Introduction to Telecommunication

(121009)

Chris Roeloffzen

Chair: Telecommunication engineering (EWI)

Floor 8 HOGEKAMP EL/TN building (north)
Telephone 489 2804
E-mail: c.g.h.roeloffzen@el.utwente.nl

1 Chapter 10 : Digital Transmission 2009

 Today: Lecture 15

Chapter 10:

Digital Transmission

2 Chapter 10 : Digital Transmission 2009

 Contents of the course
Lecture 1 - 3: Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction to Electronic Communications
Chapter 2: Signal Analysis and Mixing
Lecture 4 - 7: CW modulation
Chapter 4: Amplitude modulation, Transmission
Chapter 5: Amplitude modulation, Reception
Chapter 6: Single-side banded Communication Systems
Chapter 7: Angle Modulation Transmission
Chapter 8: Angle Modulation Receivers
Lecture 10 - 13: Media
Chapter 12: Metallic Transmission Lines
Chapter 13: Optical Fiber Transmission media
Chapter 14: Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
Chapter 15: Antennas
Lecture 14 - 15: Digital Communication
Chapter 9: Digital Modulation
Chapter 10: Digital Transmission
Lecture 16: ?????????????????

3 Chapter 10 : Digital Transmission 2009

 Chapter 10: Digital Transmission

• Advantages and Disadvantages of digital transmission

• PWM, PPM, PAM, PCM
• Natural sampling vs. flat-top sampling
• Nyquist sampling theorem
• Quantization (Error)
• Dynamic Range
• PCM coding efficiency
• Signal-to-quantization noise ratio
• Nonlinear coding
• Idle channel noise
4 Chapter 10 : Digital Transmission 2009
Advantages & disadv. of Digital Transmission

Advantages
•Noise immunity
•(Time domain) Multiplexing
•Regeneration
•Simple to evaluate and measure

Disadvantages
•More bandwidth
•Additional encoding (A/D) and decoding
(D/A) circuitry

5 Chapter 10 : Digital Transmission 2009

 ts
Pulse Modulation
Analog signal

Sample pulse

Pulse width modulation

Pulse position modulation

Pulse amplitude modulation

Pulse code modulation

8 bit
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 PCM system Block Diagram

Transmitter

Receiver

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 Natural Sampling

Input analog signal

Sampling pulse

Sampled output

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 Sample-and-hold circuit

flat-top sampling

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 Sample-and-hold waveforms

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 Output spectrum of a S&H circuit
S&H circuit is non’linear which results in harmonics

Ideal f s  2 f a
http://www.mustagh.com/alias/Alias.html

Aliasing f s  2 f a
fs  2 fa fs = minimum Nyquist sample rate (Hz)
fa = maximum analog input frequancy (Hz)
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 Quantization

Input analog signal

Sampling pulse

PAM signal

PCM code
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 Folded binary code
Sign Magnitude Decimal Quantization
value range (V)
1 11 +3 +2.5 to +3.5
1 10 +2 +1.5 to +2.5
1 01 +1 +0.5 to 1.5
1 00 +0 0 to +0.5
0 00 -0 0 to -0.5
0 01 -1 -0.5 to -1.5
0 10 -2 -1.5 to -2.5
0 11 -3 -2.5 to -3.5
Three bit PCM code
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 Quantization Error

resolution
Linear Qe 
2
Error

Quantization

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 Dynamic Range
Vmax Vmax
DR    2 1
n

Vmin resolution
DR dB   20 log  2n  1
DR = dynamic range (unitless)
Vmin = the quantum value
Vmax = the maximum voltage magnitude of the DACs
n = number of bits in a PCM code (excl. sign bit)

For n > 4
DR  2  1  2
n n

 
DR dB   20 log 2n  1  20n log 2  6n

15 Chapter 10 : Digital Transmission 2009

 Dynamic Range
# Bits # Levels DR (dB)
1 2 6.02
2 4 12
3 6 18.1
4 16 24.1
5 32 30.1
6 62 36.1
7 128 42.1
8 256 48.2
9 512 54.2
10 1024 60.2
11 2048 66.2
12 4096 72.2
13 8192 78.3
14 16348 84.3
15 32768 90.3
16 65536 96.3
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 Coding Efficiency

minimum number of bits

coding efficiency= 100
actual number of bits

Coding efficiency is a numerical indication of

how efficiently a PCM code is utilized

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 Signal-to-Quantization Noise Efficiency
resolution
Qe 
V 2
SQR 
Qe

Vmin resolution
SQR min    2
Qe Qe
Vmax
SQR max  
Qe

SQR is not constant

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 Linear vs. Nonlinear coding

Linear Nonlinear

What is the advantage of Nonlinear coding???

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 Idle channel noise

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 Companding

Higher amplitude
analog signals are
compressed

Dynamic range is
improved

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 PCM system with analog companding

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 -law compression


Vmax ln 1  
Vin 
V 
Vout   max 

ln  1   

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