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Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions
Chapter 3
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Micro World Macro World
atoms & molecules grams
By definition:
1 atom 12C weighs 12 amu
On this scale
1H = 1.008 amu
16O = 16.00 amu
3.1
Natural lithium is:
7.42% 6Li (6.015 amu)
92.58% 7Li (7.016 amu)
3.1
Average atomic mass (6.941)
The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that
contains as many elementary entities as there
are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of 12C
1 mol = NA = 6.0221367 x 1023
Avogadros number (NA)
3.2
eggs
Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of shoes in grams
marbles
atoms
1 mole 12C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 12.00 g
1 12C atom = 12.00 amu
3.2
One Mole of:
C S
Hg
Cu Fe
3.2
1 12C atom 12.00 g 1.66 x 10-24 g
x 23 12
=
12.00 amu 6.022 x 10 C atoms 1 amu
1 mol K = 39.10 g K
1 mol K = 6.022 x 1023 atoms K
3.2
Molecular mass (or molecular weight) is the sum of
the atomic masses (in amu) in a molecule.
1S 32.07 amu
2O + 2 x 16.00 amu
SO2 SO2 64.07 amu
3.3
Formula mass is the sum of the atomic masses
(in amu) in a formula unit of an ionic compound.
3.3
Heavy
Light
Light
Heavy
KE = 1/2 x m x v2
v = (2 x KE/m)1/2
F=qxvxB
3.4
Percent composition of an element in a compound =
n x molar mass of element
x 100%
molar mass of compound
n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole
of the compound
2 x (12.01 g)
%C = x 100% = 52.14%
46.07 g
6 x (1.008 g)
%H = x 100% = 13.13%
46.07 g
1 x (16.00 g)
%O = x 100% = 34.73%
46.07 g
C2H6O 52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%
3.5
Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas
Determine the empirical formula of a
compound that has the following
percent composition by mass:
K 24.75, Mn 34.77, O 40.51 percent.
1 mol K
nK = 24.75 g K x = 0.6330 mol K
39.10 g K
1 mol Mn
nMn = 34.77 g Mn x = 0.6329 mol Mn
54.94 g Mn
1 mol O
nO = 40.51 g O x = 2.532 mol O
16.00 g O
3.5
Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas
0.6330 ~
K: ~ 1.0
0.6329
0.6329
Mn : = 1.0
0.6329
2.532 ~
O: ~ 4.0
0.6329
KMnO4
3.5
Combust 11.5 g ethanol
Collect 22.0 g CO2 and 13.5 g H2O
reactants products
3.7
How to Read Chemical Equations
2 Mg + O2 2 MgO
IS NOT
2 grams Mg + 1 gram O2 makes 2 g MgO
3.7
Balancing Chemical Equations
6 hydrogen 2 hydrogen
multiply H2O by 3
on left on right
C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
3.7
Balancing Chemical Equations
3.7
Balancing Chemical Equations
235 g H2O
3.8
Limiting Reagents
3.9
Do You Understand Limiting Reagents?
In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of Fe2O3
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.
3.9
Reaction Yield
Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield
3.10
Chemistry In Action: Chemical Fertilizers
fluorapatite
2Ca5(PO4)3F (s) + 7H2SO4 (aq)
3Ca(H2PO4)2 (aq) + 7CaSO4 (aq) + 2HF (g)
When 22.0 g NaCl and 21.0 g H2SO4 are mixed and react
according to the equation below, which is the limiting reagent?
nT
Va
P
nT nT
V = constant x =R R is the gas constant
P P
PV = nRT
5.4
The conditions 0 0C and 1 atm are called standard
temperature and pressure (STP).
Experiments show that at STP, 1 mole of an ideal
gas occupies 22.414 L.
PV = nRT
PV (1 atm)(22.414L)
R= =
nT (1 mol)(273.15 K)
5.4
What is the volume (in liters) occupied by 49.8 g of HCl
at STP?
T = 0 0C = 273.15 K
P = 1 atm
PV = nRT
1 mol HCl
nRT n = 49.8 g x = 1.37 mol
V= 36.45 g HCl
P
Latm
1.37 mol x 0.0821 molK
x 273.15 K
V=
1 atm
V = 30.6 L
5.4
Argon is an inert gas used in lightbulbs to retard the
vaporization of the filament. A certain lightbulb
containing argon at 1.20 atm and 18 0C is heated to
85 0C at constant volume. What is the final pressure of
argon in the lightbulb (in atm)?
5.4
Density (d) Calculations
dRT
M= d is the density of the gas in g/L
P
5.4
A 2.10-L vessel contains 4.65 g of a gas at 1.00 atm
and 27.0 0C. What is the molar mass of the gas?
dRT m 4.65 g g
M= d= = = 2.21
P V 2.10 L L
g Latm
2.21 x 0.0821 molK
x 300.15 K
L
M=
1 atm
M = 54.6 g/mol
5.4
Gas Stoichiometry
Latm
0.187 mol x 0.0821 x 310.15 K
nRT molK
V= = = 4.76 L
P 1.00 atm
5.5
Daltons Law of Partial Pressures
V and T
are
constant
P1 P2 Ptotal = P1 + P2
5.6
Consider a case in which two gases, A and B, are in a
container of volume V.
nART
PA = nA is the number of moles of A
V
nBRT nB is the number of moles of B
PB =
V
nA nB
PT = PA + PB XA = XB =
nA + nB nA + nB
PA = XA PT PB = XB PT
ni
Pi = Xi PT mole fraction (Xi) =
nT
5.6
A sample of natural gas contains 8.24 moles of CH4,
0.421 moles of C2H6, and 0.116 moles of C3H8. If the
total pressure of the gases is 1.37 atm, what is the
partial pressure of propane (C3H8)?
Pi = Xi PT PT = 1.37 atm
0.116
Xpropane = = 0.0132
8.24 + 0.421 + 0.116
5.6
Bottle full of oxygen
gas and water vapor
PT = PO2 + PH2 O
5.6
5.6
Chemistry in Action:
Scuba Diving and the Gas Laws
Depth (ft) Pressure
(atm)
0 1
33 2
66 3
P V
5.6