TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

938 Aurora Boulevard, Cubao, Quezon City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Civil Engineering Department

CE 506
CE Design Project 1

DESIGN OF TWO STOREY EVENTS PLACE GAZEBO AT BARANGAY CUPANG, ANTIPOLO CITY,
RIZAL

PREPARED BY:

ACOTANZA, KARL LESTER B.

CE51S1
S.Y. 2022-2023 - First Semester

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. Rhonnie C. Estores

Instructor
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Project Background............................................................................................................................ 5
Project Location.............................................................................................................................................. 6
1.2 Project Client...................................................................................................................................... 6
1.3 Project Client...................................................................................................................................... 7
1.4.1 General Objectives............................................................................................................................7
1.4.2 Specific Objectives............................................................................................................................ 7
1.5 Scope and Limitations........................................................................................................................ 7
1.5.1 Scope................................................................................................................................................ 7
1.5.2 Limitations......................................................................................................................................... 7
1.6 Project Development.......................................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 2: DESIGN INPUTS AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.............................................10
2.1 Project Location................................................................................................................................10
2.1.1 Demography....................................................................................................................................10
2.1.2 Location Map................................................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Climate............................................................................................................................................. 10
2.3 Water Supply Resources........................................................................................................................12
2.4 Water Supply Demand............................................................................................................................12
2.5 Hazard.................................................................................................................................................... 12
2.5.1 Seismic Hazard Assessment...........................................................................................................12
2.5.2 Ground Rupture...............................................................................................................................12
2.5.3 Liquefaction..................................................................................................................................... 14
2.5.4 Volcanic Hazard Assessment..........................................................................................................15
2.5.5 Hydro-Meteorological Hazard Assessment.....................................................................................15
2.6 Geotechnical Design Parameters...........................................................................................................16
2.7 Structural Design Parameters.................................................................................................................16
2.8 Loads................................................................................................................................................. 16
2.8 Architectural Plan....................................................................................................................................17
2.9 Review of Related Literature.................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 1- 1 Perspective View..........................................................................................................................5
Figure 1- 2 Satellite View of Project Location.................................................................................................6
Figure 1- 3 Eye Level View of Project Location..............................................................................................6
Figure 1- 4 Flowchart of Project Development................................................................................................9

Figure 2- 1 Location Map..............................................................................................................................10

Figure 2- 2 Climate Map of the Philippines...................................................................................................11
Figure 2- 3 Seismic Hazard of Brgy. Cupang Antipolo City..........................................................................12
Figure 2- 4 Ground Rupture Map of Antipolo City.........................................................................................13
Figure 2- 5 Close Up View of Ground Rupture of Brgy. Cupang..................................................................13
Figure 2- 6 Liquefaction Map of Brgy. Cupang.............................................................................................14
Figure 2- 7 Hydro- Meteorological Hazard....................................................................................................15
Figure 2- 8 Dead Load Design Values..........................................................................................................16
Figure 2- 9 Live Load Design Values............................................................................................................16
Figure 2- 10 Ground Floor Plan, Second Floor Plan, Rear Elevation, Front Elevation and Right-Side
Elevation....................................................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 2- 11 . Left Side Elevation, Z-Z Section, X-X Section, Schedule of Doors and Windows, Roofing and
Stair Detail.................................................................................................................................................... 17
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

Eco-friendly Farm is an all-organic producing farm with long-term plans. It is owned and managed by
the homeowners of Villa Maria Subdivision. In keeping with the farm's goals, the project to be designed
is a two-story events gazebo. The project is the second structure within the farm's perimeter and is
planned to generate profit for the farm's future site development. The project also aims to
accommodate additional people meetings since the farm's current hall is sometimes overcrowded
during gatherings. The gazebo's floor space is roughly 140 sqm per story and can accommodate up to
100 people. The first phase of construction will have a budget of two million five hundred thousand
pesos (2,500,000.00 Php) and the second phase will have a budget of two million five hundred
thousand pesos (2,500,000.00 Php). Once the first phase is completed, the gazebo is intended to
accommodate bigger number of spectators during various church functions. Furthermore, the gazebo
will be available for public rental for events such as premieres, weddings, and seminars.

Figure 1- 1 Perspective View

Project Location

Figure 1- 2 Satellite View of Project Location

Figure 1- 3 Eye Level View of Project Location

1.2 Project Client

Homeowners of Villa Maria 2 Subdivision, Barangay Cupang Antipolo City Rizal is the client for this
project. The entire cost for the construction of the building shall be shouldered by them.
1.3 Project Client
1.4.1 General Objectives
The aim of the project is to design a two storey events place gazebo to accommodate the
community of the Villa Maria 2 Subdivision in Barangay Cupang, Antipolo City Rizal
1.4.2 Specific Objectives
a. To design a two-storey events place gazebo that will have an acceptable probability of
performing satisfactorily during its intended life time.
b. To provide all the necessary architectural plans, structural plans, and the estimate of the
building cost.
c. To plan the structure considering balanced constraints, trade-offs and standards on the
design.

1.5 Scope and Limitations

1.5.1 Scope
The scope of the project is to provide a comprehensive design as required by the client:
1. Provide conceptual and structural design plans to the client adhering to the following codes
and standards:
a. National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP 2015)
b. National Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096)
2. Compute and analyze the structural safety, strength and serviceability of the proposed design
using MS Excel program and STAAD program
3. Provide design drawings as well as structural member details.
4. Cost estimates for structural works
1.5.2 Limitations
The following were the limitations of the design project:
1. Only the main structure (includes beams, columns, and connections) were considered in the
design.
2. The cost estimates for the mechanical, plumbing and architectural plan were not included.
3. The plumbing and electrical plans are not included in this design.
4. The interior design of the structure was not considered.

1.6 Project Development

The designers prepared for the design of a two-storey events place gazebo in Villa Maria 2
Subdivision, Barangay Cupang Antipolo City Rizal . In the first stage of the project, the designers will
identify the problems currently existing in the society that the designers intend to make a solution. As
the problem being identified, which is lack of events place in the subdivision . After having the solution,
the designers will look for the location where the said project will be constructed, then conceptualization
of the project begins conforming to the request of the client. The conceptualization of the design of a
two storey events place includes or considers different inputs strengthening design process, materials
and construction techniques, purpose, ground characteristics and set of standards provided in the
Philippines. After the conceptualization, data were gathered using different types of method.
Then designers identify the constraints and different trade-offs to solve the evident problem considering
the constraints. There will be a provide design for each trade-off to properly explain each of its
capabilities and advantages. After presenting each trade-off with their specific aspects; results will be
compared and evaluated in order to come up with the most efficient alternative. The final design is
based on the most effective result evaluated by the designer. This output will be recommended to be
able to design a two storey events place

In order to select the most economical, safest, and most beneficial for the project, the validation and
the interpretation of the result would be done in comparison of the proposed trade-offs through ranking
that will govern and will be selected by the designers. The validations of the trade-offs will provide the
final governing design that will be implemented for the project and is done by having the final cost
estimates, complete details, design and analysis as bases for the selection of the governing trade-off.
The following steps will be in systematic approach and these are:

1. Identifying the Problems - identifying the existing problem that the designers intend to address in
order for the designers to share pieces of idea and formulate solutions on the existing problem.
2. Conceptualization - the designer conceptualized design of events place in Antipolo City considering
different inputs such as strengthening design process, materials and construction techniques, purpose,
ground characteristics and set of standards provided in the Philippines.
3. Data Gathering- After conceptualization, available data are gathered on the said topic and review of
related concepts take place in order to begin the project with its problems and possible solutions.
4. Constraints and Standards- the designer identifies and select hindrances that affect the formulation
of the design so that in the early stage the constraints will be lessen. Each conceivable constraints and
standards are considered in order to formulate solutions.
5. Trade-offs – based on the reviewed related to types of slab and frame, the designer will provide
possible alternatives to solve the evident problem considering the constraints.
6. Design of Trade-offs – There will be a provide design for each tradeoff to properly explain each of its
capabilities and advantages.
7. Evaluation of Results – After presenting each tradeoff with their specific aspects; results will be
compared and evaluated in order to come up with the most efficient alternative.
8. Final Design – The final design is based on the most efficient and effective result evaluated by the
designer. This output will be recommended to be able to design a fire station through the specified
constraints.
 START

IIDENTIFYING
THE PROBLEMS

CONCEPTUALIZATION

DATA GATHERING

PROJECT
CONSTRAINTS
AND
STANDARDS

TRADE-OFF 1 TRADE-OFF 3

DESIGN TRADE- TRADE-OFF 2 DESIGN TRADE-

OFF 1 OFF 3

DESIGN TRADE-
OFF 2

EVALUATION
OF RESULT

FINAL DESIGN

END

Figure 1- 4 Flowchart of Project Development

 CHAPTER 2: DESIGN INPUTS AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Project Location

2.1.1 Demography
According to the Barangay Population Worker of Barangay Cupang, Antipolo City the barangay
has a total population of 135,064 as of the year 2020-2021, with a total of 1055 households and
987 families.
2.1.2 Location Map
Barangay Cupang is situated on the island of Luzon at 14.636063, 121.123284. The elevation at
these coordinates is calculated to be 43.1 meters or 141.4 feet above sea level.

Figure 2- 1 Location Map

2.2 Climate
The term "climate" refers to the long-term weather pattern in a specific location. It is the long-term
average of precipitation, temperature, humidity, sunshine, wind velocity, and other weather measures
in a specific location. The project area is classified as Type IV of PAGASA's Modified Coronas
Classification, which means that rainfall falls evenly.
Figure 2- 2 Climate Map of the Philippines
2.3 Water Supply Resources
The municipality of Barangay Cupang, Antipolo City, Rizal, has a variety of water sources. However,
according to the 2nd Congressional Water District, the main water service provider in the said
municipality, the source of water used to supply potable water to the community is a deep well.
2.4 Water Supply Demand
Liters per capita per day (LPCD) is the daily average consumption of an individual or a household in a
specific area. According to the 2nd Congressional Water District, they provide 150 LPCD to households
in Barangay Cupang, Antipolo City, Rizal daily
2.5 Hazard
A hazard is a potentially harmful agent that can harm or damage something or someone. The risks
associated with the proposed structure in the area are depicted by the hazards identified in this section.
2.5.1 Seismic Hazard Assessment
Seismic hazards are caused by the inherent natural occurrence of earthquakes, as well as the resulting
ground motion and other effects.

Figure 2- 3 Seismic Hazard of Brgy. Cupang Antipolo City

2.5.2 Ground Rupture
The point where the surface intersects with is marked by ground deformation which the ground can be
pulled apart and pushed upward by an earthquake, which can also rend the surface. Effect by Fissuring
and ground displacement as results of fault movement are affects and happens when the movement of
the earthquake along a fault actually splits the Earth's surface. Pipelines, tunnels, aqueducts, railway
lines, highways, and airport runways that intersect an active rupture zone can easily be destroyed or
seriously damaged. Rupture causes issues for humans by, well, rupturing things.

Figure 2- 4 Ground Rupture Map of Antipolo City

 Figure 2- 5 Close Up View of Ground Rupture of Brgy. Cupang

2.5.3 Liquefaction
Liquefaction is a physical phenomenon that occurs during some earthquakes that may cause ground
failure, it is not a specific sort of ground failure. Due to liquefaction, sands and silts, which make up the
majority of clay less soil deposits, suddenly lose their strength and behave more like viscous fluids than
solids. Seismic shear waves that pass through a saturated layer of granular soil can cause part of the void
spaces to collapse and distort the granular structure, which results in liquefaction. When you wriggle your
toes in the moist sand next to the sea at the beach, this mechanism causes water-saturated sediment to
briefly lose its strength and behave like a fluid. This result could result from an earthquake shaking.
 Figure 2- 6 Liquefaction Map of Brgy. Cupang

2.5.4 Volcanic Hazard Assessment

One of the scientific activities that should be carried out in a volcanically active location where there is
a chance that an eruptive episode may endanger the human population is the assessment of the
volcanic hazard. Through the examination of previous eruptive behavior and the study of the geological
record, potential future volcanic activity can be understood and anticipated.
The finished products include vulnerability evaluations, cost estimates for false alarms and incorrect
forecasts, and eruptive scenarios and their probabilities of occurrence. Volcanic hazard assessment
heavily relies on probabilistic approaches, hence it's important to establish methodology and protocols
that can better inform decision-making by authorities.
To assess volcanic hazard, it is to identify past volcanic system behavior to infer future behaviour,
which requires acquisition of all pertinent geological and geophysical information, including
stratigraphic studies, geological mapping, sedimentological studies, petrologic studies, and structural
studies, all of which are then used to elaborate eruption scenarios and hazard maps, is the first step in
evaluating and managing volcanic risk.
2.5.5 Hydro-Meteorological Hazard Assessment
When we talk about the hydro-meteorological hazards it is a Process or phenomena of an
atmospheric, hydrological, or oceanic character that may result in casualties, damage to property,
disturbance of social and economic order, or harm to the environment.
In Assessment, hyro-meteorological hazards it is Extreme meteorological and climatic occurrences like
floods, droughts, hurricanes, tornadoes, or landslides are the main causes of hydro-meteorological
hazards. They make up the majority of all natural hazards and happen anywhere in the world, however
the frequency, severity, and susceptibility of certain dangers vary by place.
 Figure 2- 7 Hydro- Meteorological Hazard

2.6 Geotechnical Design Parameters

For the purpose of this paper, a geotechnical report from the Cupang, Antipolo City Engineers’ Office
was used for the design of the foundation of the structure. The owner shall have complete discretion
should he wishes to conduct a Geotechnical test for the design of the foundation of the building and/or if
the local government of Antipolo City will require him to come up with one. Based on the Geotechnical
report acquired via Antipolo City Engineers’ Office, the group will be using 𝑆𝐷 for the soil profile type
with an allowable bearing capacity of three-hundred sixty-nine kilopascals (369 kPa) at 2.0m depth.
(See Appendix A)

2.7 Structural Design Parameters

The National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015 Volume 1, 7th Edition (NSCP) is the primary
source for gathering project design parameters. The design parameters for the rafter section members
were taken from The Association Structural Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP) Steel Handbook.

2.7.1 Loads
The design and the modelling of the structural components of the gazebo depended on the loads applied
on the members. Dead loads and live loads that are listed on the National Structural Code of the
Philippines will be adopted for this project. The following tables show such values.
Floor Finish Cement Fill Finish (25mm) 0.575 kPa

4" CHB both faces plastered (Interior Wall) 2.5 kPa

6" CHB both faces plastered (Exterior Wall) 2.63 kPa

Partitions
Innovative Drywall (13mm Fiber Board) 0.04 kPa

Glass 0.38 kPa

Ceiling Suspended Steel Channel System 0.10 kPa

Figure 2- 8 Dead Load Design Values

 Occupancy Type Pressure Load

Exit Facilities 4.8 kPa

Assembly Areas 4.8 kPa

Figure 2- 9 Live Load Design Values

2.8 Architectural Plan

A floor plan is a drawing to scale, showing a view from above, of the relationships between rooms,
spaces, traffic patterns, and other physical features at one level of a structure.

Figure 2- 10 Ground Floor Plan, Second Floor Plan, Rear Elevation, Front Elevation and Right-Side
Elevation
Figure 2- 11 . Left Side Elevation, Z-Z Section, X-X Section, Schedule of Doors and Windows, Roofing and
Stair Detail

2.9 Review of Related Literature

In his paper entitled "Study of Lightweight Concrete Behaviour”, Mohamad ShazliFathiet. al. (2004)
stated that lightweight concrete can be defined as a type of concrete which includes an expanding
agent such that it increases the volume of the mixture while giving additional qualities such as nail
ability and lesser dead load. As its name implies, lightweight concrete is lighter than the conventional
concrete and has lower density and thermal conductivity. Its advantages include the reduction of dead
load, faster building rates in construction and lower haulage and handling costs. In buildings, structural
lightweight concrete provides a more efficient strength-to-weight ratio in structural elements. In most
cases, the marginally higher cost of lightweight concrete is offset by size reduction of structural
elements, less reinforcing steel and reduced volume of concrete, resulting in lower overall cost
according to Neap (2001), implementing a construction project is a complex and complex process.
Construction stages are divided into categories such as materials, labor, installation, and construction
supervision. All cost disruptions should be identified on a regular basis (Cathy, 2018).
The usage of lightweight concrete has become widespread in nations such as the United States, the
United Kingdom, and Sweden. Lightweight concrete's key advantages are its low density and thermal
conductivity. Its benefits include a reduction in dead load, faster construction speeds, and cheaper
transportation and handling expenses. When lightweight concrete is applied to a wall, it retains its big
spaces and does not develop laitance layers or cement films. The performance of aerated lightweight
concrete was the focus of this study. However, a suitable water cement ratio is required to achieve
enough cement-water cohesiveness. Inadequate water can produce a lack of cohesiveness between
particles, resulting in a loss of concrete strength.
Collecting, analyzing, publishing and searching design information is critical to the construction industry.
Contractors and surveyors tend to prefer independently generated data to commercially published data
whenever possible. Because the former incorporates relevant factors. The published data is therefore
used for backup purposes. The large amount of published data suggests that it depends on much more
than is sometimes admitted (Cathy, 2018).
Given its role in all construction structures, concrete is undoubtedly the most significant building
material. Its strength is its adaptability, or the capacity to assume the forms necessary for the various
structural forms. When the building methods and specifications are followed correctly, it is also
incredibly resilient and fire resistant. Concrete can be utilized for all types of ordinary buildings,
including bridges, containment and retaining structures, and multi-story buildings. Beams, columns,
slabs, and foundations make up a reinforced concrete construction (Mac, 1990).
A structural element known as a slab has a thin thickness compared to its own length and width.
Typically, slabs are utilized in the construction of floors and roofs. Slabs are divided into two categories:
one-way and two-way, depending on how weight is transferred to the supporting beams and columns
(Mac, 1990). The aim of stairs is to provide access to various floors of a building by placing steps in a
succession. Since it frequently serves as the only communication channel between the building's
various floors, the site must be carefully chosen (Mac, 1990).
According to Jack P. Moehle (2008) in “Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Special Moment
Frames”, in structures designed to withstand seismic tremors, reinforced concrete special moment
frames are used as part of seismic force-resisting designs. To withstand flexural, pivotal, and shearing
actions caused by a building swaying through several uprooting cycles during intense earthquake
ground shaking, pillars, columns, and beam-column joints are proportioned and placed point by point in
small outlines. An outline capable of resisting powerful seismic earthquake shaking without critical
stiffness or quality flaws is produced by uncommon proportioning and detailing requirements. These
moment-resistant outlines are known as "Special Moment Frames" because of these additional
specifications, which improve earthquake protection compared to less demanding point-by-point Middle
of the Road and Standard Minute Frames.
According to RAFEZY, B. (2017), buildings are designed to be resilient under pressure and force in
wind-gravity design. Intensity is what governs life-safety limit conditions. Nevertheless, it is not
economically viable to design structures to respond elastically to seismic excitation. With regard to
seismic excitation, buildings are designed to release significant amounts of energy. Inelastic behavior
will appear because the system has a large energy dissipation capacity during earthquakes. Life safety
management. Deformability/ductility is the limit state and provides sufficient strength to ensure that
inelastic deformation requirements do not exceed deformability. Note that seismic structures can be
built to remain perfectly elastic in the event of a design basis earthquake, but this requires the use of
enormous element sizes. On the other hand, the higher the deformation capacity, the better the energy
dissipation capability of the system, which helps reduce the energy consumption of the system. Reduce
the size of structural elements.
In the early days, the practice of using steel reinforcement in construction became common, especially
in countries with easy access to steel. Research has shown that concrete alone has significant
compressive strength, but low tensile and ductile strength. They decided to design a steel reinforced
structure so that it exhibited very high tensile and ductile strength and the structure could absorb both
compressive and tensile forces. Steel reinforcement is widely used in construction today (Embong,
2015).
According to A.G. Gerosa (2005), both concrete and steel structures have their own advantages.
However, when compared in terms of safety, concrete is superior to steel. For high-rise buildings,
concrete structures have more safety advantages. Concrete can withstand high temperatures for a long
time, depending on the covering of the concrete structure. The thicker the concrete pavement, the
longer it is exposed to fire. Concrete also provides excellent blast protection. When properly
constructed, concrete structures can withstand winds of up to 200 miles per hour. That is, concrete
structures are suitable for building in stormy areas.
According to the Portland Cement Association (2007), concrete has a modulus of elasticity ranging from
24 GPa to 65 GPa, while steel has a modulus of elasticity of 187 GPa. It can be seen that steel has a
higher modulus in this aspect. For this reason, reinforcing bars are embedded in concrete structures.
This composite offers high strength against compressive and tensile forces.
According to FJ. According to Vecchio (1992), shear deformation in concrete frame structures is
unpredictable. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the behavior of structures before designing
them. There is a research program being conducted by his team. The purpose of this study is to predict
the response of beam cross-sections when a combination of shear, moment and axial loads are applied
to the beam. The method they use for this experiment is to create a model of the beam cross-section.
They use modified compression field theory concepts and formulations for their analysis. The results
show that the effects of compression-strain-softening and tension-hardening of concrete are important
factors in determining the shear response of reinforced concrete beam sections. Therefore, additional
experimental work should be performed to better understand the range and impact of shear strain in
frame structures.
Earthquakes destroy buildings by creating waves that propagate through the ground, causing
movement in the building foundations. This energy is transferred to the building structure. Buildings fail
when the combination of strength, flexibility, and ductility (the ability to bend without breaking) does not
allow the structure to adequately accommodate them. “We have to build so that we can absorb the
energy of earthquakes. As engineers, our goal is to increase the absorption” (Oral, 2011).
In the first step, site-specific estimates are made of the 'stresses' that an earthquake might exert on a
building. The next step is to design or improve the "performance" or energy absorption capacity of the
building. Different levels of protection are possible, depending on economics and seismic potential.
Some large, well-funded buildings (e.g. San Francisco airport) have sophisticated pulley systems that
isolate the building from ground movements and internal counterbalances that can balance the energy
of large earthquakes. (Oral, 2011).
According to the Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Diliman, Quezon
City (2018), the use of performance-based wind engineering concepts in the Philippines' Greater Metro
Manila Area to assess how changing a building's design elements may affect how well it can withstand
high winds. Only three-story reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames were examined using
computational fluid dynamics. Wind speed data was collected for the research area over a 50-year
period, and the Gumbel distribution was used to fit the data before assessing the performance of the
constructions. The building stock was created by varying the floor aspect ratio and roof pitch in
predetermined increments. In addition to buildings with floor aspect ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3, roof
pitches of 15, 30, and 45 degrees were also noted. There was also found to be damage to the roof and
windows, as well as the damage index, which measures how much a building would cost to replace vs
repair. Damage for each model was classified using the Hazard-US Damage State Matrix in order to
create a damage probability matrix. The cumulative probabilities were utilized to determine the
likelihood that each damage condition would surpass the threshold using this damage probability
matrix. A lognormal function was then used to fit the data points for each injury state. The probability of
exceeding each damage state was multiplied by the cost percentage from the UPD-ICE report [2] to
create a vulnerability curve. A damage index for each wind speed was calculated by adding the total
damage for each damage level. The value of each data point on the vulnerability curve was multiplied
by the hazard probability density function to create a wind speed versus hazard density curve. A risk
curve was then constructed by plotting wind speed against the damage index corresponding to these
wind speeds. A notable finding was that the percentage of damage increased with increasing roof
slope, with a difference of 15% for buildings with 15- and 45-degree roof slopes. The most damaged
structures were long and narrow structures with long sides on the windward side. A deterioration trend
from top to bottom was confirmed for all structures. In summary, the performance of the structure was
affected by the pitch variation of the roof. This is due to the large surface area of each structure. We
recommend examining more design components, damage indicators, and construction types to get
clearer performance expectations. This allows better insight into the weaknesses and even strengths of
current designs, helping designers build more resilient structures.
According to Kim Carlo A. Lat, et al., (2020) in “Design and Implementation of the Proposed Two-Storey
Multi-Purpose Green Building at Brgy. Bagong Pook, Malvar Batangas”, In order to design a building
that will serve a function, the ideal green building project would retain the majority of the surrounding
natural environment. It won't damage the local water, energy, or land resources, and the building and
operation will support a healthy environment for everyone engaged. The majority of individuals think
that choosing green building will enable them to lessen their carbon footprint and even benefit the
environment. There are many different ways to become green, but builders and construction workers
must also play a role. Green buildings are created in a way that reduces their impact on the
environment lessen the total effect on the environment and human health.
In the Philippines this is a multi-purpose hall center of considerable activity with facilities indoor events,
conferences, conferences, performances and other activities. The typical requirements to establish a
multipurpose hall are an appealing interior design and an inviting atmosphere. In a nation that is very
vulnerable to disasters, it also functions as an evacuation center during typhoons and other natural
disasters. The structure is statically safe and environmentally friendly. Innovated using rainwater
harvesting and a green roof with solar panels. These innovations address important environmental
issues and support green and sustainable growth. Environmentally-designed buildings improve quality
of life while reducing energy and water consumption, reducing daily expenses for future residents.
According to Almonte et al., (2020) in “Structural Design of a Two-Story Commercial Building using
Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM)”, Green and
sustainable are notoriously synonymous, but the difference lies in the long-term performance of the
structure. Green refers to activities that use resources more efficiently and have the least negative
impact on the environment compared to similar products, while sustainability refers to the ability to
solve a specific problem without having a wide range of impacts. It refers to the activities to be done
and has a future. Sustainability is about being environmentally friendly, but being environmentally
friendly doesn't necessarily mean sustainable.
In her paper “The Dynamics of Housing Demand in the Philippines: Income andLifecycle Effect”, Marife
M. Ballesteros (2002) revealed that there is a tremendous gap between the demand and supply of
housing because majority of Filipino households areunable to pay for the cost of housing and
land.Ballesteros (2000) said that the high cost of urban land in the country is due toconstraints in the
supply side of the market. While income is a major factor in housing demand, other factors such as
lifecycle, price of housing and financing availability also affectdemand. Estimates of income elasticity
show that the demand for housing is highlyresponsive to a change in income, but housing adjustments
are confined to basicimprovements in housing facilities with minimal change on tenure. Ballesteros
(2000) emphasized that the path toward acceptable housing is constrained by several factors: first,the
ratio of unit housing cost to income is rapidly rising; second, there are a few low-costalternatives to
homeownership in the formal market; and third, innovative housing finance islimited and the
microfinance schemes available suffer from liquidity problems and bureaucratic delays. Thus, there is a
need for the government to address the problems ofhousing in a broader context. The issues are not
only confined in providing householdsincome transfers through subsidies or in giving access to housing
and security of tenure butalso in looking at the larger issue of urban development.
 CHAPTER 3: DESIGN CONSTRAINTS, TRADE-OFFS AND STANDARDS

3.1 Design Constraints

In any engineering field, there are factors that hinders and/or limits the design – these hindrances are
called design constraints. This project is no exception to such constraints as the group intends to address
such constraints and determine whether the resources that will be allocated to the project can be optimized
for the project to be feasible.
Social constraints are neglected in this paper due to the time when this paper was written. That is, as of
writing, there are currently no gatherings that takes place in the farm – no other person will be affected by
the construction aside from the clients. On top of that, the structure is also located in the middle of a 1.5-
hectare lot so there will be no obstructions in right of ways nor sidewalks nor any person outside of the
farm.
It is worth noting that the scope of works included in this paper does not cover the entirety of the project.
That being said, the designers will be taking into account other costs that are not included in the scope of
work. These costs include institutional costs and rough ins or MEPFS. According to the National
Association of Home Builders (NAHB), the average percentage cost for institutional costs and rough ins are
3.6% and 14.7%, respectively Therefore, the cost for the construction (Phase I), shall be reduced to 81.7%
or Php. 2, 042, 500.00.

3.1.1 Quantitative Constraints

3.1.1.1 Economic Constraints
Economic constraints affect the project's budget and resource allocation. If the budget is
insufficient or is allocated in an ineffective manner, it can have a detrimental effect on the project's
success in terms of quality, safety, functionality, and performance. Budget constraints are one of
the most critical considerations in any process. The client insisted that the cost of the project must
not exceed the budget allotted for it, so the designers proposed various types of design that would
ensure the client's satisfaction and evaluated them to determine the best design choice that meets
the client's budget.

Limitation:

3.1.1.2 Constructability Constraints

Constructability constraints include critical dates or milestones on the project schedule.
Consistently meeting these dates is critical to the overall project's completion date, and penalties
may be imposed for failure to do so. Given that the client has specified a deadline for completion,
the designer must determine the construction duration of the tradeoffs on the given schedule. A
shorter duration of constructability is likely to be considered as a trade-off.
Limitation:
3.1.1.3 Sustainability Constraints
Sustainability refers to an engineering design's ability to perform under normal operating conditions
for a specified period of time. Each structure must be capable of withstanding the elements for an
extended period. The designers will select the best material for the project in order to ensure the
structure's longer life span. The greater the design, the greater the material expense. Taking into
account the various factors that influence the final design of the project, the life span of each
moment resisting the frame system incorporated into the school building will determine whether or
not the project is sustainable. The designer will choose an appropriate design in order to ensure
the structure's life span. Correspondingly, the longer the life span, the favorable it is for the
designer and for the client.
Limitation:
3.1.1.4 Serviceability Constraints
Serviceability limit states in building structures are conditions in which the functions of the building
are disrupted during normal use by excessive deformation, motion, or deterioration. As standards
evolve toward probability‐based limit states design methods, serviceability issues are expected to
become an increasingly important design consideration. The scope of the serviceability issue in
contemporary construction is defined, and areas are identified in which immediate improvements in
serviceability‐checking appear to be feasible, as well as other areas where additional research is
needed before improvements in serviceability‐checking can be realized.
Limitation:

3.1.2 Quantitative Constraints

3.1.2.1 Environmental Constraints
The designer considered with the environment’s precaution for maintaining its natural state without
harming any part of it. It is to reduce factors concerning the use of sustainable materials to reduce
hazardous effects on the environment. Due to extreme amount of materials and energy, building of
structures are some of which causes air pollution. Structures must apply an eco-friendly type of
structures
3.1.2.2 Functionality
Functionality constraints are a limit that pertains to the performance function of the structure. This
is why a structure is built to serve its purpose and its function. Serviceability of the structure is
when the design of a facility satisfies the emotional, cognitive, and cultural needs of the people who
use it and the technical requisites of the programs it houses, the project is functionally successful
3.1.2.3 Aesthetic
The designer contemplates the limit considering the underlying purpose of the building should
determine its form. Beauty lies in the performance and behavior of building's structure and façade
elements as a component. The structural form should have an aesthetic appeal while being
simultaneously driven by engineering considerations. It is an important consideration to assess a
physical requirement to consider in a whole structure for an eye appealing results and finishing its
final touches.
3.1.2.4 Social
The designers also recognize the benefits, impact and influential approach of the project to the
people of Payatas. It is important that the result of constructing the project meets or satisfy the
demands and needs of the people. Therefore, the demands from the Quezon city government and
people of Payatas shall be properly weighted to produce the best design.

3.2 Structural Design and Trade-Offs

After the elaboration of the constraints, Trade-offs should also be presented in a design process. The given
trade-offs shall give balance to the project with different possible ways to provide outcomes in design
despite of the constraints. These trade-offs shall be evaluated properly so that the designers will come up
to the final and most effective material and methods to be used for the project construction.
3.2.1 Reinforced Concrete using Lightweight Concrete
When compared to normal concrete, its concrete weight is modest. Lightweight concrete retains significant
voids, which serve to minimize density and thermal conductivity. Quick and simple to build. Economical
because of its light weight, which minimizes the cost of labor. When compared to regular concrete,
lightweight concrete offers better nailing qualities. It can be sawed more easily than heavier, stronger
concrete. Reduce the structure's dead load as well as the project's cost. Thermal characteristics and fire
resistance have been improved. Save money on transportation as well. It is quite sensitive to the amount of
water in the combination. Because of the porosity and hollow nature of the aggregates, it is difficult to polish
its surface. In comparison to conventional or standard concrete, lightweight concrete takes more time to
ensure adequate mixing.
3.2.2 Reinforced Concrete using Normal weight Concrete
The ease with which the concrete is laid, compacted, and finished in its fresh state is the workability factor.
Normal strength concrete has high workability since all of the concrete constituents are in suitable and
precise quantities. These aggregates must be graded properly. The permeability of the concrete has a
direct link with the durability issues such as corrosion resistance, chemical resistance, and creep. Damage
happens if the foreign material enters the concrete. It is determined by the permeability of the concrete, as
well as the paste and particles present. The reduction in permeability benefits sulfate and chemical attack
resistance, corrosion resistance, and chloride penetration resistance. There are several advantages to
employing concrete in building projects, including the fact that the material can be molded into any shape
and utilized for almost any function. Concrete, when reinforced with steel, may be utilized to build
substantial, earthquake-resistant structures. Repairs are simple by spraying more material onto the
concrete or filling in cracks and divots with fresh material, however because to its low tensile strength,
concrete must be strengthened to avoid fissures. If there is a substantial temperature difference in the area,
lengthy buildings must include expansion joints. Construction joints are used to prevent cracks caused by
drying shrinkage and moisture expansion. When moisture combines with soluble salts in concrete,
efflorescence occurs.
3.2.3 Structural Steel Design
Structural steel building is quite a good choice for many reasons since steel is a very strong material with a
high strength-to-weight ratio. Moreover, since it is shop fabricated, it lends itself to maintaining tight
tolerances according to American Society of Professional Estimators (aspenational, 2013).
Generally speaking, the work involved in the erection of a structural steel superstructure shall consist of the
following: (1) Unloading and erecting structural steel components (e.g., girders, diaphragms, jacking
beams, stiffeners, and girder cover plating). (2) Supply and installation of bearing and grout pads. (3)
Design, supply, fabrication, installation, maintenance, and removal of temporary falsework and (4) quality
control testing of all materials and work. It is worth noting that the contractor shall not erect the structural
steel girders until the substructure concrete has cured a minimum of seven days and has reached eighty
percent (80%) of the 28-day specified concrete strength requirement. Foundations and pedestals shall also
be designed using the same material properties with tradeoff 3.2.1. and tradeoff 3.2.2.