College, Cambridge.
6.6 Lionel Penrose, chess dream position. By permission 422
of UCL Library Services, Special Collections.
7.1 Malting House Garden School, 1927. Still from a film 434
produced by Mary Field of British Instructional Films Ltd
reproduced from van der Eyken and Turner, 1969, plate 1,
with permission from Janet Pyke.
7.2 Geoffrey and Margaret Pyke on honeymoon, 1918. 438
Courtesy of HarperCollins and with permission from
Janet Pyke.
7.3 Susan Isaacs with children at the Malting House School. 451
By permission of Janet Pyke.
7.4 Malting House children with a gramophone. 453
By permission of Janet Pyke.
7.5 Children with an adult-sized drill press. By permission of 453
Janet Pyke.
7.6 Children working in the Malting House science 454
laboratory. By permission of Janet Pyke.
7.7 Sargant Florence family, late 1920s. © National Portrait 465
Gallery, London.
8.1 John Maynard Keynes writing, portrait by Roger Fry. 478
Private Collection / The Stapleton Collection / Bridgeman
Images.
9.1 Bertrand Russell, John Maynard Keynes and Lytton 507
Strachey, 1915. © National Portrait Gallery, London.
9.2 Lytton Strachey, Virginia Woolf and Goldsworthy Lowes 508
Dickinson, by Lady Ottoline Morrell, 1923. © National
Portrait Gallery, London.
9.3 Alix and James Strachey, mid-1930s. © National Portrait 519
Gallery, London.
9.4 James Strachey, by Duncan Grant, 1910. © Tate, London 521
2016.
9.5 Adrian and Karin Stephen, 1914. © National Portrait 544
Gallery, London.
9.6 Adrian Stephen, by Ray Strachey, late 1930s or early 1940s. 555
© National Portrait Gallery, London.

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Preface
This book is the product of research jointly sustained, mostly over long
distances, for over eighteen years. John Forrester, whose sweeping knowledge
of the human and physical sciences, as well as the history of psychoanalysis,
was essential to the envisioning and final completion of this book, died six
weeks after our manuscript was submitted to Cambridge University Press.
In our last conversation, John said we still needed to say something
about how this enterprise began. We did not consider that I would be
telling the story without him, and although I do so now with deep sadness,
the beginning also underscores John’s astonishing character. In a project
whose hallmarks throughout were surprise, tenacity and inexhaustible
excitement, it was Arthur Tansley’s dream, but above all John’s intellectual
generosity, that set things in motion back in the spring of 1997.
As a postgraduate in historical geography, my studies focused in part on
Sir Arthur George Tansley, the British ecologist who introduced the term
‘ecosystem’ and whose papers were then housed in some drawers at the
Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge. Although
Tansley had written a book about psychoanalysis in 1920, this aspect of
his life was largely unexplored. On a lead from Michael Molnar of the
Freud Museum, I had corresponded with Kurt Eissler for permission to
view the Tansley files held in the notorious ZR Section of the Sigmund
Freud Archives at the Library of Congress. Eissler’s eight word reply ‘I do
not recall an interview with Tansley’ was as close as I got to the Freud
Archive until I contacted John Forrester, then Reader in the History and
Philosophy of Science, about the psychoanalytic papers that I had been
examining over in Plant Sciences. One document appeared to be a letter
from Freud to Tansley concerning the first patient of psychoanalysis, Anna
O. With this ‘find’ which we published in the International Journal of
Psychoanalysis, John helped me engage Eissler in further negotiations.
Within a few months, I received notice that the material was no longer
restricted: thanks to John, I was in.
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xii Preface
Tansley’s contribution to the Freud Archive, as it turned out, was his
own dream and self-analysis. His dream story made a fascinating case study
in the significance of dreams in history, enabling an examination of the
part they might play in an individual’s life. It was also a jolting reminder of
a time and a place when psychoanalysis was recognized as a science, when it
was a marker of scientific modernity to be psychoanalysed, and when
a dream, as a matter of course, had the radical potential to change an
academic’s life. We published joint papers on Tansley and his psycho-
analytic networks: harbinger of things to come, John’s inaugural lecture
in May 2002 was entitled ‘Freud in Cambridge’. Our massive research and
email files continued to expand as I returned to Canada with my family to
take up a position at Queen’s University. We then planned a book, based
on our earlier papers as well as research we each had been pursuing on
related topics, including John’s study of the life of W.H.R. Rivers (see
Chapter 3) and my work on the Malting House School (see Chapter 7).
Administrative loads, competing projects and health challenges slowed us
down but the research continued and the book nonetheless grew, fleshed
out over the ensuing years, and enlarged, most substantively so by John
(Chapters 5 and 9) once he had leave from being Head of the Cambridge
Department of History and Philosophy of Science in 2013. Although we
worked collaboratively, his brilliance and iron will pulled it all together.
In helping us realize – and sustain – this work, we have been assisted by
numerous people. As the research took place over two continents and
nearly two decades, I am certain to forget someone and I apologize now
for any omission. Sincere thanks, first of all, to John’s wife, Lisa
Appignanesi, who provided excellent insights and editorial suggestions
all along the way and who has come to know this book and its making
so well from beginning to end. Daniel Pick has been a close and careful first
external reader and his enthusiasm buoyed John at the last. John would
also have liked to thank the many colleagues who sustained him in his
work, including Simon Schaffer, Liba Taub and Jim Secord, as well as the
excellent Tamara Hug. He was particularly grateful to the Department of
History and Philosophy of Science for supporting the research, long
gestation, and publication of this book. The King’s College Research
Centre, then run by Simon Goldhill, now Director of CRASSH, hosted
three work in progress seminars in May 2011 on different sections of the
book. These were enormously helpful. We are both also grateful to Sarah
Caro, our commissioning editor at Cambridge University Press, and to her
successors, Richard Fisher, and most recently, Lucy Rhymer, for seeing the
work through to publication. We are thankful, as well, for the coordinating

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Preface xiii
efforts of Cassi Roberts and the very fine and thoughtful copyediting skills
of Frances Brown.
We have drawn upon many sources for the book, chiefly from archives.
For help with materials from the A.G. Tansley Collection when it was still
based in Plant Sciences, we thank David Briggs, and the late poet-librarian,
Richard Savage. For assistance in navigating other Cambridge and UK
collections, we are grateful to: Jonathan Harrison, The Library, St John’s
College; Jacqueline Cox and Rosalind Grooms, King’s College and the
University Archives; Joanna Ball, John Marais and Jonathan Smith, Wren
Library and Archives, Trinity College; Anne Thomson, Newnham
College; the Archive Centre, King’s College; the Department of
Psychology Archives; the staff of the Cambridgeshire Record Office; and
Mike Petty and Chris Jakes, the Cambridgeshire Collection, Cambridge
Central Library. We thank also Michael Molnar and the Freud Museum,
London; Ken Robinson, Allie Dillon, Gina Douglas, Jill Duncan and Polly
Rossdale, Archives of the British Psycho-Analytical Society; Archives and
Manuscripts of the British Library; the British Psychological Society; J.W.
Belsham and Norman Leverets, Spalding Gentlemen’s Society; the staff of
the Wellcome Library; Sarah Aitchison, Institute of Education, University
of London; Steve Roud, Croydon Local Studies Library and Archives
Service, Central Library; Paul Rowan, Croydon Natural History Society.
Farther afield, we are grateful to: the late Lydia Marinelli, Daniella
Seebacher and the Sigmund Freud Museum in Vienna; the Department
of Library Services, University of South Africa; Lesley Hart, University of
Cape Town Libraries; Harold Blum and the late Kurt Eissler,
The Sigmund Freud Archives, Library of Congress, Washington, DC;
Leslie Shores, American Heritage Centre, University of Wyoming;
Jennifer Morrow, Hiram College Archives, Ohio; Stephen Yearl, Yale
University Library; and, in Canada, Kathy Gray and Ken Blackwell, who
assisted with The Bertrand Russell Archives and the CK Ogden Fonds at
McMaster University.
Many people opened their homes and/or private archives to us.
We appreciate the hospitality of Margaret Lythgoe-Goldstein, David
Owers, Adrian Pyke, Janet Pyke and David Wills. Oral interviews also
inform this book and we are grateful to the late Frances Barnes, the late
Anna Dickens, Richard Grove, the late Lady Bertha Jeffreys, the Hon.
Anne Keynes, Dan McKenzie, the late Frances Partridge, Janet Pyke, the
late Martin Tomlinson, the late Helen Thompson and the late Richard
West.

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xiv Preface
Research for this book was funded in part by the Social Sciences and
Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Junior Research Fellowship
at Churchill College, Queen’s University and the Canada Research Chairs
Program. We experienced enormous generosity from the research com-
munity and our writing and thinking have benefited from discussion with
colleagues over the years in numerous conferences and seminars.
In addition to those recognized in ‘Acknowledgements’, we would like to
thank the Master of Sidney Sussex College, the late Sir Gabriel Horn, and
the Librarian of the College for providing information on C.R.A. Thacker.
Many thanks to Roy Foster, Colm Toibin, the late June Levine and in
particular Mitch Elliott for information concerning Jonty Hanaghan.
Thank you to Geoffrey Batten for information on Lella and Philip
Sargant Florence. For help in the research process we also thank Bill
Adams, Lady Lucy Adrian, Peder Anker, Peter Ayres, Alan Baker, Tim
Bayliss-Smith, Drew Bednasek, German Berrios, Liz Bondi, Pete de Bolla,
Mike Brearley, Andrew Brown, John Burnham, Gabriel Citron, Peter
Cunningham, Mary Daniels, Joyce Davidson, Elizabeth Dougherty,
Felix Driver, Mary Jane Drummond, Willem van der Eyken, Elizabeth
Gagen, Peter Goheen, Paul Harris, Mike Heffernan, David Howie, Sir
Michael Holroyd, Sarah Igo, Mary Jacobus, Edgar Jones, Heike Jöns,
Gerry Kearns, Martin Kusch, Paul Kingsbury, Denis Linehan, Marin
Levy, Roger Lohmann, Katrina Lythgoe, Elizabeth Lunbeck, David
Matless, Hugh Mellor, Andreas Mayer, John Mollon, David Palfrey,
Bronwyn Parry, Ian Patterson, Steve Pile, Jane Reid, the late Paul
Roazen, William Rowley, Janet Sayers, John Sheail, Karl Snyder, Philip
Stickler, Deborah Thom, Caroline Thomas, Edward Timms, Steve
Trudgill, Andrew Webber, Paul Whittle and Jack Whitehead.
Bloomsbury/Freud, edited by Perry Meisel and the late Walter Kendrick,
was a continual inspiration.
John would have wanted me to express his abiding thanks not only to
Lisa, but to his children and their partners, Katrina Forrester and Jamie
Martin, Josh Appignanesi and Devorah Baum, as well as the grandson who
filled his last years with joy, little Manny. On my side, thanks to Matthew
Rogalsky, my partner in life for over thirty years, and our son Arden: their
love and music infused the project throughout. Lastly, my eternal gratitude
to John, himself, for sharing in the finest of archival adventures.
laura cameron

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Acknowledgements
An earlier version of Chapter 2 appeared as Laura Cameron and John

Forrester, ‘“A nice type of the English scientist”: Tansley and Freud’, in
History Workshop Journal 48 (Autumn 1999), 64–100 and D. Pick and
L. Roper (eds.), Dreams and History, London: Routledge, 2004.
Parts of Chapter 3 have appeared in Laura Cameron and John Forrester,
‘Freud in the field: psychoanalysis, fieldwork and geographical imagina-
tions in interwar Cambridge’, in P. Kingsbury and S. Pile (eds.),
Psychoanalytic Geographies, Farnham: Ashgate, 2014, and in John
Forrester, ‘The English Freud: W.H.R. Rivers, dreaming and the making
of the early twentieth century human sciences’, in Sally Alexander and
Barbara Taylor (eds.), History and Psyche: Culture, Psychoanalysis, and the
Past, London: Palgrave, 2012, pp. 71–104.
Parts of Chapters 4 and 6 have appeared in Laura Cameron and John
Forrester, ‘Tansley’s psychoanalytic network: an episode out of the early
history of psychoanalysis in England’, Psychoanalysis and History 2(2)
(2000), 189–256. Parts of Chapter 4 also appeared in John Forrester,
‘The psychoanalytic passion of J.D. Bernal in 1920s Cambridge’, British
Journal of Psychotherapy 26 (2010), 397–404. Earlier versions of parts of
Chapter 6 were also published in John Forrester, ‘Freud in Cambridge’,
Critical Quarterly 46(2) (2004), 1–26.
An earlier version of Chapter 7 appeared as Laura Cameron, ‘Science,
nature and hatred: “finding out” at the Malting House Garden School,
1924–29’, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 24 (2006),
851–72.
An earlier version of Chapter 8 appeared in John Forrester, ‘“A sort of
devil” (Keynes on Freud, 1925): reflections on a century of Freud-criticism’,
Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften 14(2) (2003), 70–85.
We thank the late Anna Dickens and the late Martin Tomlinson for
permission to quote from the materials which their grandfather, Sir Arthur
Tansley, submitted to the Sigmund Freud archives; Joan Godwin for
xv

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xvi Acknowledgements
permission to quote from Tansley’s published work; Sigmund Freud
Copyrights for permission to quote from unpublished letters of Sigmund
Freud; Tom Roberts of Sigmund Freud Copyrights for making Ernst
Falzeder’s transcriptions of Freud’s letters to Rickman available to us;
Ernst Falzeder for making available a series of transcriptions of unpub-
lished letters, including Freud’s letters to Abraham, the Rundbriefe, and
other letters amongst the Committee’s membership; Michael Young for
making available unpublished materials relating to Malinowski; Adrian
Cunningham and Lord Layard for sharing unpublished materials by John
Layard; Janet Pyke who gave access to the Pyke Archive and who has given
permission to cite, quote and reproduce several documents; Karina
Williamson for permission to cite and quote from manuscripts and docu-
ments by Susan and Nathan Isaacs relating to the Malting House School.

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Abbreviations
AA Lord Adrian Archives, Trinity College Cambridge

Archives
ABB Andrew Brown, J.D. Bernal: The Sage of Science, Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2005
AF See FA
AFSF See SFAF
AGTSFA Three Contributions by Sir Arthur Tansley, F.R.S.,
The Sigmund Freud Archives, Manuscript Division,
Library of Congress, Washington, DC
BAAS British Association for the Advancement of Science
BF Perry Meisel and Walter Kendrick, Bloomsbury/Freud:
The Letters of James and Alix Strachey 1924–1925,
London: Chatto & Windus, 1986
BIPA Bulletin of the International Psycho-Analytical Association
BJMP British Journal of Medical Psychology
BLSP British Library Strachey Papers
BMFRS Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
BMJ British Medical Journal
BPaS Archives of the British Psycho-Analytical Society
BPCUL Bernal Papers, Cambridge University Library
BPS Archives of the British Psychological Society
BR The Bertrand Russell Archives, McMaster University
BRA Bertrand Russell, Autobiography. Followed by volume
number: The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, Vol. I,
1872–1914, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1967; The
Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, Vol. II, 1914–1944,
London: George Allen & Unwin, 1968; The
Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, Vol. III, 1944–1967,
London: George Allen & Unwin, 1969
xvii

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xviii List of Abbreviations

BRCP Bertrand Russell, The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell,
London: Routledge, 1983– followed by volume number
and page
CD W.H.R. Rivers, Conflict and Dream, London: Kegan
Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1923
CM The Cambridge Magazine
CR The Cambridge Review
Crampton Colin Crampton, ‘The Cambridge School. The life,
work and influence of James Ward, W.H.R. Rivers,
C.S. Myers and Sir Frederic Bartlett’ (PhD, University
of Edinburgh, 1978)
CRO Cambridgeshire Record Office
CU Cambridge University
CUEP Archives, Department of Experimental Psychology,
University of Cambridge
CUL Cambridge University Archives, University Library
CUR Cambridge University Reporter
FA E. Falzeder (ed.), The Complete Correspondence of
Sigmund Freud and Karl Abraham 1907–1925, London
and New York: Karnac, 2002. FA = Freud to Abraham;
AF = Abraham to Freud. Followed by letter date and page
number
FEC Frederic E. Clements Papers, American Heritage Center,
University of Wyoming
FJ R. Andrew Paskauskas (ed.), The Complete Correspondence
of Sigmund Freud and Ernest Jones 1908–1939, introduction
by Riccardo Steiner, Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press
of Harvard University Press, 1993. FJ = Freud to Jones; JF =
Jones to Freud. Followed by letter date and page number
FK Pearl King and Riccardo Steiner (eds.), The Freud–Klein
Controversies 1941–45, London and New York: Tavistock/
Routledge, 1991
FPD Frances Partridge, Diaries, 1939–1972, London: Phoenix,
2001
FPM Frances Partridge, Memories (1981), London: Phoenix,
1996
FRP Frank Ramsey Papers, King’s College, Cambridge,
Modern Archive
Holroyd Michael Holroyd, Lytton Strachey: The New Biography,
New York and London: Norton, 1995

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List of Abbreviations xix

HJPC Papers and Correspondence of Sir Harold Jeffreys, St
John’s College, Cambridge Archives
HR 1910 J.R. Tanner (ed.), Historical Register of the University of
Cambridge, being a Supplement to the Calendar with
a Record of University Offices, Honours and Distinctions
to the Year 1910, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1917
HR 1911–20 G.V.C. (ed.), Historical Register of the University of
Cambridge, Supplement, 1911–1920, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1922
HR 1921–30 University Registry, Historical Register of the University of
Cambridge, Supplement 1921–1930, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1932
IJP International Journal of Psycho-Analysis
IPA International Psycho-Analytical Association
IPE International Phytogeographical Excursion
IRP International Review of Psycho-Analysis
IU Rivers, Instinct and the Unconscious
JF See FJ
Jones Ernest Jones, Sigmund Freud: Life and Work, 3 vols.,
London: Hogarth Press, 1953–57, followed by volume
and page number
JPBPaS Ernest Jones Papers, Archives of the British Psycho-
Analytical Society
KMFF Kingsley Martin, Father Figures: A First Volume of
Autobiography, 1897–1931, London: Hutchinson, 1966
Lighthouse Jean MacGibbon, There’s the Lighthouse, London: James
& James, 1997
LLS Paul Levy (ed.), The Letters of Lytton Strachey, London:
Viking, 2005
LoCAF Anna Freud Archives, Manuscript Division, Library of
Congress, Washington, DC
LoCSF The Sigmund Freud Archives, Manuscript Division,
Library of Congress, Washington, DC
MBR I Ray Monk, Bertrand Russell: The Spirit of Solitude,
London: Jonathan Cape, 1996
MBR II Ray Monk, Bertrand Russell: The Ghost of Madness,
1921–1970, London: Jonathan Cape, 2000
MLW Ray Monk, Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius,
London: Jonathan Cape, 1990

Frontmatter
More Information
xx List of Abbreviations
MST Moral Sciences Tripos
NST Natural Sciences Tripos
ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2004
OP C.K. Ogden Papers, McMaster University Libraries
PC I.A. Richards, Practical Criticism: A Study of Literary
Judgment (1929), London: Kegan Paul, Trench,
Trubner & Co., 1930
PP Lionel Penrose Papers, University College London
Manuscript and Rare Books Room. Numbers immediately
following ‘PP’ refer to the Box number. Now digitised at
the Wellcome Library: http://wellcomelibrary.org/collec
tions/digital-collections/makers-of-modern-genetics/digi
tised-archives/lionel-penrose/
Pyke Papers Pyke Papers (held in the private residence of Janet Pyke,
London)
RPBPaS John Rickman Papers, Archives of the British Psycho-
Analytical Society
SE The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works
of Sigmund Freud (24 volumes), edited by James Strachey
in collaboration with Anna Freud, assisted by Alix
Strachey and Alan Tyson, London: The Hogarth Press
and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953–74, followed
by volume number and page number
SFAF Ingeborg Meyer-Palmedo (ed.), Sigmund Freud–Anna
Freud: Correspondence 1904–1938, Cambridge: Polity,
2013. SFAF = Sigmund to Anna; AFSF = Anna to
Sigmund
Skid Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, Vol. I, Hopes
Betrayed 1883–1920, London: Macmillan, 1983; John
Maynard Keynes, Vol. II, The Economist as Saviour
1920–1937, London: Macmillan, 1992, followed by
volume and page number
SPR Society for Psychical Research
SSP Sebastian Sprott Papers, Modern Archive, King’s
College, Cambridge
TA Arthur Tansley Archives, Cambridge University Library
VWD Virginia Woolf, Diaries, followed by volume number and
page. The Diary of Virginia Woolf, Vol. I, 1915–1919, ed.
A.O. Bell, New York: Mariner Press, 1979; The Diary of

Frontmatter
More Information
List of Abbreviations xxi

Virginia Woolf, Vol. II, 1920–1924, ed. A.O. Bell,
New York: Mariner Press, 1980; The Diary of Virginia
Woolf, Vol. III, 1925–1930, ed. A.O. Bell, New York:
Mariner Press, 1981; The Diary of Virginia Woolf, Vol. IV,
1931–1935, ed. A.O. Bell, New York: Mariner Press, 1983
VWE Virginia Woolf, Collected Essays, Vol. III, New York:
Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967
VWL Virginia Woolf, Letters, followed by volume number and
page. Woolf, The Letters of Virginia Woolf, Vol. II,
1912–1922, ed. N. Nicolson and J. Trautmann.
New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976;
The Letters of Virginia Woolf, Vol. III, 1923–1928, ed.
N. Nicolson and J. Trautmann. New York: Harcourt
Brace, 1977

chapter 1
Introduction
That Sigmund Freud became a major intellectual presence in twentieth-

century culture is not in doubt. Nor is there any doubt that at all times
there was both fervent enthusiasm over and bitter hostility to his ideas and
influence. But the exact means by which Freud became, despite this
hostility, a master of intellectual life, on a par, already in the 1920s, with
Karl Marx, Albert Einstein, Marie Curie and Bertrand Russell, has not
been sufficiently explored. Strikingly, Freud emerged as a twentieth-
century icon without the endorsement and support of an institution or
a profession (in contrast to Einstein, Curie and Russell). Where are we to
look for the details of this story of an emergent – and new – figure of
immense cultural authority? One of the principal aims of this book is to
show how this happened in one local, parochial yet privileged, site –
Cambridge, then as now a university town stranded in the English Fens
with a relatively small fluctuating population (59,212 in the 1921 Census,
a 48 per cent increase since 1911).1
So this book contributes to the history and geography of psychoanalysis,
but in an unusual fashion. Most histories of psychoanalysis start either in
Paris, glittering metropolis of the nineteenth century, or in Vienna, capital
of a doomed polyglot empire; this one starts in Grantchester, a picturesque
village two miles outside Cambridge, the traditional destination of after-
noon strolls across the Meadows for dons and students. Most histories of
psychoanalysis assume a diffusionist model, with Freud’s principal disci-
ples functioning as essential relays for the transmission of doctrine and
practical techniques, with the founding of local psychoanalytic societies
1
The population of Cambridge was estimated at 6,490 in 1587 (which includes 1,500 members of the
University), 7,778 in 1728 (including 100 college servants and 1,499 members of the University) and
10,087 in 1801. (‘The city of Cambridge: economic history’, in A History of the County of Cambridge
and the Isle of Ely. Vol. III, The City and University of Cambridge, ed. J.P.C. Roach, Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1959, pp. 86–101, www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/cambs/vol3/pp86-101, accessed
6 May 2015.
at 03:29:10, subject to the Cambridge Core

2 Introduction
and eventually orthodox training programmes as the key stages in the
establishing of authorized psychoanalysis in different countries and
regions; this one is inescapably full of surprising figures, loose connections
between events and institutions, informal encounters. Most histories of
psychoanalysis have been overly influenced by two crude models: the
‘Great Man’ model, in which specific individuals have decisive influence
in turning history their way; and the bureaucratic transplant model, in
which the oversight of the International Psycho-Analytic Association (IPA)
and its sub-committee the International Training Committee (ITC) deter-
mined the forms and procedures for establishing psychoanalysis through-
out the world. The two accounts come together for the British instance in
locating Ernest Jones as the individual who, through his campaigning,
through his writings and through his incessant organizing, created the
British Psycho-Analytical Society (BPaS) in 1919 and founded the Institute
of Psycho-Analysis in London in 1926.
In contrast, this account of the early history of psychoanalysis in England
will be relatively Jones-free and will not be centred on the British Society.
Instead, it purposely takes an Absent Great Man – Sigmund Freud – and
looks not to a specific set of psychoanalytic institutions but to a flurry of
activity in loose networks, some attached to the University, others not, yet
associated with Cambridge. Freud the physical individual never came to
Cambridge. This book is the story of his non-arrival. What Freud stood for –
that is a different matter. ‘Freud’ did stand for a set of therapeutic practices
that were deployed increasingly as the Great War dragged on and on. After
the War, ‘Freud’ also stood for a revolution in psychology – the ‘New
Psychology’. For some Cambridge scientists, as we will see, ‘Freud’ stood
for a revolution in thought quite the equal of those associated with Newton
and Darwin. And he also stood for outrageous and immoral fabricated views
on children, and on the importance of sexual life in general; his name was
often shorthand for the pollution of the mind and society created by
modernity.
1922 was the year of Cambridge in Freud’s consulting room. James
Strachey, Trinity graduate and Apostle, Bloomsberry, literary dilettante,
had started analysis with Freud in October 1920 and finished at the end
of June 1922; Alix Strachey, graduate of Newnham in modern languages,
wife of James, had started at the same time and left in 1921. John Rickman,
Quaker graduate of King’s, doctor and enthusiast, fresh from a stint as
a psychiatrist at Fulbourn Hospital just outside Cambridge, had begun
analysis in April 1920 and completed at the end of June 1922. Joan Riviere,
grande dame and intellectual, niece of Arthur Verrall, Apostle and first

Introduction 3
Edward VII Professor of English Literature in the University, had moved
from Jones’s couch to Freud’s in early 1922, returning to London
in December. Arthur Tansley, University Lecturer in Botany, author of
a psychoanalytic bestseller of 1920 entitled The New Psychology and its
Relation to Life, began analysis with Freud on 31 March 1922, completing
his first stint in June, and resigned his Cambridge lectureship in 1923 to
come back for a more seriously sustained second analytic stint in late 1923
up to the summer of 1924. A Cambridge undergraduate, Roger Money-
Kyrle, started analysis with Freud in the autumn of 1922, remaining in
Vienna till 1926. In 1979 he described the milieu in which he moved:
In Vienna, we met several people from Oxford and Cambridge, nearly all
subsequently famous, who were more or less secretly in analysis. And I did
not know till many years after that a half-uncle of my wife, a Fellow and
Lecturer of Trinity, Cambridge, had spent one long summer vacation
travelling Europe in analysis with James Glover, who was himself simulta-
neously in analysis with Abraham. Shades of the Peripatetic School of
Athens in the third century B.C.! Incidentally, of course, I never mentioned
psychoanalysis to [my doctoral supervisor Moritz] Schlick till I left, and
then discovered that he himself was extremely interested in, but never spoke
of it.2
So from March to June 1922, Riviere, Strachey, Rickman and Tansley were
all in analysis with Freud, thus making up 40 per cent of his patient load.3
What were they all doing in Vienna? Each had their own symptoms, their
malaise in life, of course, but they were not ordinary patients. They and
others like them were the means by which psychoanalysis became disse-
minated as a theory, as a vision of the world, as cocktail party chat, as
a practice – and perhaps even as a form of knowledge suitable for inclusion
in the teaching and research of an ancient university like Cambridge.
By the summer of 1922, after listening for four hours a day, six days
a week, for several months to a gaggle of elite Cambridge graduates,
Freud must have known a lot about Tripos nerves, High Table back-
stabbing, the intricate family dynamics of large and eminent Victorian
families and the sex lives of the English. He clearly knew what it meant to
2
R. Money-Kyrle, ‘Looking backwards – and forwards’, International Review of Psycho-Analysis 6
(1979), 265–72 at 266.
3
From the beginning of the decade, both Americans and English were making the pilgrimage to
Vienna to be analysed by Freud. In the American cohort of – roughly – 1920–22 were Albert Polan,
Clarence Oberndorf, Leonard Blumgart, Monroe Meyer and Abram Kardiner. See Kardiner Oral
History Interviews, interviews conducted by Bluma Swerdloff, 1963, Columbia University Oral
History Project, New York, p. 102.

4 Introduction
be the favourite of Lytton Strachey and an intimate of Maynard Keynes – it
meant being part of refined homosexual Cambridge culture. Freud was
certainly an expert on Cambridge. But what of Cambridge – what did it
make of Freud?
This study is also, inevitably, a contribution to the history of
Cambridge – principally the University, but also the city in which the
University is located – at a key period in its history, 1910–30.
The nineteenth-century reforms, which included the introduction of
specialist honours degrees, the removal of religious tests, the expansion of
the sciences and the broadening of the social intake of undergraduates,
including crucially women, were followed in the 1920s with the putting in
place of a new, thoroughly modern and still existing structure of faculties
and departments, of career paths for lecturers and researchers, of scholar-
ships for poorer students and essential interlocking with state educational
policy. So the period of the reception of psychoanalysis was also the
moment in the history of the University when it fully recognized that, in
the words of the Asquith Commission of 1922, ‘the growth of science at
Cambridge since the era of the Royal Commissions [the 1850s] has been
perhaps the greatest fact in the history of the University since its founda-
tion’. This is also the period of Cambridge ‘High Science’, a term by which
Gary Werskey meant, amongst other things, first, the period of the
supremacy of ‘pure science’, uncontaminated by applications or by neces-
sary alliances with industry or government; second, the period when this
corner of science was still dominated by the traditional British elites and
classes; and third, the period of Cambridge’s first fully self-conscious
scientific glory. In the judgement of Eric Hobsbawm, Cambridge ‘virtually
monopolized top-level British scientific achievement in the first half of the
twentieth century’.4 This study of the reception of psychoanalysis in the
foremost science-oriented university in Britain and its surrounding elite
culture in the early twentieth century therefore gives insight into the
development of science-based knowledge institutions in Britain and the
place of psychoanalysis within them. At a time of transformation in British
universities, when state funding is being withdrawn from both the uni-
versities and the poorer students attending them, while at the same time
the prestige of the sciences, technology and medicine has never been
4
Gary Werskey, The Visible College: A Collective Biography of British Scientists and Socialists of the 1930s
(1979), London: Free Association Books, 1988, esp. pp. 19–42; Eric Hobsbawm, ‘Preface’, in
Brenda Swann and Francis Aprahamian (eds.), J.D. Bernal: A Life in Science and Politics, London:
Verso, 1999, p. xi.

Introduction 5
higher, a study of the creation of new disciplines within the newly state-
funded older universities is salutary.
Yet ‘Cambridge’ is not only a university peculiarly well configured for
the development of the sciences, but also a traditional key node in the
system of elite institutions sustaining British life, through the education of
the next generation’s elite. And ‘Cambridge’ is also the town of
Cambridge, located in what was in this period an economically backward,
non-industrial relatively poor part of England – transformed subsequently,
from the 1960s on, by the development of science-based satellite industries
closely associated with the University.
While this is a study in the dissemination of psychoanalysis, it does not
directly concern its popularization, since the groups and cohorts examined
are undoubtedly part of the educated and cultural British elite of the
period. Not without a series of extensive and extended struggles, science
became an integral part of elite culture – perhaps now at its very centre –
and much of the account of psychoanalysis given in this study is of its
interaction with, and its interrogation, absorption and repudiation by this
elite culture. But it is also, almost by accident, a study of the reception of
Freud’s ideas by some of the key British intellectuals of the twentieth
century (who all happened to be associated with Cambridge): Bertrand
Russell, J.M. Keynes, Virginia Woolf, J.D. Bernal, Joseph Needham (from
the point of view of the Chinese, Needham is the most important Briton of
the twentieth century).
A question, however, certainly does hang over this study: why
Cambridge? The first and obvious answer to that question is
a straightforwardly empirical one: the remarkable range and number of
Cambridge men and women engaging with psychoanalysis from roughly
1910 on was unmatched by any comparable cohort in Oxford, Manchester,
London, Edinburgh or any other of the cultural and university centres of
Britain. The question as to why this was the case is best addressed after
taking the full measure of this varied and surprising engagement.
Much of the material that makes up this book is not well known to
historians, or else – and this is a crucial point – is known under a different
description. Placing the history of disciplines within the local Cambridge
context brings out the fluidity of interchange and surprising cross-influences
in their development – the advantages that ‘local history’, history in its place,
has brought elsewhere. The study of the dissemination of ideas within
Cambridge encouraged us to develop a prosopographical method:
a collective study of the lives of a group, a population, a cohort. The links
between these multiple ‘life-lines’ has proved not only fertile but surprising.

6 Introduction
There is, however, one over-riding reason why the story this book tells has
been overlooked till now: the episode recounted here came to an abrupt end.
Historians committed to a continuist methodology (as most historians often
inadvertently are) will naturally therefore be inclined to overlook it or at least
downgrade its importance, if judgements of importance are based on rele-
vance (to today, looking backwards) or ‘influence’ (on today, looking for-
wards). It would be too brutal to call this episode a blind alley of history with
no progeny or issue of any kind, but it has certainly been overlooked by those
seeking to find the sources of the present in the past, to tailor history to
‘presentist’ concerns and strictures.5 Since disciplinary histories – whether of
physics, literary criticism or psychoanalysis – are by definition committed to
presentism, since they take the existence of the discipline as a given (though
usually with very great concern about its place and date of birth), they will
often find themselves at a loss with episodes, ideas, figures who do not
immediately conform to the boundaries established later by those disci-
plines. To take one example from the stories told in this book: why did
James Strachey, in drafting during the Second World War one of the most
fateful documents in the history of British psychoanalysis, his Memorandum
on Training, suddenly evoke the teaching of geophysics to psychoanalytical
candidates? It is only by tracing the whole of the history of Freud in
Cambridge that we find the answer.
There may also be another reason for the forgetting of the enthusiasm for
Freud in Cambridge in the 1920s. First loves and youthful enthusiasms,
particularly those that are tied to strong emotions and sexuality, are often
later re-described by historical actors themselves in reproving and jocular
terms. A youthful enthusiasm for psychoanalysis may be described in the
same sort of terms, and with the same sort of attention to historical accuracy,
as the stories many happily married middle-aged parents tell their children of
their first loves. This analogy will remind us that in writing the history of
psychoanalysis, passions, secret loves and deep inner troubles will play, even
in Cambridge, as important a part as the architecture of scientific theory, the
foundations of a scientific discipline or the proper way to educate the next
generation. Psychoanalysis began with the emergence of the dream.
A common thread weaving through our stories of Cambridge lives, the
dream is, appropriately, where we too must start.
5
George W. Stocking, Jr., ‘On the limits of “presentism” and “historicism” in the historiography of
the behavioral sciences’, Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 1 (1965), 211–17. Stocking’s
article is not the first work to use ‘presentist’ in roughly the same sense as Butterfield’s Whig
Interpretation of History (1931), but it appears to be the start of its more recent use.

chapter 2
Tansley’s Dream
‘A nice type of the English scientist’: Tansley and Freud

I dreamed that I was in a sub-tropical country, separated from my
friends, standing alone in a small shack or shed which was open on one
side so that I looked out on a wide open space surrounded by bush or
scrub. In the edge of the bush I could see a number of savages armed
with spears and the long pointed shields used by some South African
native tribes. They occupied the whole extent of the bush-edge abut-
ting on the open space, but they showed no sign of active hostility.
I myself had a loaded rifle, but realized that I was quite unable to
escape in face of the number of armed savages who blocked the way.
Then my wife appeared in the open space, dressed entirely in
white, and advanced towards me quite unhindered by the savages,
of whom she seemed unaware. Before she reached me the dream,
which up to then had been singularly clear and vivid, became con-
fused, and though there was some suggestion that I fired the rifle, but
with no knowledge of who or what I fired at, I awoke.
Sir Arthur Tansley, FRS, ‘The Dream’
The Cambridge scientist Arthur Tansley had this dream some time during
the First World War, when he was working at the Ministry of Munitions in
London.1 It was, he later made very clear, one of the major turning points
in his life. From this dream came his interest in psychoanalysis.
On 6 April 1922, Sigmund Freud wrote to Ernest Jones in London:
‘Tansley has started analysis last Saturday. I find a charming man in him,
a nice type of the English scientist. It might be a gain to win him over to
our science at the loss of botany.’2 Such information was the staple of the
1
Sir Harry Godwin, ‘Sir Arthur Tansley: the man and the subject, The Tansley Lecture, 1976’, Journal
of Ecology 65 (1977), 13: ‘Tansley undertook a more or less routine clerking post in one of the
Ministries, where his powers were barely called upon.’
2
FJ, 6 April 1922, p. 468.
02:42:34, subject to the Cambridge

03
8 Tansley’s Dream
Fig. 2.1 Arthur George Tansley, International Phytogeographical Excursion (IPE)

1949, Newbridge Fen, Co. Wicklow, Ireland, by Eric Fulton.
correspondence between Jones and Freud that comprised some 671 letters
over a thirty-year period to Freud’s death. Implicit in such exchanges was
the sustaining of the joint project that kept these two men, never soul
mates, bound together – the fate and future of psychoanalysis – as a theory,
a therapy and an institutional movement.
By following the trail revealed by this little snippet about an analysis begun
in Vienna in the spring of 1922, we will discover that the early history of
psychoanalysis in England was by no means confined to the professional and
institutional lines that Jones, and even Freud, had in mind. By focusing on
Tansley, we gain a more balanced and intriguing sense of the intellectual
vitality and novelty of the set of ideas and practices spawned by Freud.
Tansley also draws us into speculating about the historical significance of
dreams and their interpretation, which, following Freud, many in the
twentieth century have come to regard as ‘the royal road to the unconscious’.3
3
Sigmund Freud, Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, SE XI, 33.

03
‘A nice type of the English scientist’: Tansley and Freud 9
It is the very implausibility of Tansley’s involvement in psychoanalysis
that, oddly enough, makes him so representative. He was, as Freud
endearingly described him in his eccentric but precise English, ‘a nice
type of the English scientist’ – and a distinguished one at that. Born in
central London on 15 August 1871, Arthur George Tansley was the second
child and only son of Amelia Lawrence and George Tansley – the ‘excep-
tional people’ to whom, at the end of his life, he would attribute the fact
that his own Oedipus complex was ‘almost negligible’.4 George had a good
business organizing society functions, and he also taught at the Working
Men’s College, where his real heart and enthusiasm lay. Arthur was
educated at Highgate School; he went on to University College London
to study the sciences, and in 1890 entered Trinity College, Cambridge,
where he would obtain a double first in the Natural Sciences Tripos in
1893–94.
Tansley recalled that at Cambridge, besides advancing his knowledge of
botany, zoology, geology and physiology, he took part in the ‘usual inter-
minable discussions on the universe – on philosophy, psychology, religion,
politics, and sex’.5 Writing to his mother in his second year, he described
long talks on Shakespeare’s tragedies with fellow undergraduate Bertrand
Russell. In a postscript he added, ‘Went to a meeting of the Psychical Society
last night . . . and heard Mr. Myers6 discourse on “subliminal self”.’7
Russell, who was (as Tansley put it, writing in the third person) ‘the
most penetrating mind with which he came into contact, and who was his
favourite companion in midnight talks’,8 became a close friend, working
with Tansley on a student journal, The Cambridge Observer, forming a new
society called the ‘Mathetics’ and travelling with him in Europe. Russell
described Tansley in a letter to his wife-to-be Alys Pearsall Smith
in January 1894:
He is a man I have always made more confidences to than to any one else up
here: the consequence of wh[ich] is that (being a quite a good judge of
character and very sympathetic) he knows me better than any other man
does. I once travelled in Italy with him but although I liked & still like all the
main elements of his character I got so much annoyed with his ugliness
4
AGTSFA, Interview with Kurt Eissler, Summer 1953, p. 9.
5
Laura Cameron, ‘Histories of disturbance’, Radical History Review 74 (1999), 2–24 at 6.
6
F[rederic].W.H. Myers, classicist, poet, philologist and co-founder of the Society for Psychical
Research, discussed more extensively in Chapter 5.
7
Peter Ayres, Shaping Ecology: The Life of Arthur Tansley, Chichester, UK and Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-
Blackwell, 2011, p. 45. Note it is more likely that the date of the letter is 6 November 1891, not 1890.
8
H. Godwin, ‘Arthur George Tansley 1871–1955’, BMFRS 3 (November 1957), 227–46 at 229.

03
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Cold War Freud Psychoanalysis in an Age of Catastrophes

On Freud s A Child is Being Beaten Freud

Dream psychology Freud

Landmark Cases in Public International Law Cameron

Freud Tiffany Anna Freud Dorothy Tiffany Burlingham and

Accountability Reconsidered : Voters, Interests, and

Number Theory 1st Edition Róbert Freud

The Interpretation of Dreams Freud Sigmund

john forrester (25 August 1949 – 24 November 2015) was

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Cambridge city centre, c. 1927.

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Other books by John Forrester

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JOHN FORRESTER AND LAURA CAMERON

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List of Illustrations page viii

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Frontispiece Cambridge city centre, c. 1927. page ii

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An earlier version of Chapter 2 appeared as Laura Cameron and John

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AA Lord Adrian Archives, Trinity College Cambridge

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xviii List of Abbreviations

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List of Abbreviations xix

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List of Abbreviations xxi

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That Sigmund Freud became a major intellectual presence in twentieth-

at 03:29:10, subject to the Cambridge Core

at 03:29:10, subject to the Cambridge Core

at 03:29:10, subject to the Cambridge Core

at 03:29:10, subject to the Cambridge Core

at 03:29:10, subject to the Cambridge Core

at 03:29:10, subject to the Cambridge Core

‘A nice type of the English scientist’: Tansley and Freud

02:42:34, subject to the Cambridge

Fig. 2.1 Arthur George Tansley, International Phytogeographical Excursion (IPE)

02:42:34, subject to the Cambridge

02:42:34, subject to the Cambridge

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