Chemistry Honors Study Guide May 2024

Listed below is a list of major concepts that may appear on your final exam; it is not a
complete listing. As discussed in class, please review definitions, concepts, examples &
applications. Use a “ranking” system to determine your focus.
Keep a list of “items” you want to review in class.
If I were studying:
1) I would review the key terms and concepts in the text by flipping through each page
and jotting down key ideas and the corresponding sections. I would rank these
concepts for easier reviewing.
2) I would then study any concepts that I did not rank as knowing “well”.
3) Next, I would retake all the assessments. I would make a note of any incorrect
concepts.
4) I would locate these incorrect concepts & further investigate (i.e., read the text, read
my notes, locate similar HW problems & re-solve).
5) I would address any lingering confusion during class or visit my teacher before or
after school. Of course, I would be prepared to ask questions.
6) And of course I would remember that as soon as this test is over, chemistry is over
and summer begins!!!!!

Review General Concepts such as: calculation protocols, naming & formulas,
recognition of ionic vs molecular compounds, oxidation numbers, molecular weights
and anything else that is required from the first semester for you to successfully
complete the material in the second semester.

Stoichiometry & Formula Calcs

stoichiometry
limiting, excess, theoretical yield, amt of excess, % yield
empirical & molecular formulas

Solutions
solutions, types, solute-solvent interactions
electrolyte vs nonelectrolyte
dissolution factors
solubility: solids, gases
molarity
molality
mole fraction
solutions, molarity, molality, dilutions, A-B titrations
vapor-pressure lowering
freezing point depression, boiling point elevation
osmosis
electrolytes & colligative properties
solubility curves
solution stoichiometry
Acid-Base
acid & base properties; common names
Arrhenius
Bronsted-Lowry, amphoteric compounds
Acid Strengths (Strong vs Weak)
pH calculations for Strong Acids
pH calculations for Strong Bases, recognizing Strong vs Weak
Polyprotic Acids (recognition and ability to write each ionization rx step)
Lewis
acid-base titrations, neutralization reactions & calculations

Gases
pressure, conversions
Laws: Boyle’s Charles’ Guy-Lussac*, Avogadro
Ideal Gas Law, calculations and “comparison”
Ideal Gas Law used to get MW, density
Dalton’s Law, mole fraction
gas stoich, STP, molar volume
KMT
Graham’s Law, effusion, diffusion
Real vs Ideal Gases

Thermochemistry
energy, KE, PE
1st law of thermodynamics, state function, “delta”, system vs surroundings
heat, temperature, calorimetry, heat capacity, specific heat, calculations
exothermic, endothermic, stoichiometry involving enthalpy
Hess Law
enthalpy reaction using “summation”
bond enthalpies, enthalpy reaction using bond enthalpies
spontaneous vs non spontaneous
Entropy, recognizing increasing vs decreasing
Gibb’s free energy definitions, logic & equation
enthalpy & diagrams of reaction pathways, activation energy (catalyst)

Liquids Solids and Intermolecular Forces

solid liquid gases comparison
intermolecular forces: London dispersion, ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonds
surface tension, viscosity, capillary action
vaporization, vapor pressure, equilibrium, boiling point
sublimation, fusion
enthalpy curve water, enthalpy & diagrams of reaction pathways
phase diagrams
water
Atoms (TBD)
intro to quantum mechanics
light: electromagnetic radiation, wavelength, frequency, speed of light, equations
electromagnetic spectrum, photoelectric effect,
quantum, photon, equations (out math equations)
emission spectrum, emission vs absorption, ground state vs excited state
Bohr model of atom
deBroglie
Heisenberg uncertainty principle (out math equation)
Quantum theory introduction
principal quantum number, n
angular momentum quantum number, l, s p d f
magnetic quantum number, ml
spin quantum quantum number, ms
calculating energy for transitions using Rydberg’s equation
s shape orbital (ignore math) p & d orbitals, f orbitals
e- config, extended & Noble
Orbital Diagrams

Bonds Lewis Dot & 3D

bonding significance
types of bonds: ionic vs covalent vs metallic
valence electrons and Lewis Dot
Lewis Dot, electron configuration of ions
crystal lattice, lattice energy (out Born-Haber cycle)
ionic bonding tie ins
covalent bond formation: single, double, triple bonds, Lewis Dot
octet rule, Lewis Dot Structures
electronegativity, bond polarity, dipoles (out math)
resonance, formal charge
exceptions to octet rule
covalent bond energy, bond length

3D Electronic and Molecular Geometry

VSPER 3D Geometry basics
VSPER 3D Geometry lone pair
VSPER 3D Geometry
Polarity
Bored over Summer????? Please look over…….
Equilibrium
equilibrium (basic idea)
equilibrium constants
LeChatelier, pressure, concentration, temperature effects on equilibrium

Nuclear
radioactive decay (alpha, beta gamma)
half-life (simple definition and basic calculations)

Organic
Basic naming, alkanes, alkene, alkynes, alcohols

Periodic Table
PT importance and history review
electron configuration review
Coulomb’s Law: general idea and logic, not actual math
shielding, effective nuclear charge
patterns based on periods & groups, electron configurations, valence electrons, charge
atomic radii defs, trends & PT
ionic radii defs, trends & PT
ionization energy defs, trends & PT
electron affinity defs, trends & PT
electronegativity defs, trends & PT
examples and tie ins re PT trends

Scholars Review Questions S1 & S2

1) Given the empirical formula of CH2, what is the molecular formula if the molecular weight is
70.15 g?
2) What is the % Composition of hydrogen in hydrogen peroxide?
3) How many grams of oxygen are in a 55.5 gram sample of H2O?
4) Given hydrogen reacts with oxygen to produce water
a. Write the balanced equation
b. If given 15.4g hydrogen, how many grams of water will be produced?
c. If given 21.4g hydrogen, how many molecules of water will be produced?
d. If given 3.50g hydrogen and 20.0g oxygen; determine the limiting reactant.
e. If 18.0 grams of hydrogen reacted at STP, how many liters of hydrogen were in the
sample?
f. If 18.0 grams of hydrogen reacted at STP, how many liters of water were generated?
5) Given the reaction 2A + B 🡪 2C + 18 kJ
a. What is the enthalpy of the rxn?
b. What term is used to describe your result for a.
c. What is the enthalpy for 5C 🡪 5A + 2.5B
 d. If given 30.0 grams of A, which you are told has a MWof 68.24g/mol, what is the
enthalpy of the rxn? Use original rxn given.
e. If 26 kJ of heat reacts, how many moles of C reacted?
6) Complete AND Balance the chemical equation to solve the solution stoichiometry problems

NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) 🡪

a. Given 20.00 mls of 2.00M base, how many moles of the non aqueous product form?

b. Given 20.00 mls of 2.00M base, how many milliliters of 2.00M acid are needed?

c. Given 0.500 liters of 3.50M base and 0.500 liters 4.00M acid, who is limiting? How
many grams of the non aqueous product form?

7) Grp 13 (3A) elements represent which of the following: metals, nonmetals, metalloids?
8) Na2O is an example of a ____ compound. Why?
9) Given an atom with an atomic # of 17 and a mass number of 37, find P, N, e-, element
10) Isotopes differ in …
11) Write the Nuclear form for an isotope of X that has 12 protons and 13 neutrons.
12) Balance aluminum hydroxide reacting with sulfuric acid to form aluminum sulfate and
water.
13) What type of the 5 rx’s is this
14) Write a balanced equation for the combustion of glucose.
15) Give an example of an ionic compound and name
16) Give an example of a molecular compound and name
17) Give an example of a polyatomic ion commonly used in class (name & formula)
18) Label the Grps with their corresponding names
19) Compare the Grp, valence e-, charge, & relation to Noble gas
20) Describe the different types of ions and why they form

21) State one fact about KMT (Kinetic Molecular Theory).

22) Where is atmospheric pressure “lowest”?
23) Define absolute zero
24) Define STP (in words & value)
25) As temperature decreases, what should happen to the ave KE of the particles?
26) Write the formula for each gas law we covered
27) If temperature triples, the pressure should ________. This is an example of a ______ proportion.
28) At STP a gas occupies 27.25 liters. How many moles do you have?
29) Given 30.0 grams of nitrogen in a 300.0 l container at 22.2 kPa, find the temperature.
30) Give an example of an inverse relation gas law.
31) Given nitrogen and chlorine gas. Who effuses faster? How much faster?
32) Given 5.0 moles of nitrogen in a container with 4.0 moles of hydrogen. If the total pressure
is 99.99 kPa, what is the partial pressure of nitrogen?
33) If 15.2g of XCl dissolves in 300g of water, how much will dissolve in 50 g of water?
34) As temperature increases, solubility usually ________, except for _______.
35) Define solute, solvent, solution, saturated, unsaturated & supersaturated.
36) Given 2.30M HCl. You want 0.500 moles. How many liters of solution do you need?
37) Define molarity. Define molality.
38) Describe boiling point elevation.

39) Given pOH =9. What is the pH, [H+], [OH-]. Is it A or B?

40) Given 30.0 mls of 0.22M hydrochloric acid, how many milliliters of 0.22M magnesium
hydroxide are needed to neutralize the acid?
41) Give an example of a monoprotic acid.
42) Name and write formulas for at least 4 acids. Next, do the same for at least 4 bases.
43) State one property of a base
44) Define Bronsted Lowry base

45) Describe what occurs during evaporation? Condensation?

46) Find the heat associated with raising 100g of water from 50°C to 90°C.
47) Find the heat associated with condensing 100g of water.
48) Given 28.5 grams water, if heated from 13 degrees Celsius to 54 degrees Celsius, what is the
heat associated?
49) Write the symbols associated with the three terms commonly seen in thermodynamics.
Next describe the meaning of each regarding respective positive vs negative signs.

50) Write the extended and Noble gas configuration for magnesium. Next draw the orbital
diagram.
51) Given O-2 how many P, e-. What is the e- config?
52) What does isoelectronic mean?
53) Given n=2, what are the values allowed for “l”, ml & ms
54) How many electrons total are allowed for n=2
55) How many electrons are allowed in “d”
56) Give an example of when energy would be emitted by an atom re movement of electrons.

57) Draw the LD for water, what is the 3D geometry, etc.? State two facts about water.
58) Draw the LD for NCl3, what is the 3D geometry, etc.?
59) Draw the LD for NO3, what is the 3D geometry?, etc

60) Create a list of topics or types of questions not asked in the Study Guide, that might appear
on your Final Exam
Old stuff from S1 (do not need to solve…just make sure you CAN solve)
61) Convert 0.0087600 km to mm.
a. Also how many sig figs?
b. Convert given to sci not.
62) Given a sample with a density of 0.958 g/ml, what is the mass of 0.20 liters?
63) Given 2 moles of H2O, what if anything can be said (estimated) about the mass, # of
molecules
64) Given 100.0 g of CO, how many moles?
65) Given 200.0 g CO, how many molecules?
66) You determine the mass of your textbook as 205.2 grams. You are told by someone that the
accepted mass is 203.4 grams. What is your % error?
67) Find the MW of Ba3(PO4)2
68) What Period, block, Grp is Iron in?

69) Define equilibrium.

70) If pressure increases, how would you determine which way the equilibrium shifts (Assume you
have 4 moles of gas on the left and 3 moles of gas on the right)?
71) “What” besides pressure, influences equilibrium?
72) Write the nuclear reaction for Sn-120 losing a beta particle
73) Given Na 🡪 Na+1. Complete the half reaction. Is this oxidation or reduction? The Na is a _____
agent.
74) What is the equation that relates wavelength & frequency?
75) What is the trend for Grp & Period for atomic radius?
76) What is the trend for Grp & Period for electronegativity?
77) Briefly define electronegativity