BI GING TON CAO CP

2
Chng 1: HM S V GII HN

1: Cc khi nim c bn v hm s mt
bin s

Ging vin: Phm Anh Tun Khoa Ton Kinh t

 I. Hm s

1. Bin s:

Bin s l mt k hiu m ta c th gn cho n mt s bt k

thuc mt tp hp s D cho trc (D l mt tp con khng rng
ca tp hp s thc R).

K hiu: x D. Tp D c gi l min xc nh ca bin s x.

Cc bin s thng s dng trong kinh t hc:

p: Gi c (price) TC: Tng chi ph (Total Cost)
Qs: Lng cung (Quantily Supplied) TR: Tng doanh thu (Total
Revenue)

Qd: Lng cu (Quantily Demanded) U: Li ch (Utility)

C: Tiu dng (Consumption) I: u t (Investment)

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 I. Hm s

2. nh ngha hm s

Cho D l mt tp con khng rng ca tp hp s thc R.

Mt hm s xc nh trn tp D l mt quy tc t
tng ng mi s thc x D vi mt v ch mt s thc y.

K hiu: y = f(x), x D hoc f : D

R
x a y f(x)
Tp D c gi l min xc nh ca hm s f.
Tp T = {yR: tn ti x D sao cho y=f(x)} c gi l
min gi tr ca hm s f. K hiu T = f(D).
Tp hp tt c cc im M(x,y) vi y = f(x), x D trn
mt phng Oxy c gi l th ca hm s f.
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 I. Hm s
3. Cch cho hm s

Cho hm s di dng lit k tng ng:

x x1 x2 xn
y y1 y2 yn

Cho hm s di dng mt biu thc cha bin: y =

f(x).

VD: y = x2 + 3x + 2, y = sin4x.cosx tan3x, ...

Khi , tp hp Df = {xR: f(x) c ngha} c gi l

min xc nh t nhin ca hm s y = f(x).

Cho hm s di dng f1phn

(x) khion
x X min xc nh.
f(x) ...
f2 (x) khi x X
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 II. Mt s c trng ca hm s

1. Hm n iu

Hm s f(x) c gi l n iu tng trn min D nu:

x1, x2 D, x1 < x2 f(x1) < f(x2).

Hm s f(x) c gi l n iu gim trn min D nu:

x1, x2 D, x1 < x2 f(x1) > f(x2).

y y
f(x1)
f(x2)

y = f(x)
y = f(x)
f(x1)
f(x2)

O x1 x2 x x1 O x2 x

Hm s n iu tng Hm s n iu gim 5
 II. Mt s c trng ca hm s
2. Hm b chn
Hm s f(x) c gi l b chn trn trong min D nu
tn ti hng s M sao cho: f(x) M, x D.
Hm s f(x) c gi l b chn di trong min D nu
tn ti hng s m sao cho: f(x) m, x D.

Hm s f(x) c gi l b chn trong min D nu f(x)

b chn trn ng thi b chn di trong min D,
ngha l tn ti cc hng s m v M sao cho:
m f(x) M, x D.

VD: - Hm s y = x2 b chn di, khng b chn trn

trn R.
y 9 x
2

- Hm s b chn trn MX ca n (0 y 6
 II. Mt s c trng ca hm s
3. Hm s chn v hm s l
Hm s f(x), x D c gi l hm s chn nu:

x D - x D v f(-x) = f(x).
Hm s f(x), x D c gi l hm s l nu:

x D - x D v f(-x) = -f(x).
Ch :
th hm s chn nhn trc tung lm trc i xng.
th hm s l nhn gc ta lm tm i xng
V d:
Cc hm s x2k , vi k Z; v cosx l cc hm s chn.
Cc hm s x2k+1 , vi k Z; v sinx l cc hm s l.
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 II. Mt s c trng ca hm s

4. Hm s tun hon

Hm s f(x), x D c gi l hm s tun hon vi chu k

T nu c T l s nguyn dng nh nht sao cho:

x D x + T D v f(x + T) = f(x)

V d:
Cc hm s sin x, cos x l cc hm tun hon vi
chu k 2.
Cc hm s tan x, cot x l cc hm tun hon vi
chu k .

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 III. Hm s ngc

1. nh ngha

Cho hm s y = f(x) c MX: D v MGT: T.

Hm s y = f(x), x D c gi l c hm ngc nu:

Vi mi gi tr y0 T, phng trnh f(x) = y0 c nghim

duy nht x0 D.

K hiu: y = f(x) x = f -1(y), trong x D, y T.

Hm s x = f -1(y), y T c gi l hm ngc ca hm
s y = f(x), x D.
f : D
T f
:T
1
D
x a y f(x) y a x f 1(y)

Ch : f[f -1(y)] = y; f -1[f(x)] = x vi mi x D, y T.

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 III. Hm ngc
2. Cc hm lng gic ngc

Hm sin: ; 1;1
2 2
x a y sinx

c hm ngc l: arcsin: 1;1


;
2 2
Ch : y a x arcsiny
Hm arcsin c MX l: [-1;1] v MGT l: [-/2; /2]

y = sin x x = arcsin y vi x [-/2; /2]

VD: 1 3
arcsin0 0; arcsin ; arcsin ;
2 6 2 3

arcsin 2 1
khng arcsin khng c
c; 3 bit; 10
 III. Hm ngc
2. Cc hm lng gic ngc

Hm cos:

0;
c hm ngc l:

1;1
x a y cos x

arccos : 1;1
0;
y a x arccos y
Ch :
Hm arccos c MX l: [-1;1] v MGT l: [0; ]
y = cos x x = arccos y vi x [0; ]
1 1 2 2 3
VD: arccos ; arccos ; arccos
;
2 3 2 3 2 4

arccos 2 khng
c;
arccos(0,3) khng c
bit; 11
 III. Hm ngc
2. Cc hm lng gic ngc

Hm tan: ; R
2 2
x a y tanx

c hm ngc l: arctan: R
;
2 2
y a x arctany
Ch :
Hm arctan c MX l: R v MGT l: (-/2;/2)

y = tan x x = arctan y vi x (-/2; /2)
3
VD: arctan 3 ; arctan( 3) ; arctan
;
3 3 3 6

arctan(1) ; arctan2014 khng c
4 bit; 12
 III. Hm ngc
2. Cc hm lng gic ngc

Hm s cot: 0;
R
x a y co t x

c hm ngc l: arcco t : R 0;
y a x arcco t y
Ch :

Hm arccot c MX l: R v MGT l: (0; )

y = cotan x x = arccot y vi x (0; )

3

VD: arccot 3 3

; arccot
3
3

3
;
2 arccot 3 5;
6

arccot(3900) khng c
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 IV. Hm s s cp

1. Cc hm s s cp c bn

Hm hng: f(x) = C (C l hng s)

Hm ly tha: f(x) = x ( l hng s) cc

lp

Hm s m: f(x) = ax (0<a 1) h
m
Hm s logarit: f(x) = logax (0<a 1)

Hm lng gic: f(x) = sin x; f(x) = cos x

f(x) = tan x; f(x) = cot x

Hm lng gic ngc: f(x) = arcsin x; f(x) = arccos x

f(x) = arctan x; f(x) = arccot x.

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 IV. Hm s s cp
2. Cc php ton s cp i vi hm s

Cc php ton s hc:

Cc php ton cng, tr, nhn, chia i vi cc biu thc hm s f(x) v

g(x). Ta c hm tng, hiu, tch, thng:
f(x) + g(x); f(x) g(x); f(x).g(x); f(x)/g(x)

Php hp hm:
Gi s c hai hm s: y = f(u): biu din s ph thuc ca y vo u
u = (x): biu din s ph thuc ca u vo x.

Hm s y = f[(x)] biu din s ph thuc ca y vo x thng qua bin

trung gian u c gi l hm hp ca cc hm s y = f(u) v u = (x)
(b qua k hiu hnh thc th l hm hp ca y = f(x) v y = (x))

VD: - Hm s y = sin5x l hp ca hm s y = x5 v y = sinx.

- Hm s y = sin(x5) l hp ca hm s y = sinx v y = x 5

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 IV. Hm s s cp
3. Hm s s cp

Hm s s cp l hm s c cho di dng mt
biu thc c hp thnh t cc hm s s cp c
bn thng qua mt s hu hn cc php ton s cp.

VD: y 2x2 x 1 y x2 sin3x

2x 1
y y x2 3x 2
x3
y x2 ln(2x 1) y arcsinx 2 1 x2
...
Hm s y = x khng phi l hm s cp

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 V. Mt s hm s trong kinh t hc
1. Hm cung v hm cu:
Gi QS v QD ln lt l lng cung v lng cu mt loi hng ha no
; p l gi 1 n v hng ha . Ta c:
Hm cung: QS = S(p) n iu tng; Hm cung o: p=S -1(Q).
Hm cu: QD = D(p) n iu gim; Hm cu o: p=D -1(Q).
Hm d cu: DS = QD QS = D(p) S(p) ;
Hm d cung: SD = Q S QD = S(p) D(p) ;

2. Hm sn xut ngn hn: Q = f(L); Q l sn lng; L l lao ng.

3. Hm doanh thu: TR = R(Q) ( =pQ); Q l sn lng; TR(0) = 0.

4. Hm chi ph : TC = C(Q); Q l sn lng; TC(0) = FC.

=> Hm li nhun: = (Q) = TR TC;

5. Hm tiu dng: C = C(Y); Y l thu nhp; C(0) l mc td t nh

6. Hm tit kim: S = S(Y); Y l thu nhp.

...
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