Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs III

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LABYRINTH AND PIANO KEY WEIRS III –
PKW 2017
PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON LABYRINTH AND
PIANO KEY WEIRS 2017, QUI NHON, VIETNAM, 22–24 FEBRUARY 2017

Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs III –

PKW 2017

Editors

Sébastien Erpicum
Laboratory of Engineering Hydraulics – HECE, University of Liege,
Liege, Belgium

Frédéric Laugier
Electricité de France – Hydro Engineering Center, EDF-CIH,
Le Bourget du Lac, France

Michel Ho Ta Khanh
Vietnam National Commission on Large Dams, VNCOLD, Hanoï, Vietnam

Michael Pfister
Laboratory of Hydraulic Constructions, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
Haute école d’ingénierie et d’architecture HEIA-FR, Fribourg, Switzerland
Cover photo description
Van Phong Piano Dam – Vietnam – 2015
Courtesy of Vietnam National Commission on Large Dams (VNCOLD)

CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK
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Published by: CRC Press/Balkema
P.O. Box 11320, 2301 EH Leiden, The Netherlands
e-mail: Pub.NL@taylorandfrancis.com
www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.com
ISBN: 978-1-138-05010-5 (Hardback)
ISBN: 978-1-315-16906-4 (eBook)
 Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs III – PKW 2017 – Erpicum et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-05010-5

Table of contents

Preface IX
Acknowledgements XI
Organization XIII
Organizing institutions XV
Supporting institutions XVII
Sponsoring companies XIX

Keynote lectures
History and development of Piano Key Weirs in Vietnam from 2004 to 2016 3
M. Ho Ta Khanh
Twenty years of research in Biskra University for Labyrinths and Piano Key Weirs
and associated fuse plugs 17
A. Ouamane, M. Debabeche, F. Lempérière & J.P. Vigny
Hydraulics of Piano Key Weirs: A review 27
S. Erpicum, P. Archambeau, B. Dewals & M. Pirotton
Overview of design and construction of 11 Piano Key Weirs spillways developed
in France by EDF from 2003 to 2016 37
F. Laugier, J. Vermeulen & B. Blancher

I Research and development

I.1 Hydraulics
Research on Piano Key Weirs capacity for free and submerged flows 55
H. Nguyen Thanh, T. Tang Duc & M. Ho Ta Khanh
Flow regimes over trapezoidal Piano Key Weirs 65
A. Mehboudi, J. Attari & S.A. Hosseini
Synthesis of Piano Key Weir experimental studies at LNHE 75
G.M. Cicero, F. Laugier & J. Vermeulen
Study of the influence of submergence on the upstream flow of Piano Key Weir 83
F. Belaabed, B. Athmani, A. Ouamane & A. Laiadi

I.2 Geometry
The effect of the geometric shape of the alveoli on the performance of Piano Key Weirs 93
A. Laiadi, B. Athmani, F. Belaabed & A. Ouamane
Numerical investigation of wall thickness influence on Piano Key Weir
discharge coefficients: A preliminary study 101
F.L. Bremer & M. Oertel

V
Experimental study of discharge coefficient of a Piano Key Side Weir 109
M. Karimi, J. Attari, M. Saneie & M.R. Jalili Ghazizadeh

I.3 Fluid-structure interactions and aeration

Fluid structure interaction of Piano Key Weirs 119
F.J.M. Denys, G.R. Basson & J.A.v.B. Strasheim
Design of a Piano Key Weir aeration network 127
J. Vermeulen, C. Lassus & T. Pinchard
Could Piano Key Weirs be subject to nappe oscillations? 135
M. Lodomez, M. Pirotton, B. Dewals, P. Archambeau & S. Erpicum

I.4 Energy dissipation

Toe-scour formation at Piano Key Weirs 147
M. Pfister, S. Jüstrich & A.J. Schleiss
Experimental study for energy dissipation using stilling basin downstream of
Piano Key Weirs type A 157
H. Truong Chi & M. Ho Ta Khanh

I.5 Future applications and developments

Piano Key and Labyrinth Weirs at German waterways: Recent and future research
of the BAW 167
F. Belzner, J. Merkel, M. Gebhardt & C. Thorenz
Piano Key Weir as overflow on sedimentation basin of wastewater treatment plant 175
J.-M. Ribi, B. Spahni, D. Dorthe & M. Pfister
Physical modeling size-scale effects for labyrinth weirs with half-round crests 185
B.P. Tullis, N. Young & B.M. Crookston

II Projects
II.1 Studies
A Piano Key Weir to improve the discharge capacity of the Oule Dam
spillway (France) 195
S. Erpicum, P. Archambeau, B. Dewals, M. Pirotton, H. Tralli & J. Alende
Piano Key Weirs on a lateral spillway: From an analytical preliminary design to a
detailed design validated by a physical model 205
A. Chapuis, M. Thomas, L. Deroo, C. Richit & C. Touzet
Estimation of discharge coefficient and optimization of Piano Key Weirs 213
K. Azizi, J. Attari & A. Moridi
A comparison of side weirs and labyrinth weirs at Ilmenau river 221
M. Gebhardt, J. Merkel, F. Belzner & C. Thorenz

II.2 Construction
The raising of Hazelmere Dam by means of Piano Key Weir 231
D. Booyse

VI
Construction and testing of two Piano Key Weirs at Charmines dam 237
P. Valley & B. Blancher
Construction of a Piano Key Weir spillway at La Raviège dam 245
M. Cubaynes, F. Laugier & V. Nagel
Construction of a Piano Key Weir spillway at Record dam 255
F. Dabertrand, J. Vermeulen & B. Blancher
Study, design and construction of the Van Phong Piano Key Weirs 265
Q. Dinh Sy, A. Nguyen Luong & H. Nguyen Manh
Adoption of a type D Piano Key Weir spillway with tapered noses at
Rambawa Tank, Sri Lanka 275
H.M. Jayatillake & K.T.N. Perera

Author index 283

VII
 Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs III – PKW 2017 – Erpicum et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-05010-5

Preface

Since the first implementation by Electricité de France on Goulours dam (France) in 2006, the
Piano Key Weir has become a more and more applied structure to increase the discharge capacity
of existing spillways. In parallel, several new large dams’ projects have been built with such a flood
control structure, usually in combination with gates. In less than 10 years, more than 25 Piano Key
Weirs have been commissioned or are under construction all over the world.
This strong revival of labyrinth oriented weirs is due first to more and more acute extreme flood
issues making the requirement for performing and reliable spillways becoming higher and higher.
Secondly, it has been possible thanks to the invention of the Piano Key weir (PKW) concept.
With a repetitive constructional character, reduced foot print requirements thanks to overhangs
and an increased specific discharge capacity, the PKW enables to install non-linear crests almost
everywhere and in particular at the top of gravity dams. It is also an attractive technico-economical
compromise and its operation, as free flow spillways, seems more reliable than gates.
The third international workshop on Labyrinth and Piano Key weirs is the latest one of a workshop
series started in 2011 in Liège (Belgium) and continued in 2013 in Paris (France). The third edition
of the workshop has been co-organized by the Vietnam National Committee on Large Dams, the
University of Liege, Electricité de France and the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
which all together have played a significant role in PKW development. It has been the occasion to
honor the key contribution of the University of Biskra, one of the father’s institution of the PKW
development. The conference took place on 22–24 February 2017 in Qui Nhon, central Vietnam,
close to one of the most famous Vietnamese PKW in operation. The 2 days long workshop was
followed by a technical tour visiting the recently commissioned Van Phong diversion dam on the
Côn River, equipped with a 300 m long PKW and 10 gates.
This book, gathering the proceedings of this third Workshop on Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs,
summarizes 15 years of research and development on PKW and presents most of the main projects
in operation or under construction. It can thus been considered as an up-to-date Reference document
for students, practitioners and researchers.
Sébastien Erpicum, HECE – ULg
Frédéric Laugier, EDF – CIH
Michel Ho Ta Khanh, VNCOLD
Michael Pfister, LCH – EPFL & HEIA-FR

IX
 Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs III – PKW 2017 – Erpicum et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-05010-5

Acknowledgements

The organization of a conference is only possible with motivated contributors. We are therefore
grateful to practitioners and researchers who allowed taking up the challenge of proposing a work-
shop on the very specialized domain of Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs. In order to warrant the
high technical and scientific level of the contributions, a serious reviewing process was carried
out by the International Scientific Committee, in collaboration with the Committee on Hydraulic
Structures of IAHR. All the Reviewers merit our gratitude for the serious of their work and the
respect of very short deadlines.
The success of a workshop is also dependent of the support of professional associations and
technical and scientific journals that helped to announce the manifestation. Our thanks are devoted
to the Société Hydrotechnique de France, the Comité Français des Barrages et Réservoirs, the
Swiss Committee on Dams, the International Commission on Large Dams, the International Jour-
nal of Hydropower & Dams, the Schweizerischer Wasserwirtschaftsverband and the International
Association for Hydro-environment Engineering and Research (IAHR).
The edition of these proceedings has been made possible thanks to the contribution of the work-
shop sponsors. We greatly acknowledge the help of ISL Ingénierie (France), Schnabel Engineering
(USA) and Company 47, the contractor of the Van Phong dam (Vietnam).
The technical tour in Vietnam allowed visiting the recently commissioned Van Phong dam,
where a 300 m long PKW spillway was recently built. The tour was guided by competent persons
in charge of management and safety of this hydraulic scheme. All our thanks go to VNCOLD and
the Company 47 representatives for their pleasant availability.
The involvement of four Co-organizing institutions, Vietnam National Commission on Large
Dams, University of Liège, Electricité de France and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne was
fundamental for the preparation of the workshop and for the edition of the proceedings. Concerning
these activities, the organizers want to express their recognition to the publisher for his guidance,
to Pham Hong Giang, Michel Ho Ta Khanh and Dinh Sy Quat from VNCOLD and to Laurence
Defrère and Pierre Archambeau from HECE-ULg for their helpful contribution.
The Scientific Secretariat of PKW 2017

XI
 Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs III – PKW 2017 – Erpicum et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-05010-5

Organization

Members of the International Scientific Committee

Daniel BUNG FH Aachen – University of Applied Sciences, Germany

Rita de CARVALHO University of Coimbra, Portugal
Guy Michel CICERO Electricité de France, France
Brian CROOKSTON Schnabel Engineering, United States
François DELORME Electricité de France, France
Benjamin DEWALS University of Liège, Belgium
Sébastien ERPICUM University of Liège, Belgium
NGUYEN THANH Hai SIWWR, Vietnam
TRUONG CHI Hien Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Vietnam
Michel HO TA KHANH Vietnam National Commission on Large Dams, Vietnam
Frédéric LAUGIER Electricité de France, France
Marcelo LEITE RIBEIRO Stucky, Switzerland
François LEMPERIERE Hydrocoop, France
Jorge MATOS Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal
Ahmed OUAMANE University of Biskra, Algeria
Michele PALERMO University of Pisa, Italy
Michael PFISTER EPFL & HEIA-FR, Switzerland
Michel PIROTTON University of Liège, Belgium
DINH SY Quat Vietnam National Commission on Large Dams, Vietnam
Anton SCHLEISS Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
DAU XUAN Thuy Hydro & Renewable Energy, Vietnam
Blake TULLIS Utah State University, USA
Julien VERMEULEN Electricité de France, France
Jean Pierre VIGNY Hydrocoop, France

Members of the Organizing Committee

Sébastien ERPICUM University of Liège, Belgium

Michel HO TA KHANH Vietnam National Commission on Large Dams, Vietnam
PHAM HONG Giang Vietnam National Commission on Large Dams, Vietnam
NGUYEN LUONG Am Vietnam National Commission on Large Dams, Vietnam
Frédéric LAUGIER Electricité de France, France
Julien VERMEULEN Electricité de France, France
Michael PFISTER EPFL & HEIA-FR, Switzerland

XIII
 Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs III – PKW 2017 – Erpicum et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-05010-5

Organizing institutions

Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs 2017 was organized by the following institutions:

Vietnam National Commission on Large Dams

Comité Vietnamien des Grands Barrages

Electricité de France
Centre d’Ingénierie Hydraulique

Université de Liège
Hydraulique de l’Environnement Naturel et Construit

Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne

Laboratoire de Constructions Hydrauliques

XV
 Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs III – PKW 2017 – Erpicum et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-05010-5

Supporting institutions

Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs 2017 was supported by the following institutions:

Société Hydrotechnique de France

Comité français des barrages et réservoirs

Swiss Committee on Dams

Commission Internationale des Grands Barrages

International Commission on Large Dams

International Journal on Hydropower & Dams

Schweizerischer Wasserwirtschaftsverband

Hydraulic Structures Technical Committee

International Association for Hydro-environment
Engineering and Research

Haute Ecole d’Ingénierie et d’Architecture

de Fribourg – Civil Engineering Department

XVII
 Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs III – PKW 2017 – Erpicum et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-05010-5

Sponsoring companies

Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs 2017 was sponsored by the following companies:

ISL Ingénierie, France

Schnabel Engineering, USA

Company 47, Vietnam

XIX
Keynote lectures
 Labyrinth and Piano Key Weirs III – PKW 2017 – Erpicum et al. (Eds)
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-05010-5

History and development of Piano Key Weirs in Vietnam

from 2004 to 2016

M. Ho Ta Khanh
VNCOLD, Vietnam

ABSTRACT: The paper describes first the beginning of the laboratory research on Piano Key
weirs (PKW) in 2004. These studies focused on the rating curves for different types and sizes of
PKW and their main characteristics. The paper gives in a second chapter some information about the
existing and foreseen dams with PKW. It is pointed out the advantages of the Van Phong barrage, an
innovative combination of PKW and gated weir discharging high flows in a large river. Some data
concerning results of the design of the Xuân Minh barrage under construction are also indicated. In
conclusion, the report notes the advantages of the PKW, their possible larger development based on
the good experience of the PKW already realized worldwide and if the research concerning some
topics such as the dissipation of energy downstream the dam and the evacuation of the floating
debris can be better addressed.

1 INTRODUCTION

The concept of PKW was presented by Lempérière. F & Ouamane. A in the late 1990’ and the
corresponding studies commenced some years later in Vietnam as it appeared that the PKW have
some advantages compared with the previous labyrinth weirs already installed on some Vietnamese
dams. During this period (1990 to 2010), dam construction in Vietnam, for hydroelectricity and
irrigation, was growing in importance with regards to both projects and the innovative solutions
for spillway, to increase their capacity and to lower their cost, were much researched.

1.1 The first studies

The first studies of PKW in Vietnam were carried out in 2004 in the Hydraulic Laboratory of the Ho
Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT) with the support of Hydrocoop, a non-profit
association of experts in spillways, floods and sedimentation. As the equipment of this laboratory
was limited, the tests were performed on a small number of models (PKW types A, B, C & D)
and with only their main parameters: L, W, Wi , Wo , Pi , Pm (Figure 1), L being the total developed
length.
The purpose of this first research, published for the 22nd ICOLD Congress in Barcelona (2006),
was to determine the rating curves q (specific discharge) versus Hu (upstream total head over crest
weir) for some typical PKW shapes – but without a real optimization of all the other parameters –
in order to provide to the designers simple formulas enabling a first sizing of the projects at the
stage of a prefeasibility (Figure 2). The main results obtained by these tests can be summarized
here after:
– Compared to a Creager weir, the capacity of a PKW is multiplied between 2 and 4 (generally
about 3) depending mainly on the ratios n = L/W and Hu /Pi . The ratio n varies generally between
4 and 7 and the ratio Hu /Pi between 0.2 and 0.5, but reaching
√ 1 for some less frequent cases.
– The very simple formula of Lempérière: q ∼ 4.25Hu Pm is valid for a proposed “Standard
model”, with n = 5 and all the characteristics depending on the sole parameter Pm , in the range
of usual values (0.5 m < Hu < 5 m) and for free flow regime. If the PKW’s characteristics are
a little changed, the coefficient 4.25 generally decreases a bit (about −10%), but this formula,

3
Figure 1. Fundamental parameters of a PKW (Pralong et al. 2011).

Figure 2. Tests for free flow discharge and comparison of different rating curves in HCMUT laboratory.

with a linear trend line, is a good approximation which can be used for the prefeasibility studies.
Some authors, cited in the references, have provided the changes to bring in this latter case and
also some more complete and precise formulas if other very different PKW are used.
– For a submerged flow, the PKW capacity is a bit reduced, but generally less than for a Creager
weir. The Figure 3 shows the tests for highly submerged flows and the results of some measures
in the HCMUT laboratory. This latter topic was also studied by several researchers abroad cited
in the references.

4
Figure 3. Tests for highly submerged flows in HCMUT laboratory.

– Given the great number of details for the shapes and the sizes, a hydraulic optimization of a
PKW is often possible for a new dam by refining its characteristics, but generally it increases
only some per cents (<10%) the P.K weir’s capacity, i.e. often less than the percentage of error
concerning the floods or the authorized Maximum Water Level (MWL). In case of a PKW
installed on an existing dam, the structural and construction constraints are often predominant
for the selection of the type and the characteristics of the PKW. Then, the discharge capacity is
not always optimal, but the main goal is reached as the PKW enables increasing the spillway
capacity with a minimal overflow depth. This can be observed with the PKWs recently installed
on the existing EDF’s dams that are generally different from this “Standard model” with values
of n up to 8.
– Given the advantages of placing PKW on the crest of new gravity dams with stepped downstream
face as for the Roll Compacted Concrete (RCC) dams and with the high flow energy at the toe
of the dam, it appeared that the issues of the dissipation of energy and the sizing of the stilling
basin deserve further detailed studies. The Figure 4 shows the tests performed in the HCMUT
laboratory to better appraise this concern.
Following rapidly these first studies, several PKWs were designed and constructed in Vietnam for
small hydropower plants owned by Independent Power Producers (IPP) with the goal of minimizing
the costs and the delays of the design and construction. Consequently, almost all designers adopted
PKW with the characteristics not very different from the “Standard models type A & B” as these
devices can be easily designed and placed on the crest of the new gravity dams. They adjusted the
PKW characteristics to the local conditions – often but not always – by means of further tests in
the MARD Hydraulic Laboratories in Hanoi (HRC) and in Binh Duong near HCM city (SIWRR).
For example, the Van Phong barrage, owned by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Develop-
ment (MARD), was pre-sized according to this method, but was controlled after by several hydraulic
model tests in the SIWRR laboratory which confirmed generally the initial design. Because this
PKW is submerged during high floods, research was performed in different laboratories to better
precise the particularities of the submerged flows, particularly with the utilization of the software
FLOW-3D® in cooperation with EDF-CIH and EDF-LNHE (France).

1.2 Examples of design and construction of PKWs in Vietnam

In this chapter, some designed and constructed Vietnamese PKWs are indicated. The four first
projects have been already described in PKW 2011 and PKW 2013 Workshops, consequently only
the important updated information are provided for them.

5
Figure 4. Tests for the dissipation of energy at the toe of the dam in HCMUT.

Figure 5. The Dak Rong PKW during construction.

• The Dakmi 2 dam

The Dakmi 2 dam, on the Dak Mi River in the Central Vietnam, with 2 central radial gates
and PKW on each side, avoids extensive excavation of the steep left bank. Apart the hydraulic
studies, the structure of the dam with the PKW was recently analyzed by the Finite Element
Method. This dam is now under construction.
• The Ngan Truoi dam
This scheme was finally cancelled and replaced by another one due to the downstream constraints.
• The Vinh Son 3 dam
The construction of this dam was postponed due to funding issues.
• The Dak Rong dam
The Dak Rong dam (Figure 5) on the Dak Rong River is the first gravity dam with a PKW type A
replacing the traditional surface radial gates. Some detailed characteristics of the PKW are given
in the Table 2.2. This solution – with a free flow spillway in a narrow valley with high specific
discharges – is certainly an improvement for the dam safety after the worrying experience of the

6
Figure 6. The Dakmi 4C dam.

Figure 7. The Dakmi 4B dam.

Hoho gravity dam overflow in September 2010, due to a complete jamming of the surface gates
during a flood, provoked by a landslide on the left bank which destroyed a part of the power
plant and the gates control system. Following this incident, many Vietnamese engineers think
that a combination of PKW and gates is probably a safer solution for the IPPs, in case of the
gates’ jamming or mal-operation by the local staff during the floods.
The bad quality of the concrete of this PKW – one of the first built – has shown that the more
difficult construction of the PKWs should be devoted only to qualified contractor.
• The Dakmi 4C dam
The Dakmi 4C belongs to the power plants in cascade on the Dak Mi River. The Dakmi 4C
dam (Figure 6) is an example of a combination of 2 radial gates and a PKW type B (upstream
overhang only) acting as an emergency spillway in case of a gate jamming. This modest PKW,
which didn’t justify long and costly study, was dimensioned only with the results of the “Standard
model”.

• The Dakmi 4B dam

The Dakmi 4B dam (Figure 7), is a very special case with a combination of a labyrinth weir and a
PKW. This particularity is due to the lowering of the MWL decided during the dam construction.
The dam has attained such a level on the right part, that it was impossible to replace the initial
Creager weir by a PKW without demolishing the dam top. Consequently the PKW built on the
lower left bank was changed into a labyrinth weir on the right bank. Compared with the initial
design with the Creager weir, the final design – with the PKW, the labyrinth weir and a 0.70 m

7
Figure 8. The Dakmi 3 dam. Plan view and cross sections.

Figure 9. The Dakmi 3 dam under construction.

Figure 10. The Da Dang 3 dam. Plan view.

lowering of the Full Supply Level (FSL) – allows reducing 2 m high the previous MWL, as
demanded by the population around the reservoir. Then, the PKW enables to address this issue
with a minimum of cost and delay.
Some detailed characteristics of this PKW are given in the Table 2.2.

• The Dakmi 3 dam

The Dakmi 3 dam belongs to the power plants in cascade on the Dak Mi River. The dam is under
construction (Figures 8 & 9). It is a traditional gravity dam 40 m high, 197 m long with a stepped
downstream face and with 16 PKW units type B (a PKW unit includes an inlet key and an outlet
key) on the crest 144 m long. The design flood (1/1000) is 6700 m3 /s.

• The Da Dang 3 dam

This dam is under construction (Figures 10 & 11) on the Da Dang River in the South of Vietnam.
It is a traditional gravity dam 22 m high with a stepped downstream face and a PKW type B

8
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