OHM’S LAW

At the end of the 60-minute

session, at least 75% of  the
students are expected to:
• define Ohm’s Law;
• discuss implications
OBJECTIVES of the electrical
quantities; and
• apply the Ohm’s
Law to solve
electrical quantities
in a circuit.

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 OHM’S LAW
Uhmmm…Ohms?

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 GEORG SIMON OHM

• 1827

• Georg Simon Ohm

• Established the relationship

among electric current,
potential difference and
resistance. (Ohm’s Law)

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 GEORG SIMON OHM

Georg Simon Ohm was a

German physicist and
mathematician. As a school
teacher, Ohm began his
research with the new
electrochemical cell,
invented by Italian scientist
Alessandro Volta.

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Ohm’s Law

I=
Where:
I= Current (A)
V= Voltage (V)
R= Resistance (Ω)

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Ohm’s Law

What is the relationship of

current and voltage?

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Ohm’s Law

What is the relationship of

resistance and voltage?

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 How about this?

What is the role

of this?

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 LET’S PRACTICE
ANSWER THE SAMPLE
PROBLEM ON THE NEXT
SLIDES

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 SOLVE THIS!

• What will be the current through a resistance of 150-

Ω if the applied voltage across the resistance is 117-
V?
• A voltmeter connected across a resistance reads 220
V, and an ammeter connected in series with the
resistance reads 2.60 A. What is the value of
resistance?
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THIS ONE TOO!
VOLTAGE (V) CURRENT (I) RESISTANCE (R)
(unit = V) (unit = A) (unit = Ω)

1.5 0.30 ?
? 0.05 30
1.5 ? 15
3.0 0.10 ?
3.0 0.15 ?
? 0.2 30
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 SERIES CIRCUIT

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 CIRCUITS

In order for electricity to flow we need

Power source
Closed circuit

There are two type of circuits we will explore

Series circuit
Parallel circuit

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SERIES CIRCUIT

In a series circuit there is only one path for the electrons
to flow
In other words all the components are in series with each
other

Because there is only one path each charge will go

through each resistor

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 RULES FOR CALCULATING SERIES CIRCUIT VALUES

1.The current is the same at

any point in the circuit. ITOTAL = I1 = I2 = I3 ……= IN
2.The total resistance is the
sum of the individual
resistors.
3.The applied voltage is
equal to the sum of the
voltage drops across all the
resistors.

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 RULES FOR CALCULATING SERIES CIRCUIT VALUES

1.The current is the same at

any point in the circuit.
2.The total resistance is the
sum of the individual RTOTAL = R1 + R2+ …Rn
resistors.
3.The applied voltage is
equal to the sum of the
voltage drops across all the
resistors.

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 RULES FOR CALCULATING SERIES CIRCUIT VALUES

1.The current is the same at

any point in the circuit.
2.The total resistance is the
sum of the individual
resistors.
3.The applied voltage is
equal to the sum of the VT = V1 + V2+ …Vn
voltage drops across all the
resistors.

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 PREDICT, TEST AND EXPLAIN
• How will the brightness of the bulbs change as we add
more in series?

+ + +

• What does this imply about the current in the circuit?

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 PREDICT, TEST AND EXPLAIN

FIND THE UNKNOWN VALUE OF VOLTAGE IN DIAGRAMS A AND B.

R1 R3

R4

R2 R5

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 PREDICT, TEST AND EXPLAIN
IF THE AMOUNT OF CURRENT THAT FLOWS IN THESE CIRCUITS IS 4 A, WHAT ARE THE VALUE OF
INDIVIDUAL RESISTORS?

R1 R3

R4

R2 R5

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 CAPACITORS IN SERIES

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 FARADAY
Michael Faraday was a
British scientist who
contributed to the study of
electromagnetism and
electrochemistry. His main
discoveries include the
principles underlying
electromagnetic induction,
diamagnetism and
electrolysis.

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 CAPACITORS IN SERIES

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 EXAMPLE

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• Fuses and circuit breakers are connected in
series with the devices they are intended to
protect.

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 PARALLEL CIRCUIT

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WHY IS THE SERIES CIRCUIT NOT
SUITABLE IN ALL SITUATIONS OR
CONNECTIONS?
 PARALLEL CIRCUIT

In a Parallel circuit there are multiple pathways for charge to

flow
Each device is placed on it’s own separate branch

Current goes through each of the branches at the same time

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 PARALLEL CIRCUIT

• House circuits contain parallel circuits

• The parallel circuit will continue to operate even
though one component may be open
• Only the open or defective component will no longer
continue to operate

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 RULES FOR CALCULATING PARALLEL CIRCUIT VALUES

1.The total current is the sum of

all the individual current. ITOTAL = I1 + I2 + I3 ……+ IN
2.The reciprocal of the equivalent
resistance is the sum of the
individual reciprocal of all
resistors in the circuit.
3.The applied voltage is equal the
same at any point in the circuit.

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 RULES FOR CALCULATING PARALLEL CIRCUIT VALUES

1.The total current is the sum of

all the individual current.
2.The reciprocal of the equivalent
resistance is the sum of the
individual reciprocal of all
resistors in the circuit.
3.The applied voltage is equal the
same at any point in the circuit.

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 RULES FOR CALCULATING PARALLEL CIRCUIT VALUES

1.The total current is the sum of

all the individual current.
2.The reciprocal of the equivalent
resistance is the sum of the
individual reciprocal of all
resistors in the circuit.
3.The applied voltage is equal the VT = V1 = V2= …Vn
same at any point in the circuit.

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 PREDICT, TEST AND EXPLAIN

• How will the brightness of the bulbs change as we

add more in parallel?

+ + +

• What does this imply about the current in the circuit?

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 PREDICT, TEST AND EXPLAIN
• Compute for the total resistance in the circuit.

+ R1 R2 R3
VS
680 W 1.5 kW 2.2 kW

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 PREDICT, TEST AND EXPLAIN
• Continuing with the previous example, complete the parameters listed in
the Table.

I1 = R1 = V1 =

I2 = R2 = V2 =

I3 = R3 = V3 =

IT = RT = VT =

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 EXPECTED ANSWER
7.4 mA 5.0 V 36.8 mW

3.3 mA 5.0 V 16.7 mW

2.3 mA 5.0 V 11.4 mW

13.0 mA 64.8 mW

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 CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL

CEQUIVALENT = C1 + C2 + C3 ……+ CN

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 EQUIVALENT CAPACITANCE IN PARALLEL CIRCUIT

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 SUMMARY

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 MATCHING TYPE: FIND THE EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE

A
B

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 COMBINATION
CIRCUIT
( S E R I E S + PA R A L L E L )

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 COMBINATION CIRCUIT

•A third type of circuit involves the dual use

of series and parallel connections in a
circuit; such circuits are referred to as
compound circuits or combination circuits.

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 EXAMPLE:

What are the rules that

will be applied
in this type of circuit?

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 PREDICTING VALUES:

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 NOTE:

•Parallel connection = “current divider”

•Series connection = “voltage divider”

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM

___ Ω
Assume lamps A and
12 V B are identical.
___ Ω Current through lamp B is
6Ω _________ A.

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM:

V I R
___ Ω
A

B
12 V
C 6
___ Ω
6Ω
Useful tip:
Use the table to avoid confusion.

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM: THE GOAL OF THE ANALYSIS IS TO DETERMINE THE CURRENT IN AND
THE VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS EACH RESISTOR.

V I R (Ω)

1 5

2 8

3 8

4 6

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM: FOLLOW-UP QUESTION.

If the resistance of R3 is
doubled, what would be
the value of current in R2?

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM: THE GOAL OF THE ANALYSIS IS TO DETERMINE THE CURRENT IN AND
THE VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS EACH RESISTOR.

V I R (Ω)

1 5

2 8

3 8

4 6

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SAMPLE PROBLEM: BASED ON THE DIAGRAM PROVIDED,
COMPLETE THE TABLE ON THE RIGHT.

R3
V I R
1 4 kΩ
2 5.25kΩ
3 3 kΩ
R4
4 762 Ω
R1 R2 5 825 Ω
VT = 24 V IT = RT =

R5

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SAMPLE PROBLEM: BASED ON THE DIAGRAM PROVIDED,
COMPLETE THE TABLE ON THE RIGHT. (ANSWERS)

R3
V I R
1 24 V 0.006 A 4 kΩ
2 24 V 0.0046 A 5.25kΩ
3 15.69 V 0.0052 A 3 kΩ
R4
4 4.05 0.0052 A 762 Ω
R1 R2 5 4.39 0.0052 A 825 Ω
VT = 24 V IT = 0.016 A RT = 1.52 kΩ

R5

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 ELECTRIC
POWER

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 ELECTRIC POWER

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 CALCULATE THE RESISTANCE OF A 40-W AUTOMOBILE
HEADLIGHT DESIGNED FOR 12 V

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 USEFUL TERMINOLOGIES

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 HOW MANY BRANCH(ES), NODE(S) AND LOOP(S) ARE
PRESENT?

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 KIRCHHOFF’S
RULE

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 KIRCHHOFF’S RULE

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 KIRCHHOFF’S RULE

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 Kirchhoff’s Rules
Starting Equations

�I = 0 at any junction

�V = 0 around any closed loop

simple… but there are details to worry about…

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 Junction a: I3 – I1 – I2 = 0 --eq. 1

The “green” loop - 30 I1 + 45 - 41 I3 = 0 --eq. 2

The “blue” loop 41 I3 -130 + 21 I2 = 0 --eq. 3

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LABORATORY ACTIVITY
SUBTITLE GOES HERE

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