The Definite Integral

3
1 When we find the area
V  t2 1
8
under a curve by adding
2
rectangles, the answer is
called a Rieman sum.
1

The width of a rectangle is

called a subinterval.
0 1 2 3 4

The entire interval is

subinterval called the partition.

partition

Subintervals do not all have to be the same size.


3
1
V  t2 1
8
2
If the partition is denoted by P, then
the length of the longest subinterval
1
is called the norm of P and is
denoted by P .
0 1 2 3 4

subinterval
As P gets smaller, the
partition approximation for the area gets
better.

n
Area  lim  f  ck  xk if P is a partition
P 0
k 1 
of the interval a, b 


 n
lim  f  ck  xk is called the definite integral of
P 0
k 1 f over a, b .
If we use subintervals of equal length, then the length of a
ba
subinterval is: x 
n
The definite integral is then given by:

n
lim  f  ck  x
n 
k 1


 n
lim  f  ck  x Leibnitz introduced a simpler notation
n  for the definite integral:
k 1

n
lim  f  ck  x   f  x  dx
b

n  a
k 1

Note that the very small change

in x becomes dx.


 upper limit of integration

f  x  dx
Integration b
Symbol
 a
integrand
variable of integration
lower limit of integration (dummy variable)

It is called a dummy variable

because the answer does not
depend on the variable chosen.
 f  x  dx
b
 a

We have the notation for integration, but we still need

to learn how to evaluate the integral.


 In section 6.1, we considered an object moving at a
constant rate of 3 ft/sec.

Since rate . time = distance: 3t  d

If we draw a graph of the velocity, the distance that the
object travels is equal to the area under the line.
3

After 4 seconds,
2
the object has
gone 12 feet.
velocity
1
ft
3  4 sec  12 ft
0 1 2 3 4
sec
time

 3

If the velocity varies:

1 2

v  t 1
2 1

1 2
Distance: s  t t 0 1 2 3 4
4 x

1
(C=0 since s=0 at t=0) Area  1  3 4  8
2
1
After 4 seconds: s  16  4
4 The distance is still
s 8 equal to the area
under the curve!
Notice that the area is a trapezoid.

 1 2
What if: v  t  1
3

8
2

0 1 2 3 4
x

We could split the area under the curve into a lot of thin
trapezoids, and each trapezoid would behave like the large
one in the previous example.
It seems reasonable that the distance will equal the area
under the curve.


 ds 1 2 3
v  t 1
dt 8
2

1 3
s t t
1

24
0 1 2 3 4
x

1 3
s 4 4
24 2
The area under the curve  6
3
2
s6
3
We can use anti-derivatives to
find the area under a curve!

 Riemann Sums
• Sigma notation enables us to express a
large sum in compact form

a
k 1
k  a1  a2  .....an
Calculus Date: 2/18/2014 ID Check
Objective: SWBAT apply properties of the definite
integral
Do Now: Set up two related rates problems from the HW
Worksheet 6, 10
HW Requests: pg 276 #23, 25, 26, Turn UP! MAP
Turn in #28 E.C
In class: Finish Sigma notation Maximize
Academic
Continue Definite Integrals Potential
HW:pg 286 #1,3,5,9, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21,
Announcements:
“There is something in every one of you that waits and listens for the sound
of the genuine in yourself. It is the only true guide you will ever have. And if
you cannot hear it, you will all of your life spend your days on the ends of
strings that somebody else pulls.”
― Howard Thurman
3
1 When we find the area
V  t2 1
8
under a curve by adding
2
rectangles, the answer is
called a Rieman sum.
1

The width of a rectangle is

called a subinterval.
0 1 2 3 4

The entire interval is

subinterval called the partition.

partition

Subintervals do not all have to be the same size.


3
1
V  t2 1
8
2

The width of a rectangle is

called a subinterval.
0 1 2 3 4
The entire interval is
subinterval called the partition.

Let’s divide partition into

partition 8 subintervals.

Pg 274 #9 Write this as a Riemann sum. 6 subintervals 

3
1
V  t2 1
8
2
If the partition is denoted by P, then
the length of the longest subinterval
1
is called the norm of P and is
denoted by P .
0 1 2 3 4

subinterval
As P gets smaller, the
partition approximation for the area gets
better.

n
Area  lim  f  ck  xk if P is a partition
P 0
k 1 
of the interval a, b 


 n
lim  f  ck  xk is called the definite integral of
P 0
k 1 f over a, b .
If we use subintervals of equal length, then the length of a
ba
subinterval is: x 
n
The definite integral is then given by:

n
lim  f  ck  x
n 
k 1


 n
lim  f  ck  x Leibnitz introduced a simpler notation
n  for the definite integral:
k 1

n
lim  f  ck  x   f  x  dx
b

n  a
k 1

Note that the very small change

in x becomes dx.

Note as n gets larger and

larger the definite integral
approaches the actual value of
the area.

 upper limit of integration

f  x  dx
Integration b
Symbol
 a
integrand
variable of integration
lower limit of integration (dummy variable)

It is called a dummy variable

because the answer does not
depend on the variable chosen.
Calculus Date: 2/19/2014 ID Check
Objective: SWBAT apply properties of the definite
integral
Do Now: Bell Ringer Quiz
HW Requests: pg 276 #25, 26, pg 286 1-15 odds
In class: pg 276 #23, 28 Turn UP! MAP
Continue Definite Integrals
HW:pg 286 #17-35 odds Maximize
Academic
Announcements: Potential
“There is something in every one of you that waits and listens for the sound
of the genuine in yourself. It is the only true guide you will ever have. And if
you cannot hear it, you will all of your life spend your days on the ends of
strings that somebody else pulls.”
― Howard Thurman
Bell Ringer Quiz (10 minutes)
 Riemann Sums
• LRAM, MRAM,and RRAM are examples of
Riemann sums
n

• Sn =  f (c )  x
k 1
k k

This sum, which depends on the partition P

and the choice of the numbers ck,is a
Riemann sum for f on the interval [a,b]
 Definite Integral as a Limit of
Riemann Sums
Let f be a function defined on a closed interval [a,b]. For
any partition P of [a,b], let the numbers ck be chosen
arbitrarily in the subintervals [xk-1,xk].

If there exists a number I such that

n
lim
P 0
 f (c )x
k 1
k k I

no matter how P and the ck’s are chosen, then f is

integrable on [a,b] and I is the definite integral of f over
[a,b].
 Definite Integral of a continuous
function on [a,b]
Let f be continuous on [a,b], and let [a,b] be
partitioned into n subintervals of equal length Δx
= (b-a)/n. Then the definite integral of f over
[a,b] is given by
n
lim  f (ck )x
n 
k 1

where each ck is chosen arbitrarily in the kth

subinterval.
 Definite integral
b
a
f ( x)dx

This is read as “the integral from a to b of f

of x dee x” or sometimes as “the integral
from a to b of f of x with respect to x.”
 Using Definite integral notation
The function being integrated is f(x) = 3x2 – 2x + 5
over the interval [-1,3]

n
lim  (3(mk ) 2  2mk  5)x 
n 
k 1
3
 1
(3x 2  2 x  5)dx
 Definition: Area under a curve
If y = f(x) is nonnegative and integrable over
a closed interval [a,b], then the area
under the curve of y = f(x) from a to b is
the integral of f from a to b,
b
A   f ( x)dx
a

We can use integrals to calculate areas

and we can use areas to calculate integrals.
 Nonpositive regions
If the graph is nonpositive from a to b then
b
A   f ( x)dx
a
Area of any integrable function

b
a
f ( x)dx

= (area above the x-axis) –

(area below x-axis)
Turn UP! MAP

Maximize
Academic
Potential
 Integral of a Constant
If f(x) = c, where c is a constant, on the
interval [a,b], then

b b
 a
f ( x)dx   cdx  c(b  a)
a
Evaluating Integrals using areas
We can use integrals to calculate areas and we
can use areas to calculate integrals.

Using areas, evaluate the integrals:

3
1)

2
( x  1)dx

2
2)  2
4  x 2 dx
Evaluating Integrals using areas
Evaluate using areas:

8
3)  2
4dx

b
4) 
a
(2 x  1)dx (a<b)
Evaluating integrals using areas
Evaluate the discontinuous function:
2 x
1 x
dx

Since the function is discontinuous at x = 0, we

must divide the areas into two pieces and find the
sum of the areas

= -1 + 2 = 1
 Integrals on a Calculator
You can evaluate integrals numerically using
the calculator. The book denotes this by
using NINT. The calculator function fnInt
is what you will use.

2

1
x sin xdx = fnInt(xsinx,x,-1,2) is approx.
2.04
Evaluate Integrals on calculator
• Evaluate the following integrals
numerically:
1 4
1) 0 1  x 2 dx = approx. 3.14

5

 x2
2) e dx = approx. .89
0
 Rules for Definite Integrals
1) Order of Integration:
a b
b
f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
a
 Rules for Definite Integrals
a
2) Zero: 
a
f ( x)dx  0
 Rules for Definite Integrals
3) Constant Multiple:
b b

a
kf ( x)dx  k  f ( x)dx
a
Any number k

b b

a
 f ( x)dx    f ( x)dx
a
k= -1
 Rules for Definite Integrals
4) Sum and Difference:
b b b

a
( f ( x)  g ( x))dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx
a a
 Rules for Definite Integrals
5) Additivity:

b c c
a
f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
b a
 Rules for Definite Integrals
6) Max-Min Inequality: If max f and min f
are the maximum and minimum values of
f on [a,b] then:
b
min f ∙ (b – a) ≤ 
a
f ( x)dx ≤ max f ∙ (b – a)
 Rules for Definite Integrals
7) Domination: f(x) ≥ g(x) on [a,b] 
b b
a
f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx
a

b
f(x) ≥ 0 on [a,b]  
a
f ( x)dx ≥0 (g =0)
 Using the rules for integration
Suppose:
1
 h( x)dx  7
4

1
1
f ( x)dx  5 1
f ( x)dx  2 1

Find each of the following integrals, if possible:

c)1 2 f ( x)  3h( x)dx
4 1


1

a) f ( x)dx
4
b) f ( x ) dx
1

f) 1 f ( x)  h( x)dx
1 4
d) 0 f ( x)dx
2
e) 2 h( x)dx
Calculus Date: 2/26/2014 ID Check
Obj: SWBAT connect Differential and Integral Calculus
Do Now:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmMieLl-Jzs
HW Requests: 145 #2-34 evens and 33

HW: SM pg 156
Announcements: Maximize
Mid Chapter Test Fri. Handout Inverses Academic
Potential
Saturday Tutoring 10-1 (limits)
“There is something in every one of you that waits and listens for the sound
of the genuine in yourself. It is the only true guide you will ever have. And if
you cannot hear it, you will all of your life spend your days on the ends of
strings that somebody else pulls.”
― Howard Thurman
The Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus, Part I

x

a
f (t )dt

Antiderivative

Derivative
 Applications of The Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus, Part I
d x
1.  cos tdt  cos x
dx 

d x 1 1
2. 
dx 0 1  t 2
dt 
1  x2
Applications of The Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus, Part I
d x2
dx 1
cos tdt  cos x 2
(2 x )  2 x cos x 2
Applications of The Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus, Part I
 Applications of The Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus, Part I
Find dy/dx.

x2 1
y= 
2x 2e t
dt

Since this has an x on both ends of the

integral, it must be separated.
Applications of The Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus, Part I

x2 1 0 1 x2 1

2x 2e t
dt  
2x 2  e t
dt  
0 2e t
dt

2x 1 x2 1
=  dt   dt
0 2e t 0 2e t
 Applications of The Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus, Part I

1 1
=  (2)  2 (2 x)
2e 2x
2  ex

2x 2
= 2 
2e x
2e 2x
 The Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus, Part 2
If f is continuous at every point of [a,b], and if F is
any antiderivative of f on [a,b], then

b
a
f ( x)dx  F (b)  F (a)

This part of the Fundamental Theorem is also

called the Integral Evaluation Theorem.
Applications of The Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus, Part 2
End here
Using the rules for definite integrals
Show that the value of
1

is less than 3/2
1  cos xdx
0

The Max-Min Inequality rule says the

max f . (b – a) is an upper bound.
The maximum value of √(1+cosx) on [0,1] is √2 so
the upper bound is:
√2(1 – 0) = √2 , which is less than 3/2
Average (Mean) Value

1 b

ba a
f ( x)dx
 Applying the Mean Value
1 3
Av(f) =   2
(4 x )dx
30 0

Use fnInt
= 1/3(3) = 1

4 – x2 = 1 when x = ± √3 but only √3 falls in

the interval from [0,3], so x = √3 is the
place where the function assumes the
average.
 Mean Value Theorem for Definite
Integrals
If f is continuous on [a,b], then at some point
c in [a,b],

1 b
f (c ) 
ba a
f ( x)dx
 Antidifferentiation
A function F(x) is an antiderivative of a function f(x) if
F’(x) = f(x) for all x in the domain of f. The process of
finding an antiderivative is called antidifferentiation.

If F is any antiderivative of f then

x

a
= F(x) + C
f (t )dt
If x = a, then 0 = F(a) + C
C = -F(a)
x
a f (t )dt = F(x) – F(a)
 Trapezoidal Rule
b
To approximate
a
f ( x)dx , use
h
T= (y0 + 2y1 + 2y2 + …. 2yn-1 + yn)
2

where [a,b] is partitioned into n

subintervals of equal length h = (b-a)/n.
 Using the trapezoidal rule
Use the trapezoidal rule with n = 4 to
estimate 2 x 2 dx
1

h = (2-1)/4 or ¼, so

T = 1/8( 1+2(25/16)+2(36/16)+2(49/16)+4)
= 75/32 or about 2.344
 Simpson’ Rule
b
To approximate 
a
f ( x)dx , use

h
S = (y0 + 4y1 + 2y2 + 4y3…. 2yn-2 +4yn-1 + yn)
3

where [a,b] is partitioned into an even

number n subintervals of equal length h =(b –a)/n.
 Using Simpson’s Rule
Use Simpson’s rule with n = 4 to estimate
2

2
x dx
1

h = (2 – 1)/4 = ¼, so

S = 1/12 (1 + 4(25/16) + 2(36/16) + 4(49/16) + 4)

= 7/3