Prediction Exams and November 2023 Past Paper

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IB CHEMISTRY HL - 2024 - PREDICTION EXAMS

May 2024 - Paper 2

Paper 2

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MEDIUM
Question 1

[Maximum mark: 16]

Methane is an example of a fossil fuel.

(a) Deduce and draw the VSEPR molecular geometry for methane, stating
the name of the structural shape. [1]

(b) Deduce the balanced equation for incomplete combustion of methane. [1]

(c) Calculate the enthalpy of reaction for the incomplete combustion of

methane using Table 11 in the Data Booklet.
ΔHBE (C ≡ O) = 1077 kJ mol−1 . [2]

(d) State two reasons why the answer in (c) would differ from the enthalpy
value obtained if the enthalpy of combustion for methane was measured
in a lab. [2]

(e) Write the balanced equation and calculate the mass of methane that
would need to be completely combusted at STP to produce 20.0 dm3 of
CO2 . [3]

(f) Using Table 13 in the data booklet and an entropy of reaction equal to
189 J mol−1 K −1 , calculate the Gibbs free energy for the combustion of
methane at 30°C . [2]

(g) Deduce whether the complete combustion is spontaneous or non-

spontaneous using the value calculated in (f). [1]

(h) Of the fossil fuels, explain why coal has the greatest tendency for
incomplete combustion. [2]

(i) If methane was exposed to Cl2 in the upper atmosphere, propose a

reaction type that would take place and one of the organic products that
would form. [2]

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HARD
Question 2

[Maximum mark: 16]

Magnesium is a combustible metal that is used in fireworks.

(a) State the electron configuration for magnesium metal atom. [1]

(b) Calculate the ionization energy in kJ for a single magnesium atom given
a convergence limit of 1.85 × 1015 s−1 . [2]

(c) Calculate the wavelength of a photon in nm that would allow for the
first ionization of magnesium using the energy calculated in (b). [2]

(d) The mass spectrum of magnesium results in the following data.

Calculate the percent abundance of the isotopes at 25.0 m/z and 26.0
m/z . [2]

Mass to charge ratio (m/z ) % abundance

24.0 78.6
25.0 ?
26.0 ?
(e) When magnesium is exposed to hydrogen gas, it forms magnesium
hydride. State the chemical formula for magnesium hydride and the
oxidation state of each element in this compound. [2]

Chemical formula: ________

Oxidation state of magnesium: ________
Oxidation state of hydrogen: ________

(f) Magnesium can be found in magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2 . State the

type(s) of bonds present in magnesium hydroxide. [1]

(g) Deduce the balanced chemical equation, including state symbols, for the
combustion of magnesium metal. [1]

(h) If 2.1 g of magnesium and 1.5 dm3 of O2 were combusted at STP ,

calculate the mass of product formed. [3]

(i) Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid, HCl, according to the

following equation:

Mg (s) + 2 HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Calculate the molar enthalpy of reaction in kJ mol−1 for Mg if 0.62 g of

Mg reacts with 120.0 g of 0.8 mol dm−3 HCl, resulting in a change of
temperature from 21.0 ° C to 39.8 ° C in a calorimeter. [2]

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HARD
Question 3

[Maximum mark: 16]

Alkenes are reactive organic molecules known to react in electrophilic

addition reactions.

(a) Deduce the structural formula of the product from the reaction of but-2-
ene with Br2 . [1]

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(b) State the IUPAC name of the product formed in (a). [1]

(c) Alkenes can also form alcohols when reacted with water. State the types
of intermolecular forces that would be exhibited in propan-2-ol. [1]

(d) Deduce the order in boiling points from least to greatest for the following
molecules, explaining your reasoning. [3]

CHX
3 CHX
2 CHX
3 CHX
3 CH(OH)CHX
3 CHX
3 CHX
2 CHO

(e) Carboxylic acids and carboxylates can react in an equilibrium with

ammonia. State the Kc expression for the following reaction: [1]

NH4X+
X(aq) + CH3XCH2XCOO−
X(aq) ⇌ CH3XCH2XCOOH (aq) + NH3X(aq)

(f) State and explain what would happen to the product yield of the
equilibrium if ammonia were added to the reaction mixture. [2]

(g) When the temperature of the reaction in (e) is increased, the yield of the
ammonia is reduced.
Deduce whether the forward reaction is endothermic or exothermic and
whether Kc increases or decreases. [2]

(h) Calculate the Kc value for the equilibrium in (e) if the moles of each
chemical species at equilibrium are as follows: [1]

+
NHX
4X 0.080 mol
CH3XCH2XCOO−
X 0.15 mol
CH3XCH2XCOOH 0.050 mol
NHX
3 0.050 mol
(i) For the equilibrium reaction in (e) calculate the initial moles of
ammonium ion (NH4X+ X) and propanoate (CHX 3 CHX
−
2 COOX) required to
yield 0.25 mol of propanoic acid (CH3XCH2XCOOH). Assume that the
starting moles of ammonium ion and propanoate are equimolar. [3]

(j) Calculate the Gibbs free energy of the reaction in (e) at 80 °C in kJ . [1]

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MEDIUM
Question 4

[Maximum mark: 10]

Electrochemical cells can be used to produce energy.

A redox reaction reacts according to the following equation:

2 Ag+X(aq) + Cu (s) → Cu2+ X (aq) + 2 Ag (s)

(a) Identify the reducing and oxidizing agents in this reaction. [1]

(b) Deduce the half-reactions at the anode and the cathode. [2]

Cathode Half-Reaction: ________________________

Anode Half-Reaction: ________________________

(c) Annotate the following diagram, indicating the direction of electron flow
and the material that composes the anode and cathode. [2]

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(d) Describe the function of the salt bridge. [1]

(e) Using the following data, calculate the standard reduction potentials for
2+ 2+ 2+
CdX , CoX , and ReX .

Eθcell
X = 0.13 V
Co (s) + Sn2+
X (aq) → Co2+
X (aq) + Sn (s)
EX(Sn2+
θ
X /Sn) = − 0.14 V
Cd (s) + Co2+
X (aq) → Cd2+
X (aq) + Co (s) Eθcell
X = 0.13 V
Co (s) + Re2+
X (aq) → Co2+
X (aq) + Re (s) Eθcell
X = 0.15 V

EθX(Cd2+
X /Cd) =
θ 2+
EX(CoX /Co) =
EθX(Re2+
X /Re) = [3]

(f) Organic molecules can also undergo redox reactions. Deduce the
structural formula of the product of the following reaction: [1]

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HARD
Question 5

[Maximum mark: 14]

Organic molecules can react in a variety of ways.

(a) Propanoic acid (CHX3 CHX

2 COOH) is a weak acid.
Deduce the balanced chemical reaction for the neutralization of
propanoic acid with NaOH. [1]

(b) Calculate the volume in dm3 of 0.500 mol dm−3 NaOH required to
neutralize 1.05 g of CH3XCH2XCOOH. [2]

(c) A propanoic acid/sodium propanoate buffer was prepared. State the Ka

expression for this buffer system. [1]

(d) A buffer was prepared by combining 0.50 dm3 of 0.20 mol dm−3
propanoic acid with 0.30 dm3 of 0.15 mol dm−3 sodium hydroxide.
Calculate the concentration of hydronium ions in the buffer solution.

Ka propanoic acid = 1.34 × 10−5 [3]

(e) Calculate the pH of the buffer solution produced in (d). [1]

(f) When butan-1-ol is oxidized, either butanal or butanoic acid can be

formed. State and explain which technique will yield which product. [2]

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(g) In the oxidation of butan-1-ol to form butanal, 2.5 g of butan-1-ol
reacted in 3.50 min. Calculate the rate of formation of butanal in
mol s−1 . [2]

(h) Explain how an increase in temperature would affect the reaction rate
according to collision theory. [2]

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MEDIUM
Question 6

[Maximum mark: 8]

Nitrogen monoxide can react with hydrogen gas according to the following
reaction mechanism:

Step (1): NO + NO → N2XO2X

Step (2): NX
2 O2X+ H2X → N2X
O + H2XO slow
Step (3): NX
2 O + H2X → N2X+ H2X
O

(a) State the overall reaction when NO reacts with HX

2. [1]

(b) Identify the reaction intermediate(s) in the reaction of NO with HX

2. [1]

(c) State the rate expression for the reaction of NO with HX

2. [1]

(d) Calculate the rate constant identifying the units if the rate is equal to
1.2 × 10−3 mol dm−3 s−1 when 0.10 mol dm−3 of NO is reacted with 0.15
mol dm−3 of HX 2. [2]

(e) State the overall order of reaction for NO reacting with HX

2. [1]

(f) Assuming that the overall reaction is exothermic, draw an energy profile
diagram for the reaction of NO with HX 2. [2]

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HARD
Question 7

[Maximum mark: 10]

(a) Deduce the structure and IUPAC name of the product formed in the
following reaction. [2]

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(b) State the type of mechanism that this reaction would follow, specifying
whether an intermediate or transition state is featured in the
mechanism. [2]

(c) An infrared spectrum was obtained for the product formed in (a). State
and describe the spectroscopic evidence that would indicate that the
correct product was formed. [2]

(d) The product formed in (a) is reacted with acidifed potassium

permanganate under reflux. Deduce the structure of the product formed
in the reaction. [1]

(e) State the number of signals that would be present in the 1 H NMR
spectrum of the product formed in (d). [1]

(f) For the following molecule, state the spin-spin coupling that would be
present for each signal on the 1 H NMR spectrum. [2]

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