CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT

GVHH: VNG VNH PHC

CNG NGH CH BIN C PH BT

I. TNG QUAN V CNG TY 1.Qa trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ca cng ty c phn i Hong Thy Cng ty c phn i Hong Thy c tr s chnh t ti s 38/5B ng thc vnh X ng Thnh Huyn Hc Mn- TP H Ch Minh. Tn vit tt Dai Hoang Thuy Corporation M S Thu 0304669113 in Thoi: 08.62519317.Fax: 08 62511910 Di ng: 0908 324 742-0982 999 682 Email: caphehoangthuy@yahoo.com.vn Website:www.caphehoangthuy.com.vn Cng ty c phn i Hong Thy l cng ty trc thuc s k hoch v u t TP H Ch Minh. Theo ngh nh s 177.2004.ND-CP ca chnh ph v vic thnh lp cng ty TNHH. Ngy 24/6/2004 s k hoch v u t Tp H Ch Minh cp giy php kinh doanh s DKKD 4102044289 cho php thnh lp cng ty trch nhim hu hn i Hong Thy. Nm 2009 cng vi s pht trin ca t nc v cng nh cc cng ty doanh nghip trong c nc nhm m rng th trng ra nc ngoi nn cng ty hp tc vi Nht Bn . Ngy 20/ 3/ 2009 theo giy php CPKD 4103012762 ca s k hoch v u t chuyn i Cng Ty TNHH I HONG THY thnh Cng Ty C PHN I HONG THY. Cng ty hot ng theo m hnh cng ty m (l cng ty i Hong Thy) v cng ty con (cng ty TNHH ng Xun, Cng ty iu Ha v cng ty ng). Ngnh ngh kinh doanh ca cng ty l: sn xut ch bin mua bn c ph ht, c ph bt (c ph rang xay). Vn iu l ca cng ty: 10.000.000.000 (10 t VN) Qu trnh pht trin ca cng ty: Ngy 24/6/2004 thnh lp cng ty TNHH i Hong Thy Thng 3/ 2009 chuyn i t cng ty TNHH i Hong Thy thnh cng ty c phn i Hong Thy.
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Thng 10/ 2008 thnh lp chi nhnh ti h ni l cng ty TNHH ng Xun. Thng 4/ 2009 thnh lp 2 chi nhnh l cng ty iu ha v cng ty ng. Thng 3/ 2010 cng ty k hp ng xut khu i Hn Quc. Tri qua gn 10 nm hnh thnh v pht trin, vi h thng cc nh phn phi trn ton quc v c bit l TP.HCM v cc tnh thnh ln cn l nhng g m cng ty CP i Hong Thu gy dng c nh ngy hm nay. Vi lng c ph thnh phm tiu th lun tng trong nhng nm qua khng nh c mt thng hiu uy tn trn th trng c ph Vit Nam v khu vc. Khng dng li , cng ty lun ch trng n vic u t i mi cng ngh cng nh nh xng sn xut v m rng th trng phn phi hng n xut khu sn phm ca mnh ra th gii. Vi cuc sng si ng ca nn kinh t th trng trong thi hi nhp th mt ly c ph c th gp ai c c nhng khonh khc th gin tht s hiu qu. v i Hong Thu v ang phn u v li ch khch hng vi phng chm cht lng v dch v l hai yu t to nn thng hiu v mang li s thnh cng cho doanh nghip. Cng ty c phn i Hong Thy oc thnh lp nm 2008, tin thn l cng ty TNHH i hong thy. im xut pht nh cc doanh nghip c ph va v nh khc, cng ty mnh dn u t trang thit b tn tin ca Hoa K v Anh quc cng vi n lc ku gi nhn ti cng hp tc, i ng cng nhn oc o to k thut nn sn phm oc khch hng tin dng. Hin nay, cng ty c mt i ng cc nh phn phi ri u hu ht trn cc tnh thnh trong c nc, cng vi i ng hng ngn chuyn vin Maketing chuyn nghip kp a sn phm n tay ngi tiu dng. Sn phm ca cng ty p ng oc th hiu ca khch hng t bc ti nam, chinh phc oc nhiu khch hng kh tnh nht. Cc dng sn phm khc nhau mang phong cch v c trng ring, l s hi ha ca ci qu kh - hin ti tong lai, gia hin i v c in, gia c trng Vit vi hi nhp a chiu. Nm 2010, cng ty oc vinh d nhn chng nhn ISO, hng Vit Nam cht long cao Dng sn phm c ph Hong Thy mang c trng v phong cch Vit
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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT

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Khi n vi thng hiu Hong Thy bn s yn tm v cht lng v phong cch phc v 1.1.1. nh hng pht trin ca cng ty Pht trin ngnh ngh sn xut kinh doanh. M rng th trng cc tnh thnh ph pht trin ca t nc v nht l cc th trng nc ngoi. Nghin cu v ci tin mu m v cht lng Sn phm p ng nhu cu th trng v khch hng. u t trang thit b hin i cho qu trnh ch bin. Nng cao uy tn nhm to v th cnh tranh trn th trng

1.1.2.

Nguyn tc lm vic ca cng ty

Thi gian lm vic t 7 gi 30 pht sng ti 19 gi ti. Ngoi ra cn c tng ca 3 ting 1 ngy. H thng thng gi: trong phn xng c qut ht gi, to iu kin thng thong m bo thch hp trong quy trnh sn xut. H thng chiu sng: Trong cng ty s dng bng n hunh quang m bo sng ni lm vic y . 1.1.3. Vi nt v tnh hnh ca cng ty hin nay Sn lng qua cc nm u tng: 20 tn nm 2006 40 tn nm 2008 90 tn nm 2009 300 tn nm 2010 - Th trng tiu th cc sn phm ch yu Vit Nam v xut khu i Hn Quc. - Cng ty hin ti mi chi nhnh c 25 cng nhn lao ng v 2 cn b k thut. - Mc thu nhp bnh qun u ngi ca cng nhn l 2.300.000/thng.

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- Cng ty c cc ch i ng cho cng nhn nh: BHYT, BHXH, ngh php v n tra, ng phc lao ng, v ph cp tin nh, tin n l 300.000/ngi/thng. 1.1.4. Cc ch lin quan n quyn li v i sng ca ngi lao ng

100 % ngi lao ng c k hp ng lao ng (tr nhng ngi ang th vic) Tin thng vo cc dp l, tt. Khm bnh theo nh k ha nm. Cng ty mua bo him tai nn cho ton b CNV NL. Tng qu vo cc dp: 8/3, 20/10, trung thu. 1.1.5. Thun li v kh khn ca cng ty

Thun li: Mt hng ca cng ty c ch ng trn th trng trong nc cng nh nc ngoi. Cng ty c i ng cng nhn tay ngh cao, nhit tnh trong cng vic. Ngun nguyn liu di do d mua. Sn phm ang c ngi tiu dng a chung. Kh khn: B cnh tranh gay gt do th trng c nhiu loi c ph v nhiu mu m. Qu trnh sn xut cha hon ton cng nghip ha m vn cn th cng mt s cng on nh : ng gi, v thng cattong Sn phm ch yu ch tiu th thnh ph v cc khu du lch ni ting, cha pht trin cc vng nng thn.

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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT 1.2. C cu t chc b my ca cng ty

GVHH: VNG VNH PHC

Hi ng qun tr

Tng gim c

Gim c ph trch kinh doanh

Gim c ph trch sn xut

Phng kinh doanh

Phng KHT

Phng KTCN

Phng T chc

CTY TNHH iu Ha
>30% <30%

CTY TNHH mt thnh vin ng

CTY TNHH ng Xun H Ni

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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT

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S nh xng

ong Phng k hoch Xng rang Phng gim c Xng xay

Khu tr cng nhn Phng ng gi

Phng trng by sn phm

Sn phm

Nguyn liu

Phng bo v

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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT

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MT S SN PHM CA CNG TY

Hnh 1.1:C ph hong thy

hinh 1.2:paris tng

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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT Hinh 1.3:paris2

GVHH: VNG VNH PHC hinh 1.4: paris3

Hnh 1.5:paris4

hinh 1.6:paris coffee

II.

TNG QUAN V NGUYN LIU

2.1. Lch s cy c ph

Hinh 2.1:Bng c ph

hnh 2.2: Qu cn non

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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT

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Hinh 2.3: C ph chn bi

hnh 2.4: C ph ti giai on thu hoch

C ph (gc t caf trong ting Php) l mt loi thc ung mu en c cha cht caffein v c s dng rng ri, c sn xut t nhng ht c ph c rang ln, t cy c ph. C ph c s dng ln u tin vo th k th XI, khi n c khm ph ra t vng cao nguyn Ethiopia. T , n lan ra Ai Cp v Yemen, v ti th k th XV th n Armenia, Persia, Th Nh K v pha bc Chu Phi. T th gii Hi gio, c ph n , sau l phn cn li ca Chu u, Indonesia v M. Ngy nay, c ph l mt trong nhng thc ung thng dng ton cu. Ln u tin c ph c a vo Vit Nam vo nm 1875, ging Arabica c ngi Php mang t o Bourton sang trng pha Bc sau lan ra cc tnh min Trung nh Qung Tr, B Trch, Sau thu hoch ch bin di thng hiu Arabica du Tonkin, c ph c nhp khu v Php. Sau khi chim nc ta thc dn Php thnh lp cc n in c ph nh Chin, Xun Mai, Sn Ty chng canh tc theo phng thc du canh du c nn nng sut thp gim t 400 500 kg/ha nhng nm u xung cn 100 150 kg/ha khi cng v sau. ci thin tnh hnh, Php du nhp vo nc ta hai ging mi l c ph vi (C. robusta) v c ph mt ( C. mitcharichia) vo nm 1908 thay th, cc n in mi li mc ln pha Bc nh H Tnh (1910), Yn M (1911, Thanh Ho), Ngha n (1915, Ngh An). Thi im ln nht (1946 1966) t 13.000 ha. Nm 1925, ln u tin c trng Ty Nguyn, sau gii phng din tch c ph c nc khong 20.000 ha, nh s h tr vn t quc t, cy c ph dn c ch trng, n nm 1980 din tch t 23.000 ha, xut khu trn 6000 tn. Bn k hoch ban u c xy dng nm 1980 t mc tiu cho ngnh c ph
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Vit Nam c khong 180 nghn ha vi sn lng 200 nghn tn. Sau , bn k hoch ny nhiu ln sa i. Cc con s cao nht dng li mc 350 nghn ha vi sn lng 450 nghn tn (VICOFA, 2002). Trn sng mui nm 1994 Brasil ph hu phn ln din tch c ph nc ny, cng hng t hn hn ko di nm 1997 lm ngun cung trn ton th gii sp gim mnh, gi tng t bin khch l m rng din tch c ph Vit Nam, u t k thut canh tc thm canh, chuyn canh, nh din tch v sn lng tng nhanh, trung bnh 23,9%/nm, a tng din tch cy c ph nm 2000 ln n 516,7 nghn ha, chim 4,14% tng din tch cy trng ca Vit Nam, ng th ba ch sau hai loi cy lng thc ch lc l la (chim 61,4%) v ng (chim 5,7%). Trong thp k 90 th k XX, sn lng tng ln trn 20%/nm (v cc nm 1994, 1995, 1996 sn lng tng thm ch cn cao hn vi t l ln lt l 48,5%, 45,8% v 33%). Nm 2000, Vit Nam c khong 520 nghn ha c ph, tng sn lng t 800 nghn tn. Nu so vi nm 1980, din tch c ph ca Vit Nam nm 2000 tng gp 23 ln v sn lng tng gp 83 ln. Mc sn lng v din tch vt xa mi k hoch trc v suy on ca cc chuyn gia trong nc v quc t. 2.2. Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th 2.2.1. Tnh hnh sn xut c ph th gii Trn th gii hin nay c 75 nc trng c ph vi din tch trn 10 triu hecta v sn lng hng nm bin ng trn di 6 triu tn. Nng sut bnh qun cha vt qu 6 t nhn/ha. Trong chu Phi c 28 nc nng sut bnh qun khng vt qu 4 t nhn/ha. Nam M t di 6 t nhn/ha. Bn nc c din tch c ph ln nht l: Brazil trn 3 triu hecta chim 25% sn lng c ph th gii, COTE D'LVOIRE (CHU PHI), INDONESIA (CHU ) mi nc khong 1 triu hecta v Clmbia c gn 1 triu hecta vi sn lng hng nm t trn di 700 ngn tn. Do p dng mt s tin b k thut mi nh ging mi v mt trng dy nn c hng chc nc a nng sut bnh qun t
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trn 1 tn/ha. in hnh c Costa Rica Trung M vi din tch c ph ch l 85.000 ha nhng t nng sut bnh qun trn 1.400 kg/ha. Do s xut hin v gy tc hi ca bnh g st c ph ti nhiu nc Trung v Nam M t nm 1970 tr li y gy thm nhng kh khn v tn km cho ngh trng c ph khu vc ny. C ph ch hin nay vn chim 70% sn lng ca th gii. Din tch c ph ch c trng tp trung ch yu Trung v Nam M, mt s nc ng Phi nh: Kenya, Cameroon, Ethiopie, Tanzania v mt phn chu nh: Indonesia, n , Philippines. Th trng c ph trn th gii trong nhng nm va qua thng chao o, khng n nh nht l v gi c. T chc c ph th gii (ICO) do khng cn gi c hn ngch xut nhp khu, gi c tri ni trn th trng t do cho nn c nhng giai on gi c ph xung thp cha tng c so vi vi chc nm tr li y. Tnh trng ny dn n hu qu l nhiu nc phi hy b bt din tch c ph, hoc khng tip tc chm sc v kinh doanh khng cn thy c hiu qu. Nm 1994 do nhng t sng mui v sau l hn hn din ra Brazil, v vy lm cho sn lng c ph ca nc ny gim xung gn 50%, do gp phn lm cho gi c ph tng vt, c li cho nhng ngi xut khu c ph tr th gii Theo kt qu thm d mi nht, gi c ph trong nm 2010 s bin ng manh vi nhiu kh nng gi tng cao nu thi tit xu lm cho sn lng d kin gim mnh. K t trung tun thng 6 n cui nm 2010, gi c ph lin tc tng v nhu cu hng tht vn mc cao. Gi arabica giao k hn gn leo ln mc cao nht trong vng 13 nm ri qua 2,4175 la M/lb vo ngy 9/11 khi nhng quan ngi ngy cng tng v vn ngun cung Colombia v vng Trung M. Gi c ph robusta cng lin tc tng k t khi c thng tin v k hoch mua tm tr c ph ca nc ta v v thu hoch phi tr hon n 1 thng do ma cui ma ko di. Gi c ph robusta t nh ca nm 2010 mc 2.152 la M/tn vo ngy 30/12, nhng gi ng ca cao nht li l mc 2.098 la M/tn vo ngy 9/11,
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y l cc mc cao nht trong vng hai nm ri qua. Kt thc nm 2010, gi c ph arabica tng 77% v ng 2,4050 la M/lb, gi c ph robusta tng 57% v mc 2.097 la M/tn.

2.2.2. S pht trin c ph Vit Nam Vit Nam gia nhp t chc c ph quc t(international coffee organization, ICO) vo nm 1991. Ngh trng c ph vit Nam l mt ngun thu nhp cho mt nhm ng dn c nng thn, trung du v min ni. Vi 500.000 ha c ph to vic lm cho hn 600.000 nng dn v s ngi c cuc sng lien quan n cy c ph ln ti trn 1 triu ngi. Ngnh c ph Vit nam c nh gi l cn mi m, phi cnh tranh vi ngnh c ph ca nhiu nc c truyn thng lu i hn, vn c ting tm v mt cht lng v s bn vng. y l mt vn m ngnh c ph Vit nam phi c gng trn nhiu lnh vc t khu p dng nhng k thut sn xut nng nghip n cng ngh ch bin tin tin, a ra th trng nhiu chng loi sn phm mi.

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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT

GVHH: VNG VNH PHC

Khuynh hng pht trin c ph hin nay l thm canh tng nng sut c ph Robusta, m rng din tch c ph Arabica trn vng cao min Bc nh: Sn La, Tuyn Quan, Lai Chu, Bc Cn, Thi Nguyn, Lng Sn, Ha Bnh, Ngh An vi nhng dng chn lc nh Catimor. Catimor cng c a vo cao nguyn Lm ng v DkLk thay cho mt s ging d nhim bnh r st. Robusta l dng sn phm chnh v c c im d thch nghi, nng sut cao, trung bnh 4 n 5 tn nhn/ha. Hin nay, Vit Nam c ph l mt hang nng sn xut khu c gi tr ln ng th hai sau go. Th trng c ph trong nc cng nh du ngy cui cng ca nm dng lch 2010 bng mc gi 37.000-37.200 ng/kg v qua ngy u nm mi 2011 tng thm 200 ng/kg na. y l iu m cc nh phn tch th trng trn th gii cng nh trong nc khng h ngh n. Gi c ph trong nc tng mnh c l gii l theo tng ca th trng Lun n khi trong my phin giao dch cui nm ca th trng ny c lc gi ln chm mc 2.152 USD/tn, mc cao nht k t thng 08/2008 n nay. 2.3. M t cy c ph

Hnh 2.6: qu c ph chin

hinh 2.7: c ph ra hoa

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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT

GVHH: VNG VNH PHC

Cy nh, mc sum su, lun xanh, cao 6-10 m. Thn cnh hnh tr hoc hnh vung, phn nhnh nhiu. L mc i, hnh bu dc hoc hnh trng, di 10-15 cm, rng 5-6 cm, u nhn, mt trn xanh sm bng, mt di rt nht, gn ni r, mp un ln, cung l di 0,7-1 cm, l km c gc rng, u nhn. Cm hoa nh xim co gm 8-15 hoa nch l, hoa trng, rt thm, i ct, trng hnh ng ngn, 5 cnh hoa u, nh 5 dnh hng trng, xen k vi cnh hoa, bu 2 , mi cha mt non. Qu hch xoan hi dt, la cha chin c mu xanh lc, khi chin chuyn sang mu , cha 2 ht. Ma c ph n hoa v kt tri vo khong t thng 11 n thng 4. 2.4. Mt s ging c ph Vit Nam 2.4.1. C ph ch cooffea arabica

Hnh 2.8 : C ph ch

Ngun gc cao nguyn Jimma Ethiopia. C ph ch c trng lu i nht, chim 70% sn lng c ph ton th gii. Cy bi cao 3-4 m, iu kin thun li c th cao 6-7 m. Cnh mc tng i i xng, cnh th cp nhiu, to vi cnh c bn mt mt phng ct ngang thn cy. L mc i xng, hnh bu dc di, u nhn, ra l qun, xanh m, c 912 cp gn l, di 10-15 cm, rng 4-6 cm.

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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT

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Hoa trng, hng thm du, mc thnh chum nch l. Qa hnh trng, khi chin mu , c ng knh 10-18 mm. Ht c 2 lp v, lp ngoi cng gi l v tru, lp trong mng bm st vo ht gi l v la. C ph ch c c tnh t hoa th phn cho nn thun chng cao. Khi lng 500 - 700 ht/100g, hm lng cafein 1,3 %, ht c mu xm xanh, xanh lc ty theo chng v cch ch bin, nng sut 400 - 500kg c ph nhn/ha. T l thnh phm (c ph nhn) so vi nguyn liu (c ph qu ti) l 14 - 20 %. C ph ch l loi c ph c a chung nht do hng thm v mi v tt. C ph ch c nhiu chng khc nhau: -Cooffea Arabica Var typica -Cooffea Arabica Var bourbon -Cooffea Arabica Var amarello -Cooffea Arabica Var managogype -Cooffea Arabica Var laurina -Cooffea Arabica Var mokka -Cooffea Arabica Var mundonovo -Cooffea Arabica Var cataui -Cooffea Arabica Var catimor

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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT

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2.4.2.C ph vi cooffea canephora pierre

Hnh 2.9: C ph vi

C ph vi mi c pht hin chu Phi vo u th k XX, vng rng thp thuc chu th song Cng g. Cy cao 8-12 m, c nhiu than. Cnh di, cnh th cp t. L hnh bu, hoc hnh mi mc, u l nhn, phin l gn sng mnh. Hoa mc yhafnh chum nch l, g 1-3 cm, c 15-30 hoa. Trng hoa trng c 5-7 cnh hoa. Qu hnh trn hoc hnh trng, trn qu c nhiu gn dc, khi chin c mu . Ht mu xm xanh c hoc ng vng ty theo ging. Ht nh hn c ph ch, t l nhn/qu ti cao hn c ph ch. C ph vi gm c cc chng sau: Cooffea canephora Var robusta Cooffea canephora Var kouilou Cooffea canephora Var niaouli Nng sut trng trt 500 - 600 kg c ph nhn/ha, t hng thm, thng dng pha trn vi c ph ch hay ch bin c ph ha tan v bnh ko c ph. Loi c ph ny gi tr thng phm km nhng li chu c hn, t kn t v t b su bnh.
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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT 2.4.2. C ph m t Cooffea excels Chev

GVHH: VNG VNH PHC

Hnh 2.10: C ph mt

Pht hin u nm 1902 x Ubangui Chari nn thng c gi l c ph Chari. Cy cao 15 - 20 m. L to, chiu di ti a ti 25 - 40 cm, hnh trng hoc mi mc, u l c mi ngn, bt, c 6-9 i gn l. Hoa mc thnh chum nch l gm 1-5 xim, mi xim c 2-4 hoa. Qu hnh trng hi dt,nm qu li, khi chn c mu sm, tht qu gin, t ngt. Ht mu xanh ng vng, v la bm cht vo ht kh lm trc ht. Hm lng caffeine thp: 1,02 1,15% trong khi c ph ch l 1,8 2% v c ph vi l 2,5 3%. Cy sinh trng khe, t su bnh, chu nng hn kh, t kn t. ng ch l hoa qu pht trin c trn cc mt ng ca cnh gi, k c trn thn cy, ni phn cnh. Nng sut 500 - 600 kg c ph nhn/ha, t l thnh phm (c ph nhn) so vi c ph qu ti khong 10 - 15 %. Gi tr thng phm khng cao do ht khng u, kh ch bin, hng v tht thng, tuy nhin y l loi c ph chu c hn, t kn t v t b su bnh.

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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT 2.5. Thnh phn ca c ph 2.5.1. Cu to ht c ph

GVHH: VNG VNH PHC

Qu c ph gm nhng phn sau: lp v qu, lp nht, lp v tru, lp v la, nhn . Lp v qu: l lp v ngoi, mm , ngoi b c mu , v c ph ch mm hn c ph vi v c ph mt. Lp v tht: di lp v mng l lp v tht gi l trung b .V tht c ph ch mm, cha nhiu cht ngt, d xay xt hn. V tht c ph mt cng v dy hn. V tru c ph ch mng hn v d p hn l v tru ca c ph vi v c ph mt. V la: bao bc quanh nhn c ph cn mt lp mng , mm gi l v la, chng c mu sc khc nhau tu theo tng loi c ph . V la c ph ch c mu trng bc rt mng v d bong ra khi ht trong qu trnh ch bin. V la c ph vi mu nu nht . V la c ph mt mu vng nht bm st vo nhn c ph. Nhn c ph : trong cng . Lp t bo phn ngoi ca nhn cng c nhng t bo nh, trong c cha nhng cht du . Pha trong c nhng t bo ln v mm hn. Mt qu c ph thng c t 1-2 hoc 3 nhn. Thng thng ch c 2 nhn.

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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT 2.5.2. Thnh phn ho hc ca qu c ph V qu

GVHH: VNG VNH PHC

V qu khi chn c mu , l cht antoxian , trong c vt ca alcaloid , tanin , cafein , v cc loi enzim . Trong v qu c t 21,5-30% cht kh. V tht Pha di v qu l lp nht , n gm nhng t bo mm khng c cafein, tanin , c nhiu ng v pectin . pH ca lp tht ph thuc vo chn ca qu, hng t 5,6-5,7, i khi ln n 6,4. Trong lp nht c enzim pectinase phn gii pectin trong qu trnh ln men. V tru V tru cha cellulose l ch yu. Sau y l thnh phn ha hc ca v tru c ph. Trong v tru c mt t cafein, khong 0,4% do t nhn khuch tn ra lc ln men hoc lc phi kh. V tru dng lm cht t, d chy, c th ng thnh bnh khng cn cht dnh bng cc loi p than, p mn ca.

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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT Nhn c ph Thnh phn Nc Cht bo m Cafein Axit cafetanic Tanin Tinh bt Dextrin ng Xenlulo Hemixenlulo Tro g1 128 184 1911 20 98 2 235 1 105 2010 20 4,52,5

GVHH: VNG VNH PHC

gm u

Bng 1: Thnh phn ca nhn c ph

Trong nhn c ph nc chim 10-12%, protein chim 9-11%, lipit chim 1013%, cc loi ng chim 5-10%, tinh bt chim 3-5%. Ngoi ra trong nhn cn cha cc cht thm, cc alkaloid.
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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT

GVHH: VNG VNH PHC

Thnh phn ho hc trong nhn c ph bin i ph thuc vo chng loi, chn, iu kin canh tc, phng php ch bin v bo qun. Nc Trong nhn c ph sy kh, nc cn li 10-12% dng lin kt. Khi hm lng nc cao hn, cc loi nm mc pht trin mnh lm hng ht. Mt khc , hm lng nc cao s lm tng th tch bo qun kho, kh khn trong qu trnh rang, tn nhiu nhin liu v nht l lm tn tht hng c ph. Hm lng nc trong c ph sau khi rang cn 2,7% . Cht khong Hm lng cht khong trong c ph khong 3-5%, ch yu l kali, nit magie, photpho, clo. Ngoi ra cn thy nhm, st, ng, iod, lu hunhNhng cht ny nh hng khng tt n mi c ph . Cht lng c ph cao khi hm lng cht khong cng thp v ngc li. Glucid Chim khong tng s cht kh, i b phn khng tham gia vo thnh phn nc ung m ch cho mu v v caramen. ng c trong c ph do trong qu trnh thu phn di tc dng ca axit hu c v enzim thu phn Hm lng saccharose c trong c ph ph thuc vo mc chn: qu cng chn th hm lng saccharose cng cao. Saccharose b caramen ho trong qu trnh rang nn s to hng v cho nc c ph. Ht c ph cn cha nhiu polysaccarit nhng phn ln b loi ra ngoi b c ph sau qu trnh trch ly. Protein Hm lng protein trong c ph khng cao nhng n ng vai tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh hng v ca sn phm. Bng phng php thu phn, ngi ta thy trong thnh phn protein ca c ph c nhng axit amin sau: cysteine, alanie, phenylalanine, histidine, leucine, lysine, derine. Cc axit amin ny t thy trng thi t do, chng thng dng lin kt. Khi gia nhit, cc mch polypeptit b phn ct, cc axt amin c gii phng ra tc dng vi nhau hoc tc dng vi nhng cht to mi v v cho c ph rang. Trong s cc axit amin k trn ng ch nht l nhng axt amin c cha lu hunh nh cystein,
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methionine v proline, chng gp phn to nn hng c trng ca c ph sau khi rang. c bit, methionine v proline c tc dng lm gim tc oxi ho cc cht thm, lm cho c ph rang gi c mi v khi bo qun. Trong qu trnh ch bin ch c mt phn protein b phn gii thnh axit amin, cn phn ln b bin thnh hp cht khng tan. Lipid Ht c ph cha lng c ph kh ln (10-13%). Lipid trong c ph gm ch yu du v sp. Trong sp chim 7-8% tng lng lipid, cn du chim 90%. Trong qu trnh ch bin, lipid b bin i, song mt phn axit bo tham gia phn ng di tc dng ca nhit cao to nn hng thm cho sn phm, lng lipid khng b bin i l dung mi tt ho tan cc cht thm. Khi pha c ph th ch mt lng nh lipid i vo nc cn phn ln lu li trn b. Cc alcaloid Trong c ph c cc alcaloid nh cafein, trigonulin, colin. Trong quan trng v c nghin cu nhiu hn c l cafein v trigonulin. Cafein chim t 1-3% ph thuc vo chng loi, iu kin kh hu, iu kin canh tc. Hm lng cafein thp hn trong ch nhng n kch thch h thn kinh vi thi gian di hn v khi ung c ph tc lu thng ca mu khng tng ln nn cafein thi ra ngoi chm, mt khc khi pha c ph trong nc, cafein c gii phng hon ton trng thi t do, khng hnh thnh nhng cht c kh nng kt ta hoc nhng cht khng c hot tnh ca ancaloit. Trigonellin ( acid metyl betanicotic: C7H7NO2) l ancanoit khng c hot tnh sinh l, t tan trong ru etylic, khng ta trong clorofoc v ete, tan nhiu trong nc nng, nhit nng chy l 218oC . Tnh cht ng qu ca trigonellin l di tc dng ca nhit cao n b thy phn to thnh acid nicotic ( tin vitamin PP). Nhiu kt qu nghin cu cho thy trong c ph nhn khng c acid nicotic nhng n c hnh thnh trong qu trnh gia nhit trong s nhit phn trigonellin gi v tr quan trng.

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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT Cht thm

GVHH: VNG VNH PHC

Trong c ph hm lng cht thm nh, n c hnh thnh v tch ly trong ht. S tch ly chu nhiu yu t nh t ai, kh hu v nht l chng loi c ph. Mt khc n c hnh thnh trong qu trnh ch bin , c bit trong qu trnh rang. Cht thm bao gm nhiu cu t khc nhau : acid , aldehid , ceton , ru, phnol, este. Trong qu trnh rang, cc cht thm thot ra ban u c mi hc sau chuyn thnh mi thm. Cc cht thm ca c ph d b bay hi, bin i v dn n hin tng c ph b mt mi thm nn cn ng trong bao b kn v tiu th nhanh. Thnh phn ch yu ca lp v tru l xenlulo v tro, trong thnh phn ca tro ch yu l silic, canxi, kali, magi... Ngoi ra, trong nhn c ph cn c mt t vitamin, thnh phn ha hc ca nhn c ph chu nh hng nhiu ca chng c ph, chn ca qu, iu kin canh tc. nh gi tc dng ca thnh phn ha hc nhn c ph n phm cht ca nc pha c ph th cn phi bit nhng bin i ca chng trong qu trnh ch bin, c bit l qu trnh rang c ph. 2.5.3. Cng dng C ph l mt loi nc ung cao cp c s dng rng ri hu ht cc nc trn th gii. C ph l sn phm ca cc nc nhit i, nhng th trng tiu dung ch yu li cc nc vng n i. C ph c dung lm ung di dng chit hm bng nc si t bt ht c ph rang, hoc di dng c ph ha tan. Ung c ph lm mt bun ng, gip tinh thn tnh to, gim cm gic mt mi. Hot cht ch yu cha trong ht c ph l caffeine. Ngoi ra, trong ht c ph cn cha nhiu cht dinh dng cn thit cho c th con ngi nh ng saccharose, ng kh, protein ha tan, cc vitamin nhm B (B1, B2, B6,) v vitamin PP l nhng vitamin cn thit ca c th con ngi.

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ng thi, c ph c mt hng v c o. Bng phng php phn tch quang ph, ngi ta xc nh gn 300 hp cht phc tp khc nhau cu thnh nn hng thm ca c ph. Do , tp tc ung c ph tr thnh nhu xu v thc ung thng dng ca nhn dn nhiu nc trn th gii, c bit l cc nc pht trin Ty u, Bc u, Nam M. Ngoi ra, ph phm ca c ph nh tht qu cn lm nguyn liu ch bin ru, nc gii kht, v qu c ph lm phn bn, b ch bin lm thc n gia sc. Mt s thuc cha bnh cng c ch to t c ph. 2.6. Cc yu cu v iu kin ngoi cnh nh hng ca t ai: t trng c ph phi c tng su t 70 cm tr ln, c thot nc tt ( khng b ng, ly ). t bazan thch hp nht cho cy c ph. 2.6.1. nh hng ca kh hu Cy c ph i hi mt s cc yu cu v nhit , lng ma, nh sng, gi . Nhit : tu tng chng c ph. Cy c ph ch a ni mt v lnh, phm vi thch hp t 18-20oC, thch hp nht t 20-22oC, do c ph ch thng c trng min ni c cao t 600 2500 m. C ph vi thch ni nng m, nhit thch hp t 24-26 oC. Gi rt, gi nng, gi kh: u bt li i vi sinh trng ca cy c ph. Lng ma: c ph ch 1300-1900 mm, c ph vi 1300-2500 mm, c ph mt tng t c ph vi nhng do c b r n su v vy c th trng nhng ni c lng ma ln. m ca khng kh: ln hn 70%, c bit giai on c ph n hoa cn c m cao. nh sng: c ph ch a nh sng tn x, c ph vi l cy thch nh sng trc x yu.

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GVHH: VNG VNH PHC

2.6.2.nh hng ca iu kin chm sc k thut ch chm sc k thut trong thi gian trng c ph rt quan trng. Cc ch chm sc k thut bao gm: nh nhnh, to hnh cy. T gc cy c ph. Bn phn ng nh k, ng s lng cn thit. S lng v loi cy bng mt cn thit cho tng loi cy c ph. Phng tr su bnh hi c ph. Chm sc cy tt s c nh hng ln n cht lng c ph, my ca ht c ph, cht dinh dng trong nhn y .

2.6.3. nh hng ca cao cao vng t trng cng nh hng n cht lng ca c ph. C ph trng cao 2000 m tr ln c hng v c bit v xp hng cao hn c ph trng thp. 2.7. Qu trnh thu hi, vn chuyn v bo qun 2.7.1. Thu hi thng thu hi bng tay, trong qu trnh thu hi cn ch nhng im sau: Phi thu hi khi qu c ph va chn ti (2/3 din tch qu c mu ), khng c qu chn, qu s b rng v tn hao cht d tr trong qu. Khng thu hi nhng qu cn xanh, v lc cht d tr cha y , trong qu trnh ch bin v la bm cht vo nhn, khoc bc v ht s nhn nheo. Trong qu trnh thu hi, khng c lm tn thng sy st cy c ph lm gim nng sut cho ma sau. Gi v sinh trong qu trnh thu hi, khng c ln tp cht vo nguyn liu, khng c lm dp nt qu to iu kin cho VSV xm nhp, pht trin gy thi ra.
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GVHH: VNG VNH PHC

2.7.2. Vn chuyn trong qu trnh vn chuyn nguyn liu, cn trnh ln cc tp cht nh: c di, t, ct... v khng c nguyn liu b dp nt, nu nguyn liu b dp nt cn phi em ch bin trc. Phng tin vn chuyn c th dng xe t hoc cc phng tin th s khc nu a hnh ni thu hi cho php. 2.7.3. o qun nguyn liu a v ni ch bin phi ni thong mt, c mi che, khng c cht ng m phi ri thnh tng lp dy 15 - 20cm, 2 - 3 gi phi o trn mt ln, thi gian bo qun trc khi a vo ch bin cng ngn cng tt, thng khng qu 36 gi. III.CCH BO QUN 3.1. BO QUN C PH THC: Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh bo qun - m ca ht c ph v mi trng xung quanh -Nhit ca khi c ph v mi trng xung quanh - thng thong khng kh trong khi c ph Cc phng php thng dng o qun trng thi kh -Phi nng -Sy bng khng kh nng -Sy bng khng kh kh -Dng ho cht ht nc nh H2SO4, CaCl2 o qun trng thi thong gi t ch cc C s ca phng php bo qun thong gi tch cc l li dng hng ca khi ht c ph m qut khng kh kh v mt vo khi ht nhiu ln, vi mc ch lm gim c nhit v m ca khi ht c ph. Khng kh thi vo khi ht cn p ng cc iu kin sau: -Khng kh phi c qut u trong ton b khi ht.

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-Cn m bo lng khng kh kh v mt thc hin c mc ch lm gim nhit v m ca khi ht. -Ch qut khi m ca khng kh ngoi tri thp, ngha l sau khi qut m ca khi ht phi gim xung. -Nhit khng kh ngoi tri phi thp hn nhit ca khi ht. 3.2. O QUN C PH NHN Do c tnh l hc cng nh sinh l ca c ph nhn thay i khc vi c ph thc nn trong bo qun c ph nhn qu trnh bt li xy ra nhanh hn, bn bo qun km hn c ph thc v lp v tru, lp v la c tnh cht bo v b bc i, ht c ph tip xc trc tip vi mi trng nn ch bo qun v kim tra cht lng c ph kht khe hn so vi c ph thc. Hin nay thng dng cc phng php sau bo qun. o qun trong bao (bao ti, bao vi) y l phng php ph bin c p dng nhiu. Khi bo qun cn phi ch cc im sau: - m c ph nhn a vo bo qun phi nh hn 13 % -Tp cht trong c ph cng t cng tt, i vi c ph cp I , II phn trm tp cht < 0,5 % -Chn kho m c cch nhit, m tt -Phi st trng v v sinh kho sch s trc khi xp bao -Khng xp trc tip xung nn v st tng: cch nn 0,3 m, cch tng 0,5m. - trnh hin tng nn cht cc bao do sc nn ca ti trng cc bao pha trn, c sau 3 tun phi o th t xp bao mt ln. thnh ng ri thc cht l bo qun ri trong cc xil. tit

kim bao b v bo qun thi gian lu hn, ngi ta thng bo qun c ph nhn trong cc xil bng tn, bng b tng, hoc bng g tt khp kn. u im ca phng php ny l ngoi vic tit kim bao b v tng thi gian

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bo qun cn tit kim c th tch kho, trnh c hin tng nn cht lm gim ri ca khi ht c ph nhn. C ph nhn sau khi ng bao nu cha xut xng phi cho vo kho bo qun cn thn. bao kt thnh tng l gn gang trong kho, xp cch tng 0,5m, khng sn phm trc tip di nn kho. Khng cc sn phm c mi thm hoc thi cng kho c ph nhn. Quy cch kho bo qun: kho phi ng tiu chun nh nc quy nh cho bo qun sn phm thc phm Kho phi dng ni cao ro, thong mt, trnh m t,nn v tng kho phi cch m tt, khng dt, kho phi lm bng vt liu kh chy. Cn c ch thng gi thch hp cho tng ma m bo sn phm tt.

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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT IV.QUY TRNH SN XUT C PH T:

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4.1. Quy trnh sn xut c ph nhn

sn xut c ph nhn, ngi ta s dng hai phng php sau: Phng php kh: iu kin ch bin n gin nhng ph thuc hon ton vo thi tit, thi gian ch bin ko di. Phng php t: sn xut ch ng hn nhng tn nhiu thit b, nc v nng lng. Tuy nhin, sn xut theo phng php ny rt ngn c thi gian ch bin v cho sn phm c cht lng cao hn. Thng thng ngi ta kt hp c hai phng php, sau y l s cng ngh sn xut c ph nhn bng phng php kt hp 4.1.1. Sn xut c ph thc theo phng php kt hp C ph

Phn loi

Bc v

Ngm

Ra

Lm ro

Phi sy

C ph thc

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4.1.1.1. Phn loi Phn loi nhm mc ch tch cc cht tp cht ln trong nguyn liu, lm cho kch thc nguyn liu ng u, to iu kin cho vic bc v c trit , m bo cht lng ca sn phm. Vic phn loi thng c thc hin theo hai bc sau: Phn loi theo kch thc: thc hin trn sng phn loi, thng s dng sng phng c 2 - 3 li sng, kch thc l sng tng dn t di ln. Yu cu ca vic phn loi theo kch thc l phi m bo loi ht tp cht ln, trong tp cht khng c ln nguyn liu. Phn loi theo t trng: Ngi ta s dng nc tin hnh phn loi theo t trng, i vi c ph chn ng mc 1, c ph cn xanh, non c 1, c ph qu chn v tp cht nh c < 1. Chnh v th m ngi ta a khi qu c ph vo nc phn loi, c ph chn ng mc s l lng, c ph xanh vtp cht nng s chm, ngc li c ph chn v tp cht nh s ni. B xi phng c cu to nh sau:

Hnh 4.1: My phn loi Thng t l nc/nguyn liu khong 3/1, trong qu trnh lm vic cn phi m bo nguyn liu chn ng mc qua ng xiphng vo my xt ti tht u n v lin tc nhng lng nc tiu tn l t nht. Chu k lm v sinh b xiphng khng qu 12 gi. Ngoi ra b xiphng cn c tc dng lm cho nguyn liu ngm nc,
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to iu kin thun li cho vic bc v qu, tuy nhin, nu ko di thi gian ngm th s phn loi s tr nn km hiu qu. 4.1.1.2. c v qu, v tht xt ti Mc ch: Thnh phn ch yu ca lp v qu l nc, gluxit v protein, cc cht ny khng tham gia vo qu trnh hnh thnh cht lng sn phm m cn gy kh khn nh thi ra, lm ko di thi gian phi sy. Do v qu cn phi loi b. Ngoi ra, lp v tht, thnh phn ch yu l pectin, cng khng c li cho cc qu trnh ch bin tip theo nn cng cn phi loi b. Phng php bc v qu, v tht: bc v qu, ngi ta thng dng phng php c hc, cc my xt kiu Gosdon, Hamburg, Raoeng thng hay c s dng. i vi my xt a kiu Hamburg, cc a c b tr g trn mt tng hiu qu bc v. Gia a v m iu chnh c khe h, kch thc ca cc khe h ph thuc vo tng loi c ph, thng th 0,5 - 0,8 mm. Khe h cng nh th hiu sut bc cao nhng t l dp nt cng cao. Sau y l s ca my bc v kiu a:

Hnh 4.2: My bc v kiu a Bc v nht: Sau khi bc v qu, lp v nht vn cn bm chung quanh ht c ph, do cn phi bc lp v nht. Vic bc v nht phi m bo sao cho cht lng ht khng b bin i, mu sc ca ht sau khi bc v
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nht phi t nhin v t l ht b dp v hoc tch c v tru khng qu 6 %. tch v nht, ngi ta thng dng cc phng php sau: Phng php ln men: tn dng enzym sn c trong v tht, ch yu l pectinaza. cht lng c ph tt hn, ngi ta tin hnh ln men ym kh (ln men trong nc), trong qu trnh ln men, cc phn t lin kt trong v tht di tc dng ca enzym s b phn ct thnh cc phn t t do, d dng tri theo nc ra. qu trnh ln men tin hnh c thun li, cn ln men c ph qu va chn, b ln men thng c th tch 3 - 6 m3, nhit ln men 35 - 420 C, thi gian t 10 - 18 gi ty thuc vo tng loi c ph. Nc dng trong qu trnh ln men phi l nc sinh hot, hm lng st < 5 mg/lt, pH 6,9 - 7,2. Ngoi ra, qu trnh ln men c u n, nn o nguyn liu 2 - 3 ln trong mt chu k ln men. * Phng php ha hc: thy phn pectin trong v tht qu c ph trong mi trng kim, ngi ta thng s dng Na2CO3, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, nng 2 %, thi gian 2 - 3 gi. Phng php ny rt ngn c thi gian so vi phng php trn nhng tn ha cht v mi v ca sn phm khng tt. Ngoi hai phng php trn, cn c phng php vi sinh vt, phng php c hc..., c bit i vi phng php c hc, ngi ta s dng my xt ti lin hon Raoeng, n thc hin ng thi ba nhim v: bc v qu, bc v nht v ra c ph thc, do s dng my xt ti lin hon Raoeng s cho php rt ngn c thi gian sn xut. S ca my xt ti Raoeng nh sau:

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My gm mt trc rng hnh tr, trn b mt c nhng ng gn ni

Hnh 4.3: My xt ti Raoeng Chia lm ba on r rt, on u tin lm nhim v a qu c ph vo v tr bc v, on gia lm nhim v x rch lp v ngoi ng thi ch xt lp v tht, on cui lm nhim v tip tc ch xt lp v tht v gt c ph thc ra ngoi. 4.1.1.3. Ngm, ln men Qu trnh ny c thc hin vi vic bc v qu, v tht. Tuy nhin, nu s dng my xt ti Raoeng, c th loi b c qu trnh ny. 4.1.1.4. Ra Mc ch: loi b nhng phm vt to thnh trong qu trnh ln men, loi b cc vt ca lp v nht, y l cng on quan trng v nu cn cc phm vt k trn bm vo ht c ph , khng nhng chng lm cho mu sc ca ht, mi v ca ht b nh hng m cn ko di thi gian phi sy na. tin hnh ra, c th dng phng php c kh hoc th cng. Nu ra th cng, tin hnh trong b nc, thay nc 2 - 3 ln cho mi m ra, 15 pht khuy o mt ln. Ra c kh tin hnh trong thit b ra thng quay, c phun nc. Nhng yu t nh hng n qu trnh ra:

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Qu trnh ln men nh hng rt ln n qu trnh ra, nu qu trnh ln men tt, tc l lp v nht c phn hy hon ton th s thun li cho qu trnh ra v ngc li. Tc khuy cng nh hng n qu trnh ra, nu tc khuy nh, ma st gia cnh khuy v nguyn liu t, hiu qu ra khng cao; ngc li, nu tc khuy qu ln s gy dp nt nguyn liu v lp v tru s bong ra, t , khi phi sy, clorofin s b oxy ha v ht c ph thc s c mu xu, thng th tc cnh khuy khong 50 - 100 vng/pht. T l nc/nguyn liu trong qu trnh ra khong 0,9 - 1,2. Nu t l ny ln qu s ko di thi gian ra v qu trnh ra s khng hon ton. 4.1.1.5. Lm ro Mc ch: lm mt phn nc t do ht c ph sau khi ra, nu khng lm ro m em sy ngay s sinh ra hin tng luc nguyn liu to ra mt mng cng bn ngoi ht c ph lm ko di thi gian sy v sy khng u lm nh hng n cht lng thnh phm. Lm ro c th rt ngn thi gian phi sy, m ca nguyn liu c th gim t 7 - 10 % sau cng on ny. Cc phng php lm ro: Lm ro nc trn sn phi: yu cu sn c nghing 10 - 120 nc thot d dng, trn sn lm ro c th v ph thnh tng ng nh, b dy lp ht khong 10 - 20 cm, thi gian lm ro khong 2 - 4 gi. Lm ro trn li: kch thc l li phi ph hp vi tng loi c ph ht khng lt qua li c. Li c t trn gi cch mt t 0,5 - 0,8 m d thot nc v cch m t, chiu dy lp ht trn li t 12 - 15 cm. Lm ro bng phng php li tm: dng my li tm c tc 1000 - 1500 vng/pht. Phng php ny rt ngn c thi gian lm ro v cn lm cho qu trnh ra c hon chnh hn do lc li tm ko cc cht cn st li trn ht trong qu trnh ra. 4.1.1.6. Phi sy 4.1.1.6.1. Phi Mc ch: phi nhm h m xung cn 10 - 12 % thc hin nhng qu trnh ch bin tip theo.
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Nhit ca khng kh: ph thuc hon ton vo thi tit, kh nng bc m tng ln khi thi tit tt. m ca khng kh thp s tng nhanh qu trnh bc m trong nguyn liu, do s rt ngn thi gian phi. Cc phng php phi v yu cu k thut: Phi trn lip: lip lm bng tn c l, hoc an bng tre, kch thc 1*2 (m), khong cch cc lip 20 - 40 cm, lip di cng cch mt t 0,8 - 1 m. Phi trn sn: sn phi c th l sn xi mng, sn gch. V ma h, nhit sn phi c th t 40 - 500 C. Mt c ph ri trn sn 10 - 15 kg/m2, sn phi c dc 1 - 2 % d thot nc. Trong qu trnh phi cn o trn, c 1 - 1,5 gi o trn mt ln, nn dng cc dng c o trn bng g hoc nha trnh tn thng ht. Cng v tra, c th tng chiu dy lp ht ln 3 - 4 cm v sang ngy th hai, thi im nng nhiu c th tng chiu dy lp ht n 4 - 6 cm. nhng ngy phi cui cng, do hm lng nc t do bay i phn ln, ch cn li nc lin kt. Do , trong nhng ngy ny cn phi sn tht kh mi tin hnh phi, chiu dy lp ht khong 3 - 4 cm v c 1 gi o trn mt ln. Phng php ny ph thuc hon ton vo thi tit v cht lng ca ht khng ng u. Do , ch ph hp vi cc c s sn xut nh, ngun nng lng nhn to khng c iu kin thc hin. 4.1.1.6.2. Sy Do nhc im ca qu trnh phi nn ngi ta tin hnh sy, v ht c ph c cu to c bit, tc chuyn m t trong ra ngoi rt chm nn ngi ta thng sy ht c ph bng phng php bn lin tc. nh hng ca qu trnh sy n cht lng ht c ph: nhit cao, protein ca ht c ph b bin tnh v keo t li. Cht bo trong ht b phn gii nhit cao, do lm hm lng axit bo trong ht tng ln. Tinh bt trong ht to thnh dextrin di nh hng ca nhit .
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nhit cao, cc loi men trong ht b nh ch hot ng, vitamin b tn

tht nhiu. Thit b sy c ph v yu cu k thut: Sy th cng: l sy th cng c cu to nh sau:

Hnh 4.4: My sy th cng Lp li th nht cch nn 1 - 1,5 m, cc ng truyn nhit c b tr dc theo nn. Loi l sy ny tn kh nhiu nhn cng, nng sut b. Sy bng my sy: ph bin nht l my sy thng quay v thp sy. sau y l s ca my sy thng quay:

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Hnh 4.5: My sy thng quay B phn chnh l mt thng hnh tr nm ngang, trn thng c b tr cc ca cho nguyn liu ra vo. Chnh gia thng l mt trc rng lm nhim v dn tc nhn sy, trn trc rng c gn cc ng truyn nhit. Thng c chia lm 4 ngn theo chiu dc, trong mi ngn c cc cnh o trn c ph khi thng quay. Thi gian sy trn my sy thng quay ph thuc vo m ban u ca c ph, nu m ban u ca c ph c gi tr t 20 - 40 % th thi gian sy t 16 - 36 gi. L sy thng quay c nhiu u im nh: t tn nhn cng, nng sut ln, cht lng c ph tt.

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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT 4.1.2. Sn xut c ph nhn C ph thc

GVHH: VNG VNH PHC

Bc v

Phn loi

u trn

ng gi

C ph nhn

4.1.2.1. c v thc xt kh Ht c ph c bao bc bi mt lp v tru tng i dy v chc chn, thnh phn ch yu l xenlulo, khng c ch cho qu trnh tiu ha ca c th v cng khng c ch cho s hnh thnh cht lng sn phm, do cn phi loi chng ra. Yu cu ht c ph sau khi xt kh phi gi c nguyn ht, lng ht nt, v cng t cng tt, do cn phi iu chnh hiu sut xt < 100 %. Cc thit b xt kh c thit k da trn cc tc ng c hc ln nguyn liu nh p, x v ma st, hai loi my xt kh thng dng nht l my xt kh Engelber v Hanxa, sau y l s cu to ca thit b xt kh Engelber:

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Hnh 4.6: Thit b xt kh Engelber Bc v la (nh bng) Cng nh lp v thc, lp v la khng c gi tr cho ngi tiu dng nn cn phi bc v la cho ht c ph c bng, tng gi tr cm quan v trnh VSV xm nhp. Yu cu sau khi nh bng ht c ph, nhit ca khi c ph khng qu 550 C, t l ht nt v khng qu 1 %. T l v la trong c ph nhn phi t 90 % (i vi arabica), 80 % (i vi canephora) v 70 % (i vi excelsa), qui nh rng ht c 1/2 din tch bc v la tr ln c xem l ht sch. Thit b nh bng thng c hai loi, kiu 1 trc Smout v 2 trc kiu Okrassa, sau y l s ca my nh bng kiu Smout:

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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT

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Hnh 4.7: My nh bng kiu Smout Trn trc ca my nh bng gm 6 cnh xon kh, phn nh c mi nhn, cc cnh kh ny c phn cui cong li ht chuyn ng ngc li, thn my c b tr cc g c chiu nghing ngc chiu vi chiu xon ca trc. 4.1.2.2. Phn loi C ph sau khi nh bng l mt hn hp gm: c ph tt, c ph xu, v tru, v la, c ph vn...do cn phi phn loi m bo c yu cu ca khch hng v tiu chun ca nh my. Trong sn xut c ph nhn, ngi ta thng phi phn loi theo ba phng php: Phn loi theo kch thc: s dng sng phn loi gm sng trn hoc sng lc vi cc li sng c c l khc nhau, hnh dng cc l cng khc nhau, nu phn loi theo chiu rng ht ngi ta dng li sng l trn hoc vung, nu phn loi theo chiu dy ht ngi ta dng li sng l di... Phn loi theo t trng: da vo s chuyn ng khc nhau ca cc ht c t trng khc nhau trong lung khng kh chuyn ng ngc chiu vi khi ht, mc ch ca vic phn loi theo t trng nhm loi b cc ht xu, ht lp km cht lng. phn loi theo t trng, ngi ta thng dng hai loi thit b, loi nm ngang v loi thng ng, sau y l s cu to ca thit b phn loi kiu thng ng (catador)

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Hnh 4.8: Thit b phn loi kiu thng ng (catador) Cn ch iu chnh tc khng kh ngn I lun lun ln hn tc khng kh ngn II. Vi loi thit b ny, c th thu c 3 loi sn phm khc nhau. Phn loi theo mu sc: Phn loi theo kch thc v t trng ch loi b c tp cht, tng ng u ca khi ht nhng cha th to c cho khi ht ng nht v mu sc c, do , tng cng cht lng ca khi ht hn na, ngi ta tin hnh phn loi theo mu sc. Phn loi theo mu sc c th tin hnh bng th cng hoc bng nhng thit b in t. Phn loi bng th cng c th thc hin trn cc bng chuyn chy vi tc chm v dng li theo chu k cng nhn ngi hai bn bng chuyn tin hnh phn loi. Phng php ny tn kh nhiu nhn cng v thi gian nhng c th gii quyt c nhiu vn m my mc khng th gii quyt c. 4.1.2.3. u trn, ng bao, bo qun C ph nhn c u trn theo mt t l nht nh m bo hiu qu kinh t cho c s sn xut hoc m bo theo yu cu ca khch hng. i vi c ph arabica v canephora ng thnh 2 lp: mt lp polietilen trong v mt lp bng ay gai ngoi, i vi c ph excelsa ch cn ng mt lp, trng lng mi bao 50 kg hoc 70 kg.

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Trong qu trnh bo qun c ph nhn cn ch nhng im sau: m c ph nhn a vo bo qun < 13 %, Hm lng tp cht < 0,5 %, Kho bo qun phi c cch m v cch nhit tt, Thi gian bo qun khng qu 5 thng.

4.2.

Quy trnh sn xut c ph bt (c ph rang xay)

C ph nhn

Lm sch

Phn loi

Rang

Lm ngui

Tm ph gia

Xay

Bao gi bo qun

C ph bt

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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT 4.2.1. Lm sch

GVHH: VNG VNH PHC

c ph nhn ra khay inox v dng tay lm sch. 4.2.2. Phn loi S dng sang c kch thc l ph hp tch cc ht nh em rang ring. Tip theo, nht loi b nhng ht b en,ht b mc trng v ht b su, mt c. Sau , cn ly mt lng c ph nhn theo yu cu rang. Tip theo, s dng ng ong xc nh th tch mu c ph nhn ly i rang. 4.2.3. Rang y l giai on quan trng nht v hng thm to thnh trong qu trnh ny. cc c s sn xut nh, ngi ta tin hnh rang trong nhng thit b rang hnh cu hoc hnh tr, lng c ph cho vo < 2/5 th tch thit b, trn thn thit b c b tr ca np v tho nguyn liu v cc l thot m. cc c s sn xut ln hn, ngi ta thng s dng loi thit b rang kiu ng c s cu to nh sau:

Hnh 4.9: Thit b rang kiu ng

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Nhit rang thng khng ch trong khong 2400 C. Qu trnh ny gm ba giai on: nhit < 500 C ta thy bc ra nhiu khi trng, ch yu l hi nc v hi

dung mi, th tch ht khng bin i. Cui giai on ny ta thy ngng sinh kh, y l du hiu chuyn sang giai on sau. - Khi nhit tng ln 1500 C th trong ht xy ra qu trnh tch kh nn th tch ca ht tng ln t ngt, lc ny ta nghe thy nhng ting n, ht chuyn sang mu en nhng cha bng. Trong giai on ny ta thy kh mu xanh thot ra, ch yu l acrolein. - Khi nhit ln 2200 C, gi nhit 15 pht, lc ny th tch ht khng bin i na, ny trong vng 10 s sinh kh rt yu t hoc ngng hn, ht chuyn sang mu en bng. Trong qu trnh rang, tng cht lng sn phm, ngi ta cho cht bo (du thc vt, b..) vo giai on cui ca qu trnh rang, cht bo s gi li cc cht thm trn b mt ca ht. Ht c ph rang t yu cu c mt ngoi en bng, bn trong c mu cnh gin, mi thm nh (tt hn mi thm mnh v khi pha s t c mi), v ng cht.

Hnh : My rang
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4.2.4. Lm ngui Qu trnh lm ngui c th thc hin trong thit b rang kiu ng, dng khng kh lm ngui , mt s c s sn xut ngi ta c th phun m hoc phun ru lm ngui nhm mc ch to ra m bo qun (< 1 %. Ngoi ra vic phun 13 %) v khi rang m ch cn 0,5 ru cn c tc dng l to ra phn ng ester ha c mi thm. C mt s ni dng dung dch ng, t l 2 % phun vo c ph rang nhm mc ch lm ngui v bc ht c ph mt lp mng mng khi mt hng thm. 4.2.5. Tm ph gia Cc cht ph gia cn c cho vo t t, tri u true ton khi ht ng thi phi o trn. Arabica: Hng c ph bt Arabica-1607 c chn lc vi tnh nng cung cp b sung thm mi c ph Arabica-1607 c hng m rt ging vi mi c ph t nhin cho sn phm c ph ch bin.sn phm dng bt nn c th sao tm ngui, trnh s tn tht mi hng do nhit , to li th, hiu qu cho nh sn xut. Hng sa b: y l loi hng sa b c tnh nng ph hp cho vic sn xut c ph, l mt s kt hp hon ho, gi mi lu, c cc nh sn xut a chung. Hng sa-b HbF-1602 cung cp mi sa b rt thm cho cc sn phm ch bin cn thit nh c ph, bnh ko cc lai... HbF-1602 dng bt nn c th tm ngui vo c ph ch bin, trnh tn tht hng do nhit cao. 4.2.6.

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Bc kn sn phm bng bao PE, bn ngoi l giy xi mng hoc thng giy carton. ni kh ro, thong mt, khng c mi l. Thi gian ti thiu l 40 gi. 4.2.7. Xay S dng my nghin rng, iu chnh my nghin c ph bt ra c mn ph hp.

Hnh : My xay 4.2.8. Bao gi bo qun C ph rang (c bit l c ph rang xay) rt d b mt hng thm, hp ph mi l v d b oxy ha nn cn phi bao gi tht cn thn. C th dng cc loi bao b nh thy tinh, polime, giy thic ... tin hnh bao gi. Ngoi ra, c th ng gi chn khng hoc ng gi vi cc cht kh nh N2, CO2... V. V SINH AN TON THC PHM 5.1. Thc trng v sinh an ton thc phm V sinh an ton thc phm trong c nc ni chung v ca TP ni ring ang to nhiu lo lng cho ngi dn. Thc cht, nhiu s kin nh vic tip tc s dng nhng ho cht cm dng trong nui trng, ch bin nng thy sn, thc phm, vic sn xut mt s sn phm km cht lng hoc do quy trnh ch bin hoc do
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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT

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nhim c t mi trng, ang gy nh hng xu n xut khu v tiu dng. cc v ng c thc phm do mt s bp n tp th cung cp, nhiu thng tin lin tc v tnh hnh ATVSTP mt vi nc trn th gii, cng thm dch cm gia cm ti pht, bnh heo tai xanh mt s ni trn t nc cng lm bng ln s lo u ca mi ngi chng ta. Gn y mt s vn lin quan n qun l an ton v sinh thc phm, s khc bit gia cc kt qu phn tch kim tra chat lng sn phm va gy khng t kh khn cho ngi sn xut va to thm lo lng cho ngi tiu dng trong khi chng ta ang c gng to nhng u th v nhiu mt c nhiu li th nht vi cng v l mt thnh vin bnh ng ca WTO. Vi phm trong vn VSATTP hin nay nc ta rt nghim trng. Vy nguyn nhn l do u?. Chng ta cha thc s quyt tm thc hin tt cng tc ny, v vy tn ti nhiu bt cp. Trch nhim ca c quan nh nc i vi chm sc sc khe nhn dn cn cha c nng cao v y mnh. Quan trng hn na thi quen xu v mt mt v sinh vn l thi quen c hu ca nhiu ngi. Ngoi ra, chng ta vn cn yu km khu qun l nh nc v vn ny vn thiu s quyt tm, s ng b. Khu t chc sn xut c thc phm an ton cng cha n m ngc li, sn xut cha ng rt nhiu nguy c. Cc ch ti x l hin nay cha mnh v vy hiu qu ngn chn cn thp. Tuy nhin chng ta cng nn quan tm n cc nguyn nhn khch quan khc: nn nng nghip ca nc ta cn nhiu th s lc hu, khoa hc k thut p dng cha su quan trng l cha trit .i a s cc h lm nng nghip thc hin trn m hnh nng dn nh l, do vy vic u t ng b t ging, cy trng vt nui n vic p dng cc bin php canh tc, nui trng theo quy cch m bo an ton thc phm nh GAP, HACCP cn hn ch. Vy khc phc vic mt v sinh an ton thc phm chng ta lm g v cn phi lm them nhng g na?. nc ta cng c mt s hi bo v ngi tiu dng, nhng do mt s l do no , cc hi ny cha hot ng tch cc. VSATTP rt quan trng, n nh hng trc tip n sc khe bao gm c th cht v tr tu, nh hng n ging ni ngi Vit Nam, nh hng ti s pht trin kinh t, x hi ca t nc.

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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT

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Vn then cht l lm th no qun l c tt cht lng nng thy sn thc phm Vit Nam khng nhim vi sinh, khng cha ha cht b cm, ha cht ngoi danh mc cho php, hay b nhim ha cht qu gii hn cho php hu nng cao nng lc cnh tranh doanh nghip, bo m an ton cho ngi tiu dng, ng gp c phn quan trng vo pht trin kinh t-x hi ca t nc. 5.2. V sinh an ton thc phm ti c s sn xut V mc an ton v sinh thc phm Vn ATVSTP l vn m bt c Cng ty sn xut thc phm no cng quan tm. Tuy nhin, khng phi Cng ty no cng lm c. Sau mt thi gian thc tp Cng ty, em nhn thy vn ATVSTP c Cng ty t ln hng u, t khu nguyn liu cho n khi sn phm n tay ngi tiu dng. 5.2.1. i vi nguyn liu Lun cp nht cc quy nh ca B Y T v cc quy nh ca nc ngoi c th iu chnh cc loi ph gia cng nh l hm lng ca chng c th c s dng trong sn phm nhm khng lm nh hng n sc khe ca ngi tiu dng. S dng ngun nguyn liu ca cc nh cung cp c uy tn, cht lng c trong v ngoi nc. Lun kim tra cht ch nguyn liu u vo: Cht lng v sinh. Tnh trng bao gi. Giy chng nhn cht lng t nh cung cp. Cng mt s giy t cn thit khc. 5.2.2.i vi qu trnh sn xut a ra cc quy nh cht ch v v sinh trong qu trnh sn xut. Lun c mt i ng nhn vin kim tra cht lng m nhn ti cc cng on trn dy chuyn sn xut theo di, gim st vic chp hnh cc quy nh v v sinh trong qu trnh sn xut.
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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT Ly v lu mu kim tra cc ch tiu vi sinh.

GVHH: VNG VNH PHC

5.2.3.i vi khu thnh phm Sn phm c ng gi trong bao b kn, m bo v sinh. Hng dn cc nhn vin bn hng bo qun, trng by sn phm ng theo cc yu cu i vi sn phm trnh tnh trng h hng ca sn phm. Khuyn khch ngi tiu dng tr li sn phm nu sn phm c du hiu b h hng. VI. KT LUN V KIN NGH 6.1. Kt lun 6.1.1.V bn thn Sau thi gian thc tp v tm hiu ti Cng ty, nh s hng dn tn tnh ca Ban lnh o cng nh anh ch em cng nhn m em thu nhn c kh nhiu kin thc t thc t trong quy trnh sn xut ni chung cng nh l quy trnh sn xut c ph bt ni ring. Cng nh s tip xc trc tip t thc t gip em c th vn dng nhng l thuyt m em c hc vo thc t sn xut mt cch d dng v chnh xc hn. 6.1.2.V ph a Cng ty 6.1.1.1.u im a. V sn phm a dng v cc sn phm. C th nm bt c tm l ca khch hng. Thng xuyn nghin cu v a ra nhng sn phm mi. Cc sn phm ca Cng ty lun nm bt c th hiu ca ngi tiu dng, gi c th trng li ph hp vi mi i tng.
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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT

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Sn phm ca Cng ty lun m bo v mt cht lng v lun c nhng mu m mi gy n tng n ngi tiu dng. Sn phm ca Cng ty lun chim u th trn th trng trong nc cng nh th trng ngoi nc. b. V mt t chc Cng ty Cng ty c t chc theo tng b phn, mi b phn c chc nng ring. C s phn cng nhim v v trch nhim r rng, c th nn trong nhng nm va qua Cng ty hot ng rt c hiu qu. c.V mc tiu, chin lc pht trin ca Cng ty Cung cp nhng sn phm t cht lng cao vi gi c hp l. Gi vng s pht trin, tng trng v kh nng sinh li lin tc thng qua s pht huy thng hiu. pht trin mt mng li phn phi hiu qu. M rng cc hot ng ca cc n v trc thuc thng qua cc i tc trn ton cu. Hon thnh tt c cc mc tiu m Cng ty ra. Cng ty C phn i Hong Thy rt quan tm n khch hng bng cch to lp mt phong cch nng ng v chuyn nghip. Xy dng mt mi trng lm vic thn thin v c hiu qu nhm nng cao mc tha mn nhng nhu cu m khch hng a ra. 6.1.1.2. Nhc im Lun c s bin ng v gi ca cc loi nguyn vt liu. Cn s dng nhiu dy chuyn sn xut theo phng php th cng. Phng php kim tra nguyn liu ch thng qua cm quan nn dn n vic khng m bo c tnh chnh xc tuyt i. Do , cn c i ng cng nhn vin c o to chuyn su, c kinh nghim phc v cho cng tc kim tra cht lng sn phm cng nh nguyn vt liu ca Cng ty. 6.2. Kin ngh
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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT 6.2.1. V pha Cng ty:

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Cn nng cao cng tc nghin cu v pht trin ti Cng ty nhm tm ra nhng thng tin quan trng nh: D bo, phn tch, v th trng, v gi c, nh hng hng pht trin cho cc sn phm ca Cng ty trong tng lai. Nghin cu v cc quy trnh, cng ngh mi. Lp k hoch d bo v nhu cu ca th trng v cc loi sn phm ca Cng ty trong thi gian ti. ng dng cc cng ngh mi vo qu trnh sn xut. 6.2.1.1. V c cu t chc sn xut Cng ty vn cn nhng dy chuyn sn xut theo phng php th cng nn nng sut khng cao. Cn thay th nhng thit b my mc hin i hn c th nng cao nng sut. 6.2.1.2. V hot ng Marketing ca Cng ty: Cng ty v ang tin hnh mnh m cc cng tc tip th, tm hiu v m rng th trng trong cng nh ngoi nc. Vi mc tiu ngy cng m rng th phn ca mnh trn th trng ny. Tip cn, nm bt cc thng tin mi v th trng, v sn phm. Tham gia cc hi ch v hng tiu dng a sn phm n vi mi ngi. Thng qua cc vn phng thng mi ca cc nc khc ti Vit Nam gii thiu sn phm nhm tm c hi hp tc. C cn b tham gia, kho st cc th trng mi nhm tm hiu v hc hi kinh nghim qun l v t chc sn xut. Ngoi ra, Cng ty cn nghin cu v a ra cc dng sn phm thc mi ph hp vi xu hng pht trin ca ngnh sn xut c ph Th gii ni chung v ca Vit Nam ni ring. 6.2.1.3. V o to ngun nhn lc:

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Cn c k hoch c th cho vic o to, nng cao tay ngh v trnh lm vic cho ngi lao ng nhm xy dng mt i ng qun l c cht lng cao, mt i ng cng nhn c tay ngh k thut cao. Phi xc nh r mc tiu v phng hng pht trin ca Cng ty xc nh nhu cu o to nhn vin nhm nng cao trnh chuyn mn cng nh nhng kin thc, k nng m nhn vin cha thnh tho. Tip nhn thm chuyn vin, k s ( c ngi trong ln ngoi nc ) vo lm vic ti Cng ty nhm nng cao hiu qu ca cng vic. Nng cao tay ngh cho lc lng cng nhn ang trc tip sn xut. o to, hun luyn thm i ng cng nhn c tay ngh, k thut. 6.2.1.4. Ch nh sch i vi ngi lao ng: Cn tham gia y Bo him x hi cng nh Bo him tai nn cho 100% lao ng ang lm vic ti Cng ty. Cn quan tm n i sng vt cht ca cng nhn nh tng khu phn n, tng lng cng nh c ch khen thng khuyn khch cng nhn lm vic tch cc hn. Bn cnh cng cn nng cao i sng tinh thn cho cng nhn nh t chc cc cuc thi vn ngh, thi th thao, To mi iu kin thun li cho ngi lao ng yn tm lm vic. 6.2.2.V ph a nh trng: Cn to iu kin tt nht sinh vin c i thc tp. Cn lin kt vi cc Cng ty c nhu cu tin hnh o to. Tng cng i ng ging vin c trnh , c kinh nghim, . u t thm trang thit b p ng nhu cu hc tp ca sinh vin. C ch khen thng i vi nhng sinh vin c thnh tch tt. Tng cng t chc cc hot ng vui chi gii tr cng nh hc tp, to sn chi cho sinh vin sau nhng gi hc cng thng nh: t chc hi tri, cc cuc thi vn ngh, th thao, cc cuc thi em, cu lc b gip bn,

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CNG NGH SN XUT C PH BT

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