Bionanotechnology: Emerging

Applications of Bionanomaterials
Ahmed Barhoum
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Bionanotechnology: Emerging Applications
of Bionanomaterials
This page intentionally left blank
 Micro & Nano Technologies Series
Bionanotechnology: Emerging
Applications of
Bionanomaterials
Edited by
Ahmed Barhoum
NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of
Science, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt; School of
Chemical Sciences, Fraunhofer Project Centre, Dublin City University,
Dublin, Ireland
Jaison Jeevanandam
CQM - Centro de Quı́mica da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da
Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Funchal, Portugal
Michael K. Danquah
Chemical Engineering Department, University of Tennessee,
Chattanooga, TN, United States
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Contents

Contributors.................................................................................................... xiii

SECTION 1: Energy production and energy storage

Chapter 1: Bionanotechnology and Bionanomaterials: Emerging Applications,
Market, and Commercialization........................................................................... 3
Jaison Jeevanandam, Vedarethinam Vadanasundari, Sharadwata Pan, Ahmed Barhoum and
Michael K. Danquah
1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................3
2 Bionanomaterials: emerging applications .....................................................................4
3 Energy production, conversion, and storage .................................................................4
3.1 Biofuel cells ............................................................................................................ 5
3.2 Bionanomaterial-based biodiesel ............................................................................ 6
3.3 Metal/metal oxideebased nanocatalysts ................................................................ 6
3.4 Carbon-based nanocatalysts.................................................................................... 8
3.5 Biobatteries............................................................................................................ 10
4 Environmental protection and improvements .............................................................12
4.1 Air filtration........................................................................................................... 12
4.2 Water treatment ..................................................................................................... 13
4.3 Soil treatment ........................................................................................................ 16
4.4 Plant protection ..................................................................................................... 17
5 Biomedical applications...............................................................................................17
5.1 Drug delivery ........................................................................................................ 17
5.2 Wound healing ...................................................................................................... 18
5.3 Tissue engineering applications............................................................................ 19
5.4 Medical implants................................................................................................... 19
5.5 Biosensors ............................................................................................................. 20
6 Agriculture and food production industries ................................................................20
6.1 Nanofertilizers ....................................................................................................... 21
6.2 Pesticides ............................................................................................................... 22
6.3 Food preservation.................................................................................................. 23
6.4 Food storage .......................................................................................................... 25
7 Other applications ........................................................................................................25
7.1 Textiles .................................................................................................................. 26

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Contents

7.2 Paper and wood..................................................................................................... 27

7.3 Automotive ............................................................................................................ 28
8 Bionanomaterials: market growth and regulations .....................................................30
9 Commercialization of bionanomaterials......................................................................31
10 Conclusions ..................................................................................................................32
References..........................................................................................................................32
Chapter 2: Smart bionanomaterials for the removal of contaminants
from wastewater.............................................................................................. 45
Kanakalakshmi Annamalai, Harisma Rameshbabu, Karthikeyan Mahendhran and
Murugappan Ramanathan
1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................45
2 Biopolymer nanofibers in the treatment of wastewater..............................................49
3 Bioinspired nanocomposite materials in the removal of environmental
contaminants.................................................................................................................51
4 Photocatalytic applications of bionanomaterials in pollution abetment ....................52
5 Nanozymes for enzymatic degradation of pollutants .................................................54
6 Biogenic nanoparticles in the removal of hazardous contaminants...........................55
7 Nanobiochar in the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants..............................58
8 Adsorption mechanism and influence of physicochemical factors ............................59
9 Limitations of bionanomaterials in wastewater treatment..........................................64
10 Conclusion and future perspective ..............................................................................65
References..........................................................................................................................65

SECTION 2: Environmental applications

Chapter 3: Bionanomaterials-mediated seed priming for sustainable
agricultural production ..................................................................................... 77
Anurag Malik, Himani Punia, Nirmal Singh and Pradeep Singh
Abbreviations.....................................................................................................................77
1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................77
2 A brief history of seed priming.....................................................................................80
3 Seed priming and its application in agriculture............................................................81
4 Application of different priming approaches and priming substances ........................83
4.1 Nutripriming............................................................................................................ 84
4.2 Hydropriming .......................................................................................................... 84
4.3 Solid matrix priming............................................................................................... 85
4.4 Osmopriming........................................................................................................... 86
4.5 Hormopriming ......................................................................................................... 86
4.6 Chemical priming.................................................................................................... 87
4.7 Biopriming............................................................................................................... 87
5 Nanopriming: a novel way for seed germination and seedling growth.......................88
6 Future perspective ..........................................................................................................91
7 Conclusion......................................................................................................................93
References..........................................................................................................................94
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 Contents

Chapter 4: Reconnoitering bionanomaterials for mitigation of abiotic

stress in plants .............................................................................................. 101
Himani Punia, Jayanti Tokas, Anurag Malik and Shikha Yashveer
Abbreviations...................................................................................................................101
1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................101
2 Bionanomaterials: a new frontier in plant growth and development.........................104
3 Mechanism of action of different bionanoparticles in plants.....................................105
4 Bionanomaterials: use under different stress conditions ............................................109
4.1 Bionanoparticles under drought............................................................................ 110
4.2 Bionanoparticles under salinity ............................................................................ 115
5 Environmental and safety issues .................................................................................118
6 Future perspective ........................................................................................................119
7 Conclusion....................................................................................................................120
References........................................................................................................................120

SECTION 3: Biomedical applications

Chapter 5: Emerging applications of bionanomaterials in medicine
and drug delivery ........................................................................................... 129
Dalapathi Gugulothu and Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
Abbreviations...................................................................................................................129
1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................130
2 Inorganic bionanomaterials..........................................................................................132
2.1 Metal nanoparticles and metal oxide nanoparticles............................................. 132
2.2 Other inorganic bionanomaterials ........................................................................ 133
2.3 Carbon bionanomaterials ...................................................................................... 134
2.4 Polymeric bionanomaterials.................................................................................. 142
2.5 Lipid bionanomaterials ......................................................................................... 158
2.6 Others .................................................................................................................... 168
3 Conclusions and future prospects................................................................................175
Acknowledgments............................................................................................................176
References........................................................................................................................176
Chapter 6: Polymer-based bionanomaterials for biomedical applications .............. 187
Tabassum Khan and Akshita Chauhan
1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................187
2 Types of polymeric nanomaterials ..............................................................................189
2.1 Natural polymeric nanomaterials ......................................................................... 189
2.2 Engineered polymeric nanomaterials ................................................................... 190
2.3 Biosynthesized polymeric nanomaterials ............................................................. 191
2.4 Chemosynthesis polymeric nanomaterials ........................................................... 193
3 Biofunctionalized nanocellulosic materials.................................................................194
3.1 Nanocellulose-based biodegradable polymers ..................................................... 194

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3.2 Nanocellulose-based thermoplastic polymers ...................................................... 197

3.3 Porous nanocellulose composites ......................................................................... 198
4 Bioinspired polymeric nanocomposites.......................................................................200
4.1 Polymeric nanocomposite hydrogels.................................................................... 200
4.2 Bioactive silicate-based nanocomposites ............................................................. 201
4.3 Bioinspired hydroxyapatite nanocomposites........................................................ 202
4.4 Bioinspired Rosette Nanotube composites........................................................... 202
4.5 Graphene-enhanced polymeric nanocomposites .................................................. 202
4.6 Polymeric nanocomposites loaded with metallic nanoparticles.......................... 203
4.7 Mechanically stiff interpenetrating networks....................................................... 203
4.8 Spatially controlled hydrogel nanocomposites .................................................... 204
5 Biomedical applications...............................................................................................204
5.1 Dental and biomedical implants........................................................................... 205
5.2 Targeted drug delivery .......................................................................................... 206
5.3 Bionanomaterials for therapy of defective joints and bones............................... 207
5.4 Bone tissue engineering........................................................................................ 208
5.5 Biosensor platforms .............................................................................................. 209
5.6 Vaccine development ............................................................................................ 210
5.7 Fluorescent polymeric nanovehicles .................................................................... 211
5.8 Fluorescent bioimaging......................................................................................... 211
5.9 Stem cell imaging ................................................................................................. 212
6 Future perspective ........................................................................................................213
7 Conclusion....................................................................................................................213
References........................................................................................................................214
Chapter 7: Photocatalytic metal bionanocomposites for biomedical
applications ................................................................................................... 227
Selma Hamimed and Abdelwaheb Chatti
1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................227
2 Overview of bionanocomposites .................................................................................229
3 Photocatalytic activity of metal bionanocomposites ..................................................231
3.1 TiO2 bionanocomposites....................................................................................... 231
3.2 Mixed metal oxide bionanocomposites................................................................ 232
3.3 Polymeremetal and graphene metal bionanocomposites.................................... 235
3.4 Other metal bionanocomposites ........................................................................... 236
4 Biomedical applications of photocatalytic metal bionanocomposites .......................236
4.1 Drug delivery ........................................................................................................ 237
4.2 Biosensor and bioimaging .................................................................................... 240
4.3 Bone and cartilage tissues engineering ................................................................ 241
4.4 Antimicrobial and antioxidant agents .................................................................. 245
4.5 Other biomedical applications .............................................................................. 248
5 Conclusion....................................................................................................................250
References........................................................................................................................250

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 Contents

Chapter 8: Bionanomaterials for wound healing applications .............................. 259

Itisha Chummun, Honita Ramphul, Dhanjay Jhurry and Archana Bhaw-Luximon
List of abbreviations........................................................................................................259
1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................260
2 Challenges of skin and skeletal tissue wounds...........................................................262
2.1 Burns ..................................................................................................................... 263
2.2 Diabetic wounds.................................................................................................... 264
2.3 Bone fracture......................................................................................................... 266
2.4 Ligament and tendon damage .............................................................................. 267
3 Nanobiomaterials used as scaffolds for skin and skeletal tissue regeneration ..........269
3.1 Cellulose-based scaffolds...................................................................................... 269
3.2 Seaweeds polysaccharide-based scaffolds............................................................ 274
3.3 Sucrose-based scaffolds ........................................................................................ 279
4 Peptide hydrogels for wound healing..........................................................................280
5 Nanobiomaterials and natural molecules to enhance biological performance ..........284
6 Commercially available wound healing scaffolds ......................................................286
7 Conclusion and future perspectives in wound tissue regeneration ............................291
References........................................................................................................................292
Further reading ................................................................................................................304
Chapter 9: Polymeric bionanomaterials for diabetes applications ........................ 305
Aristeidis Papagiannopoulos, Evdokia Stefanopoulou, Eleni Vlassi and Stergios Pispas
1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................305
2 Delivery of antidiabetic medicines using nanoparticles .............................................307
2.1 Chitosan-based nanoparticles................................................................................ 307
2.2 Nanoparticles of other naturally occurring biopolymers..................................... 313
2.3 Nanoparticles of synthetic biopolymers............................................................... 316
3 Hydrogels employed for the treatment of diabetes ....................................................318
4 Future prospects ...........................................................................................................325
5 Conclusion....................................................................................................................326
References........................................................................................................................327

SECTION 4: Constructions and other applications

Chapter 10: Nanohydrogels for targeted drug delivery systems........................... 333
Lalita Devi, Hitesh Chopra and Punam Gaba
1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................333
2 Structure of nanoparticleehydrogel composites.........................................................334
2.1 Nano- and microgel composites ........................................................................... 334
2.2 Macroscopic hydrogel composites ....................................................................... 334
3 Synthesis method .........................................................................................................335
3.1 Bulk polymerization.............................................................................................. 336
3.2 Solution polymerization........................................................................................ 336

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Contents

3.3 Dispersion method ................................................................................................ 336

3.4 Grafting to support................................................................................................ 337
3.5 Polymerization by irradiation ............................................................................... 337
4 Gelation mechanism.....................................................................................................337
5 Stimuli-responsive hydrogels.......................................................................................338
6 Intelligent carrier system .............................................................................................339
6.1 pH-based intelligent system.................................................................................. 339
6.2 Temperature-based intelligent system .................................................................. 341
7 Applications..................................................................................................................341
7.1 Wound healing ...................................................................................................... 341
7.2 Malignancy (cancer) treatment............................................................................. 343
7.3 Ocular drug delivery ............................................................................................. 343
7.4 Nasal and vaccine delivery................................................................................... 344
7.5 Tissue engineering ................................................................................................ 344
7.6 Vaginal delivery .................................................................................................... 345
7.7 Transdermal delivery ............................................................................................ 346
8 Patents ..........................................................................................................................347
9 Future directions and conclusion.................................................................................349
References........................................................................................................................349
Chapter 11: Bicontinuous particle-stabilized emulsions: structural control
for targeted applications................................................................................. 357
Stephen Boakye-Ansah and Matthew Schwenger
1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................357
2 Methods of bijel fabrication ........................................................................................361
2.1 Thermal quenching of biphasic liquids via spinodal
decomposition ....................................................................................................... 361
2.2 Solvent transfereinduced phase separation ......................................................... 364
2.3 Direct mixing method ........................................................................................... 368
3 Bijel design and structural control ..............................................................................369
3.1 Controlling the shapes, sizes, and mechanical properties of bijels .................... 370
4 Effect of biological entities in the fabrication, design and structural
control of bijels ............................................................................................................374
5 Applications of bijels...................................................................................................377
5.1 Accessing the liquid domains of bijels for different applications ...................... 377
5.2 Biphasic reactive separations................................................................................ 383
5.3 Food applications .................................................................................................. 383
5.4 Postprocessing bijels into polymeric scaffolds for biomedical
applications............................................................................................................ 385
5.5 Tissue engineering applications............................................................................ 387
6 Conclusion and future perspectives on bijels .............................................................389
References........................................................................................................................392
Further reading ................................................................................................................397

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Chapter 12: A revolutionary breakthrough of bionanomaterials in tissue

engineering and regenerative medicine.............................................................. 399
Prem Shankar, Jaidip Jagtap, Gaurav Sharma, Guru Prasad Sharma, Jitendra Singh,
Madhuri Parashar, Gaurav Kumar, Sonam Mittal, Manish Kumar Sharma, Kapilesh Jadhav
and Deepak Parashar
1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................399
2 History and present status............................................................................................401
2.1 History ................................................................................................................... 401
2.2 Present status......................................................................................................... 403
3 Multidimensional bioprinting of tissues and organs...................................................404
3.1 Bioprinting techniques .......................................................................................... 405
3.2 Applications of multidimensional bioprinted tissues
and organs ............................................................................................................. 405
4 Bioprinting and biomodeling of physical and chemical foundation..........................407
4.1 Physical intersections............................................................................................ 408
4.2 Chemical intersections .......................................................................................... 409
5 Regeneration of biomedical products..........................................................................410
6 Next-generation regenerative therapies .......................................................................411
7 Application and challenge: an evolving paradigm .....................................................414
7.1 Skin grafts ........................................................................................................... 423
7.2 Cartilage .............................................................................................................. 423
7.3 Bioengineering of the body organs .................................................................... 424
7.4 Natural or accidental damage to body ............................................................... 424
7.5 Sports medicine................................................................................................... 424
7.6 Partial or total joint replacements ...................................................................... 424
7.7 Organ-on-a-chip .................................................................................................. 425
7.8 Treatment of cancer by using multidimensional models .................................. 425
7.9 Personalized medicine ........................................................................................ 426
7.10 Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in basic and
medical research.................................................................................................. 426
8 Regulatory affairs in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine .........................427
9 Conclusion and future perspective ..............................................................................432
References........................................................................................................................433
Chapter 13: Bionanomaterials for cancer therapy ............................................. 443
Monireh Ganjali, Mansoureh Ganjali, Mohammad Mahdi Adib Sereshki, Navid Ahmadinasab,
Arash Ghalandarzadeh, Alaa A.A. Aljabali and Ahmed Barhoum
1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................443
2 Cancer disease: types and statistics.............................................................................444
3 Anticancer nanocarriers ...............................................................................................445
3.1 Polymeric nanocomposite drug delivery.............................................................. 448
4 Conclusion....................................................................................................................460
References........................................................................................................................460

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Contents

Chapter 14: Bionanomaterials for diagnosis and therapy of SARS-CoV-2............ 469

Soubantika Palchoudhury and Snigdha Palchaudhury
1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................469
1.1 Overview ............................................................................................................... 469
1.2 Genome study and nature of n-CoV-2 virus........................................................ 470
1.3 Objective and significance of the chapter............................................................ 472
2 Disinfection ..................................................................................................................472
3 Detection and diagnostics ............................................................................................473
4 Medicine.......................................................................................................................480
5 Vaccine development ...................................................................................................481
6 Perspective....................................................................................................................482
Acknowledgments............................................................................................................484
References........................................................................................................................485
Chapter 15: Drug delivery systems based on nano-herbal medicine ..................... 491
Mansoureh Ganjali, Monireh Ganjali, Alaa A.A. Aljabali and Ahmed Barhoum
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................491
2 History and development of herbal medicines .........................................................492
3 Herbal medicine classifications .................................................................................496
4 Herbal nano-drug delivery system.............................................................................497
5 Roles of nanotechnology in herbal medicines..........................................................503
6 Nanocarriers for herbal medicines ............................................................................504
7 Application of herbal nanomedicines........................................................................516
7.1 Anticancer ........................................................................................................... 516
7.2 Wound healing .................................................................................................... 518
7.3 Tissue engineering .............................................................................................. 519
7.4 Antioxidants ........................................................................................................ 519
8 Toxicity issues............................................................................................................519
9 Future perspective ......................................................................................................521
10 Conclusion..................................................................................................................522
References........................................................................................................................522

Index ............................................................................................................ 531

xii
Contributors

Mohammad Mahdi Adib Sereshki Department of Hematology and Oncology, Iran University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Navid Ahmadinasab Department of Modern Technologies, Mangrove Research Center, University
of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
Alaa A.A. Aljabali Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Tech-
nology, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
Kanakalakshmi Annamalai Department of Zoology and Microbiology, Thiagarajar College,
Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Ahmed Barhoum NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science,
Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt; School of Chemical Sciences, Fraunhofer Project
Centre, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
Archana Bhaw-Luximon Biomaterials, Drug Delivery and Nanotechnology Unit, Centre for
Biomedical and Biomaterials Research (CBBR), MSIRI Building, University of Mauritius, Réduit,
Mauritius
Stephen Boakye-Ansah Rowan University, Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering, Department
of Chemical Engineering, Glassboro, NJ, United States; Emerging Technologies, DuPont Electronics
& Imaging, Marlborough, MA, United States
Abdelwaheb Chatti Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Carthage,
Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Jarzouna, Tunisia
Akshita Chauhan Department of Quality Assurance, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of
Pharmacy, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Hitesh Chopra Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
Itisha Chummun Biomaterials, Drug Delivery and Nanotechnology Unit, Centre for Biomedical
and Biomaterials Research (CBBR), MSIRI Building, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
Michael K. Danquah Chemical Engineering Department, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga,
TN, United States
Lalita Devi Department of Pharmaceutics, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial
College of Pharmacy, Ropar, Punjab, India
Punam Gaba Department of Pharmaceutics, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memo-
rial College of Pharmacy, Ropar, Punjab, India

xiii
Contributors

Mansoureh Ganjali Nour Zoha Materials Engineering Research Group (NMERG), Tehran, Iran
Monireh Ganjali Bioengineering Research Group, Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials
Department, Materials and Energy Research Center (MERC), Tehran, Iran
Arash Ghalandarzadeh School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of
Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran
Dalapathi Gugulothu Balaji Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Balaji Group of Institutions,
Warangal Rural, Telangana, India
Selma Hamimed Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Carthage,
Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Jarzouna, Tunisia
Kapilesh Jadhav School of Engineering and Technology, Jaipur National University, Jaipur,
Rajasthan, India
Jaidip Jagtap Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee,
WI, United States
Jaison Jeevanandam CQM - Centro de Quı́mica da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira,
Campus da Penteada, Funchal, Portugal
Dhanjay Jhurry University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
Tabassum Khan Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance, SVKM’s Dr.
Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Dharmendra Kumar Khatri National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research,
Hyderabad, India
Gaurav Kumar Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Karthikeyan Mahendhran Department of Zoology and Microbiology, Thiagarajar College,
Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Anurag Malik Department of Seed Science & Technology, College of Agriculture, CCS Haryana
Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
Sonam Mittal School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Snigdha Palchaudhury Department of Geology, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal,
India
Soubantika Palchoudhury Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton,
OH, United States
Sharadwata Pan TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising,
Germany
Aristeidis Papagiannopoulos Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic
Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
Deepak Parashar School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India;
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United
States
Madhuri Parashar School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India;
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States

xiv
 Contributors

Stergios Pispas Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Founda-
tion, Athens, Greece
Himani Punia Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, CCS Har-
yana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
Murugappan Ramanathan Department of Zoology and Microbiology, Thiagarajar College,
Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
Harisma Rameshbabu Department of Zoology and Microbiology, Thiagarajar College, Madurai,
Tamil Nadu, India
Honita Ramphul Biomaterials, Drug Delivery and Nanotechnology Unit, Centre for Biomedical
and Biomaterials Research (CBBR), MSIRI Building, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
Matthew Schwenger Rowan University, Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering, Department of
Chemical Engineering, Glassboro, NJ, United States
Prem Shankar Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New
Delhi, Delhi, India
Gaurav Sharma Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical
Center, Dallas, TX, United States
Guru Prasad Sharma Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, United States
Manish Kumar Sharma Department of Biotechnology, IP College, Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh,
India
Nirmal Singh Department of Seed Science & Technology, College of Agriculture, CCS Haryana
Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
Pradeep Singh Department of Seed Science & Technology, College of Agriculture, CCS Haryana
Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
Jitendra Singh Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New
Delhi, Delhi, India
Evdokia Stefanopoulou Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research
Foundation, Athens, Greece; Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Athens,
Greece
Jayanti Tokas Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities, CCS
Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
Vedarethinam Vadanasundari Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering,
Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, China
Eleni Vlassi Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation,
Athens, Greece
Shikha Yashveer Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College
of Basic Sciences & Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India

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 SECTION 1

Energy production and energy

storage

1
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 CHAPTER 1

Bionanotechnology and Bionanomaterials:

Emerging Applications, Market, and
Commercialization
Jaison Jeevanandam1, Vedarethinam Vadanasundari2, Sharadwata Pan3,
Ahmed Barhoum4, 5, Michael K. Danquah6
1
CQM - Centro de Quı´mica da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada,
Funchal, Portugal; 2Med-X Research Institute, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong
University Shanghai, China; 3TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising,
Germany; 4NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan
University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt; 5School of Chemical Sciences, Fraunhofer Project Centre,
Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; 6Chemical Engineering Department, University of Tennessee,
Chattanooga, TN, United States

1. Introduction
Exhaustive, perpetual research investigations could be noted at present with respect to
nanomaterials (NMs), with widespread, extensive applications stretching from biomedical
engineering to electronics [1]. The augmented mechanical, optical, electrical, electronic,
physicochemical, and thermal characteristics with improved surface features, and the large
surface-to-volume proportion of NMs, relative to conventional resources, have gained
significant attention, toward their employment in numerous solicitations [2e4]. These
NMs are prepared via physical methods, such as ball milling [5], vapor deposition [6,7],
laser ablation [8], and chemical synthesis methodologies, such as sol-gel [9],
coprecipitation [10], polyol [11], hydrothermal [12], and solvothermal methods [13]. Even
though these synthesis approaches are beneficial in fabricating smaller-sized NMs with
distinct morphology, toxicity corresponding to these often surface from the hazardous
chemicals incorporated during their manufacturing [14,15]. Thus, biological synthesis
approaches are utilized for the fabrication of NMs to reduce their toxicity toward humans
and the environment, which has led to the evolution of bionanomaterials (BNMs).
BNMs are classified into two types: naturally occurring BNMs, and NMs synthesized
based on natural products or biomolecules [16]. Natural BNMs are synthesized by
extracting natural materials, such as cellulose, chitin, and chitosan, from plants or living
Bionanotechnology: Emerging Applications of Bionanomaterials. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823915-5.00009-5
Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
3
4 Chapter 1

organisms [17]. On the other hand, the NMs, for instance, metal oxide, metal, polymeric,
and carbon-based NMs, synthesized based on biomolecules and natural products, could
also be perceived as BNMs [16,18,19]. These BNMs are widely utilized in numerous
applications, compared with conventional NMs, due to their less/no toxicity,
biocompatibility, bioavailability, and bioreactivity [20]. This chapter lays an outline of
evolving applications of BNMs, including energy production, conversion, storage, and
electrical and electronic application properties. In addition, the market, regulation, and
commercialization of BNMs are also discussed.

2. Bionanomaterials: emerging applications

Recently, BNMs have shown enough potential with significant advantages toward
numerous applications, which could be credited to their non/less toxic nature,
biocompatibility, bioavailability, and potential improvement in their properties, compared
with conventional NMs [18,19,21,22]. Initially, BNMs are fabricated with potential
biomedical applications. However, later, they are transformed to be serviceable toward
diverse sectors of applications [20]. The environmental amenability of the BNMs has
made them beneficial in energy production, conversion, and storage applications [23].
Recent studies have shown that BNMs possess enhanced electrical and electronic
properties, compared with conventional NMs [24]. In general, BNMs are fabricated and
utilized toward a wide range of biomedical applications, including targeted drug transport
[25], wound or lesion therapy [26], tissue engineering [27], medical implants [16], and
biosensors [28]. The demand for environmentally friendly NMs in electronics [29], and the
elevated toxicity of conventional NMs toward the environment [18,19,30,31], has made
BNMs a potential substitute toward ultramodern applications in electricals and electronics,
such as wearable technology [32]. In addition, these BNMs are widely employed, or under
extensive study, to showcase their extraordinary potential toward energy production [33],
energy conversion [34], energy storage [35], biofuel cells (BFCs) [36], biodiesel [37], and
as catalysts [38]. Furthermore, these novel biogenic NMs are identified to be valuable
toward air filtration [39], wastewater treatment [40], desalination [41], soil treatment
[18,19,42,43], and plant protection [44]. Moreover, the BNMs are highly beneficial in
agriculture, as potential pesticides [45], or as fertilizers [46], as well as in food
preservation [47], and food storage [48]. Equally, BNMs also demonstrate potential
benefits in oil recovery [17], textile [49], automotive [50], paper [51], and wood [52]
industries via various specific applications.

3. Energy production, conversion, and storage

Energy and environment represent two key factors for the long-term survival of human
beings. Power generation via the conversion of natural energy sources to electricity has
been of prime interest, often manifested and realized via the incorporation of diverse,
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 Jos oon mä saastainen, sä puhdas oot, jos syntiin
Ma vajonnut oon, oot sa auttaja; miss' oot sä?

Sa olet Kristus, sama ainiaan, mä myöskin

Saan kerran rinnallasi uinua; miss' oot sä?

4.

Jeesus voitti synnin, kuolon, saatanan,

Vieläkin hän kantaja on valtikan
Yli maan ja yli taivaittenki.
Hän on Herra minullenki.

Nytkö valtaa synnin, kuolon, saatanan

Pelkäisin ja itkisin mä ainian?
Valittaisinko, jos kauhealta
Tuntuu heidän uhkavalta?

Ei, en valtaa synnin, kuolon, saatanan

Pelkää! Jeesus ystävä ne voittihan.
Herraani mä luotan ainoastaan,
Jeesus itse suojaa lastaan.

Isän oikealla istuu tahratta

Mun vanhurskauteni valontaivaassa;
Kirkkaana kuin päivä kiilteleepi,
Vaikka laki tuomitseepi.

Kuinka kärsinkään mä kuolon laaksossa;

Isän oikealta kukaan temmata
Mun vanhurskauttani ei saata.
Itkustain siis tahdon laata.
5.

Miss' uskoa mä maassa löytänen?

Niin lausui kerran Herra minullen.

"Oi minuss' uskon löydät varmaankin!"

Niin huusin murhe-äänin vastaten.

Sull' onko uskoa, mi pelkäät vain,

Min suusta valitus soi ainainen?

On sulle enemmän sun heikkoutes,

Kuin Hän, mi terveys on sielujen.

Kas, armon, rakkauden ma sulle suon;

Kas, rauha, autuus on mun yhteyten'!

Ei sua tuomita, sun velkasi

On sovittanut veri Kristuksen.

Kun siihen uskot vaan, sä puhdas oot

Kuin Hän, ja kohta saat sä vahvuuden.

Siks olkoon rintas tyyni, iloinen,

Kuin äidin rinnall' uni lapsosen.

6.

Mun vapahtajain kuolemast' on noussut,

Hän kirkkahana haudastaan on noussut.

Halleeluja! Mun kuninkaani voittain

Yön vallat vahvat kuolostaan on noussut.
 Siks riemuitsen, kun kanssa Herran rakkaan
Mä myöskin eloon ihanaan oon noussut.

Mä vallast' yön ja kahlehista synnin,

Maan viettelyistä, vastuksist' oon noussut.

Kuin Hän, niin ilomielin vielä hetken

Maan vaatteita ma kantamaan oon noussut.

Mut taivaan perin mä; ja voiton kruunuun,

Min Herra mulle tallentaa, oon noussut.

"Oi noussut, noussut" laulaa kevään tuulet

Ja päivyt valaistessaan maan, oi noussut.

Ja tuhat-kerroin kaikuu rinnassani

Sen lohtu, usko, pyrkimys: oon noussut.

7.

Oi määrää Herran armon runsauden!

Hän mua aina katsoo suojellen.

Mun ympärilläin siivin valkoisin

Ain' enkelinsä liitää varjellen.

Ja luonut on mun arkaan sydämeen

Hän hengen voiman, rauhan pyhyyden.

Äl' lausu, että elo raskas on,

Ett' yötä on tää seutu maallinen.
 Näät voimaa, valoa suo Jumala
Ain' ystävilleen, lupashan hän sen.

Kun täällä heille kaikk' on suonut hän,

Niin vihdoin suo hän taivaan ikuisen.

8.

Kun aamusella kuljin ohi ikkunan,

Näin taaskin päänsä hopeaisen, harmajan.

Hän sormet ristiss' istui kirjan ääressä,

Näin katseensa mä hurskaan rauhaa loistavan.

Mä mietin kulkeissani — sillä ymmärsin,

Käy Raamattuineen hurskas päivää vastahan.

"Oi harmaapää, kuin köyhä majas pyhä on,

Miss' asut aina kanssa Herran Jumalani"

Mut huomenna mä häntä enää nähnyt en,

Näin pöydällään vain auki vielä Piplian.

Ja kaikki surren kertoi, ett' on kuollut hän,

Mut minä taivaaseen loin katseen riemuisan.

9.

Näätkö pilven liitävän?

Näätkö kirkkaan kiitävän
Taivahasta sätehen?
Näätkö sen!
 Lailla pilven liitävän,
Lailla säteen kiitävän
Ties on auki valoinen
Taivaasen.

Itki maa, ja silmää sen

Kaihtaa kyynel kastehen.
Suudellen sen aurinko
Kuivaa jo.

Katumuksen kyynelen
Ahdistetun sydämen
Jeesuksemme suutelo
Kuivaa jo.

10.

On taivaassa mun kaikki ystäväni,

Näin, kuin ne hautaan kaatui viereltäni.

Mua yksin synti vielä vainoo täällä,

Viel' elon sappea juon yksinäni.

Mut synkkyydestä pyhään taivaaseensa

Suur' Isä kohta kutsuu elämäni.

Oi, silloin vastatulleen ilomieliä

Siell’ lausuu tervetulleeks ystäväni!

11.
 Oi Jeesus helläsilmä,
Ma paljastan näin kurjuutein,
Ma kannan velkain, köyhyytein,
Sun etees, helläsilmä.

Sun etees, helläsilmä,

Mä vaivun maahan synnissäin,
Mä kaihoin katson hädässäin
Sua, Jeesus helläsilmä.

Sun nähtes, helläsilmä,

Oon rikkonut lait Jumalan;
Sun tuomiotas odotan
Nyt, Jeesus helläsilmä.

Sua, Jeesus helläsilmä,

Mä katson; jos mun hylkäätkin,
Niin nöyrtyin katson kuitenkin
Sua, Jeesus helläsilmä.

12.

Kun ulos astun majastani, oi ollos läsnä!

Mun maallisessa toimessani oi ollos läsnä!

Niin valoisaa on majassani; sä olet läsnä,

Sun puolees käännyn ma puheillani; oi ollos läsnä!

Kun käyn mä ihmishyörinässä, niin ilmaa toista

Ja vierast' tunnen kulkeissani; oi ollos läsnä!
 Jos sielu eksyvi temmaten mun maan hyörinähän
Ja ajatuksihin rauhastani; oi ollos läsnä!

Kuin pian saastuvi sydän raukka, kuin pian taaskin

Voin niistä nauttia riemuissani; oi ollos läsnä!

Mun rauhass' armoa, voimaa koota suo huoneessani

Sun sanaas viemähän, Jumalani; oi ollos läsnä!

Ett' oisi sanani sinun sanaas; ja että loisin

Sun kunniaksesi valoani; oi ollos läsnä!

Tytön rukous.

Mä vaivun sinun ristis juurehen,

Ja sinuun silmän nostan rukoillen.
Mua ällös hylkää, hyvä Jumala,
Suo rukouksein luokses kohota.

Tuoll' loistat valomaassa tähtien,

On voiton kruunu kruunus okainen.
Mua neuvo enin lempimähän sua,
Oi sä, mi ensimäisnä lemmit mua.

Sä mun oot synnin velast' ostanut;

Et kultaa, hopeaa siit' antanut,
Sä elos annoit, annoit kalleimpas,
Ja elon lupaat mulle haudastas.
 Kas, kun mä tulen pelvoin, vavisten,
Mä köyhä, kurja, etees, ikuinen,
Sä helmas avajat ja siellä vaan
Mä rauhan, lohdutuksen, armon saan.

Ja veres oma minut puhdistaa,

Mä huulin haavojas saan koskettaa; —
Oi Herra, Herra, mä en päästä sua,
Ennenkuin ensin siunannut oot mua.

Olenko oikein omas, tutki sä;

Jos öisin hyvä niin, kuin tahdon mä!
Oi, jospa voisin hiljaa rukoillen
Ain' olla silmäis eessä, Ikuinen!

Mit' onpi maailma, mit aarteet maan,

Jos sinä Herra rakastat mua vaan.
Ja että rakastat mua, tiedän sen,
Sen lausuu sielun riemu taivainen.

Sun maas on kaunis, rikas, suloista

On elää nuorna, rakastettuna;
Mut paljon suloisempi minullen
Sinussa eloni on sisäinen.

Yks olkoon kirkonmeno eloni;

Suo siihen armo pyhän Henkesi!
Mä sieluin tahdon taivoon kohottaa
Ja sieltä voiman, voiton saavuttaa.

Eloni siit on kaunis, autuas,

Kuin ilta Sabbatin niin rauhakas;
 Niin hyväks silloin voin mä tulla myös,
Ett' iloin näet minuss' ikityös.

***

Kuu vaipui pilviin, kuoli tähtönen,

Maan yli kulki tuuli huoaten;
Mut rauha, valo tytön rinnass' on,
Hän näkee auki Isän asunnon.

Heränneen huokaus.

Mun sydämeni raunio on suitsuava,

Miss' vinkuu myllertäen myrsky raivoava,
Ja jonne joskus loistaa säde kirkastava.

Mut vaikka loistaa sinne säde kirkastava,

Ja vinkuu myllertäen myrsky raivoava,
Se sentään aina raunio on suitsuava.

Oi, synnin myrsky on tuo aina raivoava,

Mun sydämeni raunioissa suitsuava;
On armon auringosta säde kirkastava.

Mut vaikka kauhistaa mua myrsky raivoava,

Vaikk' ilon tuottaa armon säde kirkastava,
On mulle rakas raunio vain suitsuava.
Pois pelkosi!

Pois pelkos heitä, henken' tuskainen!

Viel' kerran Vapahtajas taivainen
Sun päästää kahleista ja telkehistä.
Hän synnin vallan kukistaa, hän vaan,
Ja ihmishengen pirstat voimallaan
Pois riistää saatanan hän elkehistä.
Oi, synninraskas sydän armoa
Se huutaa, ellei löydy neuvoa
Maan päällä, niin on hällä armoa.

Ei Jumalamme kivestä; ei se
Oo mykkä, kuuro meidän hädälle;
Hän elää, kuulee, vastaa Jumalamme.
Ei Kristus tyranni oo laisinkaan,
Ei syntistä hän uhkaa vitsallaan;
Vaan anteeks antaa, auttaa tuskissamme.
Oi valo elämän, oi tullos jo!
Sä tunnet syntin', armon aurinko,
Oi tullos, Jeesus! Niin, sä tulet jo.

Johannes.

Rinnalla Kristuksen
Sai kuulla suustansa
Hän sanaa elämän.
Ehtoollisella hän
Viim' yönä nojata
Sai rintaan Kristuksen.

Ken rintaan Kristuksen

Voi päänsä kallistaa,
Oi määrää autuuden;
Kun armon aartehen
Ja elon valon saa
Rinnalla Kristuksen!

Keväthuokaus.

Tääll' lehto kukkivi tahtoen

Taas kruunun vihreän voittaa;
Ja yöstä tuulonen heräten
Nyt hiljaa alkavi soittaa.
Ja taivaan ranta se purppuroi
Ja lintujen laulelot soi.

Mut henki vangittu vielä vaan

On yöhön uskottomuuden.
Se koska nousevi haudastaan,
Kosk' aika aamun on uuden?
Kuin Kristus voittaen noussut on
Pelättäen vartioston.

Mut kohta nousevi aurinko

Ja varjot kaikki se poistaa.
Ja valon templinä kohta jo
Nyt koko maailma loistaa.
Kaikk' kukat teränsä auki jo luo
Ja tuhannet tuoksunsa suo.

Mut sielu synkkä on, maihin sen

Ei loista päivyen valo — —
Mä nostan käteni, rukoilen,
Kun aamun hohtavi palo:
Oi, mulle suo, Isä armollisin,
Sun poikasi, min menetin!

Sentään.

Kas lintu, kas lintu se lentää

Ilolauluin taivohon päin.
Taa pilvien sinerväin
Se piilevi näin
Ja kauvaksi ilmahan entää.
On äänettyys yli maan,
Se laulavi sentään vaan.

Kas päivä, kas päivä, mi vasta

Nous otsin hehkuavin,
Vajos yöhön se pilvihin
Ja kirkkauskin
Katos huoneesta valoisasta.
Mut vaikkei sit' aattelekaan,
Se loistavi sentään vaan.
 Oi sydän, oi sydän, mi yhä
Sitä murhetta itket vain,
Ett' unhoon Herralta sain;
Ajat vaihtuvat ain',
Mut Herra on sama ja pyhä.
Vaikk' et sitä tajuakaan,
Niin armonsa sentään mä saan.

Eräs päivä.

Kun aamu valkeni, ylös katsoi

hän riemuiten,
Ol' auki sielunsa, siellä toivo
nous taivainen.
Ja kanssa nousevan päivänsäteen
myös rintaansa
Nous iki-aavistus, lämmin, kirkas
ja ihana.
Oi elo löytyvi, jot'en nähnyt;
miks viipynen?
Sit' tahdon etsiä, tahdon löytää
jo tänään sen:
Hän aamunkoitossa mietti niin.

Mut keskipäivänä niin jo kulki

hän rientäen
Kuin kaikki toisetkin kilvoitellen
ja häärien.
Hänt' ajoi huolet ja toimet, hänpä
ei väsynyt;
Häll' eli aistit, mut omatunto
oi' kuollut nyt.
Ja elo taivahan mieleen hälle
ei muistunut,
Mut tomun, kiihkon ja maan oi' orjaks
hän suistunut,
Ja keskipäivä se loisti jo.

Mut illan tullen hän rauhatonna

käy lepäämään,
Ja huokaus raskas nous katkonaisna
sydämestään.
Se kuolinhuokaus elon ol'ko,
mi sammui pois?
Tai ehkä aamuinen armon henki
se ollut ois?
Ei tiennyt hän sitä, eikä mitään
hän aatellut,
Vaan ruumiins', sieluns' on kohta uneen
hän tuutinut.
Mut illan hetki ol' ihana.

Radegundis.

Elisabeth, tuo hurskas ruhtinatar,

Jakeli köyhäin kesken rikkautensa,
Ja kansa tulvi hänen luokseen joukoin,
Se Ruhtinattarensa nähdä tahtoi.
Siin' oli miestä, naista, vanhaa, nuorta;
Siell' oli kauneudestaan onnellinen
Myös immyt Radegundis, kaunotukka.
Kun lahjojansa jakoi Ruhtinatar,
Hän huomas kansan joukoss' immen kauniin.
Hän kysyi ihmetellen: lausukaahan,
Ken on tuo tyttö kauniskiharainen?
Ja hovineiti vastas: Radegundis,
Hän linnavoudin tytär on, ja kansa
Nimittää häntä: neito kaunotukka.

Elisabeth kun jakanut ol' lahjat,

Niin luoksensa hän kutsui kauniin tytön
Ja ystävällisesti hälle haastoi;
Sill' aikaa sakset otti hän ja salaa,
Niin ettei tiennyt kaunotar, hän leikkas
Pois pitkän tukan hänen niskastansa.

Mut vaikeroiden huusi Radegundis:

Voi mua, voi, mit' onkaan tehty mulle!
Mun tukkain, kultatukkain onpi poissa!
Miks mulle tämän teit, oi Ruhtinatar?
Mun pitkä, kaunis, pehmyt keltatukkain,
Mun pääni kruunu, koristus ja riemu,
Sen ryöstit multa, kova Ruhtinatar,
Ja rumensit mun kaiken mailman nähden.
Mun tukkain, kultatukkain onpi poissa,
Mun pääni kruunu, koristus ja riemu!
 Näin huusi kyynelsilmin Radegundis.
Mut lempeästi lausui Ruhtinatar:
Oi malta lapsi, minkä tehnyt olen,
Sen tein mä vain sun omaks onneksesi.
Tuo tukkas kaunis, kruunusi ja riemus,
Se oli verkko saatanan ja synnin.
Jok'ikinenkin pienin kultakutri
Ol' ansa vain, mi sinut syntiin kietoi;
Jok'ikinenkin hienoin kultahius
Ol' kahle vain, mi maailmaan sun sitoi.
Turhuuden Baal sull' oli Jumalanas,
Sä olit eksynyt, mut käänny nyt jo!
Sun herras olkoon Jumala ja Kristus!

Se koski neidon sydämeen ja itkein

Hän lankes hurskaan jalkoihin ja lausui:
Oi Ruhtinatar, kauttas puhuu Herra,
Sun silmäs katsoo läpi sydämeni.
Niin usein tahdoin kääntyä mä Herraan
Ja irti päästä tahdoin turhuudesta,
Mut oi, mun kaunis tukkain esti aina.
Pois synnin verkko, pois sä koru kurja!
Pois inha halu minun silmistäni!
Pois maailma sun maireuksinesi!
On herrani nyt Jumala ja Kristus.

Niin lausui neito; ymmärtäen uhras

Hän kurjan ruumiin pelastaakseen sielun.
Beeda.

Jo vuositaakan raskaan painamana

Ja hautaan kallistuen tietä kulki
Vain pojan johtamana hurskas Beeda.
Ei silmät nähneet enää aurinkoa,
Ja kauneus maan ei ollut enää hälle;
Mut nuorekkaana hänen sydämessään
Ol' usko Kristukseen, kuin kuolo, vahva,
Ja Herran riemu loisti sielussansa.
Mut pojan johdolla hän kiersi maata
Ja missä löysi kansan kuolevaisen,
Hän saarnas sanaa totuuden ja armon.
Ja sokeen sanoista sai moni valon.

Ja kerran saapuivat he laaksoon jylhään,

Niin autioon ja vuorten ympäröimään,
Ja korkeet kalliot sen yli riippui.
Mut poika vallaton näin lausui hälle:
On täällä paljon kansaa koolla, isä,
Mi vuottaa kuullaksensa sinun saarnaas.
Hän lausui niin, ja sydämessään nauroi.
Mut vanhus alkoi saarnata, ja riemuin
Hän kertoi sanaa evankeliumin.
Ja sanatulva hänen huuliltansa
Soi sovituksen suurta viisautta
Ja armon rikkautta, kaikkein omaa.
Hän hurmaantuen avas aarteet, kertoi,
Ett' elo, rauha, jumaluus ja voitto,
Mi löytyy Jeesuksessa Kristuksessa,
On jokaisen, ken tulee hänen luokseen
Ja tahtoo päästä synnin kahlehista.
Ja kun hän vihdoin käsin kohotetuin
Huus uskon, voiton riemun varmuudessa:
On Kristuksessa armo, autuus, elo,
Ja ken sen ottaa tahtoo, ottakoon sen!
Niin kaikui selvään kaikkialta "Amen",
Ja "Amen" kaikui joka kalliosta.

Mut poika vuorten äänen pelvoin kuuli,

Tuo kaiku koski hänen sieluhunsa.
Hän kauhistuen lankes hurskaan eteen
Ja kyynelsilmin kertoi petoksensa.
Mut aavistuksena kautt' ukon sielun
Lens' evankeliumin ikivoima,
Ja huulensa ne riemuin lausui hiljaa:
Kun vait' on ihmiset, niin kivet puhuu!

Kevätaamu.

Kevät nuori vast' oli saapunut

Kera lintujen, auringon,
Maa kummiksensa on katsellut,
Kuin kaunis sen kulku on.
Jos kunne katseli, kattoi sen
Sini taivahan, puna ruusujen.

Kevätaamuna kerran heräten

Näin päivyen nousussaan.
Se maata katseli hymyillen,
Läks' valossa vaeltamaan.
Kävi huone ja rinta niin ahtaaksi,
Minä tahdoin kauvaksi, kauvaksi.

Niin nousin mä huipulle vuorimaan,

Näkö rintaani riemua loi;
Tuoll' uinui kaikki nyt umpussaan,
Tuoll' laakso ja korkeus soi.
Tuoll' lintunen lauleli oksaltaan,
Min suinkin se jaksoi vaan.

Niin mietin mä silloin: kaunis on

Tää Luojan vihreä maa!
Ain' aamusin rukous sanaton
Sen rinnasta kohoaa.
Mä riemussa, rauhassa tahtoisin
Tääll' elää ja kuollakin!

Mut laaksossa vuoren juurella

Ol' asunto ihmisen,
Siell' avasi mies juur' ovensa
Kera vaimonsa riidellen.
Kiroukset ne aamuhun kirkkaaseen
Kohos suustaan ja korkeuteen.

Lyydian kehtolaulu.
 Luo silmäs umpehen
Ja uinu hetkinen.
On lapsi väsynyt,
Oi hyvää yötä nyt!

Täss' äiti vielä vaan

Sua tuutii lapsostaan,
Oi kunnes keinuhun
Sä nukut armas mun.

Ja nähdä uness' saat

Sä kirkkaat kukkaismaat,
Ken ymmärtää ne voi,
Mit' armas unelmoi!

Vaikk' unta nähtiin me,

Meilt' unhottui jo se;
Sit' enää unelmaa
Voi tuskin aavistaa.

Nyt rinta rauhaton

Kai ainiaaksi on;
Mut onnellisna sa
Viel' lepäät Herrassa.

Ja Jeesus taivaastaan
Sua katsoo lapsenaan,
Ja joukko enkelten
On luona kätkyen. —

Luo silmäs umpehen

Ja uinu hetkinen.